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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biglycan-Like Extracellular Matrix Genes of Agnathans and Teleosts (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 51 (2000), S. 363-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words:Petromyzon—Oreochromis— Zebrafish — Biglycan — Decorin — Proteoglycans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Biglycan and decorin are two members of a family of small extracellular matrix proteoglycans characterized by the presence of 10 leucine-rich repeats and one or two attachment sites for glucosaminoglycans. Both have thus far been described only from tetrapod species, mainly mammals. Because the extracellular matrix has played an important part in the evolution of Metazoa, the phylogeny of its components is of considerable interest. In this study, biglycan-like (BGL) cDNA sequences have been obtained from two teleost (Oreochromis cichlid and zebrafish) and two lamprey species. The analysis of the sequences suggests that, like tetrapods, the lampreys possess two types of proteoglycans, both of which are biglycan-like; decorin-like proteoglycans could not be identified in these species. The genes specifying these two types apparently arose by duplication in the lamprey lineage after its divergence from gnathostomes. The two teleost species possess a BGL proteoglycan and a bona fide decorin. The BGL proteoglycan is highly divergent from the tetrapod biglycan and related to the BGL proteoglycans of the lamprey. Hence, although the duplication generating the ancestors of biglycan and decorin genes occurred after the divergence of agnathans but before the emergence of teleosts, only decorin acquired its characteristic properties in the bony fishes. The BGL gene presumably turned into a typical biglycan only in the tetrapod lineages. The presumed acquisitions of new functions appear to have been accompanied by changes in the evolutionary rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002390010098
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of the Dentin Matrix Protein 1 Gene in Birds (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 50 (2000), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Tooth formation — Dentin matrix protein 1 —DMP1— Hen's tooth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The emergence of jawed vertebrates was predicated on the appearance of several innovations, including tooth formation. The development of teeth requires the participation of several specialized genes, in particular, those necessary for the formation of hard tissues—dentin, enamel, and cementum. Some vertebrates, most conspicuously birds, secondarily lost the tooth-forming ability. To determine the fate of some of the tooth-forming genes in the birds, we tested a domestic fowl cDNA library for the expression of the dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) gene. The library was prepared from the poly(A+) RNA isolated from the jaws of 11- to 13-day-old embryos and the testing was carried out by the polymerase chain reaction with degenerate primers designed on the basis of the available mammalian and reptile sequences. A chicken homologue of the DMP1 gene identified by this approach was shown to be expressed in the jaws and long bones, the same two tissues as in mammals. The chicken DMP1 gene has an exon/intron organization similar to that of its mammalian and reptile counterparts. The chicken gene contains three short highly conserved segments, the rest of the gene being poorly alignable or not alignable with its mammalian or reptilian homologues. The distribution of similarities and dissimilarities along the gene is indicative of a mode of evolution in which only short segments are kept constant, while the rest of the gene is relatively free to vary as long as the proportion of certain amino acid residues is retained in the encoded polypeptide. The DMP1 gene may have been retained in birds because of its involvement in bone formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002399910004
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Dentin Matrix Protein 1 Gene of Prototherian and Metatherian Mammals (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 48 (1999), S. 160-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Dentin — Phosphoprotein — Dentin matrix protein 1 — Marsupials — Monotremes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Mineralization of tooth dentin (the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals in and around collagen type I fibers of the extracellular matrix) requires the involvement of several genes, among them the gene coding for the dentin matrix protein 1, DMP1. We determined the exon–intron organization of the cattle DMP1 gene and used this information to amplify by the polymerase chain reaction homologous gene fragments from the genomic DNA of two species of metatherian (marsupial) mammals and one prototherian (monotreme) species. The translated proto- and metatherian protein sequences are highly divergent from the eutherian sequences but retain the general characteristics of the DMP1 (high acidity, serine-richness, multiple glycosylation sites, and the presence of the RGD cell attachment tripeptide). They therefore appear to be functional even though, evolutionarily, teeth are in a regression phase in prototherians. It is possible, therefore, that DMP1 is also involved in other functions besides dentinogenesis. The DMP1 gene appears to evolve rapidly and apparently tolerates non-frame-shifting insertions/deletions throughout the coding sequence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006454
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of Mhc–DRB Introns: Implications for the Origin of Primates (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 48 (1999), S. 663-674 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) — Intron evolution — Primate origin — Mammalian evolution — Scandentia — Chiroptera —DRB genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Introns are generally believed to evolve too rapidly and too erratically to be of much use in phylogenetic reconstructions. Few phylogenetically informative intron sequences are available, however, to ascertain the validity of this supposition. In the present study the supposition was tested on the example of the mammalian class II major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) genes of the DRB family. Since the Mhc genes evolve under balancing selection and are believed to recombine or rearrange frequently, the evolution of their introns could be expected to be particularly rapid and subject to scrambling. Sequences of intron 4 and 5 DRB genes were obtained from polymerase chain reaction-amplified fragments of genomic DNA from representatives of six eutherian orders—Primates, Scandentia, Chiroptera, Dermoptera, Lagomorpha, and Insectivora. Although short stretches of the introns have indeed proved to be unalignable, the bulk of the intron sequences from all six orders, spanning 〉85 million years (my) of evolution, could be aligned and used in a study of the tempo and mode of intron evolution. The analysis has revealed the Mhc introns to evolve at a rate similar to that of other genes and of synonymous sites of non-Mhc genes. No evidence of homogenization or large-scale scrambling of the intron sequences could be found. The Mhc introns apparently evolve largely by point mutations and insertions/deletions. The phylogenetic signals contained in the intron sequences could be used to identify Scandentia as the sister group of Primates, to support the existence of the Archonta superorder, and to confirm the monophyly of the Chiroptera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006510
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary relationship ofHLA-DRB genes inferred from intron sequences (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 648-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) ; HumanMhc (HLA) ; DRB genes ; Gene duplication ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) consists of class I and class II genes. In the humanMhc (HLA) class II genes, nineDRB loci have been identified. To elucidate the origin of these duplicated loci and allelic divergences at the most polymorphicDRBI locus, introns 4 and 5 as well as the 3′ untranslated region (altogether approximately 1,000 base pairs) of sevenHLA-DRB loci, threeHLA-DRBI alleles, and nine nonhuman primateDRB genes were examined. It is shown that there were two major diversification events inHLA-DRB genes, each involving gene duplications and allelic divergences. Approximately 50 million years (my) ago,DRBI *04 and an ancestor of theDRB1 *03 cluster (DRBI *03, DRBI*15, andDRB3) diverged from each other andDRB5, DRB7, DRB8, and an ancestor of theDRB2 cluster (DRB2, DRB4, andDRB6) arose by gene duplication. Later, about 25 my ago,DRBI *15 diverged fromDRBI*03, andDRB3 was duplicated fromDRBI *03. Then, some 20 my ago, the lineage leading to theDRB2 cluster produced two new loci,DRB4 andDRB6. TheDRBI *03 andDRBI *04 allelic lineages are extraordinarily old and have persisted longer than some duplicated genes. The orthologous relationships ofDRB genes between human and Old World monkeys are apparent, but those between Catarrhini and New World monkeys are equivocal because of a rather rapid expansion and contraction of primateDRB genes by duplication and deletion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02338798
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book review (1988)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 28 (1988), S. 67-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00372534
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mapping of the Sod-2 locus into the t complex on mouse chromosome 17 (1988)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 28 (1988), S. 260-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A human DNA probe specific for the superoxide dismutase gene was used to identify the corresponding mouse gene. Under the chosen hybridizing conditions, the probe detected DNA fragments most likely carrying the mouse Sod-2 gene. Mapping studies revealed that the Sod-2 gene resides in the proximal inversion of the t complex on mouse chromosome 17. All complete t haplotypes tested showed restriction fragment length polymorphism which is distinct from that found in all wild-type chromosomes tested. The Sod-2 locus maps in the same region as some of the loci that influence segregation of t chromosomes in male gametes. The possibility that the Sod-2 locus is related to some of the t-complex distorter or responder loci is discussed. The data indicate that the human homolog of the mouse t complex has split into two regions, the distal region remaining on the p arm of human chromosome 6, while the proximal region has been transposed to the telomeric region of this chromosome's q arm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345503
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for a third,Ir-associated histocompatibility region in theH-2 complex of the mouse (1974)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 45-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Skin grafts transplanted from B10.HTT donors onto (A.TL × B10)F1 recipients are rapidly rejected despite the fact that the B10.HTT and A.TL strains should be carrying the sameH-2 chromosomes and that both the donor and the recipient contain the B10 genome. The rejection is accompanied by a production of cytotoxic antibodies against antigens controlled by theIr region of theH-2 complex. These unexpected findings are interpreted as evidence for a third histocompatibility locus in theH-2 complex,H-2I, located in theIr region close toH-2K. The B10.HTT and A.TL strains are postulated to differ at this hypothetical locus, and the difference between the two strains is explained as resulting from a crossing over between theH-2 t1 andH-2 s chromosomes in the early history of the B10.HTT strain. TheH-2 genotypes of the B10.HTT and A.TL strains are assumed to beH-2K s Ir s / k Ss k H-2D d andH-2K s Ir k Ss k H-2D d , respectively. Thus, theH-2 chromosomes of the two strains differ only in a portion of theIr region, including theH-2I locus. The B10.HTT(H-2 tt) and B10.S(7R)(H-2 th) strains differ in a relatively minor histocompatibility locus, possibly residing in theTla region outside of theH-2 complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01564045
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis ofH-2 mutants: Evidence for multiple CML target specificities controlled by theH-2K b gene (1974)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 1 (1974), S. 469-481 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract C57BL/6 (H-2 b ) mice and two mutants derived from this strain, B6.C-H-2 ba (Hz1) andE6-H-2 bd (M505), were studied in a number of functional tests, in vitro and in vivo, that assay for differences at theH-2 complex. All three strains give rise to reciprocal mixed lymphocyte reactivity (MLR) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) in vitro as well as graft-host reactivity (GVHR) and skin graft rejection in vivo. Analysis for cross-reactivity between these strains in CML revealed that the gained antigens in each mutant do not cross-react, and that Hz1 has lost an antigen shared by C57BL/6 and M505 strains. In addition, spleen cells from B10.A(4R) mice, which differ from theH-2 b haplotype only at theK end of theH-2 complex, recognize a common antigen shared by all three strains tested. Provided that the mutations occurred in theH-2K b gene, these data indicate that a) there are at least three antigenic specificities coded for by theH-2K b gene(s) that serve as targets for receptors on thymus-derived (T) cells in CML; b) since C57BL/6 strain mice and the mutants are serologically indistinguishable on a qualitative basis, the antigens recognized by the receptors on T cells and by humoral H-2 antibody are nonidentical; and c) mutation in theH-2K b locus itself can give rise to allogeneic recognition phenomena such as MLR and GVHR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01564085
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1980)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 10 (1980), S. 307-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01561580
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