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  • 1
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    Encoding predictive reward value in human amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-23
    Description: Adaptive behavior is optimized in organisms that maintain flexible representations of the value of sensory-predictive cues. To identify central representations of predictive reward value in humans, we used reinforcer devaluation while measuring neural activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging. We presented two arbitrary visual stimuli, both before and after olfactory devaluation, in a paradigm of appetitive conditioning. In amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex, responses evoked by a predictive target stimulus were decreased after devaluation, whereas responses to the nondevalued stimulus were maintained. Thus, differential activity in amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex encodes the current value of reward representations accessible to predictive cues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gottfried, Jay A -- O'Doherty, John -- Dolan, Raymond J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 22;301(5636):1104-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Functional Imaging Laboratory, Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. j.gottfried@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12934011" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Amygdala/*physiology ; *Association Learning ; Brain/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Conditioning, Classical ; Cues ; Food ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Humans ; Hunger ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Motivation ; Odors ; Olfactory Pathways ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; *Reward ; Satiation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: Our ability to have an experience of another's pain is characteristic of empathy. Using functional imaging, we assessed brain activity while volunteers experienced a painful stimulus and compared it to that elicited when they observed a signal indicating that their loved one--present in the same room--was receiving a similar pain stimulus. Bilateral anterior insula (AI), rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), brainstem, and cerebellum were activated when subjects received pain and also by a signal that a loved one experienced pain. AI and ACC activation correlated with individual empathy scores. Activity in the posterior insula/secondary somatosensory cortex, the sensorimotor cortex (SI/MI), and the caudal ACC was specific to receiving pain. Thus, a neural response in AI and rostral ACC, activated in common for "self" and "other" conditions, suggests that the neural substrate for empathic experience does not involve the entire "pain matrix." We conclude that only that part of the pain network associated with its affective qualities, but not its sensory qualities, mediates empathy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Singer, Tania -- Seymour, Ben -- O'Doherty, John -- Kaube, Holger -- Dolan, Raymond J -- Frith, Chris D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1157-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College of London, 12 Queen Square, WC1N 3AR London, UK. t.singer@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976305" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Brain Stem/physiology ; Cerebellum/physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Cues ; Electroshock ; *Empathy ; Female ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus/physiology ; Motor Cortex/physiology ; *Pain ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Somatosensory Cortex/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Dissociable roles of ventral and dorsal striatum in instrumental conditioning (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-04-17
    Description: Instrumental conditioning studies how animals and humans choose actions appropriate to the affective structure of an environment. According to recent reinforcement learning models, two distinct components are involved: a "critic," which learns to predict future reward, and an "actor," which maintains information about the rewarding outcomes of actions to enable better ones to be chosen more frequently. We scanned human participants with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they engaged in instrumental conditioning. Our results suggest partly dissociable contributions of the ventral and dorsal striatum, with the former corresponding to the critic and the latter corresponding to the actor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Doherty, John -- Dayan, Peter -- Schultz, Johannes -- Deichmann, Ralf -- Friston, Karl -- Dolan, Raymond J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):452-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK. j.odoherty@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087550" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Basal Ganglia/*physiology ; Caudate Nucleus/*physiology ; Conditioning, Classical ; *Conditioning, Operant ; Female ; Humans ; Learning ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nucleus Accumbens/*physiology ; Probability ; Putamen/*physiology ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Reward
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Sodium-selective liquid ion-exchanger microelectrodes for intracellular measurements (1979)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-03-30
    Description: The sodium-selective ligand 1,1,1-tris[1(1)-(2(1)-oxa-4(1)-oxo-5(1)-aza-5(1)-methyl)dodecanyl]propane dissolved in 3-nitro-o-xylene containing a small amount of the lipophilic anion tetrachlorophenyl borate was used as a liquid ion-exchanger in sodium-selective microelectrodes. The microelectrodes gave rapid, stable responses that were linear functions of the logarithm of sodium activity. They were tested under conditions approximating those to be expected in the cell interior, and the results indicated that they can be used to measure intracellular sodium activity without significant interference from intracellular potassium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Doherty, J -- Garcia-Diaz, J F -- Armstrong, W M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1979 Mar 30;203(4387):1349-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/424756" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cytoplasm/*analysis ; Intestinal Mucosa/analysis ; Ionophores ; Ligands ; *Microelectrodes ; Potassium/analysis ; Sodium/*analysis ; Urodela
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Calcium regulation during stimulus-secretion coupling: continuous measurement of intracellular calcium activities (1980)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-07-25
    Description: Accurate measurements of intracellular calcium activities in salivary gland epithelial cells of the insect Phormia regina were obtained with microelectrodes in which N,N'-di(11-ethoxycarbonyl)undecyl-N,N'-4,5-tetramethyl-3,6-dioxaoctane diacid diamide wsa incorporated in a liquid membrane system. When calibrated in solutions approximating the ionic concentration of the cell interior, these microelectrodes gave rapid stable responses that were linear functions of the logarithm of calcium activities and were not affected by potassium, sodium and magnesium. Continuous monitoring of calcium activities during serotonin-induced saliva release provided direct evidence of hormonal influence on transmembrane calcium movement and spontaneous regulation of intracellular calcium by stimulated cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Doherty, J -- Youmans, S J -- Armstrong, W M -- Stark, R J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1980 Jul 25;209(4455):510-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7394518" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Transport/drug effects ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Diptera/*metabolism ; Epithelium/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Magnesium/pharmacology ; Microelectrodes ; Salivary Glands/drug effects/*metabolism ; Serotonin/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion Phenomena in Alternating Current Arcs (1944)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 153 (1944), S. 558-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE successful interruption of large currents at high voltages has been the subject of considerable research, the general aim being to bring about a low-energy release in the circuit breaker by having a short arcing period. During recent years, attention has been focused on the use of a ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/153558b0
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Persistence of Luminosity in Air (1944)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 154 (1944), S. 339-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Protracted, luminosity occurs naturally in air in at least two forms—aurora borealis and ball lightning. In the case of the aurora, a widely accepted theory is available to account for the energy input which causes excitation. There is, however, considerable doubt as to the corresponding energy ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/154339a0
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  • 8
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    Expanding the body schema in sensorimotor cortex [Neuroscience] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: The brain representation of the body, called the body schema, is susceptible to plasticity. For instance, subjects experiencing a rubber hand illusion develop a sense of ownership of a mannequin hand when they view it being touched while tactile stimuli are simultaneously applied to their own hand. Here, the cortical...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 9
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    Transformation of stimulus value signals into motor commands during simple choice [Neuroscience] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-02
    Description: Decision-making can be broken down into several component processes: assigning values to stimuli under consideration, selecting an option by comparing those values, and initiating motor responses to obtain the reward. Although much is known about the neural encoding of stimulus values and motor commands, little is known about the mechanisms through which stimulus values are compared, and the resulting decision is transmitted to motor systems. We investigated this process using human fMRI in a task where choices were indicated using the left or right hand. We found evidence consistent with the hypothesis that value signals are computed in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex, they are passed to regions of dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and intraparietal sulcus, implementing a comparison process, and the output of the comparator regions modulates activity in motor cortex to implement the choice. These results describe the network through which stimulus values are transformed into actions during a simple choice task.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex (2001)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-01-01
    Print ISSN: 1097-6256
    Electronic ISSN: 1546-1726
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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