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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic anisotropy and lattice strain in Co/Pt multilayers : 37th Annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 6198-6200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The correlation is reported between perpendicular anisotropy and in-plane lattice strain in Co/Pt multilayers. (Cox/Pty)n samples, where x, y are the thickness of the individual Co and Pt layers and n is the number of repeats that were prepared by molecular beam epitaxy and studied by means of polar magneto-optic Kerr effect and transmission electron microscopy. Kerr rotation data and electron diffraction experiments show that the largest perpendicular anisotropy and square hysteresis loop occur when x=3 A(ring) while the Pt layers are subjected to about −2% in-plane strain. As Co thickness increases, Co and Pt layers gradually lose coherency and the magnetic anisotropy goes from perpendicular to planar. This is accompanied by a relaxation of lattice strain in both Co and Pt layers. The close relationship between magnetic anisotropy and lattice strain can be explained as magnetoelastic anisotropy or stress anisotropy effect due to lattice mismatch between the adjacent epitaxial layers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.352696
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combined low- and high-angle x-ray structural refinement of a Co/Pt(111) multilayer exhibiting perpendicular magnetic anisotropy : 37th Annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 6427-6429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have used Cu Kα radiation to measure both specular reflectivity (000) and longitudinal Bragg diffraction (222) from a Co/Pt multilayer grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on a sapphire (0001) substrate. By refining both low- and high-angle profiles, we are able to separate the effects of surface morphology from microstructure. Our results indicate mixing at the interfaces consistent with the existence of alloy or compound formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.352621
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal Structure of Cubic Deuterium Chloride (1967)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 215 (1967), S. 1265-1266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] On continuing this investigation, the angular range of the neutron diffraction pattern was extended to q = 35?? the practical limit of the diffractometer?the scanning time of the diffraction pattern was increased to one week and each diffraction maximum was scanned with at least two boron ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2151265a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interface analysis of (110)-oriented Co/Pt superlattices with large magnetic anisotropies using x-ray diffraction (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 908-913 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report on studies of the profiles of the strain field components in epitaxially grown (110)-oriented Co/Pt superlattices with fixed Pt layer thickness (nominally 18 A(ring)) and varying Co layer thickness. The strain profiles in the growth direction as well as fluctuations in lattice parameters at the interfaces are obtained using a parameter refinement method for the quantitative analysis of high angle aitch-theta–2aitch-theta x-ray diffraction scans. We find that all strain components originate only from the Co-Pt interfaces. Off-axial x-ray scattering measurements provide for the in-plane strain components, which are found to increase with increasing Co layer thickness. From the obtained strain fields the in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy contributions caused by magnetoelastic interactions are calculated, which agree well with experimentally observed values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357768
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Giant magnetoresistance and microstructural characteristics of epitaxial Fe-Ag and Co-Ag granular thin films : 38th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 6900-6902 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The microstructure and magnetic properties of phase-separated Fe-Ag and Co-Ag granular alloy films, grown epitaxially on (001) NaCl substrates and exhibiting giant magnetoresistance (GMR), have been investigated. Surprisingly, two Fe-Ag films of similar composition grown under identical conditions are found to have substantially different microstructures yet display similar GMR. The microstructure of the films is characterized by Fe-rich or Co-rich regions, respectively, 350–700 nm in extent, surrounded by a Ag-rich matrix. Within the Ag-rich regions, the Fe concentration varies from 20 to 25 at % and the Co concentration is (approximately-equal-to)16 at %. Within these regions essentially pure fcc Co particles and bcc Fe particles are in parallel and rotated epitaxial alignment respectively with the fcc silver matrix. The Co and Fe particles are (approximately-equal-to)15–25 A(ring) in diameter. It is these small particles which most likely account for the giant magnetoresistance exhibited by these alloys. This suggests that a size distribution of magnetic particles, sharply peaked at the optimum size with limited bulk segregation, might give rise to larger GMR values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.356774
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic circular dichroism in EELS (abstract) : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 6496-6496 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We evaluate the possibility of using dichroic electron energy loss spectroscopy (DEELS) as an alternative to x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). It is well known that electron energy loss spectroscopy and x-ray absorption spectroscopy are highly analogous, providing similar information. A simple semiclassical model suggests that DEELS might have a magnetic sensitivity similar to that of XMCD. This sensitivity will be reduced, however, by multiple scattering of the probe electron before and after the energy loss event. Thus it is difficult to predict the magnitude of the DEELS effect. Experiments were performed at the L-edge of polycrystalline Fe, Co, and Ni thin film samples with uniaxial in-plane magnetic anisotropy, prepared in situ with a magnetic bias field. Even in those most favorable cases, the DEELS effect is seen to be at least 10 times smaller than similar effects in XMCD. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361981
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of the axis of chemical ordering and magnetic anisotropy in epitaxial FePt films : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 5967-5969 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Growth of epitaxial films of the L10 phase of FePt, with the tetragonal c axis along either the film normal or in-plane, is described. Films were grown by coevaporation of Fe and Pt, under ultrahigh vacuum conditions, onto a seed film of Pt grown on MgO or SrTiO3 substrates. The perpendicular or in-plane orientation of the c axis was controlled by selecting the (001) or (110) substrate plane, respectively. Nearly complete chemical ordering was achieved for growth at 500 °C for both orientations. Magnetic and magneto-optical characterization of these films confirmed the huge magnetic anisotropy expected for this phase. In the most highly ordered films, anisotropy fields in excess of 120 kOe were measured. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362122
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Giant magnetoresistance at low fields in [(NixFe1−x)yAg1−y]/Ag multilayers prepared by molecular-beam epitaxy (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 3688-3694 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The structural and magnetic properties of [111]-oriented multilayers comprising ferromagnetic films of Permalloy-silver alternating with Ag spacer films are described. The multilayers are grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on Pt(111) seed films on sapphire (0001) substrates at temperatures in the range 25–175 °C. For a series of multilayers with similar bilayer periods ((approximately-equal-to)50 A(ring)) the magnetoresistance (MR) is found to be strongly dependent on both growth temperature and subsequent annealing temperature. The multilayers exhibit a negative magnetoresistance in the as-grown state which more than doubles when the growth temperature is increased from 25 to 100 °C; however, the highest MR (peak 5.6%; maximum slope 0.4% per Oe) is obtained by annealing (at 400 °C) multilayers grown at 100 °C. The primary effects of annealing are an improvement of structural order, partial segregation of Ag from the ferromagnetic films into adjacent Ag films, a slight decrease in laminar order, and a reduction in long-wavelength roughness of the multilayer interfaces. No evidence is found for discontinuities in the magnetic layers with the highest MR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357437
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Giant magnetoresistance at low fields in [(NixFe1−x)yAg1−y]/Ag multilayers prepared by molecular beam epitaxy (abstract) : The 6th joint magnetism and magnetic materials (MMM)-intermag conference (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 6618-6618 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The structural changes that accompany the development of GMR (giant magnetoresistance) at low ((approximately-less-than)10 Oe) fields in annealed magnetic multilayers are of current interest because of potential applications of such structures in sensors. In this paper we report a study of the development of GMR in [111]-oriented multilayers comprising ferromagnetic films of a mixture of Ag and permalloy (NixFe1−x, x∼0.8) alternating with Ag spacer films. The multilayers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on Pt(111) seed films on sapphire (0001) substrates at temperatures in the range 20 to 200 °C. The structure of the multilayers was investigated using x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. For a series of multilayers grown with nominally identical ferromagnetic and spacer layer thicknesses, the magnetoresistance is found to be strongly dependent on both growth temperature and subsequent annealing temperature. The multilayers exhibited a negative magnetoresistance in the as-grown state which more than doubled when the growth temperature was increased from 20 to 100 °C. However, the highest magnetoresistance (peak 5.6%; maximum slope 0.4% per Oe) was obtained by annealing (at 400 °C) multilayers grown at 100 °C. Transmission electron microscopy studies of such multilayers showed no evidence for discontinuities or penetration of the ferromagnetic films by Ag along grain boundaries. Thus, we conclude that discontinuous or granular multilayers with complete phase separation are not necessary for GMR with low saturation fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358181
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low field giant magnetoresistance and oscillatory interlayer exchange coupling in polycrystalline and (111)-oriented permalloy/Au multilayers (abstract) : The 6th joint magnetism and magnetic materials (MMM)-intermag conference (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 6617-6617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The existence of oscillatory interlayer exchange coupling of ferromagnetic layers via (111)-oriented noble metal spacer layers is controversial. We present evidence from magnetic and giant magnetoresistance studies for well-defined antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling in single crystalline (111) permalloy/Au multilayers. Four oscillations in the coupling are observed as the Au spacer layer thickness is increased. The oscillation period is (approximately-equal-to)10 A(ring) which is significantly shorter than the period of (approximately-equal-to)11.5 A(ring) predicted in Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida based models. Similar oscillatory interlayer coupling is found in polycrystalline permalloy/Au multilayers prepared by dc magnetron sputtering. The interlayer coupling strength is significantly weaker in the polycrystalline as compared to the (111)-oriented crystalline samples. In both cases the coupling strength is weaker than in comparable structures containing Ag, for which the coupling is weaker than in similar structures containing Cu. The weakness of the antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling via Au leads to very low saturation fields, lower than for all other noble and transition metals. Indeed, the saturation fields are as low as just a few Oersted for sufficiently thick Au layers. Consequently, we find giant magnetoresistance values of (approximately-equal-to)1%/Oe or greater at room temperature in polycrystalline permalloy/Au multilayers. These values are the highest values yet reported in multilayer structures and are comparable to or greater than those recently reported in discontinuous permalloy/Ag multilayers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358180
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