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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of magnetic anisotropies in ultrathin epitaxial films of Fe(001) and Ni(001) (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 473-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 75.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ultrathin films, bcc Fe(001) on Ag(001), fcc Fe(001) on Cu(001) and Fe/Ni(001) bilayers on Ag, were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. A wide range of surface science tools were employed to establish the quality of epitaxial growth. Ferromagnetic resonance and Brillouin light scattering were used to extract the magnetic properties. Emphasis was placed on the study of magnetic anisotropies. Large uniaxial anisotropies with easy axis perpendicular to the film surface were observed in all ultrathin structures studied. These anisotropies were particularly strong in fcc Fe and bcc Fe films. In sufficiently thin samples the saturation magnetization was oriented perpendicularly to the film surface in the absence of an applied field. It has been demonstrated that in bcc Fe films the uniaxial perpendicular anisotropy originates at the film interfaces. In situ measurements indentified the strength of the uniaxial perpendicular anisotropy constant at the Fe/vacuum, Fe/Ag and Fe/Au interfaces asK us = 0.96, 0.63, and 0.3 ergs/cm2 respectively. The surface anisotropies deduced for [bulk Fe/noble metal] interfaces are in good agreement with the values obtained from ultrathin films. Hence the perpendicular surface ansiotropies originate in the broken symmetry at abrupt interfaces. An observed decrease in the cubic anisotropy in bcc Fe ultrathin films has been explained by the presence of a weak 4th order in-plane surface anisotropy,K 1∥S=0.012 ergs/cm2. Fe/Ni bilayers were also investigated. Ni grew in the pure bcc structure for the first 3–6 ML and then transformed to a new structure which exhibited unique magnetic properties. Transformed ultrathin bilayers possessed large inplane 4th order anisotropies far surpassing those observed in bulk Fe and Ni. The large 4th order anisotropies originate in crystallographic defects formed during the Ni lattice transformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00617014
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elastic and elasto-optic properties of thin films of poly(styrene) spin coated onto Si(001) (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 7482-7488 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Brillouin light scattering (BLS) has been used to study a series of three thin films of poly(styrene) spin coated onto Si(001) wafers. Poly(styrene) molecular weights M¯w of 30 000 and 600 000 were used, and the film thicknesses h were in the range 1730 A(ring)〈h〈3750 A(ring). It was found that the poly(styrene) films have isotropic elastic symmetry and that all of the films can be described by the same set of two independent elastic constants c11=5.7±0.15 GPa and c44=1.39±0.03 GPa. Both c11 and c44 were determined unambiguously using a least-squares-fitting procedure by observation of the longitudinal guided and Rayleigh modes of the poly(styrene) films. Calculations have been performed of the BLS spectra which include both surface ripple and elasto-optic light scattering mechanisms. From comparisons of the relative mode intensities in the measured and calculated BLS spectra, it is found that the values of the elasto-optic coefficients for poly(styrene) are k11=−1.4±0.4 and k12=−1.6±0.4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.356619
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Goniometer for magnetic light scattering studies (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 1256-1257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A two-axis goniometer for magnetic light scattering studies that can be constructed easily and cheaply is described. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146017
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light scattering from thermal magnons in thin metallic ferromagnetic films (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 3814-3816 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A computer program has been written with which the complex resonant frequency can be calculated for a thin ferromagnetic metal film sandwiched between a nonmagnetic metallic substrate and a nonmagnetic metallic overlayer. The calculation includes exchange and magnetic damping having the Gilbert form. The program has been used to investigate the sensitivity of thin-film resonant frequencies to the resistivities of the overlayer, the substrate, and the magnetic film. It is concluded that the presence of an overlayer and of a substrate are unimportant for the analysis of Brillouin scattering data from films less than 100 A(ring) thick: uncertainties in the absolute value of the frequency shift of the scattered light—typically 1:200—are greater than, or comparable with, the frequency shifts caused by an overlayer or a substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.340623
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calculation of Brillouin light scattering intensities from pairs of exchange-coupled thin films (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 64 (1988), S. 6092-6094 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A computer program has been developed that can be used to calculate the intensity of light scattered from thermal magnons in two planar exchange-coupled magnetic films. The static magnetizations have been assumed to be uniform and parallel with an applied magnetic field which lies in the plane of the films. The calculation includes exchange energies, cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy energies, and surface pinning energies. The results of the calculation compare favorably with the data reported for iron films by Grünberg et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2442 (1986)].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.342103
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic properties of sandwiches and superlattices of fcc Fe(001) grown on Cu(001) substrates (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 3464-3466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetic properties of Cu/Fe epitaxial sandwiches and superlattices have been measured using Brillouin light scattering and ferromagnetic resonance. All of the samples are perpendicularly magnetized at room temperature, due to the presence of large uniaxial anisotropies with an easy axis perpendicular to the sample surface. Inclusion of a second-order uniaxial anisotropy term is particularly important for one of the superlattice samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.340767
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polarized neutron reflection used to characterize cobalt/copper multilayers (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 4040-4045 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The polarized neutron reflectivity (PNR) of cobalt/copper multilayer films has been measured close to the critical edge for total reflection. Prominent features in the scattered neutron intensity, such as the superlattice diffraction peaks and the positions of the critical edge for total reflection, are sensitive to both the magnetic and structural properties of films, making PNR a useful tool for the characterization of magnetic metallic superlattices. The films were prepared by sputter deposition and the sample composition was measured by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. It has been found that while the density of the sputtered copper/cobalt multilayers is approximately 5% less than the bulk metals, the cobalt magnetic dipole moment per atom is little changed compared to the bulk. Evidence is also found for oxidation of the top cobalt layers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.348413
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brillouin light scattering studies on an iron whisker (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 64 (1988), S. 6095-6097 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have made Brillouin light scattering measurements on a (001) iron whisker that was covered with epitaxial gold and with epitaxial silver under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The surface mode frequencies have been measured to within ±0.03 GHz, allowing very careful comparisons of experiment with light scattering calculations. Observation of the 180° domain wall enabled an accurate determination of the surface spin pinning coefficient: Ks =0.54 ergs/cm2 for the gold covered whisker and Ks =0.79 ergs/cm2 for the silver covered whisker, with the easy axis perpendicular to the sample surface. An accurate measure of the sample heating due to the incident laser light was also obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.342104
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large surface anisotropies in ultrathin films of bcc and fcc Fe(001) (invited) (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 3863-3868 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Large uniaxial anisotropies associated with interfaces are observed for ultrathin films (3-28 ML) of bcc Fe(001) grown epitaxially on Ag(001) single-crystal substrates and for epitaxial sandwiches of fcc Fe(001) grown with three layers of Fe using Cu as substrate and coverlayers. The uniaxial anisotropy is well described by a pseudosurface anisotropy term as theoretically predicted, yet that theory also predicts large in-plane anisotropies that are not observed. Adequate treatment of spin-orbit coupling in magnetic theories remains a challenge. Comparisons of ultrathin films of bcc Fe(001) on Ag(001) with different coverlayers of Ag or Au show subtle differences in magnetic behavior as studied by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and Brillouin light scattering (BLS). The FMR measurements were carried out at 9.6, 36.6, and 73 GHz microwave frequencies. The BLS measurements were performed using a six-pass Fabry–Perot interferometer. The power of the techniques of molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) for producing well-characterized interfaces is stressed. Growths at 140 K are compared with those at 300 K to show the limited role of interdiffusion. Oscillations in the intensity of reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) are exploited in the characterization of growth. Comparison of the properties of films grown on perfect iron whisker surfaces with results for mosaic single-crystal substrates show that, while the former are much to be preferred for growth studies, the latter are really adequate for magnetic studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.340589
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase separation morphology of thin films of polystyrene/polyisoprene blends (1996)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 34 (1996), S. 3017-3024 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: phase separation morphology ; thin films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: We present the results of a study of the morphology of phase separation in a thin film blend of polystyrene (PS) and polyisoprene (PI) in a common solvent of toluene. The blend is quenched by rapid solvent evaporation using a spincoating technique rather than a temperature quench. The mass fraction of polystyrene is varied to determine the effect of the substrate on thin film phase separation morphology. We compare the phase separation morphology for very thin films of the PS/PI blend cast onto three different substrates: Si(001) with a native oxide layer (Si (SINGLEBOND) SiOx), Si(001) etched in hydrofluoric acid (Si-H), and a Au/Pd alloy sputtered onto Si(001). We observe large differences between the morphologies of 1000 Å thick blend films on the Si(SINGLEBOND) SiOx and Si-H substrates as the mass fraction is varied due to the difference in the wetting properties of PS on the two substrates. Smaller differences are observed between the films on the Si(SINGLEBOND) SiOx and Au/Pd substrates only for film thicknesses h 〈 600 Å. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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