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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of the conductivity of organic thiols by field emission microscopy and field emission spectroscopy (1994)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 116 (1994), S. 11985-11989 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00105a045
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of magnetic anisotropies in ultrathin epitaxial films of Fe(001) and Ni(001) (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 473-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 75.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ultrathin films, bcc Fe(001) on Ag(001), fcc Fe(001) on Cu(001) and Fe/Ni(001) bilayers on Ag, were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. A wide range of surface science tools were employed to establish the quality of epitaxial growth. Ferromagnetic resonance and Brillouin light scattering were used to extract the magnetic properties. Emphasis was placed on the study of magnetic anisotropies. Large uniaxial anisotropies with easy axis perpendicular to the film surface were observed in all ultrathin structures studied. These anisotropies were particularly strong in fcc Fe and bcc Fe films. In sufficiently thin samples the saturation magnetization was oriented perpendicularly to the film surface in the absence of an applied field. It has been demonstrated that in bcc Fe films the uniaxial perpendicular anisotropy originates at the film interfaces. In situ measurements indentified the strength of the uniaxial perpendicular anisotropy constant at the Fe/vacuum, Fe/Ag and Fe/Au interfaces asK us = 0.96, 0.63, and 0.3 ergs/cm2 respectively. The surface anisotropies deduced for [bulk Fe/noble metal] interfaces are in good agreement with the values obtained from ultrathin films. Hence the perpendicular surface ansiotropies originate in the broken symmetry at abrupt interfaces. An observed decrease in the cubic anisotropy in bcc Fe ultrathin films has been explained by the presence of a weak 4th order in-plane surface anisotropy,K 1∥S=0.012 ergs/cm2. Fe/Ni bilayers were also investigated. Ni grew in the pure bcc structure for the first 3–6 ML and then transformed to a new structure which exhibited unique magnetic properties. Transformed ultrathin bilayers possessed large inplane 4th order anisotropies far surpassing those observed in bulk Fe and Ni. The large 4th order anisotropies originate in crystallographic defects formed during the Ni lattice transformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00617014
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mapping of the magnetic leakage fields from nanoparticles by Fresnel projection microscopy (1998)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 72 (1998), S. 975-977 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetic leakage fields from the poles of magnetic nanoparticles down to 105–106 spins, isolated or situated at the edges of clusters, are observed with Fresnel projection microscopy by the presence of interference fringes generated by the magnetic phase shifts in the imaging electron beam. The particle shapes and localization of fringes are imaged simultaneously with nanometer spatial resolution at ∼200 V. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.120614
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local structural and polar Kerr effect measurements on an ultrathin epitaxial Co wedge grown on Pd(111) (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 1360-1367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A Pd/Co double layer has been grown epitaxially in ultrahigh vacuum on a Pd(111) single crystal, with the Co in the shape of a wedge of thickness varying from 0 to 10 monolayers (ML). The polar magneto-optical Kerr effect has been used to make a nearly continuous set of measurements of the magnetic properties as a function of Co thickness tCo. The coercive fields Hc and nucleation fields Hn show large, well-defined maxima at tCo∼2.3 ML. Between 4 and 9 ML, we find that Hc falls with increasing thickness according to a tCo−5/2 dependence. The Kerr ellipticity and Kerr rotation depend linearly on Co thickness above ∼2 ML Co, but show appreciable offsets when extrapolated to tCo=0. These offsets are clear evidence of the polarization of Pd near the interfaces. Extensive in situ growth studies of the structure of the films are also reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354061
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic properties of ultrathin epitaxial Co films on a Pd (111) single crystal : 35TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS San Diego, California (USA) 29 Oct−1 Nov 1990 (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 5640-5642 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Detailed magnetic studies were made of ultrathin epitaxial Pd/Co bilayers grown by evaporation in UHV on a Pd(111) single crystal. The magnetic properties were studied by polar Kerr hysteresis loops, vibrating sample magnetometry, and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) at 10 and 34 GHz. The 10-GHz measurements were carried out from room temperature to 1.6 K. The effective anisotropy fields were determined from the FMR. All the magnetic measurements showed that Co films thinner than ∼9 monolayers had an easy magnetization axis perpendicular to the film plane. It was deduced that the first-order uniaxial interface and volume anisotropy constants were, respectively, 0.8±0.05 mJ/m2 and (4 ± 1) × 105 J/m3 at room temperature. The dependence of the FMR lineshape on the angles of the applied fields was analyzed by calculating the FMR response. The observed effects could be explained by allowing for a spread in the magnetic anisotropy throughout the sample.〈lz〉 〈lz〉
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.348940
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perpendicular anisotropy at the (001) surface of bulk Fe single crystals (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 64 (1988), S. 5337-5339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have used ferromagnetic resonance to measure the perpendicular surface anisotropy constant Ks on ultrahigh vacuum prepared bulk Fe single crystals covered by epitaxial Au and Ag overlayers and exposed to air. We find Ks∼0.5 ergs/cm2 for Au on Fe, Ks∼0.7 ergs/cm2 for Ag on Fe, and Ks〉1 ergs/cm2 for an exposed Fe surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.342363
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineering magnetic materials on the atomic scale (invited) (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 61 (1987), S. 3721-3728 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) systems and the use of atomic beams for deposition of atoms layer by layer combine to make possible the creation of new materials. The applications to metallic magnetism are gaining increasing attention. The building of sandwiches of magnetic and nonmagnetic layers should lead to increased understanding of the propagation of spin polarization through metals and the effects of finite thickness on the ground state properties and the thermodynamics of magnetic materials. The most important step in this process is in the first layer, i.e., the preparation of the substrate and the determination of the quality of the interface and of the overlayer. The techniques of surface science, e.g., residual gas analysis (RGA), reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) are essential for the characterization of the interface. Illustrations of these include our own work on body-centered-cubic Ni deposited epitaxially on (100)Fe with and without intermediate epitaxial Au layers and with and without Au cover layers, studied using ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). The engineering of new magnetic phases takes into account the tendency of increased atomic volume to enhance magnetic moments. Epitaxy can be used to create negative pressures. New phases of Mn have been formed using the (0001) surface of Ru as a template for expanded structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.338672
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large surface anisotropies in ultrathin films of bcc and fcc Fe(001) (invited) (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 3863-3868 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Large uniaxial anisotropies associated with interfaces are observed for ultrathin films (3-28 ML) of bcc Fe(001) grown epitaxially on Ag(001) single-crystal substrates and for epitaxial sandwiches of fcc Fe(001) grown with three layers of Fe using Cu as substrate and coverlayers. The uniaxial anisotropy is well described by a pseudosurface anisotropy term as theoretically predicted, yet that theory also predicts large in-plane anisotropies that are not observed. Adequate treatment of spin-orbit coupling in magnetic theories remains a challenge. Comparisons of ultrathin films of bcc Fe(001) on Ag(001) with different coverlayers of Ag or Au show subtle differences in magnetic behavior as studied by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and Brillouin light scattering (BLS). The FMR measurements were carried out at 9.6, 36.6, and 73 GHz microwave frequencies. The BLS measurements were performed using a six-pass Fabry–Perot interferometer. The power of the techniques of molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) for producing well-characterized interfaces is stressed. Growths at 140 K are compared with those at 300 K to show the limited role of interdiffusion. Oscillations in the intensity of reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) are exploited in the characterization of growth. Comparison of the properties of films grown on perfect iron whisker surfaces with results for mosaic single-crystal substrates show that, while the former are much to be preferred for growth studies, the latter are really adequate for magnetic studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.340589
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Realization of an axially aligned Au-ion source of atomic size (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 75 (1999), S. 1332-1334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Nanotips are high-brightness electron sources with a principal characteristic source-size of one atom. We explore here nanotips as a type of atom-size source of Au ions. Conditions were found for a reproducible fabrication of a single Au nanotip on the principal axis of a W-base tip that emitted a beam of Au exclusively from its apex. The measured source characteristics were (i) the atomic-size source; (ii) currents: 10−14–1012 A; (iii) stability: 5 h; (iv) beam opening angle: 3.2°; and (v) energy dispersion 〈1 eV. First focusing experiments showed crossover and that the entire emitted beam was focused. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.124684
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    64 meV measured energy dispersion from cold field emission nanotips (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995), S. 436-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In this letter, we report on the extremely narrow energy distributions that can be obtained in field emission from W and Pt nanotips. For example, the measured full width at half-maximum for a Pt nanotip can be as low as 64 meV at 80 K and 100 meV at room temperature. Moreover, these emitted beams are autocollimated to a 4° opening and have hours of stability for a current of ∼1 nA due to the fact that the emission comes from one atom. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.114624
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