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  • 1
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2015. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Nature Publishing Group for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Nature 521 (2015): 65-69, doi:10.1038/nature14399.
    Beschreibung: Internal gravity waves, the subsurface analogue of the familiar surface gravity waves that break on beaches, are ubiquitous in the ocean. Because of their strong vertical and horizontal currents, and the turbulent mixing caused by their breaking, they impact a panoply of ocean processes, such as the supply of nutrients for photosynthesis1, sediment and pollutant transport2 and acoustic transmission3; they also pose hazards for manmade structures in the ocean4. Generated primarily by the wind and the tides, internal waves can travel thousands of kilometres from their sources before breaking5, posing severe challenges for their observation and their inclusion in numerical climate models, which are sensitive to their effects6-7. Over a decade of studies8-11 have targeted the South China Sea, where the oceans’ most powerful internal waves are generated in the Luzon Strait and steepen dramatically as they propagate west. Confusion has persisted regarding their generation mechanism, variability and energy budget, however, due to the lack of in-situ data from the Luzon Strait, where extreme flow conditions make measurements challenging. Here we employ new observations and numerical models to (i) show that the waves begin as sinusoidal disturbances rather than from sharp hydraulic phenomena, (ii) reveal the existence of 〉200-m-high breaking internal waves in the generation region that give rise to turbulence levels 〉10,000 times that in the open ocean, (iii) determine that the Kuroshio western boundary current significantly refracts the internal wave field emanating from the Luzon Strait, and (iv) demonstrate a factor-of-two agreement between modelled and observed energy fluxes that enables the first observationally-supported energy budget of the region. Together, these findings give a cradle-to-grave picture of internal waves on a basin scale, which will support further improvements of their representation in numerical climate predictions.
    Beschreibung: Our work was supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research and the Taiwan National Science Council.
    Beschreibung: 2015-10-29
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Preprint
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125(5), (2020): e2020JC016123, doi:10.1029/2020JC016123.
    Beschreibung: The processes underlying the strong Kuroshio encountering a cape at the southernmost tip of Taiwan are examined with satellite‐derived chlorophyll and temperature maps, a drifter trajectory, and realistic model simulations. The interaction spurs the formation of submesoscale cyclonic eddies that trap cold and high‐chlorophyll water and the formation of frontal waves between the free stream and the wake flow. An observed train of eddies, which have relative vorticity about one to four times the planetary vorticity (f), is shed from the recirculation that occurs in the immediate lee of the cape as a result of flow separation. These propagate downstream at a speed of 0.5–0.6 m s−1. Farther downstream, the corotation and merging of two or three adjacent eddies are common owing to the topography‐induced slowdown of eddy propagation farther downstream. It is found that the relative vorticity of a corotating system (1.2f) is 70% weaker than that of a single eddy due to the increase of eddy diameter from ~16 to ~33 km, in agreement with Kelvin's circulation theorem. The shedding period of the submesoscale eddies is strongly modulated by either diurnal or semidiurnal tidal flows, which typically reach 0.2–0.5 m s−1, whereas its intrinsic shedding period is insignificant. The frontal waves predominate in the horizontal free shear layer emitted from the cape, as well as a density front. Energetics analysis suggests that the wavy features result primarily from the growth of barotropic instability in the free shear layer, which may play a secondary process in the headland wake.
    Beschreibung: Yu‐Hsin Cheng was supported by the CWB of Taiwan through Grant 1062076C. Ming‐Huei Chang was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (MOST) under Grants 103‐2611‐M‐002‐018, 105‐2611‐M‐002‐012, and 107‐2611‐M‐002‐015. Sen Jan was supported with MOST Grants 101‐2611‐M‐002‐018‐MY3, 103‐2611‐M‐002‐011, and 105‐2119‐M‐002‐042. Magdalena Andres was supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research Grant N000141613069.
    Beschreibung: 2020-10-23
    Schlagwort(e): Kuroshio ; Submesoscale eddy ; Headland ; Recirculation ; Eddy corotation ; Barotropic instability
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Pun, I., Chan, J. C. L., Lin, I., Chan, K. T. E., Price, J. F., Ko, D. S., Lien, C., Wu, Y., & Huang, H. Rapid intensification of Typhoon Hato (2017) over shallow water. Sustainability, 11(13), (2019): 3709, doi:10.3390/su11133709.
    Beschreibung: On 23 August, 2017, Typhoon Hato rapidly intensified by 10 kt within 3 h just prior to landfall in the city of Macau along the South China coast. Hato’s surface winds in excess of 50 m s−1 devastated the city, causing unprecedented damage and social impact. This study reveals that anomalously warm ocean conditions in the nearshore shallow water (depth 〈 30 m) likely played a key role in Hato’s fast intensification. In particular, cooling of the sea surface temperature (SST) generated by Hato at the critical landfall point was estimated to be only 0.1–0.5 °C. The results from both a simple ocean mixing scheme and full dynamical ocean model indicate that SST cooling was minimized in the shallow coastal waters due to a lack of cool water at depth. Given the nearly invariant SST in the coastal waters, we estimate a large amount of heat flux, i.e., 1.9k W m−2, during the landfall period. Experiments indicate that in the absence of shallow bathymetry, and thus, if nominal cool water had been available for vertical mixing, the SST cooling would have been enhanced from 0.1 °C to 1.4 °C, and sea to air heat flux reduced by about a quarter. Numerical simulations with an atmospheric model suggest that the intensity of Hato was very sensitive to air-sea heat flux in the coastal region, indicating the critical importance of coastal ocean hydrography.
    Beschreibung: The work of I.-F.P. is supported by Taiwan’s Ministry of Science and Technology Grant MOST 107-2111-M-008-001-MY3. The work of J.C.L.C. is supported by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Grant E-CityU101/16. The work of I.-I.L. is supported by Taiwan’s Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 106-2111-M-002-011-MY3, MOST 108-2111-M-002-014-MY2). The work of K.T.F.C. is jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41775097), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Macau Science and Technology Development Joint Fund (NSFC-FDCT), China and Macau (41861164027).
    Schlagwort(e): Typhoon ; SST cooling ; Shallow water ; Vertical mixing ; Rapid intensification
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 1469-1474 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Low-temperature photoconductive mixing measurements have been performed on n- and p-type compensated Si at a microwave beat frequency of 253 MHz. The dependence of the transport parameters (electron-hole recombination lifetime and drift velocity) on temperature and electric field obtained from this experimental technique, are discussed. At high temperatures (T≥35 K for n-type and T≥60 K for p-type), the drift velocity is determined by neutral impurity and ionized impurity, and charge carrier-phonon scattering. In the carrier freeze-out regime (T≤35 K for n-type, T≤60 K for p-type) hopping charge transport is the dominant mechanism determining the drift velocity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 7167-7169 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: The structural and electrical properties of in situ laser deposited thin films of YBa2Cu3O7−x on SrTiO3(110) substrates were studied as a function of deposition temperature. It was found that at low temperatures, grains with the 〈110〉 axis perpendicular to the substrate surface dominated. At higher temperatures, 〈103〉 perpendicular films were obtained. The Jc was found to be extremely anisotropic. For 〈103〉 perpendicular films at 70 K, the Jc's were found to be 0.85×106 A/cm2 and 5×102 A/cm2 along the substrate 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 directions, respectively.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 553-555 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: The noise of YBa2Cu3O7−x and Tl2Ba2Cr2Cu3O10−x thin films in the frequency range from 0.5 Hz to 100 kHz was studied. In the normal state, it was found that 1/f noise dominated, with a magnitude strongly dependent on temperature. In the superconducting state, the noise was only observable at frequencies below 5 Hz with our present setup. Equilibrium thermal fluctuation noise was not observed in these films.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of metamorphic geology 22 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: As the best preserved high- and ultrahigh-pressure (HP and UHP) metamorphic terrane in the Qinling-Dabieshan-Sulu orogen, western Dabieshan is divided into six lithotectonic units along a traverse across the orogen, i.e. from north to south, the Nanwan, Balifan, Huwan, Xinxian, Hong'an and Mulanshan units. In this terrane five eclogite-bearing zones (I–V) are developed. The garnet and clinopyroxene in eclogites from these zones exhibit chemical zoning, suggesting that the rims record general peak temperature and pressure. Thermobarometric study indicates that the peak P–T conditions of eclogite are 550–570°C and 21 kbar for Zone I, 470–500°C and 14–17 kbar for Zone II, 620–670°C and 26–29 kbar for Zone III, 530–560°C and 20–22 kbar for Zone IV, and 490–510°C and 19–20 kbar for Zone V. The symmetrical thermobaric pattern, in conjunction with structural and geochronological data, demonstrates that the Huwan and Hong'an units belong to the same HP slice overlying the UHP slice. This pattern, together with the Mulanshan LT/HP blueschist–greenschist belt in the south, roughly constitutes a ‘normal’ metamorphic zonation. However, clear metamorphic gaps occur between different slices. It is inferred that the LT/HP, HP and UHP slices were broken up from the downgoing slab during subduction and reached different depths along different geothermal gradients. The successive subduction of underlying slices leads to a nearly concomitant uplift of overlying slices, whereas exhumation of the deepest UHP slice was effected by underthrusting of the lower crust of the Yangtze craton.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 58 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: The productivity and nutritive value of some cultivated perennial grasses, Bromus inermis (B), Elymus sibricus (S), E. nutans (N), Agropyron cristatum (A), Poa crymophila (P) and mixtures B + N, S + A, B + S + A, S + B + N, N + S + A, B + S + N + A, B + N + A + P, B + S +A + P and S + N + A + P, in the alpine region of the Tibetan Plateau were investigated. Elymus nutans and E. sibricus and the mixtures, B + S + N + A, B + S +A + P and S + N + A + P, were most productive with yields of dry matter (DM) of between 11 000 and 14 000 kg−1 of biomass annually in the second harvest year. Acid-detergent fibre (ADF) concentrations increased (P 〈 0·05), and crude protein (CP) concentrations and in sacco DM degradability values decreased (P 〈 0·05) with the maturity of the cultivated grasses. Swards, based on these species and mixtures, have the potential to be the main choices for cultivation in the Tibetan Plateau because they produce more nutrients than other grass species and mixtures. Late August (flowering stage of dominant grasses) is the optimum time for harvesting as the yield of rumen-degradable CP is highest that of DM relatively high and the DM degradability is satisfactory.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 58 (1991), S. 540-542 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: The degree of texturing of the grains in epitaxial in situ Y-Ba-Cu-O films was studied by x-ray pole-figure measurements. These high Tc and Jc laser deposited films were all aligned with the c axis perpendicular to the substrate surface. It was found that films on SrTiO3(001) and LaAlO3(001) were totally aligned with the YBCO a axis parallel to the 〈100〉 direction on the substrate. For MgO(001), 4% of the grains are aligned in the 〈110〉 direction. For yttria stabilized zirconia (001), the a axes of the YBCO grains were distributed between the 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 directions on the substrate. These observations are consistent with the degree of lattice mismatch in the various crystal orientations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 82 (1997), S. 702-707 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: The transport properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) with a hydrogen content ranging from 12% to less than 1%, which were produced by the hot-wire technique, varying the deposition substrate temperature, 290 °C〈TS〈400 °C, were systematically studied by the photoconductive frequency mixing technique. With an increase of the deposition substrate temperature, and consequent decrease of hydrogen content, the photoconductivity, σpc, and the drift mobility, μd, are found to decrease, while the width of the conduction band tail, ε, increases. Continuous degradations of photoconductivity, drift mobility, and photomixing lifetime, τ, were found during light soaking experiments. In addition, it was found that the drift mobility increases and the photomixing lifetime decreases with an increase of the applied electric field, while the photoconductivity is essentially independent of the electric field within the range of 1000–10 000 V cm−1. Furthermore, the electric field dependence of the drift mobility in the annealed state is always larger than in the light-soaked state. The results for the electric field dependence are explained using the model of long-range potential fluctuations, whose range can be determined by employing an analysis previously developed. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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