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  • 1
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    Reversal and stabilization of synaptic modifications in a developing visual system (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-21
    Description: Persistent synaptic modifications are essential for experience-dependent refinement of developing circuits. However, in the developing Xenopus retinotectal system, activity-induced synaptic modifications were quickly reversed either by subsequent spontaneous activity in the tectum or by exposure to random visual inputs. This reversal depended on the burst spiking and activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptors. Stabilization of synaptic modifications can be achieved by an appropriately spaced pattern of induction stimuli. These findings underscore the vulnerable nature of activity-induced synaptic modifications in vivo and suggest a temporal constraint on the pattern of visual inputs for effective induction of stable synaptic modifications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhou, Qiang -- Tao, Huizhong W -- Poo, Mu-ming -- NS 36999/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 20;300(5627):1953-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12817152" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Long-Term Potentiation ; Long-Term Synaptic Depression ; Neurons/physiology ; Okadaic Acid/pharmacology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Photic Stimulation ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors/physiology ; Retina/growth & development/*physiology ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*physiology ; Superior Colliculi/cytology/growth & development/*physiology ; Synapses/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; *Vision, Ocular ; Visual Pathways/growth & development/*physiology ; Xenopus
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Gating of BDNF-induced synaptic potentiation by cAMP (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-18
    Description: Neurotrophins have been implicated in activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, but the underlying intracellular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Synaptic potentiation induced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), but not neurotrophin 3, was prevented by blockers of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) signaling. Activators of cAMP signaling alone were ineffective in modifying synaptic efficacy but greatly enhanced the potentiation effect of BDNF. Blocking cAMP signaling abolished the facilitation of BDNF-induced potentiation by presynaptic activity. Thus synaptic actions of BDNF are gated by cAMP. Activity and other coincident signals that modulate cAMP concentrations may specify the action of secreted neurotrophins on developing nerve terminals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boulanger, L -- Poo, M M -- NS 37831/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 18;284(5422):1982-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0357, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10373115" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/*pharmacology ; *Carbazoles ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclic AMP/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology/*physiology ; Cycloleucine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; *Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects ; Indoles/pharmacology ; Nerve Growth Factors/pharmacology ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/cytology/physiology ; Neurotrophin 3 ; Okadaic Acid/pharmacology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Pyrroles/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction ; Synapses/drug effects/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; Thionucleotides/pharmacology ; Xenopus
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Entrained rhythmic activities of neuronal ensembles as perceptual memory of time interval (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-10-17
    Description: The ability to process temporal information is fundamental to sensory perception, cognitive processing and motor behaviour of all living organisms, from amoebae to humans. Neural circuit mechanisms based on neuronal and synaptic properties have been shown to process temporal information over the range of tens of microseconds to hundreds of milliseconds. How neural circuits process temporal information in the range of seconds to minutes is much less understood. Studies of working memory in monkeys and rats have shown that neurons in the prefrontal cortex, the parietal cortex and the thalamus exhibit ramping activities that linearly correlate with the lapse of time until the end of a specific time interval of several seconds that the animal is trained to memorize. Many organisms can also memorize the time interval of rhythmic sensory stimuli in the timescale of seconds and can coordinate motor behaviour accordingly, for example, by keeping the rhythm after exposure to the beat of music. Here we report a form of rhythmic activity among specific neuronal ensembles in the zebrafish optic tectum, which retains the memory of the time interval (in the order of seconds) of repetitive sensory stimuli for a duration of up to approximately 20 s. After repetitive visual conditioning stimulation (CS) of zebrafish larvae, we observed rhythmic post-CS activities among specific tectal neuronal ensembles, with a regular interval that closely matched the CS. Visuomotor behaviour of the zebrafish larvae also showed regular post-CS repetitions at the entrained time interval that correlated with rhythmic neuronal ensemble activities in the tectum. Thus, rhythmic activities among specific neuronal ensembles may act as an adjustable 'metronome' for time intervals in the order of seconds, and serve as a mechanism for the short-term perceptual memory of rhythmic sensory experience.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2896960/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2896960/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sumbre, German -- Muto, Akira -- Baier, Herwig -- Poo, Mu-ming -- R01 EY012406/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY012406-01/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY012406-02/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY012406-03/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY012406-04/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY012406-05/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY012406-06A2/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY012406-07/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY012406-08/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY012406-09/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS053358/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS053358-01A2/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS053358-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS053358-02S1/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS053358-03/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS053358-04/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 6;456(7218):102-6. doi: 10.1038/nature07351. Epub 2008 Oct 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18923391" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Larva/physiology ; Memory/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; *Periodicity ; Photic Stimulation ; Superior Colliculi/cytology/physiology ; Swimming/physiology ; Tail/physiology ; Time Factors ; Zebrafish/embryology/growth & development/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Activity-dependent synaptic competition in vitro: heterosynaptic suppression of developing synapses (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-11-15
    Description: The development and stability of synaptic connections in the nervous system are influenced by the pattern of electrical activity and the competitive interaction between the adjacent nerve terminals. To investigate this influence, a culture system of nerve and muscle cells has been developed in which a single embryonic muscle cell is coinnervated by two spinal neurons. The effect of electrical activity on the synaptic efficacy was examined after repetitive electrical stimulation was applied to one or both neurons. Brief tetanic stimulation of one neuron resulted in immediate functional suppression of the synapse made by the unstimulated neuron innervating the same muscle cell. This heterosynaptic suppression was largely absent when the tetanic stimulation was applied concurrently to both neurons. This result demonstrates that activity-dependent synaptic competition can be studied in vitro at a cellular level.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lo, Y J -- Poo, M M -- NS 22764/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Nov 15;254(5034):1019-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1658939" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Electric Stimulation ; In Vitro Techniques ; Muscle Contraction ; Muscles/embryology/*innervation/physiology ; Neuromuscular Junction/embryology/*physiology ; Spinal Nerves/*embryology/physiology ; Synapses/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; Xenopus laevis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Calcium-dependent transmitter secretion reconstituted in Xenopus oocytes: requirement for synaptophysin (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-31
    Description: Calcium-dependent glutamate secretion was reconstituted in Xenopus oocytes by injecting the oocyte with total rat cerebellar messenger RNA (mRNA). Co-injection of total mRNA with antisense oligonucleotides to synaptophysin message decreased the expression of synaptophysin in the oocyte and reduced the calcium-dependent secretion. A similar effect on secretion was observed for oocytes injected with total mRNA together with an antibody to rat synaptophysin. These results indicate that synaptophysin is necessary for transmitter secretion and that the oocyte expression system may be useful for dissecting the molecular events associated with the secretory process.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alder, J -- Lu, B -- Valtorta, F -- Greengard, P -- Poo, M M -- MH 39327/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS 22764/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 31;257(5070):657-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1353905" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Blotting, Western ; Calcimycin/pharmacology ; Calcium/*pharmacology ; Cerebellum/chemistry ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Gene Expression ; Glutamates/*secretion ; Glutamic Acid ; Kinetics ; Liver/chemistry ; Microscopy, Immunoelectron ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology ; Oocytes/*physiology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Rats ; Synaptophysin/genetics/*physiology ; Transfection ; Xenopus
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Hebbian depression of isolated neuromuscular synapses in vitro (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-06-12
    Description: Modulation of synaptic efficacy may depend on the temporal correlation between pre- and postsynaptic activities. At isolated neuromuscular synapses in culture, repetitive postsynaptic application of acetylcholine pulses alone or in the presence of asynchronous presynaptic activity resulted in immediate and persistent synaptic depression, whereas synchronous pre- and postsynaptic coactivation had no effect. This synaptic depression was a result of a reduction of evoked transmitter release, but induction of the depression requires a rise in postsynaptic cytosolic calcium concentration. Thus, Hebbian modulation operates at isolated peripheral synapses in vitro, and transsynaptic retrograde interaction appears to be an underlying mechanism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dan, Y -- Poo, M M -- NS 22764/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jun 12;256(5063):1570-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1317971" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; In Vitro Techniques ; Neural Inhibition ; Neuromuscular Junction/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Xenopus laevis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Burst spiking of a single cortical neuron modifies global brain state (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-02
    Description: Different global patterns of brain activity are associated with distinct arousal and behavioral states of an animal, but how the brain rapidly switches between different states remains unclear. We here report that repetitive high-frequency burst spiking of a single rat cortical neuron could trigger a switch between the cortical states resembling slow-wave and rapid-eye-movement sleep. This is reflected in the switching of the membrane potential of the stimulated neuron from slow UP/DOWN oscillations to a persistent-UP state or vice versa, with concurrent changes in the temporal pattern of cortical local field potential (LFP) recorded several millimeters away. These results point to the power of single cortical neurons in modulating the behavioral state of an animal.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2913066/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2913066/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Cheng-Yu T -- Poo, Mu-Ming -- Dan, Yang -- R01 EY018861/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY018861-01/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 1;324(5927):643-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1169957.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Institute of Neuroscience, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Electroencephalography ; Membrane Potentials ; Neurons/*physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Sleep Stages ; Sleep, REM ; Somatosensory Cortex/cytology/*physiology ; Visual Cortex/cytology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Grand challenges in global mental health (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3173804/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3173804/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Collins, Pamela Y -- Patel, Vikram -- Joestl, Sarah S -- March, Dana -- Insel, Thomas R -- Daar, Abdallah S -- Scientific Advisory Board and the Executive Committee of the Grand Challenges on Global Mental Health -- Anderson, Warwick -- Dhansay, Muhammad A -- Phillips, Anthony -- Shurin, Susan -- Walport, Mark -- Ewart, Wendy -- Savill, Sir John -- Bordin, Isabel A -- Costello, E Jane -- Durkin, Maureen -- Fairburn, Christopher -- Glass, Roger I -- Hall, Wayne -- Huang, Yueqin -- Hyman, Steven E -- Jamison, Kay -- Kaaya, Sylvia -- Kapur, Shitij -- Kleinman, Arthur -- Ogunniyi, Adesola -- Otero-Ojeda, Angel -- Poo, Mu-Ming -- Ravindranath, Vijayalakshmi -- Sahakian, Barbara J -- Saxena, Shekhar -- Singer, Peter A -- Stein, Dan J -- 079113/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 091834/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- P30 HD003352/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- Z99 MH999999/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jul 6;475(7354):27-30. doi: 10.1038/475027a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Office for Research on Disparities and Global Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, Maryland, USA. pamela.collins@nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21734685" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Global Health ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/economics/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Mental Health/*statistics & numerical data ; Substance-Related Disorders/economics/epidemiology ; World Health Organization
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 9
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    Potentiation of transmitter release by ciliary neurotrophic factor requires somatic signaling (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-02-03
    Description: Neurotrophic factors participate in the development and maintenance of the nervous system. Application of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a protein that promotes survival of motor neurons, resulted in an immediate potentiation of spontaneous and impulse-evoked transmitter release at developing neuromuscular synapses in Xenopus cell cultures. When CNTF was applied at the synapse, the onset of the potentiation was slower than that produced by application at the cell body of the presynaptic neuron. The potentiation effect was abolished when the neurite shaft was severed from the cell body. Thus, transmitter secretion from the nerve terminals is under immediate somatic control and can be regulated by CNTF.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stoop, R -- Poo, M M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Feb 3;267(5198):695-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7839148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcholine/*metabolism ; Action Potentials/drug effects ; Animals ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor ; Cycloheximide/pharmacology ; Dactinomycin/pharmacology ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Neurites/physiology ; Neuromuscular Junction/drug effects/*metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Receptor, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor ; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Synapses/drug effects/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission ; Xenopus
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Spread of synaptic depression mediated by presynaptic cytoplasmic signaling (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-05-17
    Description: Postsynaptic activity may modulate presynaptic functions by transsynaptic retrograde signals. At developing neuromuscular synapses in Xenopus nerve-muscle cultures, a brief increase in the cytosolic calcium ion (Ca2+) concentration in postsynaptic myocytes induced persistent depression of presynaptic transmitter secretion. This depression spread to distant synapses formed by the same neuron. Clearance of extracellular fluid did not prevent the spread of depression, and depression could not be induced by increasing the Ca2+ concentration in a nearby myocyte not in contact with the presynaptic neuron. Thus, the spread of depression is mediated by signaling in the presynaptic cytoplasm, rather than by a retrograde factor in the extracellular space.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cash, S -- Zucker, R S -- Poo, M M -- NS15114/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 May 17;272(5264):998-1001.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York 10027, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8638143" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Chelating Agents ; Cytoplasm/*metabolism ; Egtazic Acid/analogs & derivatives ; Evoked Potentials ; Muscles/cytology/innervation/physiology ; Neurites/physiology ; Neuromuscular Junction/metabolism/*physiology ; Photolysis ; Presynaptic Terminals/physiology ; *Signal Transduction ; Synapses/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Xenopus
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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