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  • 1
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    An essential cell cycle regulation gene causes hybrid inviability in Drosophila (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-19
    Description: Speciation, the process by which new biological species arise, involves the evolution of reproductive barriers, such as hybrid sterility or inviability between populations. However, identifying hybrid incompatibility genes remains a key obstacle in understanding the molecular basis of reproductive isolation. We devised a genomic screen, which identified a cell cycle-regulation gene as the cause of male inviability in hybrids resulting from a cross between Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans. Ablation of the D. simulans allele of this gene is sufficient to rescue the adult viability of hybrid males. This dominantly acting cell cycle regulator causes mitotic arrest and, thereby, inviability of male hybrid larvae. Our genomic method provides a facile means to accelerate the identification of hybrid incompatibility genes in other model and nonmodel systems.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4703311/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4703311/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Phadnis, Nitin -- Baker, EmilyClare P -- Cooper, Jacob C -- Frizzell, Kimberly A -- Hsieh, Emily -- de la Cruz, Aida Flor A -- Shendure, Jay -- Kitzman, Jacob O -- Malik, Harmit S -- 5T32 HD0741/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HG006283/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM074108/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM115914/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Dec 18;350(6267):1552-5. doi: 10.1126/science.aac7504.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. nitin.phadnis@utah.edu hsmalik@fhcrc.org. ; Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. ; Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. ; Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. ; Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. nitin.phadnis@utah.edu hsmalik@fhcrc.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26680200" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Cell Cycle/*genetics ; Chimera/genetics ; Crosses, Genetic ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/growth & development ; Drosophila simulans/*genetics/growth & development ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Essential/genetics/physiology ; Genes, Insect ; Genes, Lethal/genetics/*physiology ; *Genetic Speciation ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Reproductive Isolation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Visualizing the phage T4 activated transcription complex of DNA and E. coli RNA polymerase (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: The ability of RNA polymerase (RNAP) to select the right promoter sequence at the right time is fundamental to the control of gene expression in all organisms. However, there is only one crystallized structure of a complete activator/RNAP/DNA complex. In a process called appropriation, bacteriophage T4 activates a class of phage promoters using an activator (MotA) and a co-activator (AsiA), which function through interactions with the 70 subunit of RNAP. We have developed a holistic, structure-based model for appropriation using multiple experimentally determined 3D structures ( Escherichia coli RNAP, the Thermus aquaticus RNAP/DNA complex, AsiA / 70 Region 4, the N-terminal domain of MotA [MotA NTD ], and the C-terminal domain of MotA [MotA CTD ]), molecular modeling, and extensive biochemical observations indicating the position of the proteins relative to each other and to the DNA. Our results visualize how AsiA/MotA redirects , and therefore RNAP activity, to T4 promoter DNA, and demonstrate at a molecular level how the tactful interaction of transcriptional factors with even small segments of RNAP can alter promoter specificity. Furthermore, our model provides a rational basis for understanding how a mutation within the β subunit of RNAP (G1249D), which is far removed from AsiA or MotA, impairs appropriation.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A fusion-product source : Proceedings of the 9th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 4837-4839 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A Texas Nuclear Cockcroft–Walton neutron generator was refurbished for use as a general fusion-product source. This well-calibrated source is now used routinely for characterizing energetic charged-particle detectors, for the development of nuclear fusion diagnostics, for studying radiation damage, and for calibrating x-ray detectors for laboratory and space plasmas. This paper is an overview of the facility. We describe the main accelerator operating systems, the primary fusion reactions studied, and several diagnostics used to characterize the fusion-product source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143576
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MIT fusion γ-ray diagnostic development : Proceedings of the 9th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 4840-4842 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In conjunction with γ-ray diagnostic development for the NOVA Upgrade and Alcator C-MOD experiments, we have assembled a comprehensive set of absolutely calibrated γ-ray sources and several γ-ray detectors. These tools will be used in characterizing and calibrating new γ-ray diagnostic systems as they are assembled. The γ-ray sources comprise both radioisotopes and nuclear reactions. The latter are generated in the MIT Cockcroft–Walton fusion-product generator. The detectors include several "standard'' NaI(Tl) scintillators and a high-resolution germanium detector. This paper briefly discusses the diagnostics planned for NOVA Upgrade and Alcator C-MOD. In addition it describes the γ-ray sources and detector characterizations we have performed in the laboratory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143577
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PIXE x rays: From Z=4 to Z=92 : Proceedings of the 9th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 4843-4845 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A high-intensity, charged-particle-induced x-ray (PIXE) source has been developed for the purpose of characterizing x-ray detectors and optics, and measuring filter transmissions. With energetic proton beams up to 165 keV, intense line x radiations (0.5 A(ring)≤λ≤111 A(ring)) have been generated from the K, L, M, and N shells of elements 4≤Z≤92. The PIXE spectrum has orders-of-magnitude lower background continuum than a conventional electron beam or radioactive α-fluorescence source [C. K. Li, R. D. Petrasso, K. W. Wenzel et al. (to be published)].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143578
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A proton activation diagnostic to measure D–3He reaction yields : Proceedings of the 9th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 4847-4849 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We are developing activation diagnostics for monitoring energetic charged-particle fluxes in space and laboratory plasmas. More immediately, we plan to use activation to measure the time-integrated proton flux from D–3He fusion reactions in Alcator C-MOD, providing a measure of the time-averaged D–3He fusion rate. We demonstrated the technique's feasibility by inducing significant gamma activity in a titanium sample exposed to D–3He protons created in our Cockcroft–Walton generator. The titanium target received a fluence of 5.5×109 protons at 14.7 MeV (of order what a 3-cm2 target should receive from one shot in Alcator C-MOD) and became activated by the48Ti(p,n)48V reaction. The activity's spectrum from a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector showed the characteristic 0.984- and 1.312-MeV lines of 48V. The measured activity agreed reasonably well with theory. An absence of activity at those energies before D–3He activation eliminated background or D–D product-induced activity as the gamma source. We intend to repeat the experiment with a chromium target to evaluate that material's diagnostic potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143580
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of SBDs to MeV protons, tritons, and alphas: Evidence that the charged-particle sensitive depth is not generally the depletion depth : Proceedings of the 9th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 4850-4852 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: As part of an on-going effort to develop diagnostics for energetic charged particles from laboratory and space experiments, we examined the possibility that particle identification could be expedited by varying the applied bias voltage on silicon surface barrier detectors (SBDs). Using MeV protons, tritons, and alphas, we performed spectroscopy experiments whereby we observed changes of the energy spectrum as a function of the bias voltage. These particles were either generated via a Cockcroft–Walton linac as fusion products, or emitted from radioisotopes. The results indicate that, contrary to commonly held belief, the detector sensitive depth is not generally the depletion depth. Indeed for partially depleted SBDs the performance is not greatly degraded even for zero bias.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143581
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-resolved x-ray imaging of high-power laser-irradiated underdense silica aerogels and agar foams (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 2 (1995), S. 3820-3831 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This article presents the results of experiments in which a high-power laser was used to irradiate low density (4–9 mg/cm3) silica aerogel and agar foam targets. The laser–solid interaction and energy transport through the material were monitored with time-resolved imaging diagnostics, and the data show the production and propagation of an x-ray emission front in the plasma. The emission-front trajectory data are found to be in significant disagreement with detailed simulations, which predict a much more rapid heating of the cold material, and the data suggest that this discrepancy is not explainable by target inhomogeneities. Evidence suggests that energy transport into the cold material may be dominated by thermal conduction; however, no completely satisfactory explanation for the discrepancies is identified, and further experimental and theoretical research is necessary in order to resolve this important problem in laser–plasma interaction physics. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871081
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of titanium laser-produced plasmas (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 2 (1995), S. 3792-3803 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The development of a plasma environment that is appropriate for the study of laser-plasma processes in laser-fusion plasma is reported. A material (titanium) with medium atomic number (Z) was used to provide x-ray measurements of radial and axial plasma symmetry as well as electron temperature. The electron density evolution was measured using stimulated scattering processes and odd half-harmonic generation from probe lasers of different wavelengths. The plasmas were created by two-sided irradiation of thin foils with 24 kJ of 351 nm laser light. When the peak electron density had decayed to about 4×1020 cm−3, the density profile was estimated to have a full width at half-maximum of 2 mm and the electron temperature was measured to be about 3 keV using K-shell spectroscopy. Two-dimensional computer simulations were found to reproduce some features of both electron density and temperature evolution. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871079
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-resistance nonspiking ohmic contact for AlGaAs/GaAs high electron mobility transistors using the Ge/Pd scheme (1989)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 54 (1989), S. 2677-2679 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Nonspiking (nonalloyed) Ge/Pd ohmic contact formed via solid phase reaction on an AlGaAs/GaAs high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) was investigated. The surface morphology of the Ge/Pd contact is smooth and planar with a typical contact resistivity of about 3×10−7 Ω cm2. The current-voltage characteristics of the HEMTs with the Ge/Pd contacts are similar to those with the conventional AuGe/Ni spiking (alloyed) contacts. Since only a thin substrate surface layer of 100–200 A(ring) was reacted with the Ge/Pd contact, we can conclude that ohmic contacts can be made to the two-dimensional electron gas without deep penetration of the metallization. This observation is in agreement with the concept that transport due to tunneling is significant across heterojunctions. The Ge/Pd contact may be potentially useful in HEMT integrated circuit technology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.101032
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