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  • 1
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    Identification of carbonate-rich outcrops on Mars by the Spirit rover (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-05
    Description: Decades of speculation about a warmer, wetter Mars climate in the planet's first billion years postulate a denser CO2-rich atmosphere than at present. Such an atmosphere should have led to the formation of outcrops rich in carbonate minerals, for which evidence has been sparse. Using the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit, we have now identified outcrops rich in magnesium-iron carbonate (16 to 34 weight percent) in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater. Its composition approximates the average composition of the carbonate globules in martian meteorite ALH 84001. The Gusev carbonate probably precipitated from carbonate-bearing solutions under hydrothermal conditions at near-neutral pH in association with volcanic activity during the Noachian era.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morris, Richard V -- Ruff, Steven W -- Gellert, Ralf -- Ming, Douglas W -- Arvidson, Raymond E -- Clark, Benton C -- Golden, D C -- Siebach, Kirsten -- Klingelhofer, Gostar -- Schroder, Christian -- Fleischer, Iris -- Yen, Albert S -- Squyres, Steven W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 23;329(5990):421-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1189667. Epub 2010 Jun 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA. richard.v.morris@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20522738" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Carbonates/chemistry ; Climate ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferrous Compounds ; Magnesium ; *Mars ; Meteoroids ; Spacecraft ; Temperature ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Synthesis of todorokite (1986)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-02-14
    Description: Todorokite of chemical composition (Mg(0.77)Na(0.03))(Mg(0.18)Mn(2+)(0.60)Mn(4+)(5.22)22) O(12).3.07 H(2)O was synthesized by a two-step procedure. First, sodium birnessite was synthesized and magnesium was exchanged for sodium to form magnesium birnessite, which was autoclaved under a saturated steam pressure at 155 degrees C for 8 hours to form well-crystallized todorokite. Synthesized todorokite particles consisted of fibers extending from a central plate. The plate itself was made of twinned fibers forming a trilling pattern. The infrared spectra and x-ray diffraction patterns were similar to those of natural todorokite samples. Calcium birnessite and nickel birnessite, when autoclaved under conditions similar to those for magnesium birnessite, yielded a todorokite structure. However, the formation of todorokite from calcium and nickel birnessite was less extensive.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Golden, D C -- Chen, C C -- Dixon, J B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Feb 14;231(4739):717-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17800797" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Acid sulfate alteration of fluorapatite, basaltic glass and olivine by hydrothermal vapors and fluids: Implications for fumarolic activity and secondary phosphate phases in sulfate-rich Paso Robles soil at Gusev Crater, Mars (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-26
    Description: [1]  Phosphate-rich rocks and a nearby phosphate-rich soil, Paso Robles, were analyzed in Gusev Crater, Mars, by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit and interpreted to be highly altered, possibly by hydrothermal or fumarolic alteration of primary, phosphate-rich material. To test mineral phases resulting from such alteration, we performed hydrothermal acid-vapor and acid-fluid experiments on olivine (Ol), fluorapatite (Ap), and basaltic glass (Gl) as single phases and a mixture of phases. Minerals formed include Ca-, Al-, Fe- and Mg-sulfates with different hydration states (anhydrite, bassanite, gypsum; alunogen; hexahydrite, and pentahydrite). Phosphate-bearing minerals formed included monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCP) (acid-vapor and acid-fluid alteration of fluorapatite only) and ferrian giniite (acid-fluid alteration of the Ol + Gl + Ap mixture). MCP is likely present in Paso Robles if primary Ca-phosphate minerals reacted with sulfuric acid with little transport of phosphate. Under fluid:rock ratios allowing transport of phosphate, a ferric phosphate phase such as ferrian giniite might form instead. Mössbauer measurements of ferrian giniite-bearing alteration products and synthetic ferrian giniite are consistent with Spirit's Mössbauer measurements of the ferric-bearing phase in Paso Robes soil, but are also consistent with ferric sulfate phases in the low-P soil Arad_Samra. Therefore, Mössbauer data alone do not constrain the fluid:rock ratio. However, the excess iron (hematite) in Paso Robles soil, which implies aqueous transport, combined with our laboratory experiments, suggest acid-sulfate alteration in a hydrothermal (fumarolic) environment at fluid:rock ratios sufficient to allow dissolution, transport, and precipitation of secondary chemical components including a ferric phosphate such as ferrian giniite. Sampel Unit Level Copyright
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partially acidulated reactive phosphate rock (PAPR) fertilizer and its reactions in soil (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 28 (1991), S. 295-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Partially acidulated phosphate rock ; mineralogy ; phosphate fertilizers ; EDS analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fertilizer reaction products formed during the dissolution of PAPR fertilizer applied to two soils of contrasting P retention were studied using electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectrum (EDS) analysis combined with common mineralogical analysis procedures. Monocalcium phosphate (MCP) and phosphate rock (PR) residue were the main components of the PAPR fertilizer at the time of application. Dissolution of MCP in PAPR led to the formation of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) which was morphologically distinct from the soil matrix and easily analyzed by the microprobe. The amount of DCPD at the granule site was greater in the soil of low P retention than in the soil of high P retention, consistent with a greater transfer of fertilizer-P to the soil in latter case. The mean crystallite size of carbonate apatite in the fertilizer residue suggested a preferential dissolution of very fine crystallites at acidulations less than 50% during phosphoric acid acidulation. Electron microscopy showed dissolution of primary mineral grains (e.g. clinopyroxene) in soil adjacent to the fertilizer pellet during the dissolution of PAPR fertilizer. The precipitated products in the soil near the PAPR fertilizer pellet were complex compounds containing P, Ca, Al, Fe and Si. There was no evidence of pure phases such as variscite and strengite. These changes were analogous to those occurring in and around fully acidulated P fertilizers (TSP) in soil; however, in the case of PAPR, the reactive phosphate rock residue and DCPD at the site of application may provide a continuous source of P for plants over a long period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054330
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibitory effects of commercial potassium chloride on the nitrification rates of added ammonium sulphate in an acid red yellow podzolic soil (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 147-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium chloride ; Ammonium sulphate ; Chloride effect ; Low pH soils ; Nitrification inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Rates of nitrification of ammonium sulphate in an acid red yellow podzolic tea soil in Sri Lanka with and without the addition of commercial potassium choride (95% KCl) and analytical grade KCl was studied under field conditions and in a laboratory incubation experiment. Addition of KCl effectively suppressed nitrification and this suppression was found to be due to the presence of Cl-ions rather than K-ions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183601
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibitory effects of commercial potassium chloride on the nitrification rates of added ammonium sulphate in an acid red yellow podzolic soil (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 364-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184209
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partially acidulated reactive phosphate rock (PAPR) fertilizer and its reactions in soil (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 28 (1991), S. 281-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: MCP hydrolysis ; partially acidulated phosphate rock ; pH change ; phosphate diffusion ; solubility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract PAPR was made by partial acidulation of North Carolina phosphate rock with H3PO4. The PAPRs were incubated in bands in columns of two soils of contrasting P retention. The columns were sampled after freezing and sectioning with a cryomicrotome. The movement of P in soil incubated with33P-labelled PAPR was followed by autoradiography of polished epoxy impregnated sections of the freeze-dried soil column. PAPR solubility was also studied by a sequential dialysis process using distilled deionised water. The acid solution resulting from the dissolution of monocalcium phosphate (MCP) in PAPR moved into the surrounding soil, solubilizing soil minerals and creating a low-pH front with a high concentration of P. Depending on the soil, phosphorus moved 6–14 mm away from the fertilizer/soil interface by mass flow and diffusion in two days. The increase in 0.5 M NaOH extractable P above that of untreated soil showed a maximum at the same position as the pH minimum in the soil. In both soils, the total P movement from the fertilizer band after a two day period for 50% PAPR was comparable to that for 100% acidulation (≡triple superphosphate), indicating that acidulations above 50% did not necessarily increase the movement of soluble P from the fertilizer pellet. Variations in pH in the fertilizer-affected soil could be explained by the net balance of acidity resulting from incoming acid P solution and release of OH− during P sorption. The rock residue exhibited a transient loss in solubility which was reversed on subsequent dissolution, suggesting a possible surface alteration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054329
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrient-Substituted Hydroxyapatites: Synthesis and Characterization (1999)
    Springer
    Soil Science Society of America journal 63 (1999), S. 657-664 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-0661
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: -1 , Zn ranged from 57 to 1279 mg kg-1, Fe from 211 to 2573 mg kg-1, and Mn from 190 to 1719 mg kg-1, depending on the substitution level of each element in HA. Nutrient-substituted HA has the potential to be used as a slow-release fertilizer to supply micronutrients, S, and Mg in addition to Ca and P.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/
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  • 9
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    Seasonally Precipitated Iron Oxides in a Vertisol of Southeast Texas (1997)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0361-5995
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0661
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
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    Iron Oxide Mineralogy of Well-drained Ultisols and Oxisols: II. Influence on Color, Surface Area, and Phosphate Retention (1978)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0361-5995
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0661
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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