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  • 1
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    Requirement of CD9 on the egg plasma membrane for fertilization (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: CD9 is an integral membrane protein associated with integrins and other membrane proteins. Mice lacking CD9 were produced by homologous recombination. Both male and female CD9-/- mice were born healthy and grew normally. However, the litter size from CD9-/- females was less than 2% of that of the wild type. In vitro fertilization experiments indicated that the cause of this infertility was due to the failure of sperm-egg fusion. When sperm were injected into oocytes with assisted microfertilization techniques, however, the fertilized eggs developed to term. These results indicate that CD9 has a crucial role in sperm-egg fusion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miyado, K -- Yamada, G -- Yamada, S -- Hasuwa, H -- Nakamura, Y -- Ryu, F -- Suzuki, K -- Kosai, K -- Inoue, K -- Ogura, A -- Okabe, M -- Mekada, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 14;287(5451):321-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 839-0861, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10634791" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/*physiology ; Antigens, CD9 ; Cell Membrane/immunology/metabolism ; Crosses, Genetic ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Female ; Fertilization/physiology ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Gene Targeting ; Infertility, Female/*physiopathology ; Integrin alpha6beta1 ; Integrins/physiology ; Litter Size ; Male ; *Membrane Glycoproteins ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Oocytes/immunology/*physiology ; Ovulation ; Sperm-Ovum Interactions/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Rapid colorectal adenoma formation initiated by conditional targeting of the Apc gene (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-06
    Description: Familial adenomatous polyposis coli (FAP) is a disease characterized by the development of multiple colorectal adenomas, and affected individuals carry germline mutations in the APC gene. With the use of a conditional gene targeting system, a mouse model of FAP was created that circumvents the embryonic lethality of Apc deficiency and directs Apc inactivation specifically to the colorectal epithelium. loxP sites were inserted into the introns around Apc exon 14, and the resultant mutant allele (Apc580S) was introduced into the mouse germline. Mice homozygous for Apc580S were normal; however, upon infection of the colorectal region with an adenovirus encoding the Cre recombinase, the mice developed adenomas within 4 weeks. The adenomas showed deletion of Apc exon 14, indicating that the loss of Apc function was caused by Cre-loxP-mediated recombination.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shibata, H -- Toyama, K -- Shioya, H -- Ito, M -- Hirota, M -- Hasegawa, S -- Matsumoto, H -- Takano, H -- Akiyama, T -- Toyoshima, K -- Kanamaru, R -- Kanegae, Y -- Saito, I -- Nakamura, Y -- Shiba, K -- Noda, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 3;278(5335):120-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Cancer Institute, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9311916" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/*genetics ; Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein ; Adenoviridae/genetics ; Animals ; Colon/metabolism ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/biosynthesis ; Disease Models, Animal ; Exons ; Female ; Frameshift Mutation ; Gene Deletion ; *Gene Targeting ; *Genes, APC ; Genetic Vectors ; Germ-Line Mutation ; Homozygote ; Integrases/genetics/metabolism ; Introns ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Viral Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Staphylococcus delta-toxin induces allergic skin disease by activating mast cells (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-01
    Description: Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects 15-30% of children and approximately 5% of adults in industrialized countries. Although the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis is not fully understood, the disease is mediated by an abnormal immunoglobulin-E immune response in the setting of skin barrier dysfunction. Mast cells contribute to immunoglobulin-E-mediated allergic disorders including atopic dermatitis. Upon activation, mast cells release their membrane-bound cytosolic granules leading to the release of several molecules that are important in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and host defence. More than 90% of patients with atopic dermatitis are colonized with Staphylococcus aureus in the lesional skin whereas most healthy individuals do not harbour the pathogen. Several staphylococcal exotoxins can act as superantigens and/or antigens in models of atopic dermatitis. However, the role of these staphylococcal exotoxins in disease pathogenesis remains unclear. Here we report that culture supernatants of S. aureus contain potent mast-cell degranulation activity. Biochemical analysis identified delta-toxin as the mast cell degranulation-inducing factor produced by S. aureus. Mast cell degranulation induced by delta-toxin depended on phosphoinositide 3-kinase and calcium (Ca(2+)) influx; however, unlike that mediated by immunoglobulin-E crosslinking, it did not require the spleen tyrosine kinase. In addition, immunoglobulin-E enhanced delta-toxin-induced mast cell degranulation in the absence of antigen. Furthermore, S. aureus isolates recovered from patients with atopic dermatitis produced large amounts of delta-toxin. Skin colonization with S. aureus, but not a mutant deficient in delta-toxin, promoted immunoglobulin-E and interleukin-4 production, as well as inflammatory skin disease. Furthermore, enhancement of immunoglobulin-E production and dermatitis by delta-toxin was abrogated in Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mast-cell-deficient mice and restored by mast cell reconstitution. These studies identify delta-toxin as a potent inducer of mast cell degranulation and suggest a mechanistic link between S. aureus colonization and allergic skin disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4090780/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4090780/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nakamura, Yuumi -- Oscherwitz, Jon -- Cease, Kemp B -- Chan, Susana M -- Munoz-Planillo, Raul -- Hasegawa, Mizuho -- Villaruz, Amer E -- Cheung, Gordon Y C -- McGavin, Martin J -- Travers, Jeffrey B -- Otto, Michael -- Inohara, Naohiro -- Nunez, Gabriel -- R01 AR059688/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01AR059688/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01HL062996/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Nov 21;503(7476):397-401. doi: 10.1038/nature12655. Epub 2013 Oct 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24172897" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Toxins/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Calcium Signaling/drug effects ; *Cell Degranulation/drug effects ; Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology ; Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology/metabolism/*microbiology/pathology ; Female ; Immunoglobulin E/biosynthesis/immunology ; Inflammation/immunology/metabolism/microbiology/pathology ; Interleukin-4/immunology ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism ; Male ; Mast Cells/*cytology/drug effects ; Mice ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/genetics/metabolism ; Staphylococcus aureus/metabolism/*pathogenicity
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    The gene for familial polyposis coli maps to the long arm of chromosome 5 (1987)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-12-04
    Description: The inherited genetic defect in adenomatous polyposis has been localized to a small region on the long arm of chromosome 5. Sixteen DNA marker loci were used to construct a linkage map of the chromosome. When five kindreds segregating a gene for adenomatous polyposis coli were characterized with a number of the markers, significant linkage was found between one marker and the disease gene. Linkage analysis determined the location of the defective gene within a primary genetic map of chromosome 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leppert, M -- Dobbs, M -- Scambler, P -- O'Connell, P -- Nakamura, Y -- Stauffer, D -- Woodward, S -- Burt, R -- Hughes, J -- Gardner, E -- CA40641/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1987 Dec 4;238(4832):1411-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City 84132.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3479843" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromosome Mapping ; *Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 ; Colonic Polyps/*genetics ; Female ; Gardner Syndrome/genetics ; *Genes ; Genetic Markers ; Humans ; Lod Score ; Male ; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological properties of elastomers based on cellulose fibersPresented in part at the 6th Annual Meeting in Miniature, Louisiana Section, American Chemical Society, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 28, 1969. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 14 (1970), S. 929-951 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Elastomers, based on cellulose fibers, were synthesized by grafting ethyl acrylate onto fibers preirradiated by a high-energy electron beam. The rheological properties and fine structure of the elastomers were investigated in order to determine factors in development of rubber-like elastomeric behavior. Mechanical properties of the elastomers depended on (1) degree of polymerization of irradiated cellulose molecules, (2) extent of grafting, and (3) experimental methods of evaluation, particularly in varying environmental conditions, for example, in making measurements in air, water, or ethyl acetate. Glass transition temperatures of the elastomers were dependent on the environmental conditions of evaluation; stiffnesses of the elastomers levelled off at about 0°C; and in all environments, a rubber-like plateau was observed. Poly(ethyl acrylate) separated from the elastomers was not soluble in acetone. The mean molecular weight of the separated poly(ethyl acrylate) of the elastomer was determined in ethyl acetate by the equilibrium swelling method. It was concluded that crosslinks existed in the elastomers. Electron microphotographs of cross sections of the elastomers, which exhibited rubber-like behavior, indicated that the fibrillar structure of the irradiated cellulose fibers formed a uniform network and that poly(ethyl acrylate) was uniformly distributed among the fibrils.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1970.070140405
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of polymer dilution on acid-catalyzed gelation of partially N-methylolcarbamoylethylated polyvinyl alcoholPresented at the meeting of the Society of Polymer Science, Tokyo, May 31, 1959. (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 42 (1960), S. 203-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of polymer dilution on the acid-catalyzed gelation of partially N-methylolcarbamoylethylated polyvinyl alcohol has been studied viscometrically and chemically. The result that the higher the degree of dilution the greater the extent of reaction at gelation, especially in the polymer concentration below 15% by weight, indicates that a certain increase of intramolecular crosslinking with dilution occurs. However, sufficient agreement with Kilb's theory could not be found. Also, even when the extent of reaction at gelation was extrapolated to infinite concentration of polymer, it was far greater than that obtained from Flory's theory. The discrepancy may presumably be attributed to the fact that in addition to the intramolecular crosslinking, all the methylol groups on the polymer chains which are coiled, entangled, and strongly solvated prior to crosslinking are not equally reactive sterically.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1960.1204213923
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gelation in condensation reaction of partially N-methylolcarbamoylethylated polyvinyl alcoholPresented at the Meeting of the Chemical Society of Japan, Tokyo, November 23, 1958. (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 43 (1960), S. 241-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Gelation velocity and reaction rate for the acid-catalyzed condensation reaction in the aqueous solution (10-22%) of partially N-methylolcarbamoylethylated polyvinyl alcohol (about 20 mole-% degree of methylolcarbamoylethylation) have been investigated by the falling ball viscosity method and the chemical analysis of methylol groups including the effects of kinds of acid, concentrations of acid and polymer, and temperatures of reaction. For the reciprocal gel point, 1/tg, and the hydrogen ion concentration, [H+], the following equation holds: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ 1/t_g = c[{\rm H}^ +]^\alpha $\end{document} where α and c are constants independent of the kind of acid; also α is independent of temperature and polymer concentration, while c increases with increasing temperature or polymer concentration. The 1/tg is approximately proportional to the concentration of polymer in the range of a concentrated polymer solution above about 15% by weight. From this fact, it is suggested that, in a concentrated polymer solution, the intermolecular crosslinking proceeds predominantly as a bimolecular reaction with respect to methylol groups. Assuming that the increase of the apparent viscosity of the reacting system is mainly due to that of the structural viscosity which should be increased by a bimolecular crosslinking reaction, the following expression was derived for the gelation velocity: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \eta _0 /(\eta _t - \eta _0) = A(1/i - 1/t_g) $\end{document} in which, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {A/t_g = 1 - x_g /a} & {{\rm and}} & {k = x_g /(a^2 A)} \\ \end{array} $\end{document} where η0 and ηt are the apparent viscosities at time 0 and t, respectively, A is a measure of gelation velocity, a is the initial number of methylol groups, xg is the number of crosslinked methylol groups at the gel point, and k is the bimolecular rate constant. The experimental results of viscosity changes have shown a fairly good agreement with the above expression except in the early stage of condensation. The extent of reaction at the gel point (xg) has been estimated to be about 0.03-0.05 regardless of concentration of polymer and acid, kinds of acid, and temperature. Also, it has been observed that the rate constant of reaction is independent of the concentration of polymer and is proportional to the concentration of hydrogen ions. The above expression and estimation have been verified by the chemical analysis of methylol groups in the condensation processes. However, the extent of reaction at the gel point is about ten times that predicted by Flory's theory. This discrepancy may presumably be attributed to the fact that all of the methylol groups on the polymer chains which are coiled, entangled, and strongly solvated prior to the crosslinking are not equally reactive sterically and a certain extent of intramolecular crosslinking occurs. The activation energy of reaction has been estimated to be about 21 kcal./mole.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1960.1204314119
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vinyl polymerization. 380. Radical polymerization initiated with saccharomyces cerevisiae (1979)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 17 (1979), S. 347-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1979.130170603
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