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  • 1
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    Assessment of the Met Office dust forecast model using observations from the GERBILS campaign (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-29
    Description: This paper uses aircraft, ground-based and satellite observations to assess the performance of Met Office dust forecasts during the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget Intercomparison of Long-wave and Short-wave radiation (GERBILS) campaign. The dust forecasts were produced from a 20 km resolution limited-area numerical weather prediction configuration of the Met Office Unified Model, based over North Africa. Dust uplift was modelled using two modified versions of the Woodward (2001) dust parametrization scheme. The model produced widespread dust over the Sahara desert in response to synoptically driven strong wind events. The modelled aerosol size distribution and short-wave optical properties compared well with aircraft in situ measurements and retrievals from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). Better size distributions and extinction coefficients were achieved by fixing the emitted dust size distribution rather than attempting to predict this dynamically. The two versions performed similarly compared to observations of other variables. The interaction of dust with short-wave and long-wave radiation compared well with aircraft observations when scaled to allow for local differences in Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD). AODs were on average 50–100% too high over south-western parts of the Sahara but 20–50% too low over the Sahel when compared to AERONET sites, aircraft profile estimates and satellite retrieval products. This implicated excessive dust emission over central parts of the Sahara and insufficient dust emissions from the Bodélé depression and semi-arid regions on the southern border of the Sahara. These biases were linked to potential errors in wind speed, soil texture, soil moisture and vegetation, and possible limitations in the dust parametrization, such as the lack of an observationally constrained or geomorphologically based preferential source term. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown copyright, the Met Office
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-870X
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 2
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    Mercury presence and speciation in the South Atlantic Ocean along the 40°S transect (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: Mercury (Hg) natural biogeochemical cycle is complex and a significant portion of biological and chemical transformation occurs in the marine environment. To better understand the presence and abundance of Hg species in the remote ocean regions, waters of South Atlantic Ocean along 40°S parallel were investigated during UK-GEOTRACES cruise GA10. Total mercury (THg), methylated mercury (MeHg) and dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) concentrations were determined. The concentrations were very low in the range of pg/L (femtomolar). All Hg species had higher concentration in western than in eastern basin. THg did not appear to be a useful geotracer. Elevated methylated Hg species were commonly associated with low-oxygen water masses and occasionally with peaks of Chlorophyll a , both involved with carbon (re)cycling. The overall highest MeHg concentrations were observed in the mixed layer (500 m) and in the vicinity of the Gough Island.. Conversely, DGM concentrations showed distinct layering and differed between the water masses in a nutrient-like manner. DGM was lowest at surface, indicating degassing to the atmosphere; and was highest in the Upper Circumpolar Deep Water, where the oxygen concentration was lowest. DGM increased also in Antarctic Bottom Water. At one station, dimethylmercury was determined and showed increase in region with lowest oxygen saturation. Altogether, our data indicate that the South Atlantic Ocean could be a source of Hg to the atmosphere and that its biogeochemical transformations depend primarily upon carbon cycling and are thereby additionally prone to global ocean change.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Swift detection of the super-swift switch-on of the super-soft phase in nova V745 Sco (2014) (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-19
    Description: V745 Sco is a recurrent nova, with the most recent eruption occurring in February 2014. V745 Sco was first observed by Swift a mere 3.7 h after the announcement of the optical discovery, with the super-soft X-ray emission being detected around 4 d later and lasting for only ~2 d, making it both the fastest follow-up of a nova by Swift and the earliest switch-on of super-soft emission yet detected. Such an early switch-on time suggests a combination of a very high velocity outflow and low ejected mass and, together with the high effective temperature reached by the super-soft emission, a high mass white dwarf (〉1.3 M ). The X-ray spectral evolution was followed from an early epoch where shocked emission was evident, through the entirety of the super-soft phase, showing evolving column density, emission lines, absorption edges, and thermal continuum temperature. UV grism data were also obtained throughout the super-soft interval, with the spectra showing mainly emission lines from lower ionization transitions and the Balmer continuum in emission. V745 Sco is compared with both V2491 Cyg (another nova with a very short super-soft phase) and M31N 2008-12a (the most rapidly recurring nova yet discovered). The longer recurrence time compared to M31N 2008-12a could be due to a lower mass accretion rate, although inclination of the system may also play a part. Nova V745 Sco (2014) revealed the fastest evolving super-soft source phase yet discovered, providing a detailed and informative data set for study.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Regional scale gradients of climate and nitrogen deposition drive variation in ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with native Scots pine (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-02-22
    Description: Ectomycorrhizal fungi commonly associate with the roots of forest trees where they enhance nutrient and water uptake, promote seedling establishment and have an important role in forest nutrient cycling. Predicting the response of ectomycorrhizal fungi to environmental change is an important step to maintaining forest productivity in the future. These predictions are currently limited by an incomplete understanding of the relative significance of environmental drivers in determining the community composition of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi at large spatial scales. To identify patterns of community composition in ECM fungi along regional scale gradients of climate and nitrogen deposition in Scotland, fungal communities were analysed from 15 semi-natural Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) forests. Fungal taxa were identified by sequencing of the ITS rDNA region using fungal-specific primers. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to assess the significance of 16 climatic, pollutant and edaphic variables on community composition. Vector fitting showed that there was a strong influence of rainfall and soil moisture on community composition at the species level, and a smaller impact of temperature on the abundance of ectomycorrhizal exploration types. Nitrogen deposition was also found to be important in determining community composition, but only when the forest experiencing the highest deposition (9.8 kg N ha −1 yr −1 ) was included in the analysis. This finding supports previously published critical load estimates for ectomycorrhizal fungi of 5-10 kg N ha −1 yr −1 . This work demonstrates that both climate and nitrogen deposition can drive gradients of fungal community composition at a regional scale. © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 5
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    Dissolution Dominates Silica Cycling in a Shelf Sea Autumn Bloom (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Autumn phytoplankton blooms represent key periods of production in temperate and high‐latitude seas. Biogenic silica (bSiO2) production, dissolution, and standing stocks were determined in the Celtic Sea (United Kingdom) during November 2014. Dissolution rates were in excess of bSiO2 production, indicating a net loss of bSiO2. Estimated diatom bSiO2 contributed ≤10% to total bSiO2, with detrital bSiO2 supporting rapid Si cycling. Based on the average biomass‐specific dissolution rate (0.2 day−1), 3 weeks would be needed to dissolve 99% of the bSiO2 present. Negative net bSiO2 production was associated with low‐light conditions (〈4 E·m−2·day−1). Our observations imply that dissolution dominates Si cycling during autumn, with low‐light conditions also likely to influence Si cycling during winter and early spring.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Fine-scale nutrient and carbonate system dynamics around cold-water coral reefs in the northeast Atlantic (2014)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-21
    Description: Ocean acidification has been suggested as a serious threat to the future existence of cold-water corals (CWC). However, there are few fine-scale temporal and spatial datasets of carbonate and nutrients conditions available for these reefs, which can provide a baseline definition of extant conditions. Here we provide observational data from four different sites in the northeast Atlantic that are known habitats for CWC. These habitats differ by depth and by the nature of the coral habitat. At depths where CWC are known to occur across these sites the dissolved inorganic carbon ranged from 2088 to 2186 μmol kg−1, alkalinity ranged from 2299 to 2346 μmol kg−1, and aragonite Ω ranged from 1.35 to 2.44. At two sites fine-scale hydrodynamics caused increased variability in the carbonate and nutrient conditions over daily time-scales. The observed high level of variability must be taken into account when assessing CWC sensitivities to future environmental change. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep03671
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 7
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    Seasonal iron depletion in temperate shelf seas (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-12
    Description: Our study followed the seasonal cycling of soluble (SFe), colloidal (CFe), dissolved (DFe), total dissolvable (TDFe), labile particulate (LPFe) and total particulate (TPFe) iron in the Celtic Sea (NE Atlantic Ocean). Preferential uptake of SFe occurred during the spring bloom, preceding the removal of CFe. Uptake and export of Fe during the spring bloom, coupled with a reduction in vertical exchange, led to Fe deplete surface waters (〈0.2 nM DFe; 0.11 nM LPFe, 0.45 nM TDFe, 1.84 nM TPFe) during summer stratification. Below the seasonal thermocline, DFe concentrations increased from spring to autumn, mirroring NO 3 - and consistent with supply from remineralised sinking organic material, and cycled independently of particulate Fe over seasonal timescales. These results demonstrate that summer Fe availability is comparable to the seasonally Fe limited Ross Sea shelf, and therefore is likely low enough to affect phytoplankton growth and species composition.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    The gene for familial polyposis coli maps to the long arm of chromosome 5 (1987)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-12-04
    Description: The inherited genetic defect in adenomatous polyposis has been localized to a small region on the long arm of chromosome 5. Sixteen DNA marker loci were used to construct a linkage map of the chromosome. When five kindreds segregating a gene for adenomatous polyposis coli were characterized with a number of the markers, significant linkage was found between one marker and the disease gene. Linkage analysis determined the location of the defective gene within a primary genetic map of chromosome 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leppert, M -- Dobbs, M -- Scambler, P -- O'Connell, P -- Nakamura, Y -- Stauffer, D -- Woodward, S -- Burt, R -- Hughes, J -- Gardner, E -- CA40641/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1987 Dec 4;238(4832):1411-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City 84132.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3479843" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromosome Mapping ; *Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 ; Colonic Polyps/*genetics ; Female ; Gardner Syndrome/genetics ; *Genes ; Genetic Markers ; Humans ; Lod Score ; Male ; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Insights into the biogeochemical cycling of iron, nitrate and phosphate across a 5300 km South Pacific zonal section (153°E-150°W) (2018)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-05
    Description: Iron, phosphate and nitrate are essential nutrients for phytoplankton growth and hence their supply into the surface ocean controls oceanic primary production. Here, we present a GEOTRACES zonal section (GP13; 30-33 o S, 153 o E-150 o W) extending eastwards from Australia to the oligotrophic South Pacific Ocean gyre outlining the concentrations of these key nutrients. Surface dissolved iron concentrations are elevated at 〉0.4 nmol L -1 near continental Australia (west of 165°E) and decreased eastward to ≤0.2 nmol L -1 (170 o W-150 o W). The supply of dissolved iron into the upper ocean (〈100m) from the atmosphere and vertical diffusivity averaged 11 ±10 nmol m -2 d -1 . In the remote South Pacific Ocean (170 o W-150 o W) atmospherically sourced iron is a significant contributor to the surface dissolved iron pool with average supply contribution of 23 ± 17% (range 3% to 55%). Surface-water nitrate concentrations averaged 5 ±4 nmol L -1 between 170 o W and 150 o W whilst surface-water phosphate concentrations averaged 58 ±30 nmol L -1 . The supply of nitrogen into the upper ocean is primarily from deeper waters (24-1647 μmol m -2 d -1 ) with atmospheric deposition and nitrogen fixation contributing 〈1% to the overall flux, in remote South Pacific waters. The deep water N:P ratio averaged 16 ±3 but declined to 〈1 above the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) indicating a high N:P assimilation ratio by phytoplankton leading to almost quantitative removal of nitrate. The supply stoichiometry for iron and nitrogen relative to phosphate at and above the DCM declines eastward leading to two biogeographical provinces: one with diazotroph production and the other without diazotroph production.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Carbon sequestration in the deep Atlantic enhanced by Saharan dust (2017)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-02
    Description: Nature Geoscience 10, 189 (2017). doi:10.1038/ngeo2899 Authors: Katsiaryna Pabortsava, Richard S. Lampitt, Jeff Benson, Christian Crowe, Robert McLachlan, Frédéric A. C. Le Moigne, C. Mark Moore, Corinne Pebody, Paul Provost, Andrew P. Rees, Gavin H. Tilstone & E. Malcolm S. Woodward
    Print ISSN: 1752-0894
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-0908
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer Nature
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