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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science  (32,100)
  • Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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  • 1
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    Vanadium and other elements in Greenland ice cores (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/24
    In: CRREL Report, 76-24
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical analysis of surface snows and deeper ice core samples from Milcent, Greenland, indicates a marine origin for Na and Cl and a terrestrial origin for Al, Mn and V. Pre-1900 enrichment factors, based on average crustal composition, are high for Zn and Hg and appear to be related to their volatility. A comparison of pre-1900 and 1971-1973 concentrations of V and Hg shows no decided increase from industrial production; however, the abundance of Zn (relative to Al) increased three-fold during this time period. The chemical composition of ancient ice is extremely useful in interpreting modern aerosols.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 6 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-24
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9540
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Chemical profile of the Ross ice shelf at Little America V, Antarctica (1974)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-316
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurements of the concentrations of Na+, K+, Mg++ and Ca++ were made on 28 samples from the 255-m-deep ice core from Little America V. All concentrations decrease sharply with depth from the firn-ice transition at 52 m to somewhere between 125 m and 150 m. From 150 m to 250 m the cationic concentrations are relatively constant. This is interpreted to indicate that the ice above 125 m fell as snow on the Ross Ice Shelf and that ice below 150 m originated inland on Marie Byrd Land.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 7 S. : graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 316
    URL: http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/search/asset/1014561
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  • 3
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    Seasonal variations of chemical constituents in annual layers of Greenland deep ice deposits (1975)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-347
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 347
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Experimental. - Results and discussion. - Applications. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical analysis of century-old ice from continuous 5 to 7 year intervals of three ice cores from south and central Greenland (Dye 3, Milcent and Crete) show maximum concentrations of Na, Mg,Ca, K, and Al during early spring and minimum concentrations during late summer and early fall. Peak spring values are as much as 10 times greater than fall values. Because of the large seasonal chemical variations, samples used for depth-age or annual deposition rate studies must represent accumulation from exactly one year or whole multiples of a year. The seasonal chemical variations seem promising as a new method of defining annual layers and thus dating old ice cores.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 347
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA021319
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    A study on the tensile strength of ice as a function of grain size (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/14
    In: CRREL Report, 83-14
    Description / Table of Contents: An analysis of ice fracture that incorporates dislocation mechanics and linear elastic fracture mechanics is discussed. The derived relationships predict a brittle to ductile transition in polycrystalline ice under tension with a Hall-Petch type dependence of brittle fracture strength on grain size. A uniaxial tensile testing technique, including specimen preparation and loading system design was developed and employed to verify the model. The tensile strength of ice in purely brittle fracture was found to vary with the square root of the reciprocal of grain size, supporting the relationship that the theory suggests. The inherent strength of the ice lattice and the Hall-Petch slope are evaluated and findings discussed in relation to previous results. Monitoring of acoustic emissions was incorporated in the tests, providing insights into the process of microfracture during ice deformation.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-14
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA134889
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9340
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Development of testing technique Test specimens Tensile testing Compression testing Experimental results Tensile tests Compression tests Discussion Conclusions Suggestions for further work Literature cited Appendix A: Additional information on seed grains Appendix B: Thin-sectioning procedure Appendix C: Displacement transducer calibration
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  • 5
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    Electromagnetic properties of sea ice (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/2
    In: CRREL Report, 84-2
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of the in situ complex dielectric constant of sea ice were made using time-domain spectroscopy. It was found that (1) for sea ice with a preferred horizontal crystal c-axis alignment, the anisotropy of polarizing properties of the ice increased with depth, (2) brine inclusion conductivity increased with decreasing temperature down to about -8 C, at which point the conductivity decreased with decreasing temperature, (3) the DC conductivity of sea ice increased with increasing brine volume, (4) the real part of the complex dielectric constant is strongly dependent upon brine volume but less dependent upon the brine inclusion orientation, (5) the imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant was strongly dependent upon brine inclusion orientation but much less dependent upon brine volume. Because the electromagnetic (EM) properties of sea ice are dependent upon the physical state of the ice, which is continually changing, it appears that only trends in the relationships between the EM properties of natural sea ice and its brine volume and brine inclusion microstructure can be established.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 38 Seiten , Illustrationen , 1 Beilage
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA140330
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9287
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Dielectric properties of sea ice Time-domain spectroscopy measurement Laboratory measurements Field measurements Analysis of ladder data Conductivity of brine and sea ice Complex dielectric constant of brine and sea ice Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 6
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    Thermodynamic model of creep at constant stresses and constant strain rates (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/33
    In: CRREL Report, 83-33
    Description / Table of Contents: A thermodynamic model has been developed that for the first time describes the entire creep process, including primary, secondary, and tertiary creep, and failure for both constant stress (CSR) tests (σ= const.) and constant strain rate (CSR) tests (ϵ = const.), in the form of a unified constitutive equation and unified failure criteria. Deformation and failure areconsidered as a single thermoactivated process in which the dominant role belongs to the change of entropy. Failure occurs when the entropy change is zero. At that moment the strain rates in CS tests reach the minima and stress in CSR tests reaches the maximum (peak) values. Families of creep (ϵ vs τ) and stress-strain (σ vs ϵ) curves, obtained from uni-axial compression CS and CSR tests of frozen soil, respectively (both presented in dimensionless coordinates), are plotted as straight lines and are superposed, confirming the unity of the deformation and failure process and the validity of the model. A method is developed for determining the parameters of the model, so that creep deformation and the stress-strain relationship of ductile materials such as soils can be predicted based upon information obtained from either type of test.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-33
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA139883
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9285
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Nomenclature Introduction Principal relationships Constitutive equation Failure criteria Secondary creep: Flow equations Creep at constant stress (σ = Const.) Creep model Creep strain (σ = Const.) Creep at constant strain rate (ϵ = Const.) Stress-strain relationship Stress/strain/strain rate at failure Test data Preliminary analysis Constant stress tests (σ = Const.) Constant strain rate tests (ϵ = Const.) The principle of superposition Thermodynamic equation of creep Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 7
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    Morphology, hydraulics and sediment transport of an ice-covered river : field techniques and initial data (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/11
    In: CRREL Report, 86-11
    Description / Table of Contents: This initial study of the ice-covered Tanana River, near Fairbanks, Alaska, attempted to 1) establish field methods for systematic and repetitive quantitative analyses of an ice-covered river's regime, 2) evaluate the instruments and equipment for sampling, and 3) obtain the initial data of a long-term study of ice cover effects on the morphology, hydraulics and sediment transport of a braided river. A methodology was established, and detailed measurements and samplings, including profiling by geophysical techniques, were conducted along cross sections of the river. A small, portable rotary drill rig equipped with a 356-mm (14-in.) ice auger was used to cut large diameter holes in the ice cover for through-the-ice measurements. Portable heat sources and a heated shelter were required to continuously thaw and dry equipment for the repetitive measurements. Measurements included ice cover thickness, water level, water depth, temperature, flow velocity, suspended load and bed load, frazil ice distribution and bed material composition. Remotely gathered data included apparent resistivity and subsurface radar profiling. The various techniques, sampling gear and problems encountered during use in the subfreezing cold are described in detail in this report.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 49 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-11
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/9318
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Study objectives and field locale Study site Equipment Vehicles Drilling equipment Sampling equipment Geophysical equipment Shelter and icing control Surveying equipment Miscellaneous equipment Field techniques and methodology Logistics Drilling procedures Data collection Geophysical analyses Experiences summary Morphology, transport and hydraulic data Mid-winter physical characteristics Hydraulic characteristics Sediment transport Late winter physical characteristics Seasonal morphology Geophysical data interpretation Spatial morphology Frazil ice characteristics Discussion and conclusions Recommendations Equipment Research Literature cited
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  • 8
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    Resilient modulus of freeze-thaw affected granular soils for pavement design and evaluation; Part 3: Laboratory tests on soils from Albany County Airport (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/2
    In: CRREL Report, 87-2
    Description / Table of Contents: This is the third in a series of four reports on the laboratory and field testing of a number of road and airfield subgrades, covering the laboratory repeated-load triaxial testing of five soils in the frozen and thawed states and analysis of the resulting resilient modulus measurements. The laboratory testing procedures allow simulation of the gradual increase in stiffnessfound in frost-susceptible soils after thawing. The resilient modulus is expressed in a nonlinear model in terms of the applied stresses, the soil moisture tension level (for unfrozen soil), the unfrozen water content (for frozen soil) and the dry density. The resilient modulus is about 10 GPa for the frozen material at temperatures in the range of -5° to -8° C. The decrease in modulus with increasing temperature was well-modeled in terms of the unfrozen water content. Upon thaw, the modulus dropped to about 100 MPa and generally increased with increasing confining stress and decreased with increasing principal stress ratio. The modulus also increased with the soil moisture tension level. The resilient Poisson's ratio did not appear to be a systematic function of any of the test variables.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 36 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a179253.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9037
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sections and materials Specimen preparation Test soils Asphalt concrete Laboratory testing Soil testing Waveforms of applied stress Asphalt concrete Data reduction and analysis Soil Asphalt concrete Results and discussion General Resilient modulus Summary Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Soil moisture tension versus water content for several test soils Appendix B: Tabulated results for all tests on frozen and thawed soils
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  • 9
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    Electromagnetic property trends in sea ice; Part I (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/6
    In: CRREL Report, 87-6
    Description / Table of Contents: Two-phase dielectric mixing model results are presented showing the electromagnetic properties of sea ice versus depth. The modeled data are compared with field measurements and show comparable results. It is also shown how the model data can be used in support of impulse radar and airborne electromagnetic(AEM) remote sensing of sea ice. Examples of the remote measurement of sea ice thickness using impulse radar operating in the 80- to 300-MHz frequency band and low-frequency (500 to 30,000 Hz) sounding techniques are presented and discussed. Keywords: Polar regions; Radar pulses.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-6
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9041
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Sea ice growth and structure Model sea ice Brine salinity Seawater and model brine conductivity Complex dielectric constant of brine Electromagnetic properties of model sea ice at 100 MHz Electromagnetic properties of model sea ice at 100 and 500 MHz and 1 and 5 GHz Example of impulse radar sea ice profiling results Example of frequency-domain electromagnetic sea ice thickness sounding Concluding remarks Literature cited
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  • 10
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    Model for avalanches in three spatial dimensions : comparison of theory to experiments (1994)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-94/5
    In: CRREL Report, 94-5
    Description / Table of Contents: A three-dimensional theory is derived to describe the temporal behavior of gravity currents of cohesionless granular media, in an attempt to model the motion of dense, flow-type snow avalanches, ice and rock slides. A mohr-Coulomb yield criterion is assumed to describe the constitutive behavior of the material, and the basal bed friction is described similarly by a Coulomb type of friction. A drag term is included in order to model the occurrence of flow regimes where boundary drag becomes non-negligible. Data from laboratory simulations are compared to a series of numerical studies based on the aforementioned theory. A nondimensional, depth and width averaged form of the theory is considered. A Lagrangian finite difference scheme is then applied to numerically model some limiting cases of the governing equations. Two different numerical models are developed, tested and compared to experimental values. The results indicate that the model can account for flow transitions by inclusion of the drag term when the initial inclination angle is large enough to affect boundary drag. Furthermore, the temporal and spatial evolution of the granulate and final runout position can be predicted to values well within the experimental error.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 94-5
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a283989.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9396
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Nomenclature Introduction Mathematical formulation Limiting cases of the governing equations Nondimensionalization scheme Numerical solutions and comparison to experiments Unconstrained Coulomb flow model with constant bed friction Unconstrained Coulomb flow with boundary drag term Conclusions and remarks Literature cited Abstract
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