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  • Springer  (305)
  • Cambridge University Press  (40)
  • 1980-1984  (337)
  • 1940-1944  (8)
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 38 (1982), S. 299-300 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rate of development of Ruhemann's purple in the ninhydrin reaction of two deuterated primary amines, αα-d2-p-tyramine and αα-d2-β-phenylethylamine, is significantly reduced It appears to be a primary isotope effect and indicates that the cleavage of the carbon-hydrogen bond at the α-position is involved in the rate-determining step of the color reaction.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 782-794 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Tephritidae ; Anastrepha suspensa ; Fruit Flies ; Citrus ; Senescence ; Host Plant Resistance ; Allelochemics ; Terpenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons trouvé que la résistance des fruits de Citrus aux attaques d'Anastrepha suspensa Loew est due aux huiles essentielles allélopathiques de la zone flavedo du zeste. Le taux d'éclosion des œufs pondus entre les glandes essentielles du zeste était significativement plus élevé que celui des œufs pondus dans les zones glandulaires. La mortalité se produisait essentiellement au premier stade larvaire, et beaucoup de larves mouraient avant d'atteindre l'albédo (la zone sans huile essentielle du zeste). Les pamplemousses sont plus sensibles au développement larvaire que les oranges, et les citrons ne portent virtuellement pas d'attaques réussies de cette mouche. Les fruits qui étaient laissés sur l'arbre après la maturation étaient un peu plus sensibles que les fruits de début de saison. La résistance du fruit était liée à 1) l'épaisseur dur flavedo 2) une forte concentration de linalool en relation avec le limonène dans les essences du zeste et 3) la valeur absolue d'essences par unité de surface de zeste. Les composés volatiles de l'essence de zeste plutôt que les fractions à point d'ébullition élevé paraissent être responsables de la toxicité des essences. Les citrons, qui sont indemnes d'attaques de cette espèce et d'autres de Tephritidae, avaient un flavedo sifnificativement plus épais et avait deux foi plus d'essences par unité de surface de zeste que les oranges et les pamplemousses; l'essence de citron est connue aussi pour être riche en terpénoïdes oxygénés, comme le linalool. La discussion porte sur les applications possibles de ces phénomènes dans l'amélioration de la résistance des agrumes aux Téphritidae.
    Notes: Summary Resistance of citrus fruit to attack by the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), was attributed to allelopathic essential oils in the flavedo region of the peel. Hatchability of eggs laid between peel oil glands was significantly greater than that of eggs laid into glands. Mortality occurred principally in the 1st larval instar, and most larvae died before reaching the albedo (the non-oily region of the peel). Grapefruit were more susceptible to larval development than oranges, and lemons were virtually immune to successful attack by this fly. Fruit that were allowed to remain on the tree until overripe were somewhat more susceptible than early-season fruit. Fruit resistance was correlated with (1) flavedo thickness, (2) a high concentration of linalool in relation to limonene in the peel oil, and (3) the absolute amount of oil per unit area of peel. Volatile components of the peel oil rather than high boiling fractions appear to account for oil toxicity. Possible applications of these findings are discussed.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four geographic populations of the painted greenling Oxylebius pictus, a small cryptic reef fish of the western coast of North America, were examined for biochemical evidence of genetic differentiation. Painted greenlings in Puget Sound and those in central and southern California are similar by Nei's genetic identity (I=0.966 to 0.995); Fowever, other observations argue for genetic differentiation among the 4 populations. First, there are geographic differences in allelic frequencies at two loci (Est-3 and Pgm), with a geographic cline exhibited at the latter locus. Second, and most significant, two assayable loci are uniquely present in pairs of populations below Point Conception (G3pdh-3) and above Point Conception (Idh-3), respectively. Larval dispersal patterns are inferred from breeding times for the painted greenling and on patterns of currents off the western coast of North America. We believe that gene flow in this species is less across Point Conception than between Puget Sound, Washington, and Monterey, California, on the basis of these genetic data and the patterns of dispersal.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved total carbohydrate (TCHO), polysaccharide (PCHO), monosaccharide (MCHO) and organic carbon (DOC) were determined at 3-h intervals over 5 diel cycles in the mixed layer of the northwestern Caribbean Sea while following a drogued buoy. These data have been compared to populations of phototrophic (PNAN) and heterotrophic (HNAN) nanoplankton (2–20 μm diameter) and heterotrophic bacteria (HBAC) (0.2–2.0 μm diameter) estimated by epifluorescence counts, as well as to ΣCO2, phosphate, chlorophyll a and phaeopigment data determined simultaneously. Two different types of apparent diel dissolved carbohydrate (CHO) patterns were found. On 3 d when no sustained net ΣCO2 uptake was evident, TCHO and PCHO generally declined during the afternoon and early evening while MCHO tended to increase. On two other days when apparent sustained ΣCO2 uptake occurred during the day, there were large evening TCHO and PCHO peaks with constant or declining MCHO levels. These accumulations probably resulted from the release of recently produced PCHO from phototrophs. As was found earlier in the Sargasso Sea, PNAN populations were inversely related to PCHO concentrations. The sample to sample fluctuations of PNAN also were inversely related to the apparent rates of change of TCHO and PCHO, possibly due to an inverse relation between the rates of PNAN cell division and CHO excretion. Fluctuations in HBAC populations were inversely correlated with PCHO dynamics and directly related to MCHO variations, possibly due to extracellular hydrolysis of PCHO to MCHO during periods of rapid bacterial growth as well as to net heterotrophic PCHO uptake. A direct relationship between HNAN and TCHO fluctuations suggests the importance of HNAN excretion in the release of dissolved organics. The combined PNAN and HBAC fluctuations accounted for a more significant fraction of the variance in the apparent rates of change of PCHO than did any single population parameter indicating that intimate interactions between the microbial plankton groups are important in the in-situ regulation of CHO dynamics. Total system net TCHO release and uptake rates for 5 d averaged 56 and 53 μg C l-1 d-1 respectively, assuming that the observed fluctuations resulted from temporal planktonic processes in homogeneous water masses. While the data contain indications that this was the case, this assumption is not definitive.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 70 (1982), S. 295-303 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study (1975–1977) examines the effect of man-made structures on natural sand bottom communities in shallow water in San Diego County, southern California, USA. While there were shallow scour effects to 15 m around some artificial reefs, the reefs had no measurable effect on sand ripple patterns, grain size, organic carbon or infauna beyond the scoured areas. Foraging by reef-associated fishes produced profound alterations in the epifauna populations of the sea pen Stylatula elongata. The sea pen densities were 4 to 10 m-2 before the reefs were established, but within 5 mo were eliminated from distances greater than 200 m around the reefs. On the other hand, densities of the tube-building polychaetes Diopatra spp. seemed to be enhanced in the immediate vicinity of the artificial reef. Oil platforms and bridge pilings seem to have much more profound effects on the nearby sand communities than do the relatively small artificial reefs. In addition to the elimination of sea pens, Diopatra spp. densities increased from 〈1.0 m-2 in control areas to as many as 73 m-2 in the vicinity of oil platforms. Grain size and infauna were strongly affected by the oil platform.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microplankton cages with porous polycarbonate membrane sides were used to investigate the population growth of Favella sp., a large tintinnid which preys on dinoflagellates, Balanion sp., a non-loricate ciliate which also preys on dinoflagellates, and two other tintinnids, Eutintinnus pectinis and Tintinnopsis kofoidi, at close to in-situ conditions in a small estuary during a spring dinoflagellate bloom. The effects of temperature and food concentration on the growth of Favella sp. and Balanion sp. were also investigated in culture. Growth rates in the field were variable from day to day. The highest net growth constant (base e) observed for Favella sp. in the cages was 0.032 (generation time 21.7 h). This was lower than growth constants which can be achieved in culture. Food availability, parasitism by the dinoflagellate Duboscquella sp., and perhaps life cycle events all contributed to the lower net growth rate of Favella sp. in the field. The highest net growth constant observed in the cages for Balanion sp. was 0.068 (generation time=10.7 h), which is also lower than growth constants achieved in culture. The growth of Balanion sp. populations in the cages was limited by the availability of small-sized dinoflagellates and by predation. The highest net growth constants observed for E. pectinis and T. kofoidi were 0.030 and 0.068, respectively; we know little about the factors controlling the growth of these tintinnids.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six diel TCO2 cycles determined by infrared (IR) photometry from five drift stations occupied between 24 February and 16 March 1979 in the mixed layer of the northwestern Caribbean Sea are examined. Comparison of TCO2 variation with coincident salinity and O2 variation demonstrated that TCO2 often co-varied with these independently measured variables. During five diel cycles TCO2 variation was characterized by nocturnal production and diurnal consumption. The inverse, diurnal production of CO2, occurred downstream from Misteriosa Bank, whose corals apparently contributed to a water mass having a twofold increase of POC and a sixfold larger population of heterotrophic nanoplankters. For the five diel studies carried out in waters with balanced or nearly blanced heterotrophic and phototrophic components of the nanoplankton, CO2 consumption at constant salinity always occurred between 06.00 and 09.00 hrs. Net uptake often continued through 15.00 hrs, but not always in the absence of significant salinity changes. At constant salinity net O2 evolution never exceeded 0.5 μmol l-1 h-1 while net CO2 uptake consistently averaged 3 μmol l-1 h-1 for an apparent net production of 36 mg C m-3 h-1, which greatly exceeds the O2 changes and open ocean 14C estimates from the literature. Diurnal consumption was apparently balanced by nocturnal production of CO2 so that no significant net daily change in TCO2 was observed. Departures from theoretical PQ and RQ and the possibility of nocturnal variations in formaldehyde and carbonate alkalinity imply that chemotrophs, both methane producers and methane oxidizers, play a significant role in CO2 cycling. This could be through the metabolism of the nonconservative gases CH4, CO, and H2, and a link between chemotrophy and phototrophy through these gases is hypothesized. These open system measurements were subject to diffusion and documentable patchiness, but temporal TCO2 changes appear to indicate the net direction of microbiological activity and join a growing body of literature showing dynamic variation in CO2 and O2 that exceeds estimates by 14C bottle assays of carbon fixation.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Significant correlations between trophic components of the 〈20 μm microbial plankton and the concentrations of total dissolved carbohydrate (TCHO) and polysaccharide (PCHO) have been found at two drogued buoy stations which were sampled at 3 or 4-h intervals over diel cycles. An attempt was made to sample on two pre-selected isotherms (approximating isopycnals) at each station. Significant inverse correlations of TCHO and of PCHO with numbers of phototrophic nanoplankton (PNAN) were found along both isotherms at a station off the Carolina coast. Off central Florida, TCHO and/or PCHO were significant multiple linear functions of PNAN, heterotrophic bacterioplankton (BAC) and sometimes heterotrophic nanoplankton (HNAN) counts. Partial regression coefficients for PNAN were always negative and those for HNAN were positive. Inverse trends dominated the relations of BAC with PCHO and TCHO. The combined data from the two stations (300 nautical miles apart) produced very similar multiple linear relations. This suggests that the observed relationships are real, resulting from general physiological processes and interactions of the microbial plankton groups rather than from chance occurrences at a particular station, and that the combined activities of the 〈20 μm plankton actively regulate dissolved carbohydrate concentrations in the Sargasso Sea.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 66 (1982), S. 15-26 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mytilus edulis contaminated by a brief 2-d exposure to a slick from a No. 2 fuel oil spill in the Cape Cod Canal, Massachusetts, USA were sampled six times during an 86-d post-spill period to study the rate of release of fuel oil compounds under field conditions. Detailed measurements of compounds by high resolution glass capillary gas chromatography and quantitative glass capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-computer systems analyses provided a more comprehensive examination of release rates of different types of compounds. Biological half-lives were calculated for selected compounds for the first 21 d during which the release rates were exponential. Typical half-lives were n-alkanes, 0.2–0.8 d; pristane, 1.5 d; C-2 (dimethyl or ethyl) napthalenes, 0.9 d; methyl phenanthrenes, 1.7 d. Changes in relative ratios of C-2 phenanthrenes during the release period were observed. The evidence available to date strongly supports the role of molecular weight and accompanying properties of water solubility as the main controlling factors in the rate of release of fuel oil compounds by M. edulis. However, the data for the rapid release of n-alkanes and C-2 phenanthrenes also indicate molecular type and molecular configuration as additional key factors. The data from this study are compared and contrasted to data from short term experimental studies in the laboratory, longer term studies from chronic exposure conditions, and data from two other oil spills with longer term exposure.
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