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  • ASTROPHYSICS  (20)
  • Astrophysics  (19)
  • Molecular Sequence Data  (8)
  • Polymer and Materials Science
  • 2010-2014  (26)
  • 1990-1994  (27)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of oligocyclosiloxanes via the hydrosilation of vinylsilanes and vinylsiloxanes with heptamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 891-900 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: oligocyclosiloxanes ; hydrosilation ; heptamethylcyclotetrasiloxane ; siloxane redistribution ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation of oligocyclosiloxanes via hydrosilation reactions has been investigated. Hydrosilation reactions employing heptamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and vinyl-containing silanes and siloxanes yielded a variety of oligocyclosiloxanes with various numbers of cyclosiloxane rings connected through tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, or octafunctional junctions. The oligocyclosiloxanes were characterized by gas chromatography, IR spectroscopy, 29Si-, 1H-, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and vapor phase osmometry. The polycyclics were redistributed with hexamethyldisiloxane and the resulting fragments analyzed by gas chromatography. All results were consistent with the formation of isomeric oligocyclosiloxanes due to a lack of absolute regioselectivity of the hydrosilation reaction. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1993.080310407
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Torsional properties of healed canine diaphyseal defects grafted with a fibrillar collagen and hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate composite (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 277-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The need for alternatives to autogenous bone grafts is widely recognized. This study compared the torsional strength of canine femora 1 year after grafting with one of three forms of a collagen/hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate bone grafting material (COLLAGRAFT15), autogenous bone, or no graft. The groups were compared to each other and to the unoperated contralateral femora. Results of torsional testing were evaluated for torsional strength, torsional displacement, total energy to fracture and White fracture mode. Data analysis showed lower torsional strength of the operated vs. unoperated femora with the exception of morsellized COLLAGRAFT15 material, which had higher strength. However, the only difference in the operated groups was that the morsellized COLLAGRAFT15 had greater strength than several groups including the autogenous bone group. There was no difference found in angular displacement between any of the groups. However, there was a difference in the energy to fracture in both strip forms of the COLLAGRAFT15. The final conclusion is that in this model, grafting with COLLAGRAFT15 provided torsional properties at one year postoperatively at least equivalent to autogenous bone. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770050402
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PBI powder processing to performance parts (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 53 (1994), S. 485-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new route (“direct forming”) was developed for forming dense PBI shapes from PBI powder. The new process affords the possibility of automated PBI powder shaping (“cold compaction”) and densification in batches of multiple parts by a “powder-assisted hot isostatic pressing” process. Direct forming is a more productive alternative to hot compression molding. Two developments enable PBI direct forming: (1) the discovery that PBI powders that are porous and plasticized with moisture can be shaped by compaction at ambient temperatures (cold-compacted), and (2) a finding that cold-compacted shapes can be densified in large batches by a powder-assisted hot isostatic pressing. The porous PBI powder is formed from PBI in solution by a spray-precipitation process. When plasticized with moisture, this powder is cold-compactible to PBI shapes with densities up to 94% of that of ultimate density of PBI. These shapes, which have sufficient strength to be handled, are then further consolidated via powder-assisted hot isostatic pressing to shapes with excellent thermal and mechanical properties and densities of about 99% of the ultimate. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070530503
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of heat treatments and bead size on the corrosion of porous F75 in saline and serum (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 24 (1990), S. 79-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An accelerated anodic corrosion method was used to study the effects of heat treatment and bead size on corrosion and metal ion release of porous coated F75 cylinders in saline and serum. Three heat treatments were used: a standard process for F75 implants (HTA), the standard plus an additional hour in air to produce a thin oxide film (HTA′), and a sintering in high vacuum to produce a chromium-depleted surface (HTB). Three bead sizes of similar composition were used, with approximate sizes of 215, 300, and 560 μm. The results demonstrated that HTA′ had the lowest corrosion rate and that of HTB was significantly greater than either HTA or HTA′. The corrosion rates of HTA and HTA′ were significantly greater in serum as compared with saline, whereas that of HTB was not affected by the presence of serum, suggesting an interaction between chromium and serum proteins. Bead size had a minimal effect on the corrosion rate of HTA′. For HTA, the small beads had the highest corrosion rate; the lowest was with the medium-sized beads. Bead size had the most significant effect with HTB, with that of the smaller beads having the higher corrosion rates. The effects of bead size were less consistent in serum, suggesting that protein adsorption may mask some of the surface area effects. It is concluded that the oxide film does reduce corrosion, that proteins do have an influence on the corrosion of F75, and that this method can be a suseful tool for studying the effects of improved heat treatment methods on the corrosion rate of F75 implants.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820240108
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue response and in vivo degradation of selected polyhydroxyacids: Polylactides (PLA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB/VA)The opinions or assertions about specific products identified by brand name contained herein are the private views of the authors (JGD, MKH) and are not to be construed as conveying either an official endorsement or criticism by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services or the Food and Drug Administration. (1993)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 27 (1993), S. 1135-1148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The tissue response and in vivo molecular stability of injection-molded polyhydroxyacids - polylactides (PLA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB/VA, 5-22% VA content) - were studied. Polymers were implanted subcutaneously in mice and extirpated at 1, 3, and 6 month in order to study tissue response and polymer degradation.All polymers were well tolerated by the tissue. No acute inflammation, abscess formation, or tissue necrosis was observed in tissues adjacent to the implanted materials. Furthermore, no tissue reactivity or cellular mobilization was evident remote from the implant site. Mononuclear macrophages, proliferating fibroblasts, and mature vascularized fibrous capsules were typical of the tissue response. Degradation of the polymers was accompanied by an increase in collagen deposition. For the polylactide series, the inflammatory response after 1 month of implantation was less for materials containing the D-unit in the polymer chain, whereas in the case of the polyhydroxybutyrate/valerates, the number of inflammatory cells increased with increasing content of the valerate unit in the polymer chain. Between 1-3 months, there was slightly more tissue response to the PHB and PHB/VA polymers than to PLA. This response is attributed to the presence of leachable impurities and a low molecular weight soluble component in the polyhydroxybutyrate/valerates. At 6 months, the extent of tissue reaction was similar for both types of polymers.All polylactides degraded significantly (56-99%) by 6 months. For a poly(L-lactide) series, degradation rate in vivo decreased with increasing initial molecular weight of the injection-molded polymer. Several samples showed pronounced bimodal molecular weight distributions (MWD), which may be due to differences in degradation rate, resulting from variability in distribution of crystalline and amorphous regions within the samples. This may also be the result of two different mechanisms, i.e., nonenzymatic and enzymatic, which are involved in the degradation process, the latter being more extensive at the later stage of partially hydrolyzed polymer. The PHB and PHB/VA polymers degraded less (15-43%) than the polylactides following 6 months of implantation. Generally, the polymer with higher valerate content (19%, 22% degraded most. The decrease in molecular weight was accompanied by a narrowing of the MWD for PHB and copolymers; there was no evidence of a bimodal MWD, possibly indicating that the critical molecular weight that would permit enzyme/polymer interaction had not been reached. Weight loss during implantation ranged from 0-50% for the polylactides, whereas for the PHB polymers weight loss ranged from 0-1.6%. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820270904
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved fire safety of composites for naval applications (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This study is based on the use of integral, hybrid thermal barrier to protect the core of the composite structure. Thermal barrier treatments evaluated in this study include ceramic fabric, ceramic coating, intumescent coating, hybrid of ceramic and intumescent coating, silicone foam, and phenolic skin. The composite systems evaluated in combination with thermal barrier treatments included glass/vinyl ester, graphite/epoxy, graphite/bismaleimide, and graphite/phenolic. All configurations were tested for flammability characteristics. These included smoke density and combustion gas generation (ASTM E-662), residual flexural strength (ASTM D-790), heat release rate, and ignitability (ASTM E-1354). ASTM E-662 test method covers the determination of specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials. ASTM D-790 test method covers the determination of flexural properties of composite materials in the form of rectangular bars. ASTM E-1354 (cone calorimeter) covers the measurement of the response of materials exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external ignitor, and is used to determine the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, effective heat of combustion, and visible smoke development. Without any fire barrier treatments, all composite systems evaluated in this study failed to meet ignitability and peak heat release requirements of MIL-STD-2031 (SH) at radiant heat fluxes of 75 and 100 kW m-2, respectively. Intumescent coating and a hybrid system consisting of intumescent coating over ceramic coating were the most effective fire barrier treatments for composite systems evaluated in this study. Using either of these treatments, all composite systems met the ignitability requirements of 90 and 60 at 75 and 100 kW m-2, respectively. Except for glass/vinyl ester, all systems also met the peak and average heat release requirements of MIL-STD-2031 (SH) at radiant heat fluxes of 25, 75, and 100 kW m-2, respectively.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160303
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  • 7
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    Chimpanzee and human Y chromosomes are remarkably divergent in structure and gene content (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-15
    Description: The human Y chromosome began to evolve from an autosome hundreds of millions of years ago, acquiring a sex-determining function and undergoing a series of inversions that suppressed crossing over with the X chromosome. Little is known about the recent evolution of the Y chromosome because only the human Y chromosome has been fully sequenced. Prevailing theories hold that Y chromosomes evolve by gene loss, the pace of which slows over time, eventually leading to a paucity of genes, and stasis. These theories have been buttressed by partial sequence data from newly emergent plant and animal Y chromosomes, but they have not been tested in older, highly evolved Y chromosomes such as that of humans. Here we finished sequencing of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) in our closest living relative, the chimpanzee, achieving levels of accuracy and completion previously reached for the human MSY. By comparing the MSYs of the two species we show that they differ radically in sequence structure and gene content, indicating rapid evolution during the past 6 million years. The chimpanzee MSY contains twice as many massive palindromes as the human MSY, yet it has lost large fractions of the MSY protein-coding genes and gene families present in the last common ancestor. We suggest that the extraordinary divergence of the chimpanzee and human MSYs was driven by four synergistic factors: the prominent role of the MSY in sperm production, 'genetic hitchhiking' effects in the absence of meiotic crossing over, frequent ectopic recombination within the MSY, and species differences in mating behaviour. Although genetic decay may be the principal dynamic in the evolution of newly emergent Y chromosomes, wholesale renovation is the paramount theme in the continuing evolution of chimpanzee, human and perhaps other older MSYs.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3653425/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3653425/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hughes, Jennifer F -- Skaletsky, Helen -- Pyntikova, Tatyana -- Graves, Tina A -- van Daalen, Saskia K M -- Minx, Patrick J -- Fulton, Robert S -- McGrath, Sean D -- Locke, Devin P -- Friedman, Cynthia -- Trask, Barbara J -- Mardis, Elaine R -- Warren, Wesley C -- Repping, Sjoerd -- Rozen, Steve -- Wilson, Richard K -- Page, David C -- R01 HG000257/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jan 28;463(7280):536-9. doi: 10.1038/nature08700. Epub 2010 Jan 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20072128" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Y/*genetics ; DNA/chemistry/genetics ; Genes/*genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Y Chromosome/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 8
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    Signatures of adaptation to obligate biotrophy in the Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis genome (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-12-15
    Description: Many oomycete and fungal plant pathogens are obligate biotrophs, which extract nutrients only from living plant tissue and cannot grow apart from their hosts. Although these pathogens cause substantial crop losses, little is known about the molecular basis or evolution of obligate biotrophy. Here, we report the genome sequence of the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa), an obligate biotroph and natural pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana. In comparison with genomes of related, hemibiotrophic Phytophthora species, the Hpa genome exhibits dramatic reductions in genes encoding (i) RXLR effectors and other secreted pathogenicity proteins, (ii) enzymes for assimilation of inorganic nitrogen and sulfur, and (iii) proteins associated with zoospore formation and motility. These attributes comprise a genomic signature of evolution toward obligate biotrophy.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3971456/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3971456/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baxter, Laura -- Tripathy, Sucheta -- Ishaque, Naveed -- Boot, Nico -- Cabral, Adriana -- Kemen, Eric -- Thines, Marco -- Ah-Fong, Audrey -- Anderson, Ryan -- Badejoko, Wole -- Bittner-Eddy, Peter -- Boore, Jeffrey L -- Chibucos, Marcus C -- Coates, Mary -- Dehal, Paramvir -- Delehaunty, Kim -- Dong, Suomeng -- Downton, Polly -- Dumas, Bernard -- Fabro, Georgina -- Fronick, Catrina -- Fuerstenberg, Susan I -- Fulton, Lucinda -- Gaulin, Elodie -- Govers, Francine -- Hughes, Linda -- Humphray, Sean -- Jiang, Rays H Y -- Judelson, Howard -- Kamoun, Sophien -- Kyung, Kim -- Meijer, Harold -- Minx, Patrick -- Morris, Paul -- Nelson, Joanne -- Phuntumart, Vipa -- Qutob, Dinah -- Rehmany, Anne -- Rougon-Cardoso, Alejandra -- Ryden, Peter -- Torto-Alalibo, Trudy -- Studholme, David -- Wang, Yuanchao -- Win, Joe -- Wood, Jo -- Clifton, Sandra W -- Rogers, Jane -- Van den Ackerveken, Guido -- Jones, Jonathan D G -- McDowell, John M -- Beynon, Jim -- Tyler, Brett M -- 079643/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BB/C509123/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/E007120/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/E024815/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/E024882/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/F0161901/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/G015244/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- EP/F500025/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- T12144/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 10;330(6010):1549-51. doi: 10.1126/science.1195203.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Wellesbourne, CV35 9EF, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21148394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/*parasitology ; Enzymes/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Dosage ; Genes ; *Genome ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oomycetes/*genetics/*growth & development/pathogenicity/physiology ; Phytophthora/genetics ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Proteins/genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spores/physiology ; Synteny ; Virulence Factors/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Copy number variation of multiple genes at Rhg1 mediates nematode resistance in soybean (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-16
    Description: The rhg1-b allele of soybean is widely used for resistance against soybean cyst nematode (SCN), the most economically damaging pathogen of soybeans in the United States. Gene silencing showed that genes in a 31-kilobase segment at rhg1-b, encoding an amino acid transporter, an alpha-SNAP protein, and a WI12 (wound-inducible domain) protein, each contribute to resistance. There is one copy of the 31-kilobase segment per haploid genome in susceptible varieties, but 10 tandem copies are present in an rhg1-b haplotype. Overexpression of the individual genes in roots was ineffective, but overexpression of the genes together conferred enhanced SCN resistance. Hence, SCN resistance mediated by the soybean quantitative trait locus Rhg1 is conferred by copy number variation that increases the expression of a set of dissimilar genes in a repeated multigene segment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cook, David E -- Lee, Tong Geon -- Guo, Xiaoli -- Melito, Sara -- Wang, Kai -- Bayless, Adam M -- Wang, Jianping -- Hughes, Teresa J -- Willis, David K -- Clemente, Thomas E -- Diers, Brian W -- Jiang, Jiming -- Hudson, Matthew E -- Bent, Andrew F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 30;338(6111):1206-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1228746. Epub 2012 Oct 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23065905" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Gene Dosage ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genetic Loci ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plant Diseases/*genetics/*parasitology ; Plant Proteins/*genetics ; Plant Roots/genetics/parasitology ; Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics ; Soluble N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor Attachment Proteins/genetics ; Soybeans/*genetics/*parasitology ; *Tylenchoidea
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Strict evolutionary conservation followed rapid gene loss on human and rhesus Y chromosomes (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-01
    Description: The human X and Y chromosomes evolved from an ordinary pair of autosomes during the past 200-300 million years. The human MSY (male-specific region of Y chromosome) retains only three percent of the ancestral autosomes' genes owing to genetic decay. This evolutionary decay was driven by a series of five 'stratification' events. Each event suppressed X-Y crossing over within a chromosome segment or 'stratum', incorporated that segment into the MSY and subjected its genes to the erosive forces that attend the absence of crossing over. The last of these events occurred 30 million years ago, 5 million years before the human and Old World monkey lineages diverged. Although speculation abounds regarding ongoing decay and looming extinction of the human Y chromosome, remarkably little is known about how many MSY genes were lost in the human lineage in the 25 million years that have followed its separation from the Old World monkey lineage. To investigate this question, we sequenced the MSY of the rhesus macaque, an Old World monkey, and compared it to the human MSY. We discovered that during the last 25 million years MSY gene loss in the human lineage was limited to the youngest stratum (stratum 5), which comprises three percent of the human MSY. In the older strata, which collectively comprise the bulk of the human MSY, gene loss evidently ceased more than 25 million years ago. Likewise, the rhesus MSY has not lost any older genes (from strata 1-4) during the past 25 million years, despite its major structural differences to the human MSY. The rhesus MSY is simpler, with few amplified gene families or palindromes that might enable intrachromosomal recombination and repair. We present an empirical reconstruction of human MSY evolution in which each stratum transitioned from rapid, exponential loss of ancestral genes to strict conservation through purifying selection.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3292678/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3292678/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hughes, Jennifer F -- Skaletsky, Helen -- Brown, Laura G -- Pyntikova, Tatyana -- Graves, Tina -- Fulton, Robert S -- Dugan, Shannon -- Ding, Yan -- Buhay, Christian J -- Kremitzki, Colin -- Wang, Qiaoyan -- Shen, Hua -- Holder, Michael -- Villasana, Donna -- Nazareth, Lynne V -- Cree, Andrew -- Courtney, Laura -- Veizer, Joelle -- Kotkiewicz, Holland -- Cho, Ting-Jan -- Koutseva, Natalia -- Rozen, Steve -- Muzny, Donna M -- Warren, Wesley C -- Gibbs, Richard A -- Wilson, Richard K -- Page, David C -- R01 HG000257/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG000257-17/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Feb 22;483(7387):82-6. doi: 10.1038/nature10843.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. jhughes@wi.mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22367542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosomes, Human, Y/*genetics ; Conserved Sequence/*genetics ; Crossing Over, Genetic/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Amplification/genetics ; *Gene Deletion ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Macaca mulatta/*genetics ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Radiation Hybrid Mapping ; Selection, Genetic/genetics ; Time Factors ; Y Chromosome/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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