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  • 1
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    Force at a point in the interior of a semi-infinite solid (1936)
    In:  Physics, Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 7, no. B4, pp. 195-202, pp. B04202, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1936
    Keywords: Source ; Dislocation ; Elasticity
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Effect of initial stress on the propagation of plane waves in a general anisotropic poroelastic medium (2005)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Luxembourg, Deutsche Geophys. Gesellschaft, vol. 110, no. B11, pp. 703-710, pp. B11307, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: Wave propagation ; Waves ; Modelling ; Elasticity ; porosity ; Fluids ; Anisotropy ; JGR ; anisotropic ; poroelastic ; (APE) ; solid ; Biot's ; theory ; phase ; velocity ; attenuation ; 3285 ; Mathematical ; Geophysics: ; Wave ; propagation ; (0689, ; 2487, ; 4275, ; 4455, ; 6934) ; 5102 ; Physical ; Properties ; of ; Rocks: ; Acoustic ; properties ; 5144 ; Wave ; attenuation ; 7203 ; Seismology: ; Body ; waves ; 7260 ; Theory
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Engineering cooperativity in biomotor-protein assemblies (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-11
    Description: A biosynthetic approach was developed to control and probe cooperativity in multiunit biomotor assemblies by linking molecular motors to artificial protein scaffolds. This approach provides precise control over spatial and elastic coupling between motors. Cooperative interactions between monomeric kinesin-1 motors attached to protein scaffolds enhance hydrolysis activity and microtubule gliding velocity. However, these interactions are not influenced by changes in the elastic properties of the scaffold, distinguishing multimotor transport from that powered by unorganized monomeric motors. These results highlight the role of supramolecular architecture in determining mechanisms of collective transport.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Diehl, Michael R -- Zhang, Kechun -- Lee, Heun Jin -- Tirrell, David A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 10;311(5766):1468-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. diehl@rice.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527982" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/chemistry ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Elasticity ; Elastin/chemistry ; Hydrolysis ; Kinesin/chemistry ; Microtubules/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Motor Proteins/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Engineering ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proteins/chemistry/*physiology ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry ; Structure-Activity Relationship
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Early Cretaceous spider web with its prey (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-06-24
    Description: The orb web is a spectacular evolutionary innovation that enables spiders to catch flying prey. This elegant, geometric structure is woven with silk fibers that are renowned for their superior mechanical properties. We used silk gland expression libraries to address a long-standing controversy concerning the evolution of the orb-web architecture. Contrary to the view that the orb-web design evolved multiple times, we found that the distribution and phylogeny of silk proteins support a single, ancient origin of the orb web at least 136 million years ago. Furthermore, we substantially expanded the repository of silk sequences that can be used for the synthesis of high-performance biomaterials.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Penalver, Enrique -- Grimaldi, David A -- Delclos, Xavier -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 23;312(5781):1761.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794072" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Amber ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Elasticity ; *Fossils ; Insects ; Mites ; Selection, Genetic ; *Silk ; *Spiders/classification/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Nonequilibrium mechanics of active cytoskeletal networks (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-20
    Description: Cells both actively generate and sensitively react to forces through their mechanical framework, the cytoskeleton, which is a nonequilibrium composite material including polymers and motor proteins. We measured the dynamics and mechanical properties of a simple three-component model system consisting of myosin II, actin filaments, and cross-linkers. In this system, stresses arising from motor activity controlled the cytoskeletal network mechanics, increasing stiffness by a factor of nearly 100 and qualitatively changing the viscoelastic response of the network in an adenosine triphosphate-dependent manner. We present a quantitative theoretical model connecting the large-scale properties of this active gel to molecular force generation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mizuno, Daisuke -- Tardin, Catherine -- Schmidt, C F -- Mackintosh, F C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 19;315(5810):370-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234946" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/*physiology ; Actins/*physiology ; Adenosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Cytoskeleton/*physiology ; Elasticity ; Mathematics ; *Models, Biological ; Molecular Motor Proteins/*physiology ; Myosin Type II/*physiology ; Rheology ; Stress, Mechanical ; Viscosity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Traction dynamics of filopodia on compliant substrates (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-12-17
    Description: Cells sense the environment's mechanical stiffness to control their own shape, migration, and fate. To better understand stiffness sensing, we constructed a stochastic model of the "motor-clutch" force transmission system, where molecular clutches link F-actin to the substrate and mechanically resist myosin-driven F-actin retrograde flow. The model predicts two distinct regimes: (i) "frictional slippage," with fast retrograde flow and low traction forces on stiff substrates and (ii) oscillatory "load-and-fail" dynamics, with slower retrograde flow and higher traction forces on soft substrates. We experimentally confirmed these model predictions in embryonic chick forebrain neurons by measuring the nanoscale dynamics of single-growth-cone filopodia. Furthermore, we experimentally observed a model-predicted switch in F-actin dynamics around an elastic modulus of 1 kilopascal. Thus, a motor-clutch system inherently senses and responds to the mechanical stiffness of the local environment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chan, Clarence E -- Odde, David J -- R01-GM-76177/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 12;322(5908):1687-91. doi: 10.1126/science.1163595.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19074349" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/*physiology ; Actins/*physiology ; Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Cell Adhesion ; Cells, Cultured ; Chick Embryo ; Compliance ; Computer Simulation ; Elastic Modulus ; Elasticity ; Growth Cones/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Models, Biological ; Myosin Type II/physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Pseudopodia/*physiology ; Surface Tension
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 7
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    Giant-stroke, superelastic carbon nanotube aerogel muscles (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-03-21
    Description: Improved electrically powered artificial muscles are needed for generating force, moving objects, and accomplishing work. Carbon nanotube aerogel sheets are the sole component of new artificial muscles that provide giant elongations and elongation rates of 220% and (3.7 x 10(4))% per second, respectively, at operating temperatures from 80 to 1900 kelvin. These solid-state-fabricated sheets are enthalpic rubbers having gaslike density and specific strength in one direction higher than those of steel plate. Actuation decreases nanotube aerogel density and can be permanently frozen for such device applications as transparent electrodes. Poisson's ratios reach 15, a factor of 30 higher than for conventional rubbers. These giant Poisson's ratios explain the observed opposite sign of width and length actuation and result in rare properties: negative linear compressibility and stretch densification.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aliev, Ali E -- Oh, Jiyoung -- Kozlov, Mikhail E -- Kuznetsov, Alexander A -- Fang, Shaoli -- Fonseca, Alexandre F -- Ovalle, Raquel -- Lima, Marcio D -- Haque, Mohammad H -- Gartstein, Yuri N -- Zhang, Mei -- Zakhidov, Anvar A -- Baughman, Ray H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 20;323(5921):1575-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1168312.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19299612" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomimetic Materials/chemistry ; Elasticity ; Muscle, Skeletal ; *Nanotubes, Carbon/chemistry ; Static Electricity ; Temperature ; Tensile Strength
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Tissue cells feel and respond to the stiffness of their substrate (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-19
    Description: Normal tissue cells are generally not viable when suspended in a fluid and are therefore said to be anchorage dependent. Such cells must adhere to a solid, but a solid can be as rigid as glass or softer than a baby's skin. The behavior of some cells on soft materials is characteristic of important phenotypes; for example, cell growth on soft agar gels is used to identify cancer cells. However, an understanding of how tissue cells-including fibroblasts, myocytes, neurons, and other cell types-sense matrix stiffness is just emerging with quantitative studies of cells adhering to gels (or to other cells) with which elasticity can be tuned to approximate that of tissues. Key roles in molecular pathways are played by adhesion complexes and the actinmyosin cytoskeleton, whose contractile forces are transmitted through transcellular structures. The feedback of local matrix stiffness on cell state likely has important implications for development, differentiation, disease, and regeneration.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Discher, Dennis E -- Janmey, Paul -- Wang, Yu-Li -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Nov 18;310(5751):1139-43.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Engineering and Applied Science and Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6315, USA. discher@seas.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16293750" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomechanical Phenomena ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Communication ; *Cell Physiological Phenomena ; Cytoskeleton/physiology ; Elasticity ; Humans ; Muscle Contraction/physiology ; Organogenesis/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 9
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    Stimuli-responsive polymer nanocomposites inspired by the sea cucumber dermis (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-08
    Description: Sea cucumbers, like other echinoderms, have the ability to rapidly and reversibly alter the stiffness of their inner dermis. It has been proposed that the modulus of this tissue is controlled by regulating the interactions among collagen fibrils, which reinforce a low-modulus matrix. We report on a family of polymer nanocomposites, which mimic this architecture and display similar chemoresponsive mechanic adaptability. Materials based on a rubbery host polymer and rigid cellulose nanofibers exhibit a reversible reduction by a factor of 40 of the tensile modulus, for example, from 800 to 20 megapascals (MPa), upon exposure to a chemical regulator that mediates nanofiber interactions. Using a host polymer with a thermal transition in the regime of interest, we demonstrated even larger modulus changes (4200 to 1.6 MPa) upon exposure to emulated physiological conditions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Capadona, Jeffrey R -- Shanmuganathan, Kadhiravan -- Tyler, Dustin J -- Rowan, Stuart J -- Weder, Christoph -- R21 NS053798/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R21 NS053798-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 7;319(5868):1370-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1153307.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18323449" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biomimetic Materials/chemistry ; *Cellulose/chemistry ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Dermis ; Elasticity ; Epichlorohydrin/chemistry ; Ethylene Oxide/chemistry ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Microelectrodes ; *Nanocomposites/chemistry ; Phase Transition ; *Polymers/chemistry ; *Sea Cucumbers ; Solvents ; Stress, Mechanical ; Temperature ; Tensile Strength ; Urochordata
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Tough, bio-inspired hybrid materials (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-06
    Description: The notion of mimicking natural structures in the synthesis of new structural materials has generated enormous interest but has yielded few practical advances. Natural composites achieve strength and toughness through complex hierarchical designs that are extremely difficult to replicate synthetically. We emulate nature's toughening mechanisms by combining two ordinary compounds, aluminum oxide and polymethyl methacrylate, into ice-templated structures whose toughness can be more than 300 times (in energy terms) that of their constituents. The final product is a bulk hybrid ceramic-based material whose high yield strength and fracture toughness [ approximately 200 megapascals (MPa) and approximately 30 MPa.m(1/2)] represent specific properties comparable to those of aluminum alloys. These model materials can be used to identify the key microstructural features that should guide the synthesis of bio-inspired ceramic-based composites with unique strength and toughness.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Munch, E -- Launey, M E -- Alsem, D H -- Saiz, E -- Tomsia, A P -- Ritchie, R O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 5;322(5907):1516-20. doi: 10.1126/science.1164865.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056979" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum Oxide/*chemistry ; Animals ; Calcium Carbonate/chemistry ; Ceramics/*chemistry ; Elasticity ; Freezing ; Gastropoda/chemistry ; Materials Testing ; Mechanical Phenomena ; Polymethyl Methacrylate/*chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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