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  • *Ecosystem  (24)
  • 2005-2009  (24)
  • 1985-1989
  • 2009  (24)
  • 1
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    A safe operating space for humanity (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rockstrom, Johan -- Steffen, Will -- Noone, Kevin -- Persson, Asa -- Chapin, F Stuart 3rd -- Lambin, Eric F -- Lenton, Timothy M -- Scheffer, Marten -- Folke, Carl -- Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim -- Nykvist, Bjorn -- de Wit, Cynthia A -- Hughes, Terry -- van der Leeuw, Sander -- Rodhe, Henning -- Sorlin, Sverker -- Snyder, Peter K -- Costanza, Robert -- Svedin, Uno -- Falkenmark, Malin -- Karlberg, Louise -- Corell, Robert W -- Fabry, Victoria J -- Hansen, James -- Walker, Brian -- Liverman, Diana -- Richardson, Katherine -- Crutzen, Paul -- Foley, Jonathan A -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 24;461(7263):472-5. doi: 10.1038/461472a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kraftriket 2B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779433" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Civilization ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/trends ; *Earth (Planet) ; Ecology/*methods/*trends ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Fossils ; Green Chemistry Technology/*methods/trends ; Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; *Human Activities/history ; Humans ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Phosphorus/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Evolutionary diversification in stickleback affects ecosystem functioning (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-03
    Description: Explaining the ecological causes of evolutionary diversification is a major focus of biology, but surprisingly little has been said about the effects of evolutionary diversification on ecosystems. The number of species in an ecosystem and their traits are key predictors of many ecosystem-level processes, such as rates of productivity, biomass sequestration and decomposition. Here we demonstrate short-term ecosystem-level effects of adaptive radiation in the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) over the past 10,000 years. These fish have undergone recent parallel diversification in several lakes in coastal British Columbia, resulting in the formation of two specialized species (benthic and limnetic) from a generalist ancestor. Using a mesocosm experiment, we demonstrate that this diversification has strong effects on ecosystems, affecting prey community structure, total primary production, and the nature of dissolved organic materials that regulate the spectral properties of light transmission in the system. However, these ecosystem effects do not simply increase in their relative strength with increasing specialization and species richness; instead, they reflect the complex and indirect consequences of ecosystem engineering by sticklebacks. It is well known that ecological factors influence adaptive radiation. We demonstrate that adaptive radiation, even over short timescales, can have profound effects on ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harmon, Luke J -- Matthews, Blake -- Des Roches, Simone -- Chase, Jonathan M -- Shurin, Jonathan B -- Schluter, Dolph -- England -- Nature. 2009 Apr 30;458(7242):1167-70. doi: 10.1038/nature07974. Epub 2009 Apr 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3051, USA. lukeh@uidaho.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19339968" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; British Columbia ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*classification/*physiology ; Food Chain ; Fresh Water ; Genetic Speciation ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Predatory Behavior
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Molecular and evolutionary history of melanism in North American gray wolves (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-07
    Description: Morphological diversity within closely related species is an essential aspect of evolution and adaptation. Mutations in the Melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r) gene contribute to pigmentary diversity in natural populations of fish, birds, and many mammals. However, melanism in the gray wolf, Canis lupus, is caused by a different melanocortin pathway component, the K locus, that encodes a beta-defensin protein that acts as an alternative ligand for Mc1r. We show that the melanistic K locus mutation in North American wolves derives from past hybridization with domestic dogs, has risen to high frequency in forested habitats, and exhibits a molecular signature of positive selection. The same mutation also causes melanism in the coyote, Canis latrans, and in Italian gray wolves, and hence our results demonstrate how traits selected in domesticated species can influence the morphological diversity of their wild relatives.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2903542/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2903542/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, Tovi M -- vonHoldt, Bridgett M -- Candille, Sophie I -- Musiani, Marco -- Greco, Claudia -- Stahler, Daniel R -- Smith, Douglas W -- Padhukasahasram, Badri -- Randi, Ettore -- Leonard, Jennifer A -- Bustamante, Carlos D -- Ostrander, Elaine A -- Tang, Hua -- Wayne, Robert K -- Barsh, Gregory S -- P01 DK068384/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK068384-050001/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM068882/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM068882-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 6;323(5919):1339-43. doi: 10.1126/science.1165448. Epub 2009 Feb 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197024" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agouti Signaling Protein/genetics ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Coyotes/genetics ; Dogs/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Gene Flow ; Hair Color/*genetics ; Haplotypes ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Melanins/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Pigmentation/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Deletion ; Wolves/*genetics ; beta-Defensins/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    A constant flux of diverse thermophilic bacteria into the cold Arctic seabed (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-19
    Description: Microorganisms have been repeatedly discovered in environments that do not support their metabolic activity. Identifying and quantifying these misplaced organisms can reveal dispersal mechanisms that shape natural microbial diversity. Using endospore germination experiments, we estimated a stable supply of thermophilic bacteria into permanently cold Arctic marine sediment at a rate exceeding 10(8) spores per square meter per year. These metabolically and phylogenetically diverse Firmicutes show no detectable activity at cold in situ temperatures but rapidly mineralize organic matter by hydrolysis, fermentation, and sulfate reduction upon induction at 50 degrees C. The closest relatives to these bacteria come from warm subsurface petroleum reservoir and ocean crust ecosystems, suggesting that seabed fluid flow from these environments is delivering thermophiles to the cold ocean. These transport pathways may broadly influence microbial community composition in the marine environment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hubert, Casey -- Loy, Alexander -- Nickel, Maren -- Arnosti, Carol -- Baranyi, Christian -- Bruchert, Volker -- Ferdelman, Timothy -- Finster, Kai -- Christensen, Flemming Monsted -- Rosa de Rezende, Julia -- Vandieken, Verona -- Jorgensen, Bo Barker -- P 20185/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 18;325(5947):1541-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1174012.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biogeochemistry Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. chubert@mpi-bremen.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19762643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaerobiosis ; Arctic Regions ; *Bacteria/classification/isolation & purification ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Biodiversity ; *Cold Climate ; Cold Temperature ; *Ecosystem ; Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism ; Fermentation ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Hot Temperature ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phylogeny ; Spores, Bacterial/*physiology ; Sulfates/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Ecoenzymatic stoichiometry of microbial organic nutrient acquisition in soil and sediment (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-17
    Description: Biota can be described in terms of elemental composition, expressed as an atomic ratio of carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus (refs 1-3). The elemental stoichiometry of microoorganisms is fundamental for understanding the production dynamics and biogeochemical cycles of ecosystems because microbial biomass is the trophic base of detrital food webs. Here we show that heterotrophic microbial communities of diverse composition from terrestrial soils and freshwater sediments share a common functional stoichiometry in relation to organic nutrient acquisition. The activities of four enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of assimilable products from the principal environmental sources of C, N and P show similar scaling relationships over several orders of magnitude, with a mean ratio for C:N:P activities near 1:1:1 in all habitats. We suggest that these ecoenzymatic ratios reflect the equilibria between the elemental composition of microbial biomass and detrital organic matter and the efficiencies of microbial nutrient assimilation and growth. Because ecoenzymatic activities intersect the stoichiometric and metabolic theories of ecology, they provide a functional measure of the threshold at which control of community metabolism shifts from nutrient to energy flow.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sinsabaugh, Robert L -- Hill, Brian H -- Follstad Shah, Jennifer J -- England -- Nature. 2009 Dec 10;462(7274):795-8. doi: 10.1038/nature08632.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 871312, USA. rlsinsab@unm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20010687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomass ; Carbon/*metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Enzyme Assays ; Enzymes/*metabolism ; Food Chain ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry/microbiology ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Phosphorus/*metabolism ; Plants/metabolism ; Rivers ; *Soil Microbiology ; United States ; Wetlands
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Drought sensitivity of the Amazon rainforest (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-07
    Description: Amazon forests are a key but poorly understood component of the global carbon cycle. If, as anticipated, they dry this century, they might accelerate climate change through carbon losses and changed surface energy balances. We used records from multiple long-term monitoring plots across Amazonia to assess forest responses to the intense 2005 drought, a possible analog of future events. Affected forest lost biomass, reversing a large long-term carbon sink, with the greatest impacts observed where the dry season was unusually intense. Relative to pre-2005 conditions, forest subjected to a 100-millimeter increase in water deficit lost 5.3 megagrams of aboveground biomass of carbon per hectare. The drought had a total biomass carbon impact of 1.2 to 1.6 petagrams (1.2 x 10(15) to 1.6 x 10(15) grams). Amazon forests therefore appear vulnerable to increasing moisture stress, with the potential for large carbon losses to exert feedback on climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Phillips, Oliver L -- Aragao, Luiz E O C -- Lewis, Simon L -- Fisher, Joshua B -- Lloyd, Jon -- Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela -- Malhi, Yadvinder -- Monteagudo, Abel -- Peacock, Julie -- Quesada, Carlos A -- van der Heijden, Geertje -- Almeida, Samuel -- Amaral, Ieda -- Arroyo, Luzmila -- Aymard, Gerardo -- Baker, Tim R -- Banki, Olaf -- Blanc, Lilian -- Bonal, Damien -- Brando, Paulo -- Chave, Jerome -- de Oliveira, Atila Cristina Alves -- Cardozo, Nallaret Davila -- Czimczik, Claudia I -- Feldpausch, Ted R -- Freitas, Maria Aparecida -- Gloor, Emanuel -- Higuchi, Niro -- Jimenez, Eliana -- Lloyd, Gareth -- Meir, Patrick -- Mendoza, Casimiro -- Morel, Alexandra -- Neill, David A -- Nepstad, Daniel -- Patino, Sandra -- Penuela, Maria Cristina -- Prieto, Adriana -- Ramirez, Fredy -- Schwarz, Michael -- Silva, Javier -- Silveira, Marcos -- Thomas, Anne Sota -- Steege, Hans Ter -- Stropp, Juliana -- Vasquez, Rodolfo -- Zelazowski, Przemyslaw -- Alvarez Davila, Esteban -- Andelman, Sandy -- Andrade, Ana -- Chao, Kuo-Jung -- Erwin, Terry -- Di Fiore, Anthony -- Honorio C, Euridice -- Keeling, Helen -- Killeen, Tim J -- Laurance, William F -- Pena Cruz, Antonio -- Pitman, Nigel C A -- Nunez Vargas, Percy -- Ramirez-Angulo, Hirma -- Rudas, Agustin -- Salamao, Rafael -- Silva, Natalino -- Terborgh, John -- Torres-Lezama, Armando -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 6;323(5919):1344-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1164033.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. o.phillips@leeds.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19265020" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Biomass ; Brazil ; Carbon ; Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Droughts ; *Ecosystem ; South America ; *Trees/growth & development ; Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Elevated CO2 reduces losses of plant diversity caused by nitrogen deposition (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: The interactive effects of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and elevated nitrogen (N) deposition on plant diversity are not well understood. This is of concern because both factors are important components of global environmental change and because each might suppress diversity, with their combined effects possibly additive or synergistic. In a long-term open-air experiment, grassland assemblages planted with 16 species were grown under all combinations of ambient and elevated CO2 and ambient and elevated N. Over 10 years, elevated N reduced species richness by 16% at ambient CO2 but by just 8% at elevated CO2. This resulted from multiple effects of CO2 and N on plant traits and soil resources that altered competitive interactions among species. Elevated CO2 thus ameliorated the negative effects of N enrichment on species richness.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reich, Peter B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 4;326(5958):1399-402. doi: 10.1126/science.1178820.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Avenue North, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. preich@umn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965757" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anemone/growth & development/metabolism ; Asclepias/genetics/metabolism ; Asteraceae/growth & development/metabolism ; *Atmosphere ; *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Carbon Dioxide ; *Ecosystem ; Fabaceae/growth & development/metabolism ; Light ; Minnesota ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Plant Development ; *Plants/metabolism ; Poaceae/growth & development/metabolism ; Soil/analysis ; Water/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Rebuilding global fisheries (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-08-01
    Description: After a long history of overexploitation, increasing efforts to restore marine ecosystems and rebuild fisheries are under way. Here, we analyze current trends from a fisheries and conservation perspective. In 5 of 10 well-studied ecosystems, the average exploitation rate has recently declined and is now at or below the rate predicted to achieve maximum sustainable yield for seven systems. Yet 63% of assessed fish stocks worldwide still require rebuilding, and even lower exploitation rates are needed to reverse the collapse of vulnerable species. Combined fisheries and conservation objectives can be achieved by merging diverse management actions, including catch restrictions, gear modification, and closed areas, depending on local context. Impacts of international fleets and the lack of alternatives to fishing complicate prospects for rebuilding fisheries in many poorer regions, highlighting the need for a global perspective on rebuilding marine resources.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Worm, Boris -- Hilborn, Ray -- Baum, Julia K -- Branch, Trevor A -- Collie, Jeremy S -- Costello, Christopher -- Fogarty, Michael J -- Fulton, Elizabeth A -- Hutchings, Jeffrey A -- Jennings, Simon -- Jensen, Olaf P -- Lotze, Heike K -- Mace, Pamela M -- McClanahan, Tim R -- Minto, Coilin -- Palumbi, Stephen R -- Parma, Ana M -- Ricard, Daniel -- Rosenberg, Andrew A -- Watson, Reg -- Zeller, Dirk -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 31;325(5940):578-85. doi: 10.1126/science.1173146.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. bworm@dal.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19644114" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Fisheries/methods ; *Fishes/anatomy & histology ; Internationality ; Marine Biology ; Models, Biological ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Oceans. Legal bedrock for rebuilding America's ocean ecosystems (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-11
    Description: The public trust doctrine would provide a powerful framework for restructuring the way we manage U.S. oceans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Turnipseed, Mary -- Crowder, Larry B -- Sagarin, Raphael D -- Roady, Stephen E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 10;324(5924):183-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1170889.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. mary.turnipseed@duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19359567" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ecosystem ; *Federal Government ; Jurisprudence ; Legislation as Topic ; Oceans and Seas ; *Public Policy ; United States ; United States Government Agencies
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Fire in the Earth system (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-25
    Description: Fire is a worldwide phenomenon that appears in the geological record soon after the appearance of terrestrial plants. Fire influences global ecosystem patterns and processes, including vegetation distribution and structure, the carbon cycle, and climate. Although humans and fire have always coexisted, our capacity to manage fire remains imperfect and may become more difficult in the future as climate change alters fire regimes. This risk is difficult to assess, however, because fires are still poorly represented in global models. Here, we discuss some of the most important issues involved in developing a better understanding of the role of fire in the Earth system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bowman, David M J S -- Balch, Jennifer K -- Artaxo, Paulo -- Bond, William J -- Carlson, Jean M -- Cochrane, Mark A -- D'Antonio, Carla M -- Defries, Ruth S -- Doyle, John C -- Harrison, Sandy P -- Johnston, Fay H -- Keeley, Jon E -- Krawchuk, Meg A -- Kull, Christian A -- Marston, J Brad -- Moritz, Max A -- Prentice, I Colin -- Roos, Christopher I -- Scott, Andrew C -- Swetnam, Thomas W -- van der Werf, Guido R -- Pyne, Stephen J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 24;324(5926):481-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1163886.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19390038" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Carbon ; Climate ; Earth (Planet) ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Humans ; Plants
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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