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  • 1
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    Common Kibra alleles are associated with human memory performance (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-21
    Description: Human memory is a polygenic trait. We performed a genome-wide screen to identify memory-related gene variants. A genomic locus encoding the brain protein KIBRA was significantly associated with memory performance in three independent, cognitively normal cohorts from Switzerland and the United States. Gene expression studies showed that KIBRA was expressed in memory-related brain structures. Functional magnetic resonance imaging detected KIBRA allele-dependent differences in hippocampal activations during memory retrieval. Evidence from these experiments suggests a role for KIBRA in human memory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Papassotiropoulos, Andreas -- Stephan, Dietrich A -- Huentelman, Matthew J -- Hoerndli, Frederic J -- Craig, David W -- Pearson, John V -- Huynh, Kim-Dung -- Brunner, Fabienne -- Corneveaux, Jason -- Osborne, David -- Wollmer, M Axel -- Aerni, Amanda -- Coluccia, Daniel -- Hanggi, Jurgen -- Mondadori, Christian R A -- Buchmann, Andreas -- Reiman, Eric M -- Caselli, Richard J -- Henke, Katharina -- de Quervain, Dominique J-F -- P30AG19610/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01MH057899/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01-HL086528-01/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U24NS051872/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 20;314(5798):475-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland. papas@bli.unizh.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17053149" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Alleles ; Animals ; Attention ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Chemistry ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Hippocampus/chemistry/*physiology ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; *Memory ; Mice ; Middle Aged ; Phosphoproteins ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Proteins/analysis/*genetics/*physiology ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Switzerland ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Losartan, an AT1 antagonist, prevents aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-08
    Description: Aortic aneurysm and dissection are manifestations of Marfan syndrome (MFS), a disorder caused by mutations in the gene that encodes fibrillin-1. Selected manifestations of MFS reflect excessive signaling by the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family of cytokines. We show that aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of MFS is associated with increased TGF-beta signaling and can be prevented by TGF-beta antagonists such as TGF-beta-neutralizing antibody or the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) blocker, losartan. AT1 antagonism also partially reversed noncardiovascular manifestations of MFS, including impaired alveolar septation. These data suggest that losartan, a drug already in clinical use for hypertension, merits investigation as a therapeutic strategy for patients with MFS and has the potential to prevent the major life-threatening manifestation of this disorder.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1482474/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1482474/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Habashi, Jennifer P -- Judge, Daniel P -- Holm, Tammy M -- Cohn, Ronald D -- Loeys, Bart L -- Cooper, Timothy K -- Myers, Loretha -- Klein, Erin C -- Liu, Guosheng -- Calvi, Carla -- Podowski, Megan -- Neptune, Enid R -- Halushka, Marc K -- Bedja, Djahida -- Gabrielson, Kathleen -- Rifkin, Daniel B -- Carta, Luca -- Ramirez, Francesco -- Huso, David L -- Dietz, Harry C -- K08 HL067056/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 7;312(5770):117-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601194" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Animals ; Antibodies/immunology ; Aorta/pathology ; Aortic Aneurysm/etiology/*prevention & control ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Elastic Tissue/pathology ; Female ; Losartan/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Lung/pathology ; Lung Diseases/drug therapy/pathology ; Marfan Syndrome/complications/*drug therapy/metabolism/pathology ; Mice ; Microfilament Proteins/genetics ; Mutation ; Neutralization Tests ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications/drug therapy ; Propranolol/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Pulmonary Alveoli/pathology ; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors/immunology/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    MC1R germline variants confer risk for BRAF-mutant melanoma (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: Germline variants in MC1R, the gene encoding the melanocortin-1 receptor, and sun exposure increase risk for melanoma in Caucasians. The majority of melanomas that occur on skin with little evidence of chronic sun-induced damage (non-CSD melanoma) have mutations in the BRAF oncogene, whereas in melanomas on skin with marked CSD (CSD melanoma) these mutations are less frequent. In two independent Caucasian populations, we show that MC1R variants are strongly associated with BRAF mutations in non-CSD melanomas. In this tumor subtype, the risk for melanoma associated with MC1R is due to an increase in risk of developing melanomas with BRAF mutations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Landi, Maria Teresa -- Bauer, Jurgen -- Pfeiffer, Ruth M -- Elder, David E -- Hulley, Benjamin -- Minghetti, Paola -- Calista, Donato -- Kanetsky, Peter A -- Pinkel, Daniel -- Bastian, Boris C -- K07 CA80700/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA025874-25-A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA5558/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA94963/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R33 CA95300/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 28;313(5786):521-2. Epub 2006 Jun 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. landim@mail.nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809487" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Alleles ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Variation ; *Germ-Line Mutation ; Humans ; Italy ; Male ; Melanoma/classification/*genetics/pathology ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Odds Ratio ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/*genetics ; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/*genetics ; Skin/pathology/*radiation effects ; Skin Neoplasms/classification/*genetics/pathology ; Sunlight/*adverse effects ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Genome-wide detection of polymorphisms at nucleotide resolution with a single DNA microarray (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-11
    Description: A central challenge of genomics is to detect, simply and inexpensively, all differences in sequence among the genomes of individual members of a species. We devised a system to detect all single-nucleotide differences between genomes with the use of data from a single hybridization to a whole-genome DNA microarray. This allowed us to detect a variety of spontaneous single-base pair substitutions, insertions, and deletions, and most (〉90%) of the approximately 30,000 known single-nucleotide polymorphisms between two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. We applied this approach to elucidate the genetic basis of phenotypic variants and to identify the small number of single-base pair changes accumulated during experimental evolution of yeast.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gresham, David -- Ruderfer, Douglas M -- Pratt, Stephen C -- Schacherer, Joseph -- Dunham, Maitreya J -- Botstein, David -- Kruglyak, Leonid -- P50 GM071508/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM046406/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 MH059520/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 31;311(5769):1932-6. Epub 2006 Mar 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. dgresham@genomics.princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527929" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Directed Molecular Evolution ; Genes, Fungal ; *Genome, Fungal ; Genomics ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Phenotype ; Point Mutation ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics/physiology ; Sequence Deletion ; Suppression, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    An architectural framework that may lie at the core of the postsynaptic density (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-28
    Description: The postsynaptic density (PSD) is a complex assembly of proteins associated with the postsynaptic membrane that organizes neurotransmitter receptors, signaling pathways, and regulatory elements within a cytoskeletal matrix. Here we show that the sterile alpha motif domain of rat Shank3/ProSAP2, a master scaffolding protein located deep within the PSD, can form large sheets composed of helical fibers stacked side by side. Zn2+, which is found in high concentrations in the PSD, binds tightly to Shank3 and may regulate assembly. Sheets of the Shank protein could form a platform for the construction of the PSD complex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baron, Marisa K -- Boeckers, Tobias M -- Vaida, Bianca -- Faham, Salem -- Gingery, Mari -- Sawaya, Michael R -- Salyer, Danielle -- Gundelfinger, Eckart D -- Bowie, James U -- R01 CA081000/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM063919/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM063919-07/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM063919-08/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075922/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075922-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 27;311(5760):531-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16439662" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/analysis/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hippocampus/chemistry ; Microscopy, Electron ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Neurons/chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/analysis ; Solubility ; Synapses/*chemistry ; Zinc/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Dynamic nuclear actin assembly by Arp2/3 complex and a baculovirus WASP-like protein (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-21
    Description: Diverse bacterial and viral pathogens induce actin polymerization in the cytoplasm of host cells to facilitate infection. Here, we describe a pathogenic mechanism for promoting dynamic actin assembly in the nucleus to enable viral replication. The baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus induced nuclear actin polymerization by translocating the host actin-nucleating Arp2/3 complex into the nucleus, where it was activated by p78/83, a viral Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP)-like protein. Nuclear actin assembly by p78/83 and Arp2/3 complex was essential for viral progeny production. Recompartmentalizing dynamic host actin may represent a conserved mode of pathogenesis and reflect viral manipulation of normal functions of nuclear actin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goley, Erin D -- Ohkawa, Taro -- Mancuso, Joel -- Woodruff, Jeffrey B -- D'Alessio, Joseph A -- Cande, W Zacheus -- Volkman, Loy E -- Welch, Matthew D -- AI054693/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM59609/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM059609/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM059609-07/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 20;314(5798):464-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17053146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex/*metabolism ; Actins/*metabolism ; Animals ; Biopolymers/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching ; Moths ; Mutation ; Nucleocapsid/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Nucleopolyhedrovirus/genetics/*physiology ; Transfection ; Viral Proteins/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Virion/ultrastructure ; Virus Replication ; Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Sampling the antibiotic resistome (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-21
    Description: Microbial resistance to antibiotics currently spans all known classes of natural and synthetic compounds. It has not only hindered our treatment of infections but also dramatically reshaped drug discovery, yet its origins have not been systematically studied. Soil-dwelling bacteria produce and encounter a myriad of antibiotics, evolving corresponding sensing and evading strategies. They are a reservoir of resistance determinants that can be mobilized into the microbial community. Study of this reservoir could provide an early warning system for future clinically relevant antibiotic resistance mechanisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉D'Costa, Vanessa M -- McGrann, Katherine M -- Hughes, Donald W -- Wright, Gerard D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 20;311(5759):374-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Antimicrobial Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada, L8N 3Z5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16424339" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology ; Daptomycin/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Erythromycin/metabolism/pharmacology ; Genes, Bacterial ; Ketolides/metabolism/pharmacology ; Macrolides/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Rifampin/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Soil Microbiology ; Streptomyces/*drug effects/enzymology/genetics/isolation & purification ; Trimethoprim Resistance ; Vancomycin Resistance/genetics ; Virginiamycin/metabolism/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Polo-like kinase Cdc5 controls the local activation of Rho1 to promote cytokinesis (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-10
    Description: The links between the cell cycle machinery and the cytoskeletal proteins controlling cytokinesis are poorly understood. The small guanine nucleotide triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein RhoA stimulates type II myosin contractility and formin-dependent assembly of the cytokinetic actin contractile ring. We found that budding yeast Polo-like kinase Cdc5 controls the targeting and activation of Rho1 (RhoA) at the division site via Rho1 guanine nucleotide exchange factors. This role of Cdc5 (Polo-like kinase) in regulating Rho1 is likely to be relevant to cytokinesis and asymmetric cell division in other organisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yoshida, Satoshi -- Kono, Keiko -- Lowery, Drew M -- Bartolini, Sara -- Yaffe, Michael B -- Ohya, Yoshikazu -- Pellman, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 7;313(5783):108-11. Epub 2006 Jun 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763112" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/metabolism ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Anaphase ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Cytokinesis ; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Microfilament Proteins/metabolism ; Mitosis ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*cytology/genetics/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Temperature ; rho GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    Comment on "Large-scale sequence analysis of avian influenza isolates" (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-16
    Description: Obenauer et al. (Research Articles, 17 March 2006, p. 1576) reported that the influenza A virus PB1-F2 gene is evolving under strong positive selection, as documented by an extremely high ratio of the number of nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions to the number of synonymous substitutions (dN/dS). However, we show that this observation is likely to be an artifact related to the location of PB1-F2 in the +1 reading frame of the PB1 gene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holmes, Edward C -- Lipman, David J -- Zamarin, Dmitriy -- Yewdell, Jonathan W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 15;313(5793):1573; author reply 1573.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16973862" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Birds/virology ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genes, Viral ; Influenza A virus/*genetics ; Mutation ; Reading Frames ; Selection, Genetic ; Viral Proteins/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Language control in the bilingual brain (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-06-10
    Description: How does the bilingual brain distinguish and control which language is in use? Previous functional imaging experiments have not been able to answer this question because proficient bilinguals activate the same brain regions irrespective of the language being tested. Here, we reveal that neuronal responses within the left caudate are sensitive to changes in the language or the meaning of words. By demonstrating this effect in populations of German-English and Japanese-English bilinguals, we suggest that the left caudate plays a universal role in monitoring and controlling the language in use.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crinion, J -- Turner, R -- Grogan, A -- Hanakawa, T -- Noppeney, U -- Devlin, J T -- Aso, T -- Urayama, S -- Fukuyama, H -- Stockton, K -- Usui, K -- Green, D W -- Price, C J -- 051067/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 9;312(5779):1537-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763154" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Caudate Nucleus/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Multilingualism ; Neurons/physiology ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Semantics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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