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  • Articles  (14)
  • Extraterrestrial Environment  (14)
  • 2000-2004  (14)
  • 1975-1979
  • 2004  (14)
  • Biology  (14)
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  • Articles  (14)
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  • 2000-2004  (14)
  • 1975-1979
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  • 1
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    Pancam multispectral imaging results from the Spirit Rover at Gusev Crater (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: Panoramic Camera images at Gusev crater reveal a rock-strewn surface interspersed with high- to moderate-albedo fine-grained deposits occurring in part as drifts or in small circular swales or hollows. Optically thick coatings of fine-grained ferric iron-rich dust dominate most bright soil and rock surfaces. Spectra of some darker rock surfaces and rock regions exposed by brushing or grinding show near-infrared spectral signatures consistent with the presence of mafic silicates such as pyroxene or olivine. Atmospheric observations show a steady decline in dust opacity during the mission, and astronomical observations captured solar transits by the martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, as well as a view of Earth from the martian surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bell, J F 3rd -- Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R E -- Arneson, H M -- Bass, D -- Blaney, D -- Cabrol, N -- Calvin, W -- Farmer, J -- Farrand, W H -- Goetz, W -- Golombek, M -- Grant, J A -- Greeley, R -- Guinness, E -- Hayes, A G -- Hubbard, M Y H -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Johnson, M J -- Johnson, J R -- Joseph, J -- Kinch, K M -- Lemmon, M T -- Li, R -- Madsen, M B -- Maki, J N -- Malin, M -- McCartney, E -- McLennan, S -- McSween, H Y Jr -- Ming, D W -- Moersch, J E -- Morris, R V -- Dobrea, E Z Noe -- Parker, T J -- Proton, J -- Rice, J W Jr -- Seelos, F -- Soderblom, J -- Soderblom, L A -- Sohl-Dickstein, J N -- Sullivan, R J -- Wolff, M J -- Wang, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):800-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801, USA. jfb8@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297658" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Evolution, Planetary ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; Iron Compounds ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Silicates ; Solar System ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Pancam multispectral imaging results from the Opportunity Rover at Meridiani Planum (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Panoramic Camera (Pancam) images from Meridiani Planum reveal a low-albedo, generally flat, and relatively rock-free surface. Within and around impact craters and fractures, laminated outcrop rocks with higher albedo are observed. Fine-grained materials include dark sand, bright ferric iron-rich dust, angular rock clasts, and millimeter-size spheroidal granules that are eroding out of the laminated rocks. Spectra of sand, clasts, and one dark plains rock are consistent with mafic silicates such as pyroxene and olivine. Spectra of both the spherules and the laminated outcrop materials indicate the presence of crystalline ferric oxides or oxyhydroxides. Atmospheric observations show a steady decline in dust opacity during the mission. Astronomical observations captured solar transits by Phobos and Deimos and time-lapse observations of sunsets.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bell, J F 3rd -- Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R E -- Arneson, H M -- Bass, D -- Calvin, W -- Farrand, W H -- Goetz, W -- Golombek, M -- Greeley, R -- Grotzinger, J -- Guinness, E -- Hayes, A G -- Hubbard, M Y H -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Johnson, M J -- Johnson, J R -- Joseph, J -- Kinch, K M -- Lemmon, M T -- Li, R -- Madsen, M B -- Maki, J N -- Malin, M -- McCartney, E -- McLennan, S -- McSween, H Y Jr -- Ming, D W -- Morris, R V -- Dobrea, E Z Noe -- Parker, T J -- Proton, J -- Rice, J W Jr -- Seelos, F -- Soderblom, J M -- Soderblom, L A -- Sohl-Dickstein, J N -- Sullivan, R J -- Weitz, C M -- Wolff, M J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1703-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, USA. jfb8@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576603" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; Ice ; *Mars ; Silicates ; Spacecraft ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Jupiter's atmospheric composition from the Cassini thermal infrared spectroscopy experiment (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-21
    Description: The Composite Infrared Spectrometer observed Jupiter in the thermal infrared during the swing-by of the Cassini spacecraft. Results include the detection of two new stratospheric species, the methyl radical and diacetylene, gaseous species present in the north and south auroral infrared hot spots; determination of the variations with latitude of acetylene and ethane, the latter a tracer of atmospheric motion; observations of unexpected spatial distributions of carbon dioxide and hydrogen cyanide, both considered to be products of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts; characterization of the morphology of the auroral infrared hot spot acetylene emission; and a new evaluation of the energetics of the northern auroral infrared hot spot.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kunde, V G -- Flasar, F M -- Jennings, D E -- Bezard, B -- Strobel, D F -- Conrath, B J -- Nixon, C A -- Bjoraker, G L -- Romani, P N -- Achterberg, R K -- Simon-Miller, A A -- Irwin, P -- Brasunas, J C -- Pearl, J C -- Smith, M D -- Orton, G S -- Gierasch, P J -- Spilker, L J -- Carlson, R C -- Mamoutkine, A A -- Calcutt, S B -- Read, P L -- Taylor, F W -- Fouchet, T -- Parrish, P -- Barucci, A -- Courtin, R -- Coustenis, A -- Gautier, D -- Lellouch, E -- Marten, A -- Prange, R -- Biraud, Y -- Ferrari, C -- Owen, T C -- Abbas, M M -- Samuelson, R E -- Raulin, F -- Ade, P -- Cesarsky, C J -- Grossman, K U -- Coradini, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 10;305(5690):1582-6. Epub 2004 Aug 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. Virgil.G.Kunde.1@gsfc.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15319491" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylene ; Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Ethane ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Hydrocarbons ; *Hydrogen Cyanide ; *Jupiter ; Spacecraft ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    In situ evidence for an ancient aqueous environment at Meridiani Planum, Mars (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Sedimentary rocks at Eagle crater in Meridiani Planum are composed of fine-grained siliciclastic materials derived from weathering of basaltic rocks, sulfate minerals (including magnesium sulfate and jarosite) that constitute several tens of percent of the rock by weight, and hematite. Cross-stratification observed in rock outcrops indicates eolian and aqueous transport. Diagenetic features include hematite-rich concretions and crystal-mold vugs. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and siliciclastic sediments with a complex diagenetic history. The environmental conditions that they record include episodic inundation by shallow surface water, evaporation, and desiccation. The geologic record at Meridiani Planum suggests that conditions were suitable for biological activity for a period of time in martian history.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Squyres, S W -- Grotzinger, J P -- Arvidson, R E -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Calvin, W -- Christensen, P R -- Clark, B C -- Crisp, J A -- Farrand, W H -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Johnson, J R -- Klingelhofer, G -- Knoll, A H -- McLennan, S M -- McSween, H Y Jr -- Morris, R V -- Rice, J W Jr -- Rieder, R -- Soderblom, L A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1709-14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. squyres@astrosun.tn.cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576604" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Exobiology ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; Life ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Silicates ; Spacecraft ; Spectrum Analysis ; Sulfates ; Sulfur ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    The galactic habitable zone and the age distribution of complex life in the Milky Way (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-01-06
    Description: We modeled the evolution of the Milky Way Galaxy to trace the distribution in space and time of four prerequisites for complex life: the presence of a host star, enough heavy elements to form terrestrial planets, sufficient time for biological evolution, and an environment free of life-extinguishing supernovae. We identified the Galactic habitable zone (GHZ) as an annular region between 7 and 9 kiloparsecs from the Galactic center that widens with time and is composed of stars that formed between 8 and 4 billion years ago. This GHZ yields an age distribution for the complex life that may inhabit our Galaxy. We found that 75% of the stars in the GHZ are older than the Sun.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lineweaver, Charles H -- Fenner, Yeshe -- Gibson, Brad K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 2;303(5654):59-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astrophysics, University of New South Wales (NSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. charley@bat.phys.unsw.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704421" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; *Astronomy ; Computer Simulation ; Evolution, Chemical ; Evolution, Planetary ; *Exobiology ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Models, Theoretical ; Probability ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 6
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    Basaltic rocks analyzed by the Spirit Rover in Gusev Crater (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: The Spirit landing site in Gusev Crater on Mars contains dark, fine-grained, vesicular rocks interpreted as lavas. Pancam and Mini-Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) spectra suggest that all of these rocks are similar but have variable coatings and dust mantles. Magnified images of brushed and abraded rock surfaces show alteration rinds and veins. Rock interiors contain 〈/=25% megacrysts. Chemical analyses of rocks by the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer are consistent with picritic basalts, containing normative olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclase, and accessory FeTi oxides. Mossbauer, Pancam, and Mini-TES spectra confirm the presence of olivine, magnetite, and probably pyroxene. These basalts extend the known range of rock compositions composing the martian crust.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McSween, H Y -- Arvidson, R E -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Blaney, D -- Cabrol, N A -- Christensen, P R -- Clark, B C -- Crisp, J A -- Crumpler, L S -- Des Marais, D J -- Farmer, J D -- Gellert, R -- Ghosh, A -- Gorevan, S -- Graff, T -- Grant, J -- Haskin, L A -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Johnson, J R -- Jolliff, B L -- Klingelhoefer, G -- Knudson, A T -- McLennan, S -- Milam, K A -- Moersch, J E -- Morris, R V -- Rieder, R -- Ruff, S W -- De Souza, P A Jr -- Squyres, S W -- Wanke, H -- Wang, A -- Wyatt, M B -- Yen, A -- Zipfel, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):842-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1410, USA. mcsween@utk.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297668" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; Iron Compounds ; Magnesium Compounds ; *Mars ; *Minerals ; Oxides ; *Silicates ; Spectroscopy, Mossbauer ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Surficial deposits at Gusev Crater along Spirit Rover traverses (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit has traversed a fairly flat, rock-strewn terrain whose surface is shaped primarily by impact events, although some of the landscape has been altered by eolian processes. Impacts ejected basaltic rocks that probably were part of locally formed lava flows from at least 10 meters depth. Some rocks have been textured and/or partially buried by windblown sediments less than 2 millimeters in diameter that concentrate within shallow, partially filled, circular impact depressions referred to as hollows. The terrain traversed during the 90-sol (martian solar day) nominal mission shows no evidence for an ancient lake in Gusev crater.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grant, J A -- Arvidson, R -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Cabrol, N A -- Carr, M H -- Christensen, P -- Crumpler, L -- Des Marais, D J -- Ehlmann, B L -- Farmer, J -- Golombek, M -- Grant, F D -- Greeley, R -- Herkenhoff, K -- Li, R -- McSween, H Y -- Ming, D W -- Moersch, J -- Rice, J W Jr -- Ruff, S -- Richter, L -- Squyres, S -- Sullivan, R -- Weitz, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):807-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. grantj@nasm.si.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297659" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Silicates ; Volcanic Eruptions ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    The Opportunity Rover's Athena science investigation at Meridiani Planum, Mars (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has investigated the landing site in Eagle crater and the nearby plains within Meridiani Planum. The soils consist of fine-grained basaltic sand and a surface lag of hematite-rich spherules, spherule fragments, and other granules. Wind ripples are common. Underlying the thin soil layer, and exposed within small impact craters and troughs, are flat-lying sedimentary rocks. These rocks are finely laminated, are rich in sulfur, and contain abundant sulfate salts. Small-scale cross-lamination in some locations provides evidence for deposition in flowing liquid water. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and siliciclastic sediments formed by episodic inundation by shallow surface water, followed by evaporation, exposure, and desiccation. Hematite-rich spherules are embedded in the rock and eroding from them. We interpret these spherules to be concretions formed by postdepositional diagenesis, again involving liquid water.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R E -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Bruckner, J -- Cabrol, N A -- Calvin, W -- Carr, M H -- Christensen, P R -- Clark, B C -- Crumpler, L -- Marais, D J Des -- d'Uston, C -- Economou, T -- Farmer, J -- Farrand, W -- Folkner, W -- Golombek, M -- Gorevan, S -- Grant, J A -- Greeley, R -- Grotzinger, J -- Haskin, L -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Hviid, S -- Johnson, J -- Klingelhofer, G -- Knoll, A H -- Landis, G -- Lemmon, M -- Li, R -- Madsen, M B -- Malin, M C -- McLennan, S M -- McSween, H Y -- Ming, D W -- Moersch, J -- Morris, R V -- Parker, T -- Rice, J W Jr -- Richter, L -- Rieder, R -- Sims, M -- Smith, M -- Smith, P -- Soderblom, L A -- Sullivan, R -- Wanke, H -- Wdowiak, T -- Wolff, M -- Yen, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1698-703.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. squyres@astro.cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576602" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Evolution, Planetary ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Silicates ; Spacecraft ; Water ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Textures of the soils and rocks at Gusev Crater from Spirit's Microscopic Imager (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: The Microscopic Imager on the Spirit rover analyzed the textures of the soil and rocks at Gusev crater on Mars at a resolution of 100 micrometers. Weakly bound agglomerates of dust are present in the soil near the Columbia Memorial Station. Some of the brushed or abraded rock surfaces show igneous textures and evidence for alteration rinds, coatings, and veins consistent with secondary mineralization. The rock textures are consistent with a volcanic origin and subsequent alteration and/or weathering by impact events, wind, and possibly water.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herkenhoff, K E -- Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R -- Bass, D S -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Bertelsen, P -- Cabrol, N A -- Gaddis, L -- Hayes, A G -- Hviid, S F -- Johnson, J R -- Kinch, K M -- Madsen, M B -- Maki, J N -- McLennan, S M -- McSween, H Y -- Rice, J W Jr -- Sims, M -- Smith, P H -- Soderblom, L A -- Spanovich, N -- Sullivan, R -- Wang, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):824-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA. kherkenhoff@usgs.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297663" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; *Mars ; Volcanic Eruptions ; Water ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Evidence from Opportunity's Microscopic Imager for water on Meridiani Planum (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The Microscopic Imager on the Opportunity rover analyzed textures of soils and rocks at Meridiani Planum at a scale of 31 micrometers per pixel. The uppermost millimeter of some soils is weakly cemented, whereas other soils show little evidence of cohesion. Rock outcrops are laminated on a millimeter scale; image mosaics of cross-stratification suggest that some sediments were deposited by flowing water. Vugs in some outcrop faces are probably molds formed by dissolution of relatively soluble minerals during diagenesis. Microscopic images support the hypothesis that hematite-rich spherules observed in outcrops and soils also formed diagenetically as concretions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herkenhoff, K E -- Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R -- Bass, D S -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Bertelsen, P -- Ehlmann, B L -- Farrand, W -- Gaddis, L -- Greeley, R -- Grotzinger, J -- Hayes, A G -- Hviid, S F -- Johnson, J R -- Jolliff, B -- Kinch, K M -- Knoll, A H -- Madsen, M B -- Maki, J N -- McLennan, S M -- McSween, H Y -- Ming, D W -- Rice, J W Jr -- Richter, L -- Sims, M -- Smith, P H -- Soderblom, L A -- Spanovich, N -- Sullivan, R -- Thompson, S -- Wdowiak, T -- Weitz, C -- Whelley, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1727-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA. kherkenhoff@usgs.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576607" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Silicates ; Spacecraft ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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