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  • Articles  (879)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (416)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (261)
  • Oxford University Press  (202)
  • 1995-1999  (879)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964
  • 1999  (879)
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology  (833)
  • Natural Sciences in General  (454)
  • Economics  (8)
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  • Articles  (879)
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  • 1995-1999  (879)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1999-08-07
    Description: The functions of many open reading frames (ORFs) identified in genome-sequencing projects are unknown. New, whole-genome approaches are required to systematically determine their function. A total of 6925 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains were constructed, by a high-throughput strategy, each with a precise deletion of one of 2026 ORFs (more than one-third of the ORFs in the genome). Of the deleted ORFs, 17 percent were essential for viability in rich medium. The phenotypes of more than 500 deletion strains were assayed in parallel. Of the deletion strains, 40 percent showed quantitative growth defects in either rich or minimal medium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Winzeler, E A -- Shoemaker, D D -- Astromoff, A -- Liang, H -- Anderson, K -- Andre, B -- Bangham, R -- Benito, R -- Boeke, J D -- Bussey, H -- Chu, A M -- Connelly, C -- Davis, K -- Dietrich, F -- Dow, S W -- El Bakkoury, M -- Foury, F -- Friend, S H -- Gentalen, E -- Giaever, G -- Hegemann, J H -- Jones, T -- Laub, M -- Liao, H -- Liebundguth, N -- Lockhart, D J -- Lucau-Danila, A -- Lussier, M -- M'Rabet, N -- Menard, P -- Mittmann, M -- Pai, C -- Rebischung, C -- Revuelta, J L -- Riles, L -- Roberts, C J -- Ross-MacDonald, P -- Scherens, B -- Snyder, M -- Sookhai-Mahadeo, S -- Storms, R K -- Veronneau, S -- Voet, M -- Volckaert, G -- Ward, T R -- Wysocki, R -- Yen, G S -- Yu, K -- Zimmermann, K -- Philippsen, P -- Johnston, M -- Davis, R W -- HG00185-02/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG01627/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG01633/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 6;285(5429):901-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10436161" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Culture Media ; *Gene Deletion ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Gene Targeting ; *Genes, Essential ; Genes, Fungal ; *Genome, Fungal ; *Open Reading Frames ; Phenotype ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Recombination, Genetic ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1999-11-13
    Description: In sexual transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus, and early and later stages of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection, both viruses were found to replicate predominantly in CD4(+) T cells at the portal of entry and in lymphoid tissues. Infection was propagated not only in activated and proliferating T cells but also, surprisingly, in resting T cells. The infected proliferating cells correspond to the short-lived population that produces the bulk of HIV-1. Most of the HIV-1-infected resting T cells persisted after antiretroviral therapy. Latently and chronically infected cells that may be derived from this population pose challenges to eradicating infection and developing an effective vaccine.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Z -- Schuler, T -- Zupancic, M -- Wietgrefe, S -- Staskus, K A -- Reimann, K A -- Reinhart, T A -- Rogan, M -- Cavert, W -- Miller, C J -- Veazey, R S -- Notermans, D -- Little, S -- Danner, S A -- Richman, D D -- Havlir, D -- Wong, J -- Jordan, H L -- Schacker, T W -- Racz, P -- Tenner-Racz, K -- Letvin, N L -- Wolinsky, S -- Haase, A T -- AI 28246/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 38565/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR 00168/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 12;286(5443):1353-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10558989" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology/*virology ; Cell Cycle ; Cervix Uteri/virology ; Epithelial Cells/virology ; Female ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/*transmission/virology ; HIV-1/*physiology ; Lymph Nodes/virology ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Macaca mulatta ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*transmission/virology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/*physiology ; Time Factors ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1999-10-26
    Description: Cerebral deposition of amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) is an early and critical feature of Alzheimer's disease. Abeta generation depends on proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by two unknown proteases: beta-secretase and gamma-secretase. These proteases are prime therapeutic targets. A transmembrane aspartic protease with all the known characteristics of beta-secretase was cloned and characterized. Overexpression of this protease, termed BACE (for beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme) increased the amount of beta-secretase cleavage products, and these were cleaved exactly and only at known beta-secretase positions. Antisense inhibition of endogenous BACE messenger RNA decreased the amount of beta-secretase cleavage products, and purified BACE protein cleaved APP-derived substrates with the same sequence specificity as beta-secretase. Finally, the expression pattern and subcellular localization of BACE were consistent with that expected for beta-secretase. Future development of BACE inhibitors may prove beneficial for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vassar, R -- Bennett, B D -- Babu-Khan, S -- Kahn, S -- Mendiaz, E A -- Denis, P -- Teplow, D B -- Ross, S -- Amarante, P -- Loeloff, R -- Luo, Y -- Fisher, S -- Fuller, J -- Edenson, S -- Lile, J -- Jarosinski, M A -- Biere, A L -- Curran, E -- Burgess, T -- Louis, J C -- Collins, F -- Treanor, J -- Rogers, G -- Citron, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 22;286(5440):735-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, M/S 29-2-B, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10531052" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy/*enzymology ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*biosynthesis ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/*metabolism ; Animals ; Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/chemistry/genetics/*isolation & ; purification/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Brain/enzymology/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular ; Endopeptidases ; Endosomes/enzymology ; Gene Expression ; Gene Library ; Golgi Apparatus/enzymology ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology ; Peptides/metabolism ; Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1999-01-23
    Description: Light gap disturbances have been postulated to play a major role in maintaining tree diversity in species-rich tropical forests. This hypothesis was tested in more than 1200 gaps in a tropical forest in Panama over a 13-year period. Gaps increased seedling establishment and sapling densities, but this effect was nonspecific and broad-spectrum, and species richness per stem was identical in gaps and in nongap control sites. Spatial and temporal variation in the gap disturbance regime did not explain variation in species richness. The species composition of gaps was unpredictable even for pioneer tree species. Strong recruitment limitation appears to decouple the gap disturbance regime from control of tree diversity in this tropical forest.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hubbell -- Foster -- O'Brien -- Harms -- Condit -- Wechsler -- Wright -- de Lao SL -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 22;283(5401):554-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉S. P. Hubbell, S. T. O'Brien, B. Wechsler, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. R. B. Foster, K. E. Harms, R. Condit, S. J. Wright, S. Loo de Lao, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Post.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9915706" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1999-02-19
    Description: Dome growth at the Soufriere Hills volcano (1996 to 1998) was frequently accompanied by repetitive cycles of earthquakes, ground deformation, degassing, and explosive eruptions. The cycles reflected unsteady conduit flow of volatile-charged magma resulting from gas exsolution, rheological stiffening, and pressurization. The cycles, over hours to days, initiated when degassed stiff magma retarded flow in the upper conduit. Conduit pressure built with gas exsolution, causing shallow seismicity and edifice inflation. Magma and gas were then expelled and the edifice deflated. The repeat time-scale is controlled by magma ascent rates, degassing, and microlite crystallization kinetics. Cyclic behavior allows short-term forecasting of timing, and of eruption style related to explosivity potential.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Voight -- Sparks -- Miller -- Stewart -- Hoblitt -- Clarke -- Ewart -- Aspinall -- Baptie -- Calder -- Cole -- Druitt -- Hartford -- Herd -- Jackson -- Lejeune -- Lockhart -- Loughlin -- Luckett -- Lynch -- Norton -- Robertson -- Watson -- Watts -- Young -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 19;283(5405):1138-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Montserrat Volcano Observatory, Montserrat, British West Indies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10024234" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: Motilin is a 22-amino acid peptide hormone expressed throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of humans and other species. It affects gastric motility by stimulating interdigestive antrum and duodenal contractions. A heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor for motilin was isolated from human stomach, and its amino acid sequence was found to be 52 percent identical to the human receptor for growth hormone secretagogues. The macrolide antibiotic erythromycin also interacted with the cloned motilin receptor, providing a molecular basis for its effects on the human GI tract. The motilin receptor is expressed in enteric neurons of the human duodenum and colon. Development of motilin receptor agonists and antagonists may be useful in the treatment of multiple disorders of GI motility.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Feighner, S D -- Tan, C P -- McKee, K K -- Palyha, O C -- Hreniuk, D L -- Pong, S S -- Austin, C P -- Figueroa, D -- MacNeil, D -- Cascieri, M A -- Nargund, R -- Bakshi, R -- Abramovitz, M -- Stocco, R -- Kargman, S -- O'Neill, G -- Van Der Ploeg, L H -- Evans, J -- Patchett, A A -- Smith, R G -- Howard, A D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2184-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Building RY-80Y-265, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381885" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alternative Splicing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13 ; Cloning, Molecular ; Colon/*metabolism ; Erythromycin/metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Intestine, Small/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Motilin/analogs & derivatives/*metabolism ; Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone/*chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Neuropeptide/*chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Stomach/*metabolism ; Thyroid Gland/metabolism ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 7
  • 8
    Publication Date: 1999-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0021-924X
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-2651
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 110 (1999), S. 12070-12081 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Time-resolved pump–probe spectra of 1,1′,3,3,3′,3′-hexamethyl-4,4′,5,5′-dibenzo-2,2′indotricarbocyanine (HDITC), a cyanine dye, in ethylene glycol are obtained using 11 fs and 90 fs duration pulses and analyzed in order to study its potential energy surfaces and vibrational dynamics. Ten oscillatory frequencies ranging from 30 cm−1 to 1400 cm−1 are observed in the 11 fs duration wavelength-resolved pump–probe measurements. They are assigned as fundamental vibrational frequencies of HDITC. The relative displacements of the equilibrium position between electronic excited and ground states along the resolved ten vibrational modes are determined through the wavelength dependence of the oscillatory amplitude. After considering the contributions of the ten vibrational modes, it is found that most of the Stokes shift and the early fast decays of the pump–probe signals are due to relaxation along the low frequency overdamped modes of the chromophore. The overdamped modes are characterized by the 90 fs pump–probe signals with the excitation at the red edge of the absorption band. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 110 (1999), S. 5578-5588 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Energy dependent studies of the collisional relaxation of highly vibrationally excited pyrazine through collisions with CO2 were performed for initial pyrazine energies Evib=31 000–35 000 cm−1. These studies are presented along with earlier results for pyrazine with Evib=36 000–41 000 cm−1. High-resolution transient IR laser absorption of individual CO2 (0000) rotational states (J=56–80) was used to investigate the magnitude and partitioning of energy gain into CO2 rotation and translation, which comprises the high energy tail of the energy transfer distribution function. Highly vibrationally excited pyrazine was prepared by absorption of pulsed UV light at seven wavelengths in the range λ=281–324 nm, followed by radiationless decay to pyrazine's ground electronic state. Nascent CO2 (0000) rotational populations were measured for each UV excitation wavelength and distributions of nascent recoil velocities for individual rotational states of CO2 (0000) were obtained from Doppler-broadened transient linewidth measurements. Measurements of energy transfer rate constants at each UV wavelength yield energy-dependent probabilities for collisions involving large ΔE values. These results reveal that the magnitude of large ΔE collisional energy gain in CO2 (0000) is fairly insensitive to the amount of vibrational energy in pyrazine for Evib=31 000–35 000 cm−1. A comparison with earlier studies on pyrazine with Evib=36 000–41 000 cm−1 indicates that the V→RT energy transfer increases both in magnitude and probability for Evib〉36 000 cm−1. Implications of incomplete intramolecular vibrational relaxation, electronic state coupling, and isomerization barriers are discussed in light of these results. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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