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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of the characteristics of rough bed turbulent shear stresses in an open channel (1997)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 193-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Turbulence ; sediment ; fluvial ; river ; bursting process ; statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Entrainment of sediment particles from channel beds into the channel flow is influenced by the characteristics of the flow turbulence which produces stochastic shear stress fluctuations at the bed. Recent studies of the structure of turbulent flow has recognized the importance of bursting processes as important mechanisms for the transfer of momentum into the laminar boundary layer. Of these processes, the sweep event has been recognized as the most important bursting event for entrainment of sediment particles as it imposes forces in the direction of the flow resulting in movement of particles by rolling, sliding and occasionally saltating. Similarly, the ejection event has been recognized as important for sediment transport since these events maintain the sediment particles in suspension. In this study, the characteristics of bursting processes and, in particular, the sweep event were investigated in a flume with a rough bed. The instantaneous velocity fluctuations of the flow were measured in two-dimensions using a small electromagnetic velocity meter and the turbulent shear stresses were determined from these velocity fluctuations. It was found that the shear stress applied to the sediment particles on the bed resulting from sweep events depends on the magnitude of the turbulent shear stress and its probability distribution. A statistical analysis of the experimental data was undertaken and it was found necessary to apply a Box-Cox transformation to transform the data into a normally distributed sample. This enabled determination of the mean shear stress, angle of action and standard error of estimate for sweep and ejection events. These instantaneous shear stresses were found to be greater than the mean flow shear stress and for the sweep event to be approximately 40 percent greater near the channel bed. Results from this analysis suggest that the critical shear stress determined from Shield's diagram is not sufficient to predict the initiation of motion due to its use of the temporal mean shear stress. It is suggested that initiation of particle motion, but not continuous motion, can occur earlier than suggested by Shield's diagram due to the higher shear stresses imposed on the particles by the stochastic shear stresses resulting from turbulence within the flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02427915
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The selectivity of a sequential extraction procedure for the determination of iron oxyhydroxides andiron sulfides in lake sediments (1991)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 14 (1991), S. 193-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: iron oxyhydroxide ; pyrite ; sediment ; sequential extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A popular sequential extraction procedure (Tessier et al. 1979) designed t o extract metals partitioned in various sediment phases, was evaluated for its selectivity. Amorphous FeOOH, FeS, and FeS2 were added separately to natural lake sediments and sequentially extracted. The selectivity of the sequential procedure for the added solid phases was evaluated by determining the difference in the mass of Fe extracted from treated and control sediments. In the experiments where sulfide minerals were added, total S was measured in the residual solids in order to confirm selectivity of the method. Concentrations of total carbon remaining in the solid phase after each extraction step were also measured to determine the selectivity of the sequential procedure for carbon. The procedure was moderately selective for Fe added as FeOOH; a mean of 77 ± 12% (p 〈 0.05) of the Fe added was extracted in the step designed to reduce Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides. In experiments where FeS was added, a mean of 69 ± 11% (p 〈 0.05) of the Fe added as FeS was extracted in the fraction designed to oxidize sulfides and organic matter. Approximately 25% of the Fe added as FeS may have been extracted prematurely. Although less precise, total S analyses confirmed that much of the FeS was extracted in the oxidation step, yielding 104 ± 87% (p 〈 0.05) of the S added as FeS. The procedure was highly selective for FeS2; 92 ± 14% (p 〈 0.05) of the Fe added as pyrite was extracted in the sulfide extraction step. Extraction of 80 ± 54% (p 〈 0.05) of S added as pyrite confirmed that FeS2 were selectively extracted in the sulfide extraction step. Carbon in the sediments was also selectively extracted in the oxidation step (77 ± 2.4% of total C; p 〈 0.05). The applications and limitations of sequential extraction procedures as limnological research tools are discussed in light of our results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000807
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contrasting two methods for determining trace metal partitioning in oxidized lake sediments (1992)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 17 (1992), S. 205-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: simultaneous extraction ; sediment ; trace metal partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A simultaneous (SIM) sediment extraction procedure for low carbonate sediments, which partitions sediment-bound trace metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cd) into easily reducible (associated with Mn oxides), reducible (associated with Fe oxides) and alkaline extracted (bound to organic) metal is presented. The SIM method was compared to the sequential (SEQ) extraction procedure of Tessier et al. (1979). Both methods showed good agreement for the partitioning of Zn and Cd among the easily reducible, reducible and organic components of sediment. Both methods also showed the same general distribution of Mn, Fe and Cu among the three sediment components, however concentrations of metals recovered by the two methods differed; less Mn and Fe and more Cu was recovered from sediments by the SEQ vs. the SIM procedure. Less recovery of Mn is in part attributed to the loss of this metal in the `in between' reagent rinses required in the SEQ procedure. Greater recovery of Cu by the SEQ vs. the SIM method may be due to the pretreatment of sediment with strong reducing agents prior to the step used for liberating organically bound metals. Advantages of a SIM over the SEQ include rapid sample processing time (i.e. the treatment of 40 samples per day vs. 40 samples in three days), plus minimal sample manipulation. Hence, for partitioning metals into easily reducible, reducible and organic sediment components in sediments low in carbonate, we recommend the use of a SIM extraction over that of a SEQ procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004042
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inorganic sulfur turnover in oligohaline estuarine sediments (1993)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 22 (1993), S. 81-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: estuarine ; oligohaline ; sediment ; sulfate reduction ; sulfur ; sulfide oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inorganic sulfur turnover was examined in oligohaline (salinity 〈 2 g kg-1) Chesapeake Bay sediments during the summer. Cores incubated for 〈 3 hr exhibited higher sulfate reduction (SR) rates (13–58 mmol m-2 d-1) than those incubated for 3–8 hr (3–8 mmol m-2 d-1). SR rates (determined with35SO 4 2- ) increased with depth over the top few cm to a maximum at 5 cm, just beneath the boundary between brown and black sediment. SR rates decreased below 5 cm, probably due to sulfate limitation (sulfate 〈 25 μM). Kinetic experiments yielded an apparent half-saturating sulfate concentration (Ks) of 34 μM, ≈ 20-fold lower than that determined for sediments from the mesohaline region of the estuary. Sulfate loss from water overlying intact cores, predicted on the basis of measured SR rates, was not observed over a 28-hr incubation period. Reduction of35SO 4 2- during diffusion experiments with intact core segments from 0–4 and 5–9 cm horizons was less than predicted by non-steady state diagenetic models based on35SO 4 2- reduction in whole core injection experiments. The results indicate that net sulfate flux into sediments was an order of magnitude lower than the gross sulfur turnover rate. Solid phase reduced inorganic sulfur concentrations were only 2–3 times less than those in sediments from the mesohaline region of the Bay, despite the fact that oligohaline bottom water sulfate concentrations were 10-fold lower. Our results demonstrate the potential for rapid SR in low salinity estuarine sediments, which are inhabited by sulfate-reducing bacteria with a high affinity for sulfate, and in which sulfide oxidation processes replenish the pore water sulfate pool on a time scale of hours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002706
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Voltammetric and Spectroscopic Determination of Toxic Metals in Sediments and Sea Water of Salerno Gulf (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 58 (1999), S. 23-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: heavy metal ; sea water ; sediment ; spectroscopy ; voltammetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this present work the distribution of heavy metals in sea water and sediments of the Salerno Gulf is measured. The elements determined were Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn and Hg, employing, as instrumental techniques, either differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). A comparison of the results of the two analytical techniques is also made. Mercury determination was carried out employing the cold vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS) technique, with SnCl2 as the reducing agent. The sample digestion was performed by a new procedure using concentrated suprapure H2SO4–K2Cr2O7 mixture. The accuracy and precision of the analytical procedure were evaluated employing Sea Water BCR-CRM 403 and Estuarine Sediment BCR-CRM 277 as reference materials. Accuracy, expressed as relative error e and precision, expressed as relative standard deviation sr, were in order of 2 to 5%. For both matrices, the detection limits, for all the elements, were in the range μg g-1 to ng g-1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006078927576
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lead in Soil and Sediment in Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada, and Links with Human Health (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 63 (2000), S. 329-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: bioavailable ; lead ; sediment ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This study determined the spatial distribution of soiland of sediment-associated lead in Iqaluit, Nunavut.Samples were collected from the following areas:outside the built-up area of the town to reflectbackground concentrations; known or potential pointsources of lead, such as the Upper Base, the SylviaGrinnell Dump and the Metal Dump (North 40); andresidential and commercial areas of Iqaluit and Apex,a satellite community. In the laboratory, the 〈63 μm sample fraction was analyzed for total lead andbioavailable lead, estimated by non-residual acidextractable lead content. The research findings revealthat elevated levels of bioavailable lead are presentin the study area. Total lead concentrations generallydo not exceed environmental guidelines. However, leadconcentrations in the Sylvia Grinnell Dump, and Apexand Iqaluit grid areas exceed health-based guidelines.The research concludes that there is not a serioushealth hazard posed by lead levels in the soil andsediment in the study area. However, severalenvironmental (elevated lead levels, bioavailableforms of lead and bare soil surfaces) and behaviouralfactors (vigorous and unsupervised play outside) maycreate a risk of lead exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006253529308
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 64 (2000), S. 409-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: monitoring ; assessment ; water ; sediment ; bioaccumulation ; toxicity ; pesticides ; mercury ; PCB
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006459605924
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mobilisation of Heavy Metals in Contaminated Sediments in the River Meuse, The Netherlands (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 567-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Complexation ; diffusion ; heavymetals ; mobilisation ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Due to seasonal variation in bottom-water temperature and degradation of organic matter, the depths of the redox boundaries fluctuate in sediments of the river Meuse. This is reflected by a non-steady state behaviour of heavy metals in the surface sediments. Levels of acid-volatile sulphides suggest that dissolved concentrations of heavy metals in the anoxic pore waters are determined by their respective sulphide phases. However, complexation with dissolved organic ligands may significantly increase dissolved concentrations of heavy metals. In most sediments studied, a distinct peak in dissolved concentrations of heavy metals is measured immediately below the sediment-water interface. This concentration peak may be attributed to degradation of organic matter and oxidation of sulphides. Dissolved concentration gradients indicate that upward diffusion of heavy metals from the sediment can contribute to concentrations in the surface water, although significant effects may be confined to specific locations. In addition, it is shown that release of heavy metals as dissolved species to the surface water is negligible compared to particulate-bound fluxes of heavy metals to the sediment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005146927718
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Speciation and Concentrations of Mercury in Certain Coastal Marine Sediments (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 103 (1998), S. 129-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: coastal pollution ; mercury ; methylation ; methyl mercury ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of total mercury (Hg), methyl Hg and Hg(II) were determined in coastal marine sediments collected from the Baltic, South China and the Bering Seas. Methyl Hg concentrations in sediments were between 0.01 and 2 ng g-1 on a dry weight basis, accounting for only 〈1% of the total Hg concentrations. The percentage of Hg(II) (i.e. available Hg) in total Hg was between 5 and 13 suggesting that most of the Hg in sediments was bound as HgS and/or Hg-humic complexes. Relatively larger proportion of methyl Hg was found in less polluted freshwater sediments than in marine sediments. Methyl Hg concentrations in marine sediments were not found to be correlated with total Hg and/or Hg (II) concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004967112178
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Sediment Preservation on Total Mercury and Methylmercury Analyses (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 107 (1998), S. 277-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: freezing ; lyophilisation ; mercury ; methylmercury ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Estuarine and riverine sediments from fourlocations showing different sediment structures wereanalysed as fresh, thawed and lyophilised samples fortotal mercury (TotHg) and methylmercury (MeHg)concentrations, and results were compared to addresseffects of sample preservation on Hg speciation. TotHg was measured by cold vapour atomic absorptionspectrometry (CVAAS). MeHg was isolated bydistillation and ion-exchange and analysed by coldvapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVAFS) afterpreconcentration on a gold trap. No loss of TotHg norMeHg due to lyophilisation was found. Concentrationsof TotHg and MeHg respectively ranged from 92 to 267ng g-1 dw and 1.1 to 2.9 ng g-1 dw in freshsamples, from 94 to 215 ng g-1 dw and 1.1 to 2.8ng g-1 dw in thawed samples, and from 100 to 256ng g-1 dw and 1.2 to 3.1 ng g-1 dw inlyophilised samples. Lyophilised samples showedbetter homogeneity and better MeHg analysisreproducibility compared with wet samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019886606856
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal Pollution by Old Lead-Zinc Mines in Urumea River Valley (Basque Country, Spain). Soil, Biota and Sediment (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 107 (1998), S. 303-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: base metal mining ; biota ; metal pollution ; sediment ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Soil, aquatic biota (moss: Brachythecium rivulare; aquatic macrophytes: Juncus effusus, Potamogeton crispus; fish: Salmo trutta fario, Anguilla anguilla, Phoxinus phoxinus, Chelon labrosus) and sediment samples from the Urumea river valley were analysed for metals by acid digestion and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The sediments show the presence of metal pollution (Cd: 2.5–24 mg kg-1; Pb: 125–1,150 mg kg-1; Zn: 125–2,500 mg kg-1) because mining and industrial wastes. A selective retention of dense minerals in dam sediments contributes to the load of metal, but interstitial water analysis (Cd: 〈0.02–0.1 mg L-1; Pb: 0.3–1.0 mg L-1; Zn: 〈0.05–0.6 mg L-1) shows that precipitation equilibrium controls their mobilisation. Biota samples show evidence of metal accumulation, moss reaching 1,100 mg kg-1 in lead and 6,800 mg kg-1 in zinc. Soil from the valley is polluted by both, river carried material and industrial sources (Cd: 1.0–4.0 mg kg-1; Pb: 26–1,120 mg kg-1; Zn: 105–1,390 mg kg-1/math〉), but they are used, indistinctly, for farming and pasture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004925922786
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biogeochemistry of Iron and Sulfur in Sediments of an Acidic Mining Lake in Lusatia, Germany (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 108 (1998), S. 231-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bacterial sulfate reduction ; iron reduction ; sediment ; pore-water chemistry ; acidic mining lake ; stable sulfur isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Chemical, microbiological and stable isotope analyses of sediments from an acidic mining lake were used to evaluate whether biogeochemical processes, such as iron and sulfate reduction, are extant, because such processes can potentially generate alkalinity. Sediment cores were sliced in cm intervals to achieve a high resolution for spatial distribution of organic and inorganic components. Iron, sulfur, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus as well as the most probable number (MPN) of iron reducing bacteria, the amount of lipid phosphate and the stable isotope compositions of various sedimentary sulfur compounds were measured. Accumulation of degradable organic material, reduced mass fractions of iron, enhanced concentrations of lipid phosphate, high concentrations of DOC and ferrous iron in the pore water and a drastic change of sulfur isotope ratios in the upper 3 cm of the sediment all indicated a highly reactive zone of biogeochemical transformations. The data provide clear evidence for iron and sulfate reducing processes in the sediments that result in an increase of pH with depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005195617195
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms in the Sediment of an Eutrophic Mining Lake (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 108 (1998), S. 341-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mining lake ; sediment ; phosphorus release ; phosphorus fractionation ; eutrophication ; phosphorus retention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A small, highly eutrophic mining lake (Golpa IV) in eastern Germany with a continuous input of nutrients and metals was used to study the mechanisms of phosphorus (P) fixation in the sediment. The sediment (0-15 cm) is characterised by high contents of iron (96 mg g-1 DW), aluminium (37.3 mg g-1 DW) and sulphur (54.3 mg g-1 DW) and an extreme accumulation of some trace metals. Despite oxygen free conditions in the hypolimnion and intensive sulphate reduction in the sediment, high P retention rates could be calculated from dated sediment cores (1986-1995: 11 g P m-2 a-1). The lake has shown a rapid response to reduction of P loading. In some sediment layers unusually high total sediment P concentrations with more than 24 mg P g-1 DW were observed. More than 80% of total sediment P was bound in the BD-SRP and NaOH-SRP fractions (extraction scheme according to Psenner et al., 1984) which indicates that a substantial portion of deposited P is immobilised in an Fe or Al bound form. This corresponds well with the presence of oxidised Fe species at all sediment depths. Furthermore thermodynamic calculations indicate that vivianite precipitation is favourable in deeper anoxic sediment layers. The inventory or input of Fe or Al seems to be more important for the permanent P immobilisation in the sediment of the investigated mining lake than redox forced mobilisation processes (e.g. iron or sulphate reduction).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005130002600
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Runoff and Sediment Attenuation by Undisturbed and Lightly Disturbed Forest Buffers (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 122 (2000), S. 121-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Soil erosion ; sediment ; water pollution ; forestry ; logging ; buffer strips
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A runoff plot experiment found that ten metre undisturbed forest buffers removed80–90% of runoff and over 95% of sediment produced by logging skid tracks. The study was carried out on 21º slopes in a native forest in eastern New South Wales, Australia. The experiment included three replicates of four treatments including undisturbed control, skid track, skid track + undisturbed buffer and skid track + disturbed buffer. Skid track and control plots were 20 m long by 5 m wide. Buffer plots consisted of a 20 m by 5 m skid track directing runoff to a 10 m by 5 m naturally vegetated buffer that was either undisturbed or lightly disturbed. Runoff and sediment yields from plots were monitored over two successive summers. Undisturbed buffers greatly reduced overland flow and decreased sediment yields from around 100 Mg ha1 to less than 0.5 Mg ha-1. Differences in both runoff and sediment yield between undisturbed buffer and control treatments were minimal and not statistically significant. Disturbed buffers achieved similarly large reductions in runoff and sediment yield in two out of three replicates. The third replicate yielded as much or more runoff and sediment than the skid track plots suggesting that disturbance increased the risk of buffer failure. The peak rate of outflow from buffer plots was generally not related to peak buffer inflow until a threshold inflow of 1.6 L s-1 was reached, after which peak outflow and peak inflow were linearly related.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005283403178
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Speciation of As(III) and As(V) in some Ghanaian Gold Tailings by a Simple Distillation Method (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 122 (2000), S. 317-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: arsenic ; distillation ; gold tailing ; neutron activation analysis ; sediment ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract As(III) and As(V) in goldtailings and river-bedsediments from Obuasi were determined by distillationof arsenic as AsCl3. Results yielded 3750±426 mg kg-1 (45.2%) for As(V) and 3050±66 mg kg-1 (36.7%) for As(III) in the tailings. In the river-bed sediments, one spot yielded: As(III) 0 mg kg-1 (0%) and As(V) 1447±51 mg kg-1 (100%), whilst a second spot yielded: As(III) 0 mg kg-1 (0%) and As(V) 2976±51 mg kg-1 (100%). Using arsenic oxide standards, the recovery of As(III) and As(V) in the trioxide were 94.8 and 0.6% respectively. In a mixture of the two oxides, the recovery of As(III) was 87.6% with practically no interference from As(V). Total As content of the tailings was determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA) to be 8305±75 mg kg-1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005286832435
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CONTROLS ON SELENIUM DISTRIBUTION IN WETLAND SEDIMENT, BENTON LAKE, MONTANA (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 323-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: carbon ; management ; sediment ; selenium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of selenium in sediment in Benton Lake is mainly controlled by the location of the dissolved selenium inputs. Selenium concentrations in sediment decrease along flow paths downgradient within the wetland system. Construction in 1961 of a pump station to increase water supply and dikes to facilitate water management, along with current water management, has increased the rate of selenium accumulation in sediments as compared to the pre–1961 natural lake. Agricultural practices (alternate crop/fallow rotation) in the non-irrigated farm land of the seleniferous Benton Lake basin also have increased selenium loading to Benton Lake. Carbon content is an important factor affecting selenium distribution in sediment but this relationship is greatly affected by dissolved selenium inputs. Amelioration of selenium contamination in Benton Lake will require a combination of land and water management modifications. Within the wetland system, minimizing the duration of inlet-perennial ponds would minimize selenium accumulation and increase the life of the refuge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026424530399
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variations of Bed Surface Sediment Size in a Channel Bend (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: channel ; bend ; sediment ; size ; gradation ; sorting ; bed ; topography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Variations of sediment size and its gradation of the bed surface layer in a channel bend with nonuniform sediment are investigated experimentally. Four groups of sediment with the same initial median diameter (D0) but different initial size gradation (σ0) have been used for experiments which were run until the equilibrium bed topography was achieved. Analyses of experimental data have yielded the following results: (1) The time of equilibrium for bed evolution decreases as σ0 increases; (2) the median size of sediment (D) for a given section in the bend increases with increasing distance from the inner bank towards the outer bank, and it also increases with increasing σ0; (3) the value of D/D0 along the inner bank decreases with increasing σ0, and it also shows a gradual decrease in the upper half of the bend and a slight recovery in the lower half; and (5) the transverse variation of σ value exhibits a general trend increasing from the inner bank towards the outer bank.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018372029704
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    Sorption Kinetics and Transformation of DDT in Sediment (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: DDT ; kinetic ; organic pollutant ; sediment ; sorption ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The overall objective of this study was to investigate the sorption kinetics of DDT in sediment under similar experimental conditions employed in corresponding toxicity studies for bentic organisms. A batch of aerated Schoonrewoerdse Wiel sediment, initially spiked with DDT, was sampled over a period of seven days. Concentrations of DDT, DDD and DDE were determined in both the solid and the solution phase in the sediment/water system after separation by centrifugation. It was found that the extractable amount of DDT decreased with increasing contact time. This can partly be explained in terms of transformation of DDT into DDD. Furthermore, the present applied extraction procedure seems to be less effective with increasing contact time, indicating an increase in binding strength of DDT with the sediment material. Finally, on the basis of DDT, DDE and DDD concentrations in both the solid phase and the solution phase, partition coefficients were calculated, which appeared to be independent of the contact time. This points at a very rapid equilibrating between DDT in pore water and in the extractable forms adsorbed at the solid phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005087429581
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    Heavy Metal Concentration in Surficial Sediments from Anzali Wetland, Iran (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 104 (1998), S. 305-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; sediment ; analysis ; Anzali wetland ; Iran
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and Ni were determined in surficial sediments from eleven sampling sites in Anzali wetland. Four different methods were tested to choose the most efficient procedure for determination of the metals. The measurement of the metal levels were performed using atomic absorption spectroscopy. In order to interpret analytical results, several statistical methods were applied. There were statistically significant differences among the accumulation of the metals in sediments, while differences were not be observed among the seasons. Sampling site eight showed the lowest similarity compared to others. Kurtzfassung. Gehalte an Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn und Ni wurden in den oberflächliche sedimenten von elf probestellen aus der Anzali Lagune gemessen. Vier verschiedene Methoden Wurden untersucht um das leistungsfähigste zu wählen. Die Messungen wurden mittles flammen-AAS vorgenommen. Zur Interpretation der Ergebnisse, mehrere statistische Methoden wurden angewendet. Es gab allgemein statistische Signifikanz Unterschiede zwischen der Akkumulation der Metalle in Sedimente. Beträchtliche Unterschiede zwischen den Jahrezeiten Konnten dagegen nicht festgestellt werden. Die Probestelle acht wies die geringste Ähnlichkeit mit den anderen auf.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004975925275
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  • 20
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    Use of Enrichment, and Contamination Factors Together with Geoaccumulation Indexes to Evaluate the Content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik Water Reservoir in Poland (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 347-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: reservoir of heated water ; contamination ; cadmium ; copper ; nickel ; sediment ; water ; enrichment factor ; geoaccumulation index ; contamination factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the contamination degree of the Rybnik Reservoir with cadmium, copper andnickel was analyzed. Quality of the water from the reservoir was determined by drawingcomparisons between the metal content in the water and both the officially permitted levels(contamination factor) and levels of metals occurring in the water of non-contaminated areas(enrichment factor). Contamination of bottom sediment with chosen metals was analyzed withreference to the metal content in mudstone (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor,contamination factor). Trends towards changing the metal content in the bottom sediment wasanalyzed by determining the enrichment factor of the surface layer of the bottom sediments inrelation to a deeper layer. Enrichment of the bottom sediments with metals coming from the waterwas also determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022121615949
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  • 21
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    Environmental Implications of Magnetic Measurements on Recent Sediments from Lake Donghu, Wuhan (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 187-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: environment ; industrial pollution ; lake ; magnetic measurements ; metals ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mineral magnetic measurements have been made on three sediment cores from Lake Donghu, Wuhan, which reveal evidence for changes in magnetic properties of the sediments. It is suggested that the recent lake sediment profiles contain deposited magnetic minerals and atmospherically derived fly ash from industrial processes. In the cores, the record of ‘magnetite’ deposition shows that the environment of the lake has been affected by heavy industrial processes in intensity and range beginning from the 1950's onwards and remaining relatively uniform in the last decades. In Core I the record of ‘hematite’ deposition parallels that for influence of urban waste water input.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026496904708
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  • 22
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    The Effect of Flocculation on the Size Distributions of Bottom Sediment in Coastal Inlets: Implications for Contaminant Transport (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 33-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; aggregation ; flocculation ; grain size ; sediment ; trace metal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Grain size is the most basic of classification criteria for sediments. The size distribution of a given sediment records the physical transport processes involved in its formation. By using precise grain size analysis and the model of Kranck et al. (1996a,b), it is possible to break down a sediment into the three major components from which it was formed: material deposited as flocs, material deposited as single grains from suspension, and material carried under higher energy conditions. With this method, both the amount of material deposited in a flocculated state and the maximum size, or floc limit, of the particles composing the floc can be determined. Changes in floc limit indicate changes in the aggregation dynamics of the system. As most trace metals and many other contaminants associate closely with the fine particle fraction of sediments, it is important to determine both the areal distribution and reworking history of the floc settled portion of a sediment. This paper discusses the application of the method to coastal inlets in Atlantic Canada and examines the relationship between proportion of floc-settled material and trace metal concentrations. Disaggregated inorganic grain size distributions are also used to illustrate changes in the aggregation dynamics in areas of intense aquaculture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018307710140
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  • 23
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    The effect of flocculation on the size distributions of bottom sediment in coastal inlets: Implications for contaminant transport (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 33-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; aggregation ; flocculation ; grain size ; sediment ; trace metal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Grain size is the most basic of classification criteria for sediments. The size distribution of a given sediment records the physical transport processes involved in its formation. By using precise grain size analysis and the model of Kranck et al. (1996a,b), it is possible to break down a sediment into the three major components from which it was formed: material deposited as flocs, material deposited as single grains from suspension, and material carried under higher energy conditions. With this method, both the amount of material deposited in a flocculated state and the maximum size, or floc limit, of the particles composing the floc can be determined. Changes in floc limit indicate changes in the aggregation dynamics of the system. As most trace metals and many other contaminants associate closely with the fine particle fraction of sediments, it is important to determine both the areal distribution and reworking history of the floc settled portion of a sediment. This paper discusses the application of the method to coastal inlets in Atlantic Canada and examines the relationship between proportion of floc-settled material and trace metal concentrations. Disaggregated inorganic grain size distributions are also used to illustrate changes in the aggregation dynamics in areas of intense aquaculture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406842
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    PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in lake orta (Northern Italy) sediments (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 245-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: PCB ; organochlorine pesticide ; sediment ; organic carbon content ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract PCB congeners and organochlorine pesticides (DDT, lindane and HCB) distribution were studied in Lake Orta sediments. The results indicated a contaminated area in the nor-them part of the sub-basin. The observed high levels of organochlorine compounds (OCs) may he explained by the focusing phenomenon, ie. the preferential transport of lighter and smaller particles from the emission sources to this area. The PCBs and DDT values were correlated with the organic carbon content and the heavy metal contamination. The toxicity of the sediment samples was related also to PCB content. PCBs and OCs pollution of Lake Orta was of the same order of magnitude as in Lake Como, which is the most contamined lake in Northern Italy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406864
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  • 25
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    Sediment accumulation of nutrients (N, P) in the eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 477-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; organic matter ; cluster analysis ; Gulf of Finland ; estuaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Dry weight (DW), ignition loss (IL) and concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of the sediment surface layer (0 to 10 cm, 1 cm slices) were analyzed from 20 sites in the eastern Gulf of Finland. The distance of the sampling sites from the mouth of the River Neva explained the nutrient concentrations of the sediments well, while the effect of water depth was negligible. The increase of TN and the decrease of TP along the transect from the river mouth towards the open Gulf were caused by the diminishing share of allochthonous material supplied from the River Neva. The mean TN concentration of the different accumulation areas was about 40 % higher in the sediment surface than in the deeper layer (9 to 10 cm). The corresponding difference for TP varied from 53 to 56 %. The results suggest considerable netflux of nutrients from sediment to water. The net sediment accumulation of nutrients were estimated as 6.0 g m−2 a−1 of N and 1.7 g m−2 a−1 of P corresponding 22 000 t a− of N and 6 100 t a−1 of P for the whole eastern Gulf.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406887
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  • 26
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    Water-sediment exchange of nutrients during early diagenesis and resuspension of anoxic sediments from the Northern Adriatic Sea shelf (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 541-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Diagenesis ; resuspension ; sediment ; pore-water ; marine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the results of a study on nutrient exchange at the sediment-water interface which is caused by early diagenesis and resuspension of bottom sediments. The research was carried out on anoxic silty-clay sediment cores collected south of the Po river delta (Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy) in late summer. The early diagenetic processes were investigated by means of the integrated study of pore-water chemistry and solid phase composition. Exchange at the sediment-water interface was studied by comparing the fluxes measured in incubated cores with the fluxes calculated by modelling pore-water profiles. Nutrient exchange during resuspension was analysed by simulating a storm event in the laboratory. The high production of nutrients near the sediment-water interface is mainly caused by the anoxic degradation of organic matter and the successive reductions of Mn and Fe-oxyhydroxides and, to a lesser extent, of sulphate. The oxic degradation of organic matter occurs only at the sediment-water interface. In the incubation experiment the increases of phosphate, ammonia, nitrate, silica, and Fe in bottom waters were measured. The comparison between calculated and measured fluxes showed that: a) the fluxes are mainly controlled by molecular diffusion; b) phosphate and Fe sink because of the Fe-oxyhydroxide precipitation and nitrification process influences the ammonia and nitrate fluxes. Resuspension caused the release of: a) phosphate through surficial desorption and authigenic apatite dissolution; b) ammonia by means of the oxic degradation of organic matter; and c) dissolved silica generated by biogenic silica dissolution. Resuspension also caused a weak removal of Fe. The more oxic conditions following resuspension favoured the formation of a Fe-oxyhydroxide film at the sediment-water interface which inhibited the phosphate fluxes from sediments to the water column.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406894
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  • 27
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    A Critical Evaluation of Sample Pretreatment for Storage of Contaminated Sediments to be Investigated for the Potential Mobility of their Heavy Metal Load (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 103 (1998), S. 137-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; pretreatment ; sediment ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The identification of the geochemical forms of heavy metals in contaminated sediments gives information on their availability. This requires the use of a geochemical speciation procedure such as the one developed by Tessier et al. (1979). In addition to the imperfections of these protocols, their results can vary depending on the technique used for the preservation of sediments which must be suited to the materials studied and to particularities of the investigation. This study was carried out on superficial river sediments, seriously polluted by Cu, Cd and Pb. Compared to fresh sediment, none of the drying methods studied (freeze-drying, air-drying and oven-drying at 105 °C) completely preserve the distribution of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in the various geochemical fractions of the sediment. The modifications depend directly on the quantities of metals present in the various fractions of the sediment, the effects being more marked when the quantity is smallest. This results in a decrease in metals in the exchangeable fraction and in those bound to carbonates under the action of atmospheric oxygen and a corresponding increase in the other fractions. To minimize this, freeze-drying and air-drying are satisfactory techniques which enable preservation of sediments representative of the environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004952608950
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    Methyl Mercury Production and Distribution in River Water-Sediment Systems Investigated Through Radiochemical Techniques (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 124 (2000), S. 113-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioturbation ; freshwater systems ; methylation ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The toxicological consequences of Hg releases to the environment are largely governed by the conversion ofinorganic Hg to the most toxic methylmercury (MeHg), that is biomagnified through aquatic food chains. To gain further insight on the biological and physico-chemical factors controlling MeHg production and distribution among freshwater sediments and water, we used a sensitive and specific radiochemical procedure, developed at the National Institute for Minamata Disease. Systems containing 203Hg2+-spiked sediment cores (0.7 μg total Hg g-1 d.w.) and overlying water, both from a pristine mountain stream in Southern Japan, were incubated for 21–38 days in different conditions. Inorganic Hg and MeHg in sediment and water were extracted in dithizone-benzene and measured after separation by thin-layer chromatography. The conversion of added Hg to MeHg was 3.0 to 13.7% in sediments, with a tendency for higher proportions in the top layers. Surprisingly, more MeHg was found in the sediment (11.3%) and water (66.5%) of a system bubbled with air than in one bubbled with nitrogen (4.2 and 44.1%). Artificially increased levels ofbioturbation reduced by half the MeHg concentrationsand % of added total Hg in sediment and water. In allsystems, 55–68% of total Hg and MeHg in water wereassociated to suspended particles 〉1μm. MeHgbioaccumulation factors (BFs) from water ranged270–8100 and from sediment, 0.2–5.7 (wet weight basis). BFs in relation to water where 3 times higher for MeHg than for total Hg.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005206109083
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    Use of enrichment, and contamination factors together with geoaccumulation indexes to evaluate the content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik water reservoir in Poland (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 347-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: reservoir of heated water ; contamination ; cadmium ; copper ; nickel ; sediment ; water ; enrichment factor ; geoaccumulation index ; contamination factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the contamination degree of the Rybnik Reservoir with cadmium, copper and nickel was analyzed. Quality of the water from the reservoir was determined by drawing comparisons between the metal content in the water and both the officially permitted levels (contamination factor) and levels of metals occurring in the water of non-contaminated areas (enrichment factor). Contamination of bottom sediment with chosen metals was analyzed with reference to the metal content in mudstone (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, contamination factor). Trends towards changing the metal content in the bottom sediment was analyzed by determining the enrichment factor of the surface layer of the bottom sediments in relation to a deeper layer. Enrichment of the bottom sediments with metals coming from the water was also determined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404766
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    Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotope Fractionation in the Sediment of Lake Bled (Slovenia) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 315-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: lake ; sediment ; carbon ; nitrogen ; stable isotope ; fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Stable isotope composition of carbon and nitrogen in the sediment and pore water of a eutrophic freshwater lake was studied. Based on changes in the δ13C and δ15N values of dissolved components and sediment fraction, possible processes involved in the decomposition of sedimentary organic matter are outlined. The relative importance of acetate fermentation and CO2 reduction was estimated using known mathematical models, and ammonia assimilation by methanogenic bacteria is hypothesised to be the main process governing the isotope fractionation of dissolved nitrogen in pore water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018354415109
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    Factors Regulating the Flux of Phosphate at the Sediment - Water Interface of a Subtropical Calcareous Lake: a Simulation Study with Intact Sediment Cores (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 401-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: phosphorus ; P flux ; microbial activity ; redox ; simulation ; Lake Kinneret ; sediment ; accumulative P release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Different factors which interactively control the flux of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) at the sediment-water interface (SWI) of Lake Kinneret were studied seasonally. The influence of pH, Eh and microbial activity on SRP flux at the SWI was investigated by manipulating the conditions in the overlying water of intact sediment cores. The calculated diffusive SRP flux out of the sediment was lower in cores sampled during winter and spring than during the period of amixis. Potential SRP release, as measured in the absence of microbial activity, was strongly enhanced upon the transition from oxic to anoxic conditions indicating P release from iron(III)-bound phosphorus. In spring and summer cores, an enhanced SRP flux from sediments at pH 7 in comparison to pH 8 indicated P release from carbonate-bound P which sedimented previously as result of high pH values during the algal spring bloom. Microbial uptake at the SWI was the most important sink for SRP and no net-flux occured under oxic conditions. The higher net-flux of P under anoxic conditions was linked to carbon limitation of the bacteria at the SWI.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018335305539
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    Bottom sediments in a humic lake with artificially increased calcium content: sink or source for phosphorus? (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 457-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; phosphorus ; fractionation ; release ; humic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lake Flosek (north-eastern part of Poland) is a small shallow and without outflow lake which has been limed in 1970. The concentration of Ca was increased from 3-4 mg L-1 to 17 mg L-1 in the water and from 0.2-0.3% dry weight to 0.9-1.7% dry weight in sediments (5 cm upper layer) due to CaCO3 addition to the lake. In the spring-summer seasons of 1992 and 1993, an experimental study was conducted in Lake Flosek to assess the capacity of bottom sediments to uptake and release mineral phosphorus. The rate of phosphorus exchange between sediments and near-bottom water was experimentally measured under conditions of high (100%), and of reduced (10%) oxygen saturation in near-bottom water. To determine the component of sediments responsible for the uptake of most phosphorus, the proportions of phosphorus forms in sediments were analysed. Sediments of Lake Flosek showed a slight tendency to release phosphates. The rate of this process was similar under high (100%) and low (10%) oxygen saturations ranging from - 0.161 to + 0.200 mg P m-2 d-1. This is much lower (by 1-2 orders of magnitude) than reported from other harmonic, non-humic lakes. In the total phosphorus pool, the highest content of phosphorus was found in the organic and residual phosphorus fractions (over 70% of the total phosphorus in sediments). The largest part of the readily extractable phosphorus was found in the fraction bound to Al and humic substances (41%). Both these fractions determine a weak exchange of phosphorus between sediments and water. No difference in P-release related to P-fraction compound was found in the cores taken from three sites in the lake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018395524195
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    Sediment Accumulation of Nutrients (N, P) in the Eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 477-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; organic matter ; cluster analysis ; Gulf of Finland ; estuaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Dry weight (DW), ignition loss (IL) and concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of the sediment surface layer (0 to 10 cm, 1 cm slices) were analyzed from 20 sites in the eastern Gulf of Finland. The distance of the sampling sites from the mouth of the River Neva explained the nutrient concentrations of the sediments well, while the effect of water depth was negligible. The increase of TN and the decrease of TP along the transect from the river mouth towards the open Gulf were caused by the diminishing share of allochthonous material supplied from the River Neva. The mean TN concentration of the different accumulation areas was about 40 % higher in the sediment surface than in the deeper layer (9 to 10 cm). The corresponding difference for TP varied from 53 to 56 %. The results suggest considerable netflux of nutrients from sediment to water. The net sediment accumulation of nutrients were estimated as 6.0 g m-2 a-1 of N and 1.7 g m-2 a-1 of P corresponding 22 000 t a-1 of N and 6 100 t a-1 of P for the whole eastern Gulf.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018399625103
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    Remobilization of trace elements from polluted anoxic sediments after resuspension in oxic water (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 515-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; dredging ; trace metal ; nutrients ; bacteria ; reoxidation ; remobilization ; microbial processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Polluted sediments are periodically subjected to resuspension processes resulting from natural events (e.g. storms, strong waves) as well as from anthropogenically induced activities (e.g. dredging). The main part of the resuspended material is initially in an anoxic state and will be reoxidized more or less quickly in the oxic water column. In laboratory experiments reflecting, as far as possible, natural conditions (e.g. constant pH) the release of Cd, Cu and Zn during this reoxidation phase was investigated. Up to 2% of the particulate bound heavy metals were remobilized from the sediments. In addition the evolution of the concentrations of the anions PO4, SO4, NO3 and NH4 were measured to examine the influence of microbial processes on the release of trace elements. Cell counts and microbial activity of certain micro-organisms during the release processes were also investigated. The investigations illustrated that biological activity has a significant effect on release. In all sediment samples the release of cadmium was delayed in comparison with the other elements even in sediments from different river systems. The influence of different microbial processes on this divergent behavior was examined. The significance of dredging activities to the remobilization processes during reoxidation of anoxic sediments in the Elbe River is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018307926920
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    TOTAL MERCURY AND METHYLMERCURY IN SEDIMENTS AND IN THE POLYCHAETE NEREIS DIVERSICOLOR AT GROOT BUITENSCHOOR (SCHELDT ESTUARY, BELGIUM) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 109-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; methylmercury ; sediment ; polychaete ; Nereis diversicolor ; methylation ; bioaccumulation ; Scheldt estuary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were determined in sediments and in the polychaete worm Nereis diversicolor at 13 stations of a brackish water intertidal mudflat of the Scheldt estuary. Hg and MeHg concentrations in sediments ranged from 144 to 1192 ng g−1 dw and from 0.8 to 6 ng g−1 dw, respectively. Both Hg and MeHg concentrations increased with an increase of organic matter (OM) content and fine grain fraction. In contrast, Hg accumulation by N. diversicolor was significantly (p 〈 0.05) higher at stations with sandy sediments (mean value: 125 ng g−1 dw) than at stations with muddy sediments (mean value, 80 ng g−1), probably because Hg availability for bioaccumulation at muddy stations was reduced by high OM content of the muddy sediments. MeHg accounted for an average of 0.7% of the total Hg in sediments and 18% of the total Hg in N. diversicolor. Seasonal variations significantly affected Hg concentrations in sediments and MeHg in N. diversicolor. Total Hg concentrations in sediments were significantly (p 〈 0.05) higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer whereas MeHg concentrations were lowest in winter compared to the other seasons. On the other hand, total Hg concentrations in the worms were lowest in spring whereas MeHg concentrations were significantly (p 〈 0.01) higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026434629599
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    Assessing Benthic Impacts of Organic Enrichment from Marine Aquaculture (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 641-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fish farms ; fecal waste ; sediment ; geochemistry ; metabolism ; macrofauna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Benthic observations were carried out at 22 stations in the Western Isles region of the Bay of Fundy on the east coast of Canada to evaluate impacts at salmon aquaculture sites. Eleven sites were located under salmon net-pens and 11 sites (reference or control locations) were at distances 〉 50 m from net-pens. Total S- and redox potential (Eh) in surface sediment and benthic O2 uptake and CO2 release were sensitive indicators of benthic organic enrichment. High variability between replicate measurements of sediment gas exchange could reflect spatial patchiness in sedimentation of fecal waste and food pellets under fish pens. Biomass of deposit feeders was significantly increased at cage sites but total macrofauna biomass was similar at cage and reference locations. Surface sediment water content, modal grain size, pore water salinity and sulfate, and total biomass of macrofauna were the least sensitive indicators of enrichment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018332632372
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    The Distribution of PCB's and Chlorinated Pesticides in Two Connected Himalayan Lakes (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 717-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: chlorinated pesticides ; PCB ; sediment ; Himalayan lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract PCBs and organochlorine pesticides were determined in water, sediment and zooplankton of two Himalayan lakes, located at different altitudes and connected to each other in such a way that Superior Lake acts as a sedimentation basin for Inferior Lake. Surficial sediments of both lakes show PCB contamination comparable to lakes of industrialised areas. Biota appear to be the main machanism responsible for micropollutant burial in the sediments of Inferior Lake, whereas inorganic particles are more relevant in Superior Lake. Physical and chemical properties of individual chemicals, particularly Henry's law constant and Kow values, seem to regulate distribution in different environmental compartments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018301220077
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    Variations of bed surface sediment size in a channel bend (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: channel ; bend ; sediment ; size ; gradation ; sorting ; bed ; topography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Variations of sediment size and its gradation of the bed surface laver in a channel bend with nonuniform sediment are investigated experimentally. Four groups of sediment with the same initial median diameter (D o ) but different initial size gradation (σ o ) have been used for experiments which were run until the equilibrium bed topography was achieved. Analyses of experimental data have yielded the following results: (1) The time of equilibrium for bed evolution decreases asσ o increases: (2) the median size of sediment (D) for a given section in the bend increases with increasing distance from the inner bank towards the outer bank, and it also increases with increasingσ o ; (3) the value of D/D o along the inner bank decreases with increasingσ o , and it also shows a gradual decrease in the upper half of the bend and a slight recovery in the lower half, and (5) the transverse variation ofσ value exhibits a general trend increasing from the inner bank towards the outer bank.
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    Factors regulating the flux of phosphate at the sediment — water interface of a subtropical calcareous lake: A simulation study with intact sediment cores (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 401-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: phosphorus ; P flux ; microbial activity ; redox ; simulation ; Lake Kinneret ; sediment ; accumulative P release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Different factors which interactively control the flux of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) at the sediment water irterface (SWI) of Lake Kinneret were studied seasonally. The influence of pH, Eh and microbial activity on SRP flux at the SWI was investigated by manipulating the conditions in the overlying water of intact sediment cores. The calculated diffusive SRP flux out of the sediment was lower in cores sampled during winter and spring than during the period of amixis. Potential SRP release, as measured in the absence of microbial activity, was strongly enhanced upon the transition from oxic to anoxic conditions indicating P release from iron(III)-bound phosphorus. In spring and summer cores, an enhanced SRP flux from sediments at pH 7 in comparison to pH 8 indicated P release from carbonate-bound P which sedimented previously as result of high pH values during the algal spring bloom. Microbial uptake at the SWI was the most important sink for SRP and no net-flux occured under oxic conditions. The higher net-flux of P under anoxic conditions was linked to carbon limitation ofthe bacteria at the SWI.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406880
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  • 40
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    Bottom sediments in a humic lake with artificially increased calcium content: Sink or source for phosphorus? (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 457-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; phosphorus ; fractionation ; release ; humic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lake Flosek (north-eastern part of Poland) is a small shallow and without outflow lake which has been limed in 1970. The concentration of Ca was increased from 3–4 mg L−1 to 17 mg L−1 in the water and from 0.2–0.3% dry weight to 0.9–1.7% dry weight in sediments (5 cm upper layer) due to CaCO3 addition to the lake. In the spring-summer seasons of 1992 and 1993, an experimental study was conducted in Lake Flosek to assess the capacity of bottom sediments to uptake and release mineral phosphorus. The rate of phosphorus exchange between sediments and near-bottom water was experimentally measured under conditions of high (100%), and of reduced (10%) oxygen saturation in near-bottom water. To determine the component of sediments responsible for the uptake of most phosphorus, the proportions of phosphorus forms in sediments were analysed. Sediments of Lake Flosek showed a slight tendency to release phosphates. The rate of this process was similar under high (100%) and low (10%) oxygen saturations ranging from - 0.161 to + 0.200 mg P m−2 d−1. This is much lower (by 1–2 orders of magnitude) than reported from other harmonic, non-humic lakes. In the total phosphorus pool, the highest content of phosphorus was found in the organic and residual phosphorus fractions (over 70% of the total phosphorus in sediments). The largest part of the readily extractable phosphorus was found in the fraction bound to AI and humic substances (41%). Both these fractions determine a weak exchange of phosphorus between sediments and water. No difference in P-release related to P-fraction compound was found in the cores taken from three sites in the lake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406885
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    Assessing benthic impacts of organic enrichment from marine aquaculture (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 641-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fish farms ; fecal waste ; sediment ; geochemistry ; metabolism ; macrofauna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Benthic observations were carried out at 22 stations in the Western Isles region of the Bay of Fundy on the east coast of Canada to evaluate impacts at salmon aquaculture sites. Eleven sites were located under salmon net-pens and 11 sites (reference or control locations) were at distances 〉 50 m from net-pens. Total S− and redox potential (Eh) in surface sediment and Benthic O2 uptake and CO2 release were sensitive indicators of benthic organic enrichment. High variability between replicate measurements of sediment gas exchange could reflect spatial patchiness in sedimentation of fecal waste and food pellets under fish pens. Biomass of deposit feeders was significantly increased at cage sites but total macrofauna biomass was similar at cage and reference locations. Surface sediment water content, modal grain size, pore water salinity and sulfate, and total biomass of macrofauna were the least sensitive indicators of enrichment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406903
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    Soil loss and sediment transport during the storms and landslides of May 1988 in Ruhengeri prefecture, Rwanda (1992)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 5 (1992), S. 279-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Rwanda ; Ruhengeri Prefecture ; Zaire-Nile Divide ; landslides ; flooding ; sediment ; soil loss ; storm rainfall ; return intervals ; erosion control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In early May 1988, five prefectures in western Rwanda experienced catastrophic levels of precipitation, landslide, and flooding activity that resulted in a severe loss of life, property, and livelihood. Using data from runoff plot and hydrological monitoring stations of the Ruhengeri Resource Analysis and Management Project, the events and circumstances leading to these phenomena are reconstructed. These data show that mass wasting processes were preceded by more than 140 mm of precipitation during 4–7 May, which may have saturated local soils. A small earth tremor on 7 May, (Richter scale of 3) contributed to the onset of the catastrophic debris avalanche, torrent, and earthflow activity that commenced 24 h later. The more than 50 mm of precipitation that fell during 9 May, including a maximum 30 min intensity of 24 mm, resulted in continued surficial soil loss that averaged 34 t/ha on seven cropped, Wischmeier-type runoff plots with biological erosion control contours. The Nyamutera River, which drains the impacted area, delivered 567000 tons of suspended sediment to its mouth between 7 and 13 May. This corresponds to a basin-wide lowering of 12600 t/km2, or more than half of the basin's annual suspended sediment yield. Theoretical distributions of maximum 24 h precipitation events suggest that Nyakinama and other regions in Ruhengeri are particularly prone to similar high volume events, exacerbating an already serious soil loss problem throughout the prefecture. Because contemporary land use practices directly contributed to the severity of the 1988 event, further applied research that identifies technologies capable of reducing soil loss, augmenting soil fertility, and minimizing the impacts of high magnitude and high volume rainfall is greatly needed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00125232
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    Influence of Physical and Chemical Characteristics on Mercury in Aquatic Sediments (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 347-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: lakes ; methyl mercury ; Newfoundland ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Given the variation observed in mercury in fish from natural lakes, it is difficult to determine what represents a background mercury level. Mercury in aquatic sediments is a potential source of this trace metal to biota, notably fish. Site specific factors, such as acidity and dissolved organic carbon have been shown to affect the mobilization of mercury and methylation of mercury. Methyl mercury is the most toxic form of this metal and the form most readily accumulated by biota. Thirty-four headwater lakes, selected for a range in pH, were sampled for sediment mercury levels as part of an investigation of the impacts of acid rain on insular Newfoundland lakes. Selected physical and chemical data were also collected on all of the study sites. Acidity was not found to be significantly related to sediment mercury concentrations despite the wide range in pH. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that sediment mercury level was positively correlated with WA:LA (watershed to lake area ratio). WA:LA was also correlated with Secchi depth and colour. Linear regression was used to estimate the parameters of a model relating sediment mercury to WA:LA. Watershed area to lake area ratio was more important than site specific factors in governing the concentration of sediment mercury in lakes without industrial input.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005007402287
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    An Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Sediments Along the Albanian Coast (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 235-250 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atomic absorption spectroscopy ; background level ; heavy metal ; lognormal distribution ; normalization ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An evaluation is presented of heavy metal pollution, based on statistical analysis of metal concentrations in the sediments from an area along the Albanian Coast. This includes a detailed description of levels of the most important pollutants. Examination of lognormal metal distribution plots indicates that the curve inflections may be operationally used as a threshold between polluted and unpolluted areas. Fe is used for mineralogical normalization of the data. The normalization procedure identifies the most polluted areas. It is clearly demonstrated that some industrial activities such as mining, harbour and chlor-alkali plant, notably affect the heavy metals concentration in the sediments. An evaluation of bakcground levels for the sediments of the Adriatic Albanian coast is also carried out.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005086208998
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    Anthropogenic Mercury Deposition to Arctic Lake Sediments (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 101 (1998), S. 309-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Arctic ; atmospheric deposition ; contaminants ; lead-210 ; mercury ; sediment ; sewage ; subarctic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The history of atmosheric mercury inputs to remote arctic regions can be measured in lake sediment cores using lead-210 chronology. In this investigation, total mercury deposition is measured in sediments from Imitavik and Annak Lakes on the Belcher Islands in southeastern Hudson Bay, an area in the southern Canadian Arctic with no history of local industrial or agricultural sources of contamination. Both lakes received background and atmospheric inputs of mercury while Annak also received mercury from raw domestic sewage from the Hamlet of Sanikiluaq, a growing Inuit community of about 550 established in the late 1960's. Results from Imitavik show that anthropogenic mercury inputs, apparently transported through the atmosphere, began to appear in the mid-eighteenth century, and continued to the 1990's. Annak had a similar mercury history until the late 1960's when disposal of domestic sewage led to increased sediment and contaminant accumulation. The high input of mercury to Annak confirms that Sanikiluaq residents are exposed to mercury through native food sources.
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    Nitrogen and Phosphorus Levels in Sediments from Tropical Catatumbo River (Venezuela) (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 117 (2000), S. 27-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: eutrophication ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; river ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations were determined in sediment samples along the bed of Catatumbo river in both Colombian and Venezuelan territories until the river outlet in Maracaibo lake. Total phosphorus was determined by digestion with HCl followed by analysis using the ascorbic acid method and total nitrogen was done using the standard microkjeldahl method plus nitrate-nitrite. Ammonium, orthophosphate and nitrate were determined using standard methods after extraction steps. The mean concentrations along the river bed were found in an interval of 0.035 and 1.492 mg g-1 dry sed. for nitrogen and 0.027 and 1.039 mg g-1 dry sed. for phosphorus at 95% confidence level. The mean molar ratio N/P in the river bed was 4.42 and 3.46 for river outlet zones in the lake, which indicates that nitrogen is the limiting nutrient. For comparison with previous results of lake sediments from sites near the river outlet it was concluded that Catatumbo river is a significant source of nutrients to the Maracaibo Lake system because sediment nutrients concentrations from Catatumbo river were higher than the ones in Maracaibo Lake. Statistic studies showed significant differences between countries, zones and similar behaviour in the river bed as related to the affluent rivers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005189710803
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    Release Kinetics of Water Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC) from River Sediment and Wetland Soil (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 407-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: DOC ; release kinetics ; sediment ; Water Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC) ; wetland soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Release kinetics of Water Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC) from a wetlandsoil and a river bottom sediment were investigated under variousexperimental conditions in the laboratory. The laminar sublayerconcept was applied to model the release process. The resultsindicate that the release process can be characterized by atypical first order equation derived from the laminar sublayermodeling. The mass transfer rate constants of the releaseprocess increased with the increase in flow velocity following apower function. Due to texture difference, the transfer rateconstant of the wetland soil is about one order of magnitudelarger than that of the river bottom sediment. The influences oftemperature and pH on the release kinetics are discussed.
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    Trace Metals in Marine Algae and Sediment Samples from the Bosphorus (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 27-33 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: algae ; Bosphorus ; sediment ; trace metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Concentration of As, Cr, Fe, Zn, Co, Sb, Pb, Cd and Cu weredetermined in sediment and algae samples collected from theBosphorus in Turkey. Certain algae species were chosen among thegreen, brown and red algae species at three sampling stations.Element analyses were carried out by atomic absorptionspectrophotometry and instrumental neutron activation analysis. The locations having the highest metal concentrations insediments were as follows: As at Poyraz; Cr, Zn, Sb at RumeliFeneri and Fe, Co at Garipçe. In genral, the accumulation ofmost of the metals showed no direct correlation with algaespecies. On the other hand, C. verticillatus and C. barbataspecies of brown algae showed ability to accumulate arsenic.
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    Controls on selenium distribution in wetland sediment, Benton Lake, Montana (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 323-340 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: carbon ; management ; sediment ; selenium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of selenium in sediment in Benton Lake is mainly controlled by the location of the dissolved selenium inputs. Selenium concentrations in sediment decrease along flow paths downgradient within the wetland system. Construction in 1961 of a pump station to increase water supply and dikes to facilitate water management, along with current water management, has increased the rate of selenium accumulation in sediments as compared to the pre-1961 natural lake. Agricultural practices (alternate crop/fallow rotation) in the non-irrigated farm land of the seleniferous Benton Lake basin also have increased selenium loading to Benton Lake. Carbon content is an important factor affecting selenium distribution in sediment but this relationship is greatly affected by dissolved selenium inputs. Amelioration of selenium contamination in Benton Lake will require a combination of land and water management modifications. Within the wetland system, minimizing the duration of inlet-perennial ponds would minimize selenium accumulation and increase the life of the refuge.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407470
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    Environmental implications of magnetic measurements on recent sediments from lake Donghu, Wuhan (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 187-195 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: environment ; industrial pollution ; lake ; magnetic measurements ; metals ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mineral magnetic measurements have been made on three sediment cores from Lake Donghu, Wuhan, which reveal evidence for changes in magnetic properties of the sediments. It is suggested that the recent lake sediment profiles contain deposited magnetic minerals and atmospherically derived fly ash from industrial processes. In the cores, the record of ‘magnetite’ deposition shows that the environment of the lake has been affected by heavy industrial processes in intensity and range beginning from the 1950's onwards and remaining relatively uniform in the last decades. In Core I the record of ‘hematite’ deposition parallels that for influence of urban waste water input.
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    PCBs and Organochlorine Pesticides in Lake Orta (Northern Italy) Sediments (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 245-254 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: PCB ; organochlorine pesticide ; sediment ; organic carbon content ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract PCB congeners and organochlorine pesticides (DDT, lindane and HCB) distribution were studied in Lake Orta sediments. The results indicated a contaminated area in the northern part of the sub-basin. The observed high levels of organochlorine compounds (OCs) may be explained by the focusing phenomenon, ie. the preferential transport of lighter and smaller particles from the emission sources to this area. The PCBs and DDT values were correlated with the organic carbon content and the heavy metal contamination. The toxicity of the sediment samples was related also to PCB content. PCBs and OCs pollution of Lake Orta was of the same order of magnitude as in Lake Como, which is the most contamined lake in Northern Italy.
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    Selenium Associations in Estuarine Sediments: Redox Effects (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 275-282 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: selenium ; sediment ; estuaries ; sequential extraction ; redox potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Selenium (Se) is a contaminant of concern in environments affected by discharges from smelting and coal-burning industries. Experiments have been performed to investigate the phase associations of selenium in contaminated sediments under a range of controlled redox conditions. In this study, Se sediment associations were examined using the BCR sequential extraction technique after stabilisation at different redox states. It was shown that although most of the sediment-bound Se is associated with the operationally-defined "organic/sulfide" fraction, as the measured redox potential of the system is increased, more Se moves into the "exchangeable" and "iron/manganese oxyhydroxide" fractions. In these fractions, contaminants can be expected to be more bioavailable. As the mass of Se absorbed to sediments is typically at least an order of magnitude higher than the mass dissolved in porewaters, significant Se exposure may result from oxidative shifts in Se associations.
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    Water-Sediment Exchange of Nutrients During Early Diagenesis and Resuspension of Anoxic Sediments from the Northern Adriatic Sea Shelf (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 541-556 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Diagenesis ; resuspension ; sediment ; pore-water ; marine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the results of a study on nutrient exchange at the sediment-water interface which is caused by early diagenesis and resuspension of bottom sediments. The research was carried out on anoxic silty-clay sediment cores collected south of the Po river delta (Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy) in late summer. The early diagenetic processes were investigated by means of the integrated study of pore-water chemistry and solid phase composition. Exchange at the sediment-water interface was studied by comparing the fluxes measured in incubated cores with the fluxes calculated by modelling pore-water profiles. Nutrient exchange during resuspension was analysed by simulating a storm event in the laboratory. The high production of nutrients near the sediment-water interface is mainly caused by the anoxic degradation of organic matter and the successive reductions of Mn and Fe-oxyhydroxides and, to a lesser extent, of sulphate. The oxic degradation of organic matter occurs only at the sediment-water interface. In the incubation experiment the increases of phosphate, ammonia, nitrate, silica, and Fe in bottom waters were measured. The comparison between calculated and measured fluxes showed that: a) the fluxes are mainly controlled by molecular diffusion; b) phosphate and Fe sink because of the Fe-oxyhydroxide precipitation and c) nitrification process influences the ammonia and nitrate fluxes. Resuspension caused the release of: a) phosphate through surficial desorption and authigenic apatite dissolution; b) ammonia by means of the oxic degradation of organic matter; and c) dissolved silica generated by biogenic silica dissolution. Resuspension also caused a weak removal of Fe. The more oxic conditions following resuspension favoured the formation of a Fe-oxyhydroxide film at the sediment-water interface which inhibited the phosphate fluxes from sediments to the water column.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018364111899
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    Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope fractionation in the sediment of Lake Bled (Slovenia) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 315-323 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: lake ; sediment ; carbon ; nitrogen ; stable isotope ; fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Stable isotope composition of carbon and nitrogen in the sediment and pore water of a eutrophic freshwater lake was studied. Based on changes in the δ11C and δ15N values of dissolved components and sediment fraction. possible processes involved in the decomposition of sedimentary organic matter are outlined. The relative importance of acetate fermentation and CO2 reduction was estimated using known mathematical models, and ammonia assimilation by methanogenic bacteria is hypothesised to be the main process governing the isotope fractionation of dissolved nitrogen in pore water.
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    Total mercury and methylmercury in sediments and in the polychaeteNereis diversicolor at Groot Buitenschoor (Scheldt estuary, Belgium) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 109-123 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; methylmercury ; sediment ; polychaete ; Nereis diversicolor ; methylation ; bioaccumulation ; Scheldt estuary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were determined in sediments and in the polychaete wormNereis diversicolor at 13 stations of a brackish water intertidal mudflat of the Scheldt estuary. Hg and MeHg concentrations in sediments ranged from 144 to 1192 ng g−1 dw and from 0.8 to 6 ng g−1 dw, respectively. Both Hg and MeHg concentrations increased with an increase of organic matter (OM) content and fine grain fraction. In contrast, Hg accumulation byN. diversicolor was significantly (p〈0.05) higher at stations with sandy sediments (mean value: 125 ng g−1 dw) than at stations with muddy sediments (mean value, 80 ng g−1), probably because Hg availability for bioaccumulation at muddy stations was reduced by high OM content of the muddy sediments. MeHg accounted for an average of 0.7% of the total Hg in sediments and 18% of the total Hg inN. diversicolor. Seasonal variations significantly affected Hg concentrations in sediments and MeHg inN. diversicolor. Total Hg concentrations in sediments were significantly (p〈0.05) higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer whereas MeHg concentrations were lowest in winter compared to the other seasons. On the other hand, total Hg concentrations in the worms were lowest in spring whereas MeHg concentrations were significantly (p〈0.01) higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407097
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    Selenium associations in estuarine sediments: Redox effects (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: selenium ; sediment ; estuaries ; sequential extraction ; redox potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Selenium (Se) is a contaminant of concern in environments affected by discharges from smelting and coal-burning industries. Experiments hate been performed to investigate the phase associations of selenium in contaminated sediments under a range of controlled redox conditions. In this study, Se sediment associations were examined using the BCR sequential extraction technique after stabilisation at different redox states. It was shown that although most of the sediment-bound Se is associated with the operationally-defined “organic sulfide” fraction, as the measured redox potential of the system is increased. more Se moves into the “exchangeable” and “iron manganese oxy hydroxide” fractions. In these fractions. contaminants can be expected to be more bioavailable. As the mass of Se absorbed to sediments is typically at least an order of magnitude higher than the mass dissolved in porewaters. significant Se exposure may result from oxidative shifts in Se associations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406867
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    Remobilization of trace elements from polluted anoxic sediments after resuspension in oxic water (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 515-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; dredging ; trace metal ; nutrients ; bacteria ; reoxidation ; remobilization ; microbial processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Polluted sediments are periodically subjected to resuspension processes resulting from natural events (e.g. storms, strong waves) as well as from anthropogenically induced activities (e.g. dredging). The main part of the resuspended material is initially in an anoxic state and will be reoxidized more or less quickly in the oxic water column. In laboratory experiments reflecting, as far as possible, natural conditions (e.g. constant pH) the release of Cd, Cu and Zn during this reoxidation phase was investigated. Up to 2% of the particulate bound heavy metals were remobilized from the sediments. In addition the evolution of the concentrations of the anions PO4, SO4, NO3 and NH4 were measured to examine the influence of microbial processes on the release of trace elements. Cell counts and microbial activity of certain micro-organisms during the release processes were also investigated. The investigations illustrated that biological activity has a significant effect on release. In all sediment samples the release of cadmium was delayed in comparison with the other elements even in sediments from different river systems. The influence of different microbial processes on this divergent behavior was examined. The significance of dredging activities to the remobilization processes during reoxidation of anoxic sediments in the Elbe River is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406891
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    The distribution of PCB's and chlorinated pesticides in two connected Himalayan lakes (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 717-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: chlorinated pesticides ; PCB ; sediment ; Himalayan lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract PCBs and organochlorine pesticides were determined in water, sediment and zooplankton of two Himalayan lakes, located at different altitudes and connected to each other in such a way that Superior Lake acts as a sedimentation basin for Inferior Lake. Surficial sediments of both lakes show PCB contamination comparable to lakes of industrialised areas. Biota appear to be the main machanism responsible for micropollutant burial in the sediments of Inferior Lake, whereas inorganic particles are more relevant in Superior Lake. Physical and chemical properties of individual chemicals, particularly Henry's law constant and Kow values, seem to regulate distribution in different environmental compartments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406911
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    Sequential expression of biomarkers in Bluegill Sunfish exposed to contaminated sediment (1992)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 1 (1992), S. 45-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: biomarkers ; Bluegill ; sediment ; pollution ; EFPC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The temporal expression of various biological rsponses was determined in Bluegill SunfishLepomis macrochirus exposed under controlled laboratory conditions to sediment containing high concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and heavy metals. Liver, gill, blood, kidney, brain, spleen and intestine were removed from Sunfish sampled at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 40 weeks post-exposure. Biomarker data were recorded for specific proteins, enzymatic activities, DNA integrity, and histopathology. Biomarkers in the laboratory exposed fish were similar to those of indigenous Sunfish sampled from the site of origin of the contaminated sediment. Several patterns of development of biomarkers over time were also evident. For example, the responses of certain biomarkers are not time-dependent (i.e., intestine and gill ATPase activities) while that of others, such as brain ATPase activity, liver cytochrome P450 and NADPH content, stress proteins, chromatin proteins and DNA strand breaks, fluctuate over time. Still other biomarkers, such as EROD activity, zinc protoporphyrin content of the blood, and DNA adducts, showed marked increases over time. Such patterns need to be considered when comparing laboratory and field results and deciding which biomarkers to use for biomonitoring programs. Implications for natural selection and population/community level responses are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00702655
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    Biochemical responses to sediment-associated contaminants in brown bullhead (Ameriurus nebulosus) from the Niagara River ecosystem (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 13-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: Ameriurusnebulosus ; biomarkers ; sediment ; genotoxicity ; oxidativestress ; cytochrome P450
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Brown bullhead (Ameriurus nebulosus) were collected from three sites in the Niagara River ecosystem in June and September of 1991, and sediment samples from these sites were obtained in July 1991. The sites were located in the Buffalo River, the Niagara River adjacent to the Love Canal dump site, and in Black Creek, a Canadian tributary of the Niagara River which served as a reference site. Sediment samples from these sites contained measurable concentrations of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHs). However, the Buffalo River and Love Canal samples were significantly more contaminated than those from Black Creek. Moreover, Buffalo River samples contained greater PAH concentrations than samples from the Love Canal, while the reverse was observed for CHs. Bile and liver of bullhead were used for the following analyses: fluorescent aromatic compounds in bile, a measure of exposure to PAHs, microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) and P450IA (CYP1A) contents and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities, total glutathione (TH-GSH) concentrations, concentrations of 8- oxodeoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG), and concentrations of hydrophobic DNA adducts (as measured by 32P-postlabelling). Additionally, a laboratory experiment was performed to examine CYP1A-associated responses in bullhead exposed to the model inducer, β- naphthoflavone (BNF). Results from the laboratory induction study were generally consistent with those observed in the field study, but the field study results suggested induction of CYP1A in bullhead from the reference site (Black Creek). For both field collections, fish from the Buffalo River displayed the greatest concentrations of fluorescent compounds in bile and hepatic DNA adducts, whilst fish from the Love Canal site displayed the greatest microsomal CYP1A concentrations and EROD activities. TH- GSH concentrations were significantly greater in Buffalo River fish versus Black Creek only for the June sampling. No statistically significant differences in 8-oxo-dG concentrations in bullhead hepatic DNA were observed among the sites at either sampling date. The different patterns in biochemical responses observed were consistent with sediment chemistries, and these results suggest that exposure of feral teleosts to different suites of bioavailable contaminants can be associated with expression of a characteristic array of biochemical responses
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018692005641
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    Equilibrium partitioning as the basis for an integrated laboratory and field assessment of the impacts of DDT, DDE and DDD in sediments (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 101-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: DDT ; DDE ; DDD ; equilibrium partitioning ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Many of the most biologically productive portions of streams are backwater areas which support large populations of benthic macroinvertebrates. The sediments in these locations and their associated macroinvertebrate communities are frequently subjected to chemical inputs and physical perturbations. Historically, assessment of the effects of contaminants in sediments have emphasized chemical analyses and either laboratory toxicity tests or in-stream monitoring of benthic macroinvertebrate community structure. However, combining the chemical and biological approaches provides a more powerful assessment technique. Such an integrated approach, combining laboratory water-only and sediment toxicity tests with Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans, field surveys of benthic macroinvertebrate community structure and evaluation of chemical data using equilibrium partitioning theory was used to assess the effects of DDT, DDE and DDD (collectively termed DDTR) in the sediments of the Huntsville Spring Branch-- Indian Creek (HSB--IC) stream system in the southeastern USA. Benthic macroinvertebrate populations in the HSB--IC system still appear to be adversely affected by DDTR residues within the sediments even though DDT discharges to the stream were stopped over 20 years ago and a major remediation project was completed in the late 1980s. This conclusion is based on a weight of evidence approach which incorporates (1) the observed sediment toxicity to C. tentans and H. azteca in laboratory tests, (2) the identification of DDTR as the likely cause of effects observed during laboratory toxicity tests, (3) the absence of appropriate sensitive species from groups such as the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Amphipoda, (4) the presence of reduced numbers of both total individuals and species of chironomids and oligochaetes relative to nearby streams not contaminated by DDTR and (5) the observed distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in relation to organic carbon-normalized concentrations of DDTR and equilibrium partitioning-based predicted sediment toxic units of DDTR
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018610307458
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    Integrated measures of ambient toxicity and fish community diversity in Chesapeake Bay tributaries (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 19-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: ambient toxicity ; community diversity ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The goals of this study were to assess the results of a suite of sediment and water column bioassays in the framework of a toxicological risk ranking model and evaluate correlations of model output with fish community metrics. The test sites were located in four tributaries of Chesapeake Bay that are impacted on by industrial, urban and agricultural land use (Curtis Creek, Rock Creek, Fishing Bay and Wicomico River). The mortality, reproduction and growth rates in the water column assays indicated low-level chemical contamination impacts in Curtis Creek and Rock Creek. The results from the Wicomico River and Fishing Bay did not indicate contaminant impacts, but some borderline effects were seen. The sediment bioassays demonstrated greater toxicological responses than the water column assays. The sediments in the Curtis Creek and Rock Creek sites were contaminated with heavy metals and PAHs. The heavy metal concentrations were an order of magnitude lower in the Fishing Bay sediments and below detection in the Wicomico River sediments, except for zinc. The acid-volatile sulphides:simultaneously extractable metals (AVS:SEM) ratios were below 1 in all cases. All four systems had detectable petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. Organic contaminants were below detection for all analyses in the Wicomico River and Fishing Bay samples. The risk ranking model ranked Curtis Creek as the most toxicologically impacted site, followed by Rock Creek, Fishing Bay and Wicomico River, which were essentially equal. The diversity index for fish communities sampled by bottom trawl was significantly correlated with the toxicological risk scores for sediment. The toxicological results indicate sediment contamination effects on the deep water fish community in Curtis Creek and indicate that contaminant impacts are not likely to be a contributing factor to disturbed fish communities in Fishing Bay
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008803600614
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    Development of a New Laboratory Freshwater/sediment Microcosm Test (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 279-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: microcosm ; Raphidocelis subcapitata ; Lemna minor ; Hyalella azteca ; Chironomus tentans ; Daphnia magna ; Simocephalus vetulus ; sediment ; copper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A new laboratory freshwater/sediment microcosm test is proposed. This 2-L microcosm includes synthetic water, sediment composed of quartz sand, cellulose and fish food flakes (TetraMin®), pelagic organisms (microalgae, duckweeds, cladocerans) and benthic organisms (amphipods, chironomids). We conducted four experiments to determine conditions suitable for the development of organisms for a 4-week duration. The sensitivity of the system was then studied with a copper-spiked sediment. A TetraMin® dose of 0.4 g for 260 g sediment was found optimal to allow growth and emergence of chironomid larvae without bacterial contamination due to excess organic matter. The test with copper sulfate led to a range of effects. For concentrations higher than 10 ppm, systems were severely impaired (growth inhibition of algae and duckweeds 〉50%, 100% mortality within a few days for cladocerans, mortality 〉45% within 15 days for amphipods, 80% mortality within 15 days and no emergence for chironomids). At 10 ppm, a shift of the algal peak was observed, duckweed growth was reduced by 39%, partial mortality but no reduced reproduction was found for Daphnia magna whereas Simocephalus vetulus survived only after reinoculation on day 10. Amphipods also survived but were smaller. For chironomids, partial mortality was observed as soon as day 22 and emergence was inhibited by 50% but growth was not affected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008868330206
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    Relation of Waterfowl Poisoning to Sediment Lead Concentrations in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin (2000)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 9 (2000), S. 207-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: lead ; waterfawl ; sediment ; toxicity ; mining ; risk assessment ; swans ; ALAD ; protoporphyrin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract For many years, waterfowl have been poisoned by lead after ingesting contaminated sediment in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, in Idaho. Results of studies on waterfowl experimentally fed this sediment were combined with results from field studies conducted in the Basin to relate sediment lead concentration to injury to waterfowl. The first step in the model estimated exposure as the relation of sediment lead concentration to blood lead concentration in mute swans (Cygnus olor), ingesting 22% sediment in a rice diet. That rate corresponded to the 90th percentile of sediment ingestion estimated from analyses of feces of tundra swans (Olor columbianus) in the Basin. Then, with additional laboratory studies on Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) fed the sediment, we developed the general relation of blood lead to injury in waterfowl. Injury was quantified by blood lead concentrations, ALAD (δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase) activity, protoporphyrin concentrations, hemoglobin concentrations, hepatic lead concentrations, and the prevalence of renal nuclear inclusion bodies. Putting the exposure and injury relations together provided a powerful tool for assessing hazards to wildlife in the Basin. The no effect concentration of sediment lead was estimated as 24 mg/kg and the lowest effect level as 530 mg/kg. By combining our exposure equation with data on blood lead concentrations measured in moribund tundra swans in the Basin, we estimated that some mortality would occur at a sediment lead concentration as low as 1800 mg/kg.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008998821913
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    Chemical contamination and associated liver diseases in two species of fish from San Francisco Bay and Bodega Bay (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 35-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: chemicalpollution ; fish ; sediment ; San Francisco Bay ; liver diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus) and sediments were collected annually from selected sites within San Francisco Bay, and a reference site in Bodega Bay between 1984--1991. Fish livers were examined for toxicopathic lesions and analysed for selected chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHs) such as PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes and dieldrin; sediment and fish stomach contents were analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and CHs; and bile was analysed for PAH metabolites. Sediment concentrations of PAHs, PCBs and DDTs; bile concentrations of PAH metabolites; and liver concentrations of PCBs, dieldrin and chlordanes were generally significantly higher at all San Francisco Bay sites compared to the Bodega Bay reference site. For both species, hydropic vacuolation of biliary epithelial cells was the most prevalent liver lesion detected and was statistically associated with sediment and tissue concentrations of PAHs or their metabolites, PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes and dieldrin. Temporal trends analyses showed that at Hunters Point, sediment PAHs and CHs increased between 1984--1991, while liver concentrations of CHs decreased. Liver concentrations of dieldrin in starry flounder decreased at all three San Francisco Bay sites
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018654122479
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    Indices of Benthic Community Tolerance in Contaminated Great Lakes Sediments: Relations with Sediment Contaminant Concentrations, Sediment Toxicity, and the Sediment Quality Triad (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 49 (1998), S. 23-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: benthic community tolerance ; sediment ; sediment quality triad ; toxicity ; toxic units
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the toxic-units model developed by Wildhaber and Schmitt (1996) as a predictor of indices of mean tolerance to pollution (i.e., Lenat, 1993; Hilsenhoff, 1987) and other benthic community indices from Great Lakes sediments containing complex mixtures of environmental contaminants (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls – PCBs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – PAHs, pesticides, chlorinated dioxins, and metals). Sediment toxic units were defined as the ratio of the estimated pore-water concentration of a contaminant to its chronic toxicity as estimated by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC) or other applicable standard. The total hazard of a sediment to aquatic life was assessed by summing toxic units for all contaminants quantified. Among the benthic community metrics evaluated, total toxic units were most closely correlated with Lenat's (1993) and Hilsenhoff's (1987) indices of community tolerance (T L and T H , respectively); toxic units accounted for 42% T L and 53% T H of variability in community tolerance as measured by Ponar grabs. In contrast, taxonomic richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity were not correlated (P 〉 0.05) with toxic units. Substitution of order- or family-level identifications for lowest possible (mostly genus- or species-) level identifications in the calculation of T L and T H indices weakened the relationships with toxic units. Tolerance values based on order- and family-level identifications of benthos for artificial substrate samples were more strongly correlated with toxic units than tolerance values for benthos from Ponar grabs. The ability of the toxic-units model to predict the other two components (i.e., laboratory-measured sediment toxicity and benthic community composition) of the Sediment Quality Triad (SQT) may obviate the need for the SQT in some situations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005716111754
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    Metal Accumulation by Riverine and Lacustrine Populations of Angulyagra Oxytropis (Benson) (Gastropoda : Viviparidae) (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 50 (1998), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: lacustrine ; metal accumulation ; riverine ; sediment ; snail ; tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium, chromium, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc concentrations were determined in sediment and body tissues, viz. digestive gland, mantle and shell, of the freshwater snail, Angulyagra oxytropis (Benson) (Gastropoda : Viviparidae), from River Barak and one of its floodplain lakes in Cachar district, Assam State, Northeastern India. The concentrations of all the metals except iron are significantly higher in the lake sediment. When compared to their riverine counterparts, the lacustrine snails contain higher concentrations of cadmium, chromium and iron in their mantle; nickel and zinc in digestive gland; manganese in both digestive gland and mantle; and lead in all the three tissues examined. The accumulation patterns of most of the metals varied considerably between the two sites. The implications of these findings in storage, sequestration and detoxification of metals by this animal are discussed. The study also indicates that A. oxytropis may be a potential biological indicator of metal contamination in freshwater ecosystems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005858314811
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