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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small town lead levels: A case study from the homes of pre-schoolers in Mt. Pleasant, Michigan
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Environmental Pollution 84 (1994), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0269-7491
    Keywords: children ; dust ; lead ; pollution ; soil
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90099-X
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trace elements in canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) wintering in Louisiana, USA, 1987-1988
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Environmental Pollution 84 (1994), S. 253-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0269-7491
    Keywords: canvasbacks ; contaminants ; lead ; metals ; waterfowl
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90136-8
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of the characteristics of rough bed turbulent shear stresses in an open channel (1997)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 193-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Turbulence ; sediment ; fluvial ; river ; bursting process ; statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Entrainment of sediment particles from channel beds into the channel flow is influenced by the characteristics of the flow turbulence which produces stochastic shear stress fluctuations at the bed. Recent studies of the structure of turbulent flow has recognized the importance of bursting processes as important mechanisms for the transfer of momentum into the laminar boundary layer. Of these processes, the sweep event has been recognized as the most important bursting event for entrainment of sediment particles as it imposes forces in the direction of the flow resulting in movement of particles by rolling, sliding and occasionally saltating. Similarly, the ejection event has been recognized as important for sediment transport since these events maintain the sediment particles in suspension. In this study, the characteristics of bursting processes and, in particular, the sweep event were investigated in a flume with a rough bed. The instantaneous velocity fluctuations of the flow were measured in two-dimensions using a small electromagnetic velocity meter and the turbulent shear stresses were determined from these velocity fluctuations. It was found that the shear stress applied to the sediment particles on the bed resulting from sweep events depends on the magnitude of the turbulent shear stress and its probability distribution. A statistical analysis of the experimental data was undertaken and it was found necessary to apply a Box-Cox transformation to transform the data into a normally distributed sample. This enabled determination of the mean shear stress, angle of action and standard error of estimate for sweep and ejection events. These instantaneous shear stresses were found to be greater than the mean flow shear stress and for the sweep event to be approximately 40 percent greater near the channel bed. Results from this analysis suggest that the critical shear stress determined from Shield's diagram is not sufficient to predict the initiation of motion due to its use of the temporal mean shear stress. It is suggested that initiation of particle motion, but not continuous motion, can occur earlier than suggested by Shield's diagram due to the higher shear stresses imposed on the particles by the stochastic shear stresses resulting from turbulence within the flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02427915
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The selectivity of a sequential extraction procedure for the determination of iron oxyhydroxides andiron sulfides in lake sediments (1991)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 14 (1991), S. 193-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: iron oxyhydroxide ; pyrite ; sediment ; sequential extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A popular sequential extraction procedure (Tessier et al. 1979) designed t o extract metals partitioned in various sediment phases, was evaluated for its selectivity. Amorphous FeOOH, FeS, and FeS2 were added separately to natural lake sediments and sequentially extracted. The selectivity of the sequential procedure for the added solid phases was evaluated by determining the difference in the mass of Fe extracted from treated and control sediments. In the experiments where sulfide minerals were added, total S was measured in the residual solids in order to confirm selectivity of the method. Concentrations of total carbon remaining in the solid phase after each extraction step were also measured to determine the selectivity of the sequential procedure for carbon. The procedure was moderately selective for Fe added as FeOOH; a mean of 77 ± 12% (p 〈 0.05) of the Fe added was extracted in the step designed to reduce Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides. In experiments where FeS was added, a mean of 69 ± 11% (p 〈 0.05) of the Fe added as FeS was extracted in the fraction designed to oxidize sulfides and organic matter. Approximately 25% of the Fe added as FeS may have been extracted prematurely. Although less precise, total S analyses confirmed that much of the FeS was extracted in the oxidation step, yielding 104 ± 87% (p 〈 0.05) of the S added as FeS. The procedure was highly selective for FeS2; 92 ± 14% (p 〈 0.05) of the Fe added as pyrite was extracted in the sulfide extraction step. Extraction of 80 ± 54% (p 〈 0.05) of S added as pyrite confirmed that FeS2 were selectively extracted in the sulfide extraction step. Carbon in the sediments was also selectively extracted in the oxidation step (77 ± 2.4% of total C; p 〈 0.05). The applications and limitations of sequential extraction procedures as limnological research tools are discussed in light of our results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000807
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inorganic sulfur turnover in oligohaline estuarine sediments (1993)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 22 (1993), S. 81-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: estuarine ; oligohaline ; sediment ; sulfate reduction ; sulfur ; sulfide oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inorganic sulfur turnover was examined in oligohaline (salinity 〈 2 g kg-1) Chesapeake Bay sediments during the summer. Cores incubated for 〈 3 hr exhibited higher sulfate reduction (SR) rates (13–58 mmol m-2 d-1) than those incubated for 3–8 hr (3–8 mmol m-2 d-1). SR rates (determined with35SO 4 2- ) increased with depth over the top few cm to a maximum at 5 cm, just beneath the boundary between brown and black sediment. SR rates decreased below 5 cm, probably due to sulfate limitation (sulfate 〈 25 μM). Kinetic experiments yielded an apparent half-saturating sulfate concentration (Ks) of 34 μM, ≈ 20-fold lower than that determined for sediments from the mesohaline region of the estuary. Sulfate loss from water overlying intact cores, predicted on the basis of measured SR rates, was not observed over a 28-hr incubation period. Reduction of35SO 4 2- during diffusion experiments with intact core segments from 0–4 and 5–9 cm horizons was less than predicted by non-steady state diagenetic models based on35SO 4 2- reduction in whole core injection experiments. The results indicate that net sulfate flux into sediments was an order of magnitude lower than the gross sulfur turnover rate. Solid phase reduced inorganic sulfur concentrations were only 2–3 times less than those in sediments from the mesohaline region of the Bay, despite the fact that oligohaline bottom water sulfate concentrations were 10-fold lower. Our results demonstrate the potential for rapid SR in low salinity estuarine sediments, which are inhabited by sulfate-reducing bacteria with a high affinity for sulfate, and in which sulfide oxidation processes replenish the pore water sulfate pool on a time scale of hours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002706
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contrasting two methods for determining trace metal partitioning in oxidized lake sediments (1992)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 17 (1992), S. 205-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: simultaneous extraction ; sediment ; trace metal partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A simultaneous (SIM) sediment extraction procedure for low carbonate sediments, which partitions sediment-bound trace metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cd) into easily reducible (associated with Mn oxides), reducible (associated with Fe oxides) and alkaline extracted (bound to organic) metal is presented. The SIM method was compared to the sequential (SEQ) extraction procedure of Tessier et al. (1979). Both methods showed good agreement for the partitioning of Zn and Cd among the easily reducible, reducible and organic components of sediment. Both methods also showed the same general distribution of Mn, Fe and Cu among the three sediment components, however concentrations of metals recovered by the two methods differed; less Mn and Fe and more Cu was recovered from sediments by the SEQ vs. the SIM procedure. Less recovery of Mn is in part attributed to the loss of this metal in the `in between' reagent rinses required in the SEQ procedure. Greater recovery of Cu by the SEQ vs. the SIM method may be due to the pretreatment of sediment with strong reducing agents prior to the step used for liberating organically bound metals. Advantages of a SIM over the SEQ include rapid sample processing time (i.e. the treatment of 40 samples per day vs. 40 samples in three days), plus minimal sample manipulation. Hence, for partitioning metals into easily reducible, reducible and organic sediment components in sediments low in carbonate, we recommend the use of a SIM extraction over that of a SEQ procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004042
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The value of health benefits from ambient air quality improvements in Central and Eastern Europe: An exercise in benefits transfer (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 7 (1996), S. 307-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: air quality ; particulates ; sulfur dioxide ; lead ; Monte Carlo ; benefits transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study is an initial effort to estimate one important category of benefits of environmental improvements in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), those related to the effects of air pollution on human health. Our estimates are derived from data on ambient air quality in selected CEE locations, together with a model that links these ambient conditions to physical impacts on health and attaches economic values (in dollar terms) to these impacts. Given data limitations, our focus here is on three pollutants: particulates (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and lead (Pb). Our data set includes ambient concentrations for these pollutants in four CEE countries: Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, and Ukraine. Given the ambient data, dose-response functions taken from the clinical and epidemiological literature in the U.S., Canada, and Western Europe are used to generate estimates of the change in physical effects. These effects then are given an economic value by applying two approaches for scaling unit valuation figures applicable to the U.S. A Monte Carlo model is constructed to propagate the uncertainties of the dose-response functions and unit values to obtain confidence intervals on the total benefits from pollutant reductions in each country. We examine scenarios where the CEE countries improve ambient conditions for the pollutants in question to meet European Community (EC) standards and then compare these scenarios to ones involving uniform percentage ambient reductions across locations in each country.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369622
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fate and transport of contaminant lead in spodosols: A simple box model analysis (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 381-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: lead ; Hubbard Brook ; spodosol ; forest floor ; particles and colloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A dynamic simulation based on a simple box model was made to predict Pb transport in spodosols of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Simulated results suggest that labile Pb in the forest floor may be undergoing a rapid loss, and that Pb content may reach an equilibrium within ∼100 years with a steady-state level of approximately 0.2 kg ha−1 (concentration = 1.3 μg g−1). The predicted Pb loss from the forest floor is much higher than the observed Pb export based on zero-tension lysimeters, which are designed to optimize measurement of dissolved substances. It is suspected that lysimeters might have failed to effectively collect particles and colloids. The dissolved Pb2+ loss from the forest floor, which is governed by nonlinear retardation, is insignificant relative to total Pb losses, so linear rate removal of particles and colloids from the forest floor is an adequate approximation of Pb transport. The mineral soil is currently acting as a net sink for the Pb released from the forest floor. The model suggests that Pb content in and Pb output from the mineral soil has been increasing since the 1970s. This increase should continue until a steady-state is reached in about 100 years. Unlike the forest floor, the mineral soil loses its Pb via dissolved forms that are regulated by nonlinear adsorption/desorption retardation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406175
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental investigation of transport of strongly retained species by soil columns (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 337-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: transport ; soil columns ; breakthrough curves ; lead ; proton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Column experiments have been extensively used in transport studies of major cations but few investigations are available on migration through soils of strongly retained species that are environmentally relevant (like heavy metals). By presenting some selected experiments (lead and proton step-breakthrough tests in different conditions), this study shows that the soil-column technique is also applicable in the case of species which exhibit very large retention factors. The use of very small soil columns (about 0.4 mL of pore volumes) combined with relatively high flow rates (0.1–0.3 mL min−1 ) allows to observe the entire breakthrough curve (adsorption and desorption front up to 5000 pore volumes) in reasonable experimental time, in reproducible conditions and without experimental drawbacks. In the adopted experimental conditions no kinetic effects, related to diffuse transport and sorption reaction were recognized; moreover, Peclet number was higher than 60. Consequently, it was possible to calculate the equilibrium isotherms from the diffuse fronts of the breakthrough. Knowledge that can be derived, concerning the reversibility of the adsorption process, the influence of complexation on the adsorption, the kinetics of complex formation, and the effect of dissolution on proton transport, is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406173
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental implications of magnetic measurements on recent sediments from lake Donghu, Wuhan (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 187-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: environment ; industrial pollution ; lake ; magnetic measurements ; metals ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mineral magnetic measurements have been made on three sediment cores from Lake Donghu, Wuhan, which reveal evidence for changes in magnetic properties of the sediments. It is suggested that the recent lake sediment profiles contain deposited magnetic minerals and atmospherically derived fly ash from industrial processes. In the cores, the record of ‘magnetite’ deposition shows that the environment of the lake has been affected by heavy industrial processes in intensity and range beginning from the 1950's onwards and remaining relatively uniform in the last decades. In Core I the record of ‘hematite’ deposition parallels that for influence of urban waste water input.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02128657
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variations of Bed Surface Sediment Size in a Channel Bend (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: channel ; bend ; sediment ; size ; gradation ; sorting ; bed ; topography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Variations of sediment size and its gradation of the bed surface layer in a channel bend with nonuniform sediment are investigated experimentally. Four groups of sediment with the same initial median diameter (D0) but different initial size gradation (σ0) have been used for experiments which were run until the equilibrium bed topography was achieved. Analyses of experimental data have yielded the following results: (1) The time of equilibrium for bed evolution decreases as σ0 increases; (2) the median size of sediment (D) for a given section in the bend increases with increasing distance from the inner bank towards the outer bank, and it also increases with increasing σ0; (3) the value of D/D0 along the inner bank decreases with increasing σ0, and it also shows a gradual decrease in the upper half of the bend and a slight recovery in the lower half; and (5) the transverse variation of σ value exhibits a general trend increasing from the inner bank towards the outer bank.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018372029704
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of Enrichment, and Contamination Factors Together with Geoaccumulation Indexes to Evaluate the Content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik Water Reservoir in Poland (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 347-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: reservoir of heated water ; contamination ; cadmium ; copper ; nickel ; sediment ; water ; enrichment factor ; geoaccumulation index ; contamination factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the contamination degree of the Rybnik Reservoir with cadmium, copper andnickel was analyzed. Quality of the water from the reservoir was determined by drawingcomparisons between the metal content in the water and both the officially permitted levels(contamination factor) and levels of metals occurring in the water of non-contaminated areas(enrichment factor). Contamination of bottom sediment with chosen metals was analyzed withreference to the metal content in mudstone (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor,contamination factor). Trends towards changing the metal content in the bottom sediment wasanalyzed by determining the enrichment factor of the surface layer of the bottom sediments inrelation to a deeper layer. Enrichment of the bottom sediments with metals coming from the waterwas also determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022121615949
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selenium Associations in Estuarine Sediments: Redox Effects (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: selenium ; sediment ; estuaries ; sequential extraction ; redox potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Selenium (Se) is a contaminant of concern in environments affected by discharges from smelting and coal-burning industries. Experiments have been performed to investigate the phase associations of selenium in contaminated sediments under a range of controlled redox conditions. In this study, Se sediment associations were examined using the BCR sequential extraction technique after stabilisation at different redox states. It was shown that although most of the sediment-bound Se is associated with the operationally-defined "organic/sulfide" fraction, as the measured redox potential of the system is increased, more Se moves into the "exchangeable" and "iron/manganese oxyhydroxide" fractions. In these fractions, contaminants can be expected to be more bioavailable. As the mass of Se absorbed to sediments is typically at least an order of magnitude higher than the mass dissolved in porewaters, significant Se exposure may result from oxidative shifts in Se associations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018337928312
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotope Fractionation in the Sediment of Lake Bled (Slovenia) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 315-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: lake ; sediment ; carbon ; nitrogen ; stable isotope ; fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Stable isotope composition of carbon and nitrogen in the sediment and pore water of a eutrophic freshwater lake was studied. Based on changes in the δ13C and δ15N values of dissolved components and sediment fraction, possible processes involved in the decomposition of sedimentary organic matter are outlined. The relative importance of acetate fermentation and CO2 reduction was estimated using known mathematical models, and ammonia assimilation by methanogenic bacteria is hypothesised to be the main process governing the isotope fractionation of dissolved nitrogen in pore water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018354415109
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors Regulating the Flux of Phosphate at the Sediment - Water Interface of a Subtropical Calcareous Lake: a Simulation Study with Intact Sediment Cores (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 401-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: phosphorus ; P flux ; microbial activity ; redox ; simulation ; Lake Kinneret ; sediment ; accumulative P release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Different factors which interactively control the flux of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) at the sediment-water interface (SWI) of Lake Kinneret were studied seasonally. The influence of pH, Eh and microbial activity on SRP flux at the SWI was investigated by manipulating the conditions in the overlying water of intact sediment cores. The calculated diffusive SRP flux out of the sediment was lower in cores sampled during winter and spring than during the period of amixis. Potential SRP release, as measured in the absence of microbial activity, was strongly enhanced upon the transition from oxic to anoxic conditions indicating P release from iron(III)-bound phosphorus. In spring and summer cores, an enhanced SRP flux from sediments at pH 7 in comparison to pH 8 indicated P release from carbonate-bound P which sedimented previously as result of high pH values during the algal spring bloom. Microbial uptake at the SWI was the most important sink for SRP and no net-flux occured under oxic conditions. The higher net-flux of P under anoxic conditions was linked to carbon limitation of the bacteria at the SWI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018335305539
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bottom sediments in a humic lake with artificially increased calcium content: sink or source for phosphorus? (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 457-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; phosphorus ; fractionation ; release ; humic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lake Flosek (north-eastern part of Poland) is a small shallow and without outflow lake which has been limed in 1970. The concentration of Ca was increased from 3-4 mg L-1 to 17 mg L-1 in the water and from 0.2-0.3% dry weight to 0.9-1.7% dry weight in sediments (5 cm upper layer) due to CaCO3 addition to the lake. In the spring-summer seasons of 1992 and 1993, an experimental study was conducted in Lake Flosek to assess the capacity of bottom sediments to uptake and release mineral phosphorus. The rate of phosphorus exchange between sediments and near-bottom water was experimentally measured under conditions of high (100%), and of reduced (10%) oxygen saturation in near-bottom water. To determine the component of sediments responsible for the uptake of most phosphorus, the proportions of phosphorus forms in sediments were analysed. Sediments of Lake Flosek showed a slight tendency to release phosphates. The rate of this process was similar under high (100%) and low (10%) oxygen saturations ranging from - 0.161 to + 0.200 mg P m-2 d-1. This is much lower (by 1-2 orders of magnitude) than reported from other harmonic, non-humic lakes. In the total phosphorus pool, the highest content of phosphorus was found in the organic and residual phosphorus fractions (over 70% of the total phosphorus in sediments). The largest part of the readily extractable phosphorus was found in the fraction bound to Al and humic substances (41%). Both these fractions determine a weak exchange of phosphorus between sediments and water. No difference in P-release related to P-fraction compound was found in the cores taken from three sites in the lake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018395524195
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sediment Accumulation of Nutrients (N, P) in the Eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 477-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; organic matter ; cluster analysis ; Gulf of Finland ; estuaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Dry weight (DW), ignition loss (IL) and concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of the sediment surface layer (0 to 10 cm, 1 cm slices) were analyzed from 20 sites in the eastern Gulf of Finland. The distance of the sampling sites from the mouth of the River Neva explained the nutrient concentrations of the sediments well, while the effect of water depth was negligible. The increase of TN and the decrease of TP along the transect from the river mouth towards the open Gulf were caused by the diminishing share of allochthonous material supplied from the River Neva. The mean TN concentration of the different accumulation areas was about 40 % higher in the sediment surface than in the deeper layer (9 to 10 cm). The corresponding difference for TP varied from 53 to 56 %. The results suggest considerable netflux of nutrients from sediment to water. The net sediment accumulation of nutrients were estimated as 6.0 g m-2 a-1 of N and 1.7 g m-2 a-1 of P corresponding 22 000 t a-1 of N and 6 100 t a-1 of P for the whole eastern Gulf.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018399625103
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF TRANSPORT OF STRONGLY RETAINED SPECIES BY SOIL COLUMNS (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 337-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: transport ; soil columns ; breakthrough curves ; lead ; proton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Column experiments have been extensively used in transport studies of major cations but few investigations are available on migration through soils of strongly retained species that are environmentally relevant (like heavy metals). By presenting some selected experiments (lead and proton step-breakthrough tests in different conditions), this study shows that the soil-column technique is also applicable in the case of species which exhibit very large retention factors. The use of very small soil columns (about 0.4 mL of pore volumes) combined with relatively high flow rates (0.1–0.3 mL min-1 ) allows to observe the entire breakthrough curve (adsorption and desorption front up to 5000 pore volumes) in reasonable experimental time, in reproducible conditions and without experimental drawbacks. In the adopted experimental conditions no kinetic effects, related to diffuse transport and sorption reaction were recognized; moreover, Peclet number was higher than 60. Consequently, it was possible to calculate the equilibrium isotherms from the diffuse fronts of the breakthrough. Knowledge that can be derived, concerning the reversibility of the adsorption process, the influence of complexation on the adsorption, the kinetics of complex formation, and the effect of dissolution on proton transport, is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026474015336
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FATE AND TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANT LEAD IN SPODOSOLS: A SIMPLE BOX MODEL ANALYSIS (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 381-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: lead ; Hubbard Brook ; spodosol ; forest floor ; particles and colloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A dynamic simulation based on a simple box model was made to predict Pb transport in spodosols of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Simulated results suggest that labile Pb in the forest floor may be undergoing a rapid loss, and that Pb content may reach an equilibrium within ∼100 years with a steady-state level of approximately 0.2 kg ha-1 (concentration = 1.3 μg g-1). The predicted Pb loss from the forest floor is much higher than the observed Pb export based on zero-tension lysimeters, which are designed to optimize measurement of dissolved substances. It is suspected that lysimeters might have failed to effectively collect particles and colloids. The dissolved Pb2+ loss from the forest floor, which is governed by nonlinear retardation, is insignificant relative to total Pb losses, so linear rate removal of particles and colloids from the forest floor is an adequate approximation of Pb transport. The mineral soil is currently acting as a net sink for the Pb released from the forest floor. The model suggests that Pb content in and Pb output from the mineral soil has been increasing since the 1970s. This increase should continue until a steady-state is reached in about 100 years. Unlike the forest floor, the mineral soil loses its Pb via dissolved forms that are regulated by nonlinear adsorption/desorption retardation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026478128482
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    Assessing benthic impacts of organic enrichment from marine aquaculture (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 641-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fish farms ; fecal waste ; sediment ; geochemistry ; metabolism ; macrofauna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Benthic observations were carried out at 22 stations in the Western Isles region of the Bay of Fundy on the east coast of Canada to evaluate impacts at salmon aquaculture sites. Eleven sites were located under salmon net-pens and 11 sites (reference or control locations) were at distances 〉 50 m from net-pens. Total S− and redox potential (Eh) in surface sediment and Benthic O2 uptake and CO2 release were sensitive indicators of benthic organic enrichment. High variability between replicate measurements of sediment gas exchange could reflect spatial patchiness in sedimentation of fecal waste and food pellets under fish pens. Biomass of deposit feeders was significantly increased at cage sites but total macrofauna biomass was similar at cage and reference locations. Surface sediment water content, modal grain size, pore water salinity and sulfate, and total biomass of macrofauna were the least sensitive indicators of enrichment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406903
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    Indices of Benthic Community Tolerance in Contaminated Great Lakes Sediments: Relations with Sediment Contaminant Concentrations, Sediment Toxicity, and the Sediment Quality Triad (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 49 (1998), S. 23-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: benthic community tolerance ; sediment ; sediment quality triad ; toxicity ; toxic units
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the toxic-units model developed by Wildhaber and Schmitt (1996) as a predictor of indices of mean tolerance to pollution (i.e., Lenat, 1993; Hilsenhoff, 1987) and other benthic community indices from Great Lakes sediments containing complex mixtures of environmental contaminants (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls – PCBs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – PAHs, pesticides, chlorinated dioxins, and metals). Sediment toxic units were defined as the ratio of the estimated pore-water concentration of a contaminant to its chronic toxicity as estimated by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC) or other applicable standard. The total hazard of a sediment to aquatic life was assessed by summing toxic units for all contaminants quantified. Among the benthic community metrics evaluated, total toxic units were most closely correlated with Lenat's (1993) and Hilsenhoff's (1987) indices of community tolerance (T L and T H , respectively); toxic units accounted for 42% T L and 53% T H of variability in community tolerance as measured by Ponar grabs. In contrast, taxonomic richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity were not correlated (P 〉 0.05) with toxic units. Substitution of order- or family-level identifications for lowest possible (mostly genus- or species-) level identifications in the calculation of T L and T H indices weakened the relationships with toxic units. Tolerance values based on order- and family-level identifications of benthos for artificial substrate samples were more strongly correlated with toxic units than tolerance values for benthos from Ponar grabs. The ability of the toxic-units model to predict the other two components (i.e., laboratory-measured sediment toxicity and benthic community composition) of the Sediment Quality Triad (SQT) may obviate the need for the SQT in some situations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005716111754
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    Heavy Metals and Selenium in Herring Gulls (LARUS ARGENTATUS) NESTING IN COLONIES FROM EASTERN LONG ISLAND TO VIRGINIA (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 48 (1997), S. 285-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: herring gulls ; heavy metals ; selenium ; feathers ; bioindicator ; mercury ; lead ; cadmium ; chromium ; manganese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract With increasing interest in assessing the health or well-being ofcommunities and ecosystems, birds are being used asbioindicators. Coloniallynesting species breed mainly in coastal areas that are alsopreferred for humandevelopment, exposing the birds to various pollutants. Inthis paper concentrations of heavy metal and selenium in the feathers ofHerring Gulls(Larus argentatus) nesting in several colonies fromMassachusetts toDelaware are reported. There were significant differencesamong colonies forall metals, with metal concentrations being two to nearly fivetimes higher atsome colonies than others. Selenium showed the leastdifference, and cadmium showed the greatest difference among sites. Concentrations of lead werehighest at Prall‘s Island; mercury was highest at Shinnecock,Huckleberry andHarvey, and manganese was highest at Captree.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005760321417
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    Metal Accumulation by Riverine and Lacustrine Populations of Angulyagra Oxytropis (Benson) (Gastropoda : Viviparidae) (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 50 (1998), S. 249-254 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: lacustrine ; metal accumulation ; riverine ; sediment ; snail ; tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium, chromium, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc concentrations were determined in sediment and body tissues, viz. digestive gland, mantle and shell, of the freshwater snail, Angulyagra oxytropis (Benson) (Gastropoda : Viviparidae), from River Barak and one of its floodplain lakes in Cachar district, Assam State, Northeastern India. The concentrations of all the metals except iron are significantly higher in the lake sediment. When compared to their riverine counterparts, the lacustrine snails contain higher concentrations of cadmium, chromium and iron in their mantle; nickel and zinc in digestive gland; manganese in both digestive gland and mantle; and lead in all the three tissues examined. The accumulation patterns of most of the metals varied considerably between the two sites. The implications of these findings in storage, sequestration and detoxification of metals by this animal are discussed. The study also indicates that A. oxytropis may be a potential biological indicator of metal contamination in freshwater ecosystems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005858314811
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    Accumulation of Cu, Cd, Cr, Mn and Pb from artificially contaminated soil by Bacopa Monnieri (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 57 (1999), S. 253-264 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: accumulation ; Bacopa Monnieri ; cadmium ; chromium ; copper ; lead ; manganese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The metal accumulation potential of Bacopa monnieri L. was assessed under simulated laboratory conditions. This study was carried out in mixed metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn) condition and repeated exposures in artificial contaminated soil. The growing shoots were planted in garden subsoil containing 3, 16, 32, 64, 160 μM each of the above metals. After 8 weeks, plants were refeeded to three times higher concentrations of each metal than initially used to assess the maximum accumulating potential of the metals. The accumulation of the metals by the root and shoot was concentration and duration dependent. The metal accumulation was considerably higher in the fine root than in the shoot and showed the following order : Mn 〉 Cr 〉 Cu 〉 Cd 〉 Pb. The plants showed high tolerance to the metals as no visible phytotoxic symptom was produced after 8 weeks. However, as a result of combined metal toxicity, chlorophyll content was reduced by 62% after 12 weeks. The highest metal concentration was lethal to the plant at 16 weeks. In view of their high tolerance, the plants of B. monnieri may be considered for the amelioration of industrially-polluted wetlands experiencing regular flushing of wastewaters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006091215529
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    Voltammetric and Spectroscopic Determination of Toxic Metals in Sediments and Sea Water of Salerno Gulf (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 58 (1999), S. 23-37 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: heavy metal ; sea water ; sediment ; spectroscopy ; voltammetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this present work the distribution of heavy metals in sea water and sediments of the Salerno Gulf is measured. The elements determined were Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn and Hg, employing, as instrumental techniques, either differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). A comparison of the results of the two analytical techniques is also made. Mercury determination was carried out employing the cold vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS) technique, with SnCl2 as the reducing agent. The sample digestion was performed by a new procedure using concentrated suprapure H2SO4–K2Cr2O7 mixture. The accuracy and precision of the analytical procedure were evaluated employing Sea Water BCR-CRM 403 and Estuarine Sediment BCR-CRM 277 as reference materials. Accuracy, expressed as relative error e and precision, expressed as relative standard deviation sr, were in order of 2 to 5%. For both matrices, the detection limits, for all the elements, were in the range μg g-1 to ng g-1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006078927576
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    Soil Contamination by Pb, Zn and Cn from a Lead Smeltery (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 60 (2000), S. 359-366 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: cadmium ; household dust ; lead ; lead smeltery emissions ; soil contamination ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In the environment of a lead smeltery contamination with lead, zinc and cadmium was measured over a 15-year period. Efficient bag filters were installed in order to remove dust from the flue gases. This measure of improvement resulted in a drastic reduction of lead, zinc and cadmium content in suspended particles (by 92, 94 and 89%), to a lesser extent in depositions (by 79, 75 and 68%), whereas in household dust the reduction was considerably lower (by 53, 55 and 70%). It can be assumed that household dust contains also redispersed soil particles on which the dust from the smeltery flue gases has deposited over years. To determine to what extent contaminated soil continues to cause increased population exposure directly or through plants or pastures, in the period 1981–1985 the content of metallic ions in the soil was measured at three depths. Selective solubility of soil metallic compounds was analysed in water, in 1 mol ammoniumacetate solution and in 0.05 mol ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) solution in relation to their solubility in suspended particles, depositions and household dust. A considerably low portion of soluble metallic compounds was found in the soil and physico-chemical characteristics of the soil and portion of metallic ions bound to fulvice and humic acids were determined. The behaviour of metallic ions in contact with soil samples was studied in laboratory and it was found that approximately 50% of lead, 70% of zinc and 7% of cadmium ions change into non-soluble or poorly soluble compounds. By qualitative phase analysis in the non-soluble fraction PbO2, Pb3P4O13, Zn(OH)2, ZnO, Fe2O3 and Cd(OH)2 were identified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006167121513
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    Lead Levels in the Airborne Dust Particulates of an Urban City of Central India (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 62 (2000), S. 305-316 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: airborne dust particulates ; distribution pattern ; fall-out analysis ; flux ; lead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The dust fall-out rate, distribution pattern andconcentration of lead in the particulate fall-outmatters in urban Raipur city covering an area of 160 km2 during one hydrological year i.e. November1996–June 1997, has been described. The entire cityhas been divided into 6 zones comprising ofindustrial, commercial, residential and heavy trafficareas. A monthly collection and analysis of dustfall-out rate between 3.0(±0.1) and91.3(±1.2) metric tonnes km-2 month-1 wereobserved at all 6 sampling sites. The total annualflux of lead in the fall-out of the city at differentzones is in the range 0.0065–0.4304 kg km-2yr-1. The results show that dust fall-out and thelead levels both are at higher magnitudes in winterand autumn. These large levels of air pollutants havealso been correlated with some meteorological parameters like relative humidity and temperature, and strong positive correlations have been observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006241126582
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    Accumulation and effects of lead and cadmium on wood ducks near a mining and smelting complex in Idaho (1993)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 2 (1993), S. 139-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: wood ducks ; lead ; cadmium ; reproduction ; protoporphyrin ; ALAD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A study of wood ducks (Aix sponsa) was conducted along the Coeur d'Alene River system in northern Idaho in 1986 and 1987. Most of this area has been subjected to severe contamination from lead and other metals from mining and smelting since the 1880s. In 1986, a preliminary study of wood duck nesting was conducted in the contaminated area; incubating hens captured in nest boxes were bled and weighed. Blood samples were used to determine lead and cadmium concentrations and physiological characteristics. In 1987, an intensive study of wood ducks involved trapping and monitoring nest boxes in the contaminated area. Blood and tissue samples were also taken from wood ducks from a reference area without known contamination from metals. Lead levels in blood and tissues of most wood ducks from the contaminated area frequently exceeded those considered hazardous to birds; maximum levels (wet weight) of lead were 8 μg g−1 in blood and 14 μg g−1 in liver. Changes in physiological characteristics constituted the only evidence of potentially adverse effects from lead. In the contaminated area, nesting success (55% unadjusted, 35% Mayfield estimate) was less than in other areas where predation was low and nest boxes were used; but lead concentrations and physiological characteristics of blood were similar in successful and unsuccessful hens. Values of ALAD, hemoglobin, and body mass were negatively correlated with blood concentrations of lead, whereas protoporphyrin was positively correlated with lead levels in the blood. Some of the protoporphyrin values (1,091 μg dl−1 in a male and 756 μg dl−1 in a female) equalled those associated with lead toxicosis in experimental birds. ALAD activity was low in most birds from the contaminated area; values of 0 were obtained from 11 birds. Lead levels in blood, ALAD, protoporphyrin, and hemoglobin were significantly different between birds from the contaminated and reference areas. Concentrations of lead in ingesta of wood ducks ranged from 0.9 to 610 μg g−1 in the contaminated area and 0.2 to 0.6 μg g−1 in the reference area. Levels of cadmium in kidneys of wood ducks ranged from 1μg g−1 to 20 μg g−1 in the contaminated area and from only to 0.1 μg g−1 to 1 μg g−1 in the reference area. Cadmium concentrations were less than known effect levels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119436
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    Effects of lead and benzene on the developmental stability of Drosophila melanogaster (1993)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 2 (1993), S. 185-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: fluctuating asymmetry ; directional asymmetry ; developmental stability ; lead ; benzene ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Fluctuating asymmetry has been proposed as a general and sensitive indicator of developmental instability. Although there have been many field studies of fluctuating asymmetry in populations exposed to toxic chemicals, there have been few laboratory studies. To test the hypothesis that stress from toxic chemicals causes an increase in fluctuating asymmetry, we exposed larval Drosophila melanogaster to six concentrations of lead and benzene in their food. Lead and benzene caused neither a significant reduction in the number of emerging adult flies, nor a significant difference in the average number of sternopleural bristles. Flies exposed to lead at 10mg kg-1 and benzene at 1000 mg kg-1, however, showed increased fluctuating asymmetry of sternopleural bristles. Higher concentrations (10,000 mg kg-1) of benzene caused a transition from fluctuating asymmetry to directional asymmetry. Flies exposed to benzene at 10,000 mg kg-1 also eclosed more than a day earlier than flies exposed to it at 0–1,000 mg kg-1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00116423
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    Zinc, among a ‘cocktail’ of metal pollutants, is responsible for the absence of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber from the vicinity of a primary smelting works (1994)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 3 (1994), S. 68-78 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: cadmium ; copper ; isopods ; lead ; Porcellio scaber ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Porcellio scaber Latreille (Crustacea: Isopoda) of one month in age were reared for a year on leaf litter of field maple (Acer campestre) contaminated in the laboratory with a range of concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead or zinc. The metals were applied topically to the leaves as nitrates. Growth and survival, numbers of live offspring produced by females that matured, and concentrations of metals in adult isopods at the end of the experiment were measured. ‘Critical concentrations’ of metals in food at which all the isopods died before producing offspring were 100 μg Cd g−1, 100 μg Cu g−1, 2000 μg Pb g−1 and 1000 μg Zn g−1 (on a dry weight basis). The relative toxicities of the four metals in the laboratory were compared with concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in surface leaf litter in the vicinity of a primary smelting works at Avonmouth, South West England. The results support the hypothesis that the absence of Porcellio scaber from sites in the immediate vicinity of the factory is due to zinc poisoning. Although cadmium is approximately ten times more toxic to isopods than zinc in the laboratory, zinc is most likely to be killing isopods in the field because its concentration is always at least 30 times higher than cadmium in Avonmouth leaf litter, and more than 100 times higher at most sites. Populations of Porcellio scaber survive in field sites where surface leaf litter contains up to 5000 μg Zn g−1. This is at least five times higher than the ‘critical concentration’ in laboratory experiments. Thus, the methodology for assessing metal toxicity described in this paper, exaggerates the potential effects of metals to isopods in the field. Such differences between laboratory and field toxicities of metals should be taken into account when environmental protection levels for metals are being proposed for soil invertebrates based on ecotoxicological tests conducted in the laboratory.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00121389
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    Impact of heavy metals on mass and energy flux within the decomposition process in deciduous forests (1995)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 4 (1995), S. 114-137 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: heavy metal ; lead ; decomposition ; leaf litter accumulation ; diplopods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Laboratory experiments on microbial decomposition and on the contribution of diplopods to organic matter decomposition in soil were combined with field studies to reveal the major points of heavy metal effects on the leaf litter decomposition process. The study focused on the accumulation of organic litter material in heavy metal-contaminated soils. Microbial decomposition of freshly fallen leaves remained quantitatively unaffected by artificial lead contamination (1000 mg kg-1). The same was true for further decomposed leaf litter material, provided that the breakdown of this material was not influenced by faunal components. Although nutrient absorption in diplopods is affected by high lead contents in the food, this effect alone, however, was shown not to be sufficient for the massive deceleration of the decomposition process under heavy metal influence which could not only be observed in the field but occurred in microcosm studies as well. Reduced reproduction and lower activity of the diplopods most likely were responsible for the observation that lead-influenced diplopods enhanced microbial activity in soil only in a lesser degree than uncontaminated animals did. This effect is assigned to represent the main reason for decreased decomposition rates and the subsequent accumulation of organic material in heavy metal-contaminated soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00122172
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    Relation of Waterfowl Poisoning to Sediment Lead Concentrations in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin (2000)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 9 (2000), S. 207-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: lead ; waterfawl ; sediment ; toxicity ; mining ; risk assessment ; swans ; ALAD ; protoporphyrin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract For many years, waterfowl have been poisoned by lead after ingesting contaminated sediment in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, in Idaho. Results of studies on waterfowl experimentally fed this sediment were combined with results from field studies conducted in the Basin to relate sediment lead concentration to injury to waterfowl. The first step in the model estimated exposure as the relation of sediment lead concentration to blood lead concentration in mute swans (Cygnus olor), ingesting 22% sediment in a rice diet. That rate corresponded to the 90th percentile of sediment ingestion estimated from analyses of feces of tundra swans (Olor columbianus) in the Basin. Then, with additional laboratory studies on Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) fed the sediment, we developed the general relation of blood lead to injury in waterfowl. Injury was quantified by blood lead concentrations, ALAD (δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase) activity, protoporphyrin concentrations, hemoglobin concentrations, hepatic lead concentrations, and the prevalence of renal nuclear inclusion bodies. Putting the exposure and injury relations together provided a powerful tool for assessing hazards to wildlife in the Basin. The no effect concentration of sediment lead was estimated as 24 mg/kg and the lowest effect level as 530 mg/kg. By combining our exposure equation with data on blood lead concentrations measured in moribund tundra swans in the Basin, we estimated that some mortality would occur at a sediment lead concentration as low as 1800 mg/kg.
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    Lead (Pb) in Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus) from Oligotrophic Alpine Lakes: Gills versus Digestive Tract (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 102 (1998), S. 303-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: alkalinity ; fish ; food ; gills ; lead ; metal uptake ; Pb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We studied Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from two oligotropic high mountain lakes in Northern Tyrol, Austria, that differed in pH (5.4 and 7.1) and alkalinity (1.3 and 100.3 µeq L-1). Concentrations of Pb in gills, liver, kidney, gut and contents of stomach and gut were investigated during winter and summer to elucidate pathways for Pb uptake in these fish. Our study illustrates ratios of Pb concentrations of gills to stomach or gills to intestine (G/S and G/l ratios) to be a valuable tool for evaluating the relative contributions of different pathways of metal uptake in fish. In both sampling periods (winter, summer) the gills appear to represent a major route pf Pb uptake in fish from low alkalinity lakes. However, during the ice-covered period the diet becomes an increasingly important additional source of Pb contamination.
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    Influence of Sediment Preservation on Total Mercury and Methylmercury Analyses (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 107 (1998), S. 277-288 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: freezing ; lyophilisation ; mercury ; methylmercury ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Estuarine and riverine sediments from fourlocations showing different sediment structures wereanalysed as fresh, thawed and lyophilised samples fortotal mercury (TotHg) and methylmercury (MeHg)concentrations, and results were compared to addresseffects of sample preservation on Hg speciation. TotHg was measured by cold vapour atomic absorptionspectrometry (CVAAS). MeHg was isolated bydistillation and ion-exchange and analysed by coldvapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVAFS) afterpreconcentration on a gold trap. No loss of TotHg norMeHg due to lyophilisation was found. Concentrationsof TotHg and MeHg respectively ranged from 92 to 267ng g-1 dw and 1.1 to 2.9 ng g-1 dw in freshsamples, from 94 to 215 ng g-1 dw and 1.1 to 2.8ng g-1 dw in thawed samples, and from 100 to 256ng g-1 dw and 1.2 to 3.1 ng g-1 dw inlyophilised samples. Lyophilised samples showedbetter homogeneity and better MeHg analysisreproducibility compared with wet samples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019886606856
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    Phosphorus Retention Mechanisms in the Sediment of an Eutrophic Mining Lake (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 108 (1998), S. 341-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mining lake ; sediment ; phosphorus release ; phosphorus fractionation ; eutrophication ; phosphorus retention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A small, highly eutrophic mining lake (Golpa IV) in eastern Germany with a continuous input of nutrients and metals was used to study the mechanisms of phosphorus (P) fixation in the sediment. The sediment (0-15 cm) is characterised by high contents of iron (96 mg g-1 DW), aluminium (37.3 mg g-1 DW) and sulphur (54.3 mg g-1 DW) and an extreme accumulation of some trace metals. Despite oxygen free conditions in the hypolimnion and intensive sulphate reduction in the sediment, high P retention rates could be calculated from dated sediment cores (1986-1995: 11 g P m-2 a-1). The lake has shown a rapid response to reduction of P loading. In some sediment layers unusually high total sediment P concentrations with more than 24 mg P g-1 DW were observed. More than 80% of total sediment P was bound in the BD-SRP and NaOH-SRP fractions (extraction scheme according to Psenner et al., 1984) which indicates that a substantial portion of deposited P is immobilised in an Fe or Al bound form. This corresponds well with the presence of oxidised Fe species at all sediment depths. Furthermore thermodynamic calculations indicate that vivianite precipitation is favourable in deeper anoxic sediment layers. The inventory or input of Fe or Al seems to be more important for the permanent P immobilisation in the sediment of the investigated mining lake than redox forced mobilisation processes (e.g. iron or sulphate reduction).
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    Removal of Heavy Metals from Calcareous Contaminated Soils by EDTA Leaching (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: EDTA ; heavy metals ; leaching ; lead ; soil remediation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The performance of EDTA for the treatment of calcareous soils contaminated with heavy metals from mining and smelting activities was evaluated in this study. Soil samples containing variable levels of contamination, from 500 to 35 000 mg kg-1 Pb and 700 to 20 000 mg kg-1 Zn, were subjected to EDTA treatment and the extraction of heavy metals was found to vary, ranging between 50 and 98% for Pb and 50 to 100% for Zn. Total residual concentrations were above the limits set by regulatory authorities; leachable metals, however, were efficiently removed and treated soils were all acceptable in terms of toxicity. The effect of EDTA concentration and pulp density was studied on a soil sample containing 12 000 mg kg-1 Pb and 10 000 mg kg-1 Zn. Heavy metals removal was improved at low pulp densities and when EDTA concentration was increased from 0.025 to 0.25 M. The tetrasodium salt Na4-EDTA was found to be less effective for metals removal compared to the disodium salt Na2-EDTA, though applied at higher concentrations. This experimental work has also demonstrated the great importance of soil matrix for the overall evaluation of the EDTA leaching as a cost effective remedial option. The simultaneous dissolution of calcite was found to consume approximately 90% of the available EDTA. It was thus concluded that for the treatment of calcareous soils the design criteria and cost estimations should be based on the calcite content of the soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005089515217
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    An Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Sediments Along the Albanian Coast (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 235-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atomic absorption spectroscopy ; background level ; heavy metal ; lognormal distribution ; normalization ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An evaluation is presented of heavy metal pollution, based on statistical analysis of metal concentrations in the sediments from an area along the Albanian Coast. This includes a detailed description of levels of the most important pollutants. Examination of lognormal metal distribution plots indicates that the curve inflections may be operationally used as a threshold between polluted and unpolluted areas. Fe is used for mineralogical normalization of the data. The normalization procedure identifies the most polluted areas. It is clearly demonstrated that some industrial activities such as mining, harbour and chlor-alkali plant, notably affect the heavy metals concentration in the sediments. An evaluation of bakcground levels for the sediments of the Adriatic Albanian coast is also carried out.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005086208998
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    Remediation of Lead Contaminated Soil by EDTA. I. Batch and Column Studies (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 113 (1999), S. 77-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: extraction ; hydraulic conductivity ; lead ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Extraction using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and other chelates has been demonstrated to be an effective method of removal of Pb from many contaminated soils. However, column leaching of Pb from alkaline soils with EDTA has been problematic due to extremely low soil permeability. The first purpose of this study was to develop batch extraction procedures and methods of analysis of batch extraction data to provide Pb solubility information which can be used to model the column extraction of Pb from soils. The second purpose was to determine the effect of the addition of KOH and CaCl2 to K2H2EDTA extract solution on both hydraulic conductivity and Pb removal. A Pb-contaminated soil sample was collected from an abandoned battery recycling facility. Both batch shaker extractions and column leaching experiments were completed using 5 different EDTA extract solutions. When only CaCl2 was added to EDTA no change in the amount of Pb removed by batch extraction was observed. As expected, lead solubility was observed to decrease as pH was increased by the addition of KOH. However, Pb solubility was only slightly decreased by the addition of both CaCl2 and KOH. The amount of time required to leach 6.0 L of extraction solution through the soil columns varied from 2 to 33 days. The addition of CaCl2 and/or KOH resulted in increased soil hydraulic conductivity relative to the EDTA-only solution. The hydraulic conductivity was related to residual calcium carbonate content, suggesting that dissolution of CaCO3 and subsequent production of CO2 gas in the soil pores was partially responsible for the observed reductions in soil permeability. However, Pb removal was diminished with the addition of CaCl2 and KOH because of the decreased Pb solubility and also kinetic limitations associated with the shorter residence time of the extract solution in the column.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005032504487
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    Mobilisation of Heavy Metals in Contaminated Sediments in the River Meuse, The Netherlands (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 567-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Complexation ; diffusion ; heavymetals ; mobilisation ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Due to seasonal variation in bottom-water temperature and degradation of organic matter, the depths of the redox boundaries fluctuate in sediments of the river Meuse. This is reflected by a non-steady state behaviour of heavy metals in the surface sediments. Levels of acid-volatile sulphides suggest that dissolved concentrations of heavy metals in the anoxic pore waters are determined by their respective sulphide phases. However, complexation with dissolved organic ligands may significantly increase dissolved concentrations of heavy metals. In most sediments studied, a distinct peak in dissolved concentrations of heavy metals is measured immediately below the sediment-water interface. This concentration peak may be attributed to degradation of organic matter and oxidation of sulphides. Dissolved concentration gradients indicate that upward diffusion of heavy metals from the sediment can contribute to concentrations in the surface water, although significant effects may be confined to specific locations. In addition, it is shown that release of heavy metals as dissolved species to the surface water is negligible compared to particulate-bound fluxes of heavy metals to the sediment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005146927718
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    Heavy Metal Pollution by Atmospheric Transport in Natural Soils from the Northern Part of Eastern Carpathians (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 120 (2000), S. 347-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric pollution ; cadmium ; cobalt chromium ; copper ; lead ; manganese ; nickel ; Romania ; soil contamination ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The present paper is a study of the heavy metal contamination ofnatural soils due to atmospheric transport in the northern partof Eastern Carpathians. The study area is located north of BaiaMare, the main Romanian centre for processing complex sulphideores. Ten undisturbed soil profiles of andosols and andic soilswere investigated. The distribution of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn,Mn, Ni, Co, Cr and Cd) was studied along the soil profile and atspecific distances from the pollution sources. In addition tothe total nitric acid soluble fraction of the metals, amounts oflead, copper, zinc and manganese extractable with 0.05 Mhydrochloric acid were determined to evaluate the fraction ofeach metal potentially available to plants. Surface soils in theIgnis Mountains (10 km from Baia Mare) were more polluted withlead (200–800 ppm), with the concentration decreasing withdistance from the processing plants. Lower lead concentrationswere observed in the deeper soil horizons. The fraction of leadextractable in 0.05 M hydrochloric acid was generally higher athigh total concentrations of lead. From its geographical andsoil profile distributions it is also evident that cadmium wasalso supplied in appreciable amounts to the topsoil from thesame polution sources, whereas the trend was weaker for zincand chromium and not evident for copper, manganese, nickel, orcobalt. The fraction extractable with 0.05 M hydrochloric acidgenerally followed the order Pb 〉 Cu 〉 Zn 〉 Mn.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005255718970
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    Methyl Mercury Production and Distribution in River Water-Sediment Systems Investigated Through Radiochemical Techniques (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 124 (2000), S. 113-124 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioturbation ; freshwater systems ; methylation ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The toxicological consequences of Hg releases to the environment are largely governed by the conversion ofinorganic Hg to the most toxic methylmercury (MeHg), that is biomagnified through aquatic food chains. To gain further insight on the biological and physico-chemical factors controlling MeHg production and distribution among freshwater sediments and water, we used a sensitive and specific radiochemical procedure, developed at the National Institute for Minamata Disease. Systems containing 203Hg2+-spiked sediment cores (0.7 μg total Hg g-1 d.w.) and overlying water, both from a pristine mountain stream in Southern Japan, were incubated for 21–38 days in different conditions. Inorganic Hg and MeHg in sediment and water were extracted in dithizone-benzene and measured after separation by thin-layer chromatography. The conversion of added Hg to MeHg was 3.0 to 13.7% in sediments, with a tendency for higher proportions in the top layers. Surprisingly, more MeHg was found in the sediment (11.3%) and water (66.5%) of a system bubbled with air than in one bubbled with nitrogen (4.2 and 44.1%). Artificially increased levels ofbioturbation reduced by half the MeHg concentrationsand % of added total Hg in sediment and water. In allsystems, 55–68% of total Hg and MeHg in water wereassociated to suspended particles 〉1μm. MeHgbioaccumulation factors (BFs) from water ranged270–8100 and from sediment, 0.2–5.7 (wet weight basis). BFs in relation to water where 3 times higher for MeHg than for total Hg.
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    Remediation of Lead Contaminated Soil by Column Extraction with EDTA: II. Modeling (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 102 (1998), S. 221-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: contaminated ; EDTA ; lead ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lead contamination of soils is a common problem throughout the world. Laboratory batch test and bench scale experiments have shown that EDTA can be used to remove lead from contaminated soils. However, due to the high cost and laborious task associated with actual environmental remediation of a lead contaminated soil, there is a need to be able to predict the outcome of a remediation process in advance in order to optimize the process and minimize the cost. This paper describes the development and validation of a computer model which can be used to simulate the removal of lead from a contaminated soil column using EDTA as the chelating agent. The model is able to simulate the lead removal from soil based on equilibrium as well as kinetic dissolution of Pb. The comparison of the simulated results with actual lead concentrations both in effluent and soil shows that the model can predict the lead removal process with reasonable accuracy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004901013628
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    A Critical Evaluation of Sample Pretreatment for Storage of Contaminated Sediments to be Investigated for the Potential Mobility of their Heavy Metal Load (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 103 (1998), S. 137-149 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; pretreatment ; sediment ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The identification of the geochemical forms of heavy metals in contaminated sediments gives information on their availability. This requires the use of a geochemical speciation procedure such as the one developed by Tessier et al. (1979). In addition to the imperfections of these protocols, their results can vary depending on the technique used for the preservation of sediments which must be suited to the materials studied and to particularities of the investigation. This study was carried out on superficial river sediments, seriously polluted by Cu, Cd and Pb. Compared to fresh sediment, none of the drying methods studied (freeze-drying, air-drying and oven-drying at 105 °C) completely preserve the distribution of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in the various geochemical fractions of the sediment. The modifications depend directly on the quantities of metals present in the various fractions of the sediment, the effects being more marked when the quantity is smallest. This results in a decrease in metals in the exchangeable fraction and in those bound to carbonates under the action of atmospheric oxygen and a corresponding increase in the other fractions. To minimize this, freeze-drying and air-drying are satisfactory techniques which enable preservation of sediments representative of the environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004952608950
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    The Effect of Refure Incinerator Fumes on the Lead and Cadmium Content of Experimentally Exposed Corcicolous Lichens (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 104 (1998), S. 29-40 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioaccumulation ; cadmium ; incineration ; lead ; lichens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Nine corticolous lichens have been used to detect the lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) given off by a municipal solid waste incinerator. This bioindication study involved lichens gathered from unpolluted sites around Grenoble (Isère, France) to three conditions: the first batch was set up down wind of the waste incinerator fumes, the second one was set up in the ambient atmosphere of the plant, and the third was kept in a non polluted place. After one month of exposure, the batches were compared. The lichens from the first and second batches did not show any appreciable thallus change. Pb and Cd concentrations have shown that lichens accumulate heavy metals in variable ways according to the species and to the conditions of pollution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004965131303
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    Levels of Lead and other Metals in Citrus Alongside a Motor Road (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 593-602 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioindicators ; citrus ; deposition ; lead ; road traffic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The present study investigates the accumulation of Pb, Cu, Mn and Zn in leaves of Citrus limon (L.) Burm picked up from a field situated near a busy road. Samples were collected at different distances of 1–500 m from the road. Washed and unwashed foliage of citrus were analyzed by AA. Differences between washed and unwashed samples were found only for lead which indicated a significant reduction in concentration in all distances that come up to 52.35%, the differences evidence that this metal mainly reaches leaves by aerial deposition. Lead concentration in leaves of citrus with regard to distance from the roads decreases rapidly with increasing distance. Lead levels were higher than typical background concentrations. These concentrations indicated that lead pollution on a local scale is caused by emissions from motor vehicles that are still using leaded gasoline, that is, the only source of contamination known in this place. The content of the other metals did not present significant differences between washed and unwashed samples and the concentrations are not a function of the distance from the road.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004937224850
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    Environmental Exposure to Cadmium and Lead in the Pediatric Age Group (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 661-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; environmental contamination ; lead ; serum ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lead additives in automotive fuel, smog from a nearby industrial center warranted an investigation on cadmium and lead in Manisa, a city of tabacco processing. Hundred and one children were screened in view of lead and cadmium exposure. In 23 children between the ages of 0–2 years the mean (±SEM) serum lead level was 7.15 ± 0.10 μg/dl, in 28 between the ages of 3–6 years was 7.20 ± 0.10 μg/dl and in 50 between the ages of 7–15 years was 7.20 ± 0.10 μg/dl, respectively, with no significant differences. Serum cadmium levels in the same groups of children was 0.066 ± 0.008 ng/ml, 0.078 ± 0.008 ng/ml 0.088 ± 0.006 ng/ml, respectively. The difference in cadmium levels between the age groups of 0–2 years and 7–15 years was significant (p〈0.038). This significant increase in blood cadmium level is also shown by simple linear regression analysis: Cadmium (ng/ml) = 0.049 + 0.005 (age), and p〈0.0001, F Ratio = 50.578, coefficient of correlation = 0.581. Our study revealed that lead is not a serious environmental contaminant for children, yet; however, the increasing trend seen in exposure to cadmium warrants serious consideration and urgant preventive measures.
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    Retention of Metals in Agricultural Soils After Amending with MSW and MSW-Biosolids Compost (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 163-178 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; copper ; lead ; MSW-biosolids compost ; MSW compost ; soil ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The goal of this study was to measure the As, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn contents of soils amended with municipal solid waste (MSW) and MSW-biosolids compost and to determine the long-term transport of these metals to lower soil horizons. Lead, Cu, Cd and Zn contents in the composts were 3–20 times more concentrated in the compost compared to the soil at the Calverton, NY, U.S.A. farm. As a result, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn were elevated in the upper 5 cm soil layer following compost application and the metal enrichment was proportional to the amount of compost applied (21–62 Mg ha-1). In addition, Pb, As and Cu contents of the non-compost amended Calverton soils were enriched above the tillage depth (20–25 cm). Cu, Pb and As enrichment was attributed to the historical use of sodium arsenite, lead arsenate and copper sulfate insecticides and fungicides. Results of the metal analyses of soil cores collected 16 and 52 months following compost application showed that Cu, Zn and Pb remained confined to the upper 5 cm soil layer. The low water extractable fraction of these metals in MSW and MSW-biosolids compost was a major factor limiting the transport of these metals to lower soil horizons. In contrast, Cd leaching from the upper 0–5 and 5–10 cm soil layers was continuous over the 52 month study period and was attributed primarily to the presence of soluble Cd in phosphate fertilizer initially applied to the Calverton farm soil.
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    An Oxidative Mechanism for the Inhibition of Iodothyronine 5′-Monodeiodinase Activity by Lead Nitrate in the Fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 417-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: antioxidant enzymes ; fish ; iodothyronine 5′-monodeiodinase ; lead ; lipid peroxidation ; thyroid hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An oxidative mechanism in the lead-induced inhibition of thyroid function with special reference to iodothyronine 5′- monodeiodinase (5′-ID) activity has been identified in the fish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Lead treatment (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 ppm of lead nitrate/day for 30 days) enhanced tissue lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). In addition, serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentration and hepatic 5'-ID activity were markedly decreased by 10 ppm of lead nitrate. These findings support the view that higher concentrations of lead nitrate inhibit the extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine (T4) to T3. Moreover, oxidative stress from lead intoxication could be responsible for inhibiting 5′-ID activity.
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    Permissible Concentrations of Arsenic and Lead in Soils Based on Risk Assessment (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 113 (1999), S. 127-132 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: arsenic ; lead ; risk assessment ; soil contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Establishing permissible concentrations for As and Pb in soils is of practical importance because of toxicity of these metals, their widespread contamination, and limited resources available for remediation of contaminated soils. The USEPA pathway approach to risk assessment was used to assess an environmental hazard related to As and Pb in soils and to evaluate safe concentrations of these metals in contaminated soil. The results from large-scale field experiments with soil fly ash-biosolids blends were used as input data to analyze pathways of the most intense transfer of the contaminants to a target organism. A direct soil ingestion by children (the soil-human pathway) was considered the most important exposure route to soil As and Pb. A conservative risk analysis shows that As concentrations in soil can reach 40 μg g-1 without a hazard to exposed organisms. A Pb concentration in soil up to 300 μg g-1 does not cause an excessive intake of Pb by humans as evaluated by a direct soil ingestion exposure model.
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    Sorption Kinetics and Transformation of DDT in Sediment (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 57-66 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: DDT ; kinetic ; organic pollutant ; sediment ; sorption ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The overall objective of this study was to investigate the sorption kinetics of DDT in sediment under similar experimental conditions employed in corresponding toxicity studies for bentic organisms. A batch of aerated Schoonrewoerdse Wiel sediment, initially spiked with DDT, was sampled over a period of seven days. Concentrations of DDT, DDD and DDE were determined in both the solid and the solution phase in the sediment/water system after separation by centrifugation. It was found that the extractable amount of DDT decreased with increasing contact time. This can partly be explained in terms of transformation of DDT into DDD. Furthermore, the present applied extraction procedure seems to be less effective with increasing contact time, indicating an increase in binding strength of DDT with the sediment material. Finally, on the basis of DDT, DDE and DDD concentrations in both the solid phase and the solution phase, partition coefficients were calculated, which appeared to be independent of the contact time. This points at a very rapid equilibrating between DDT in pore water and in the extractable forms adsorbed at the solid phase.
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    Release Kinetics of Water Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC) from River Sediment and Wetland Soil (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 407-418 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: DOC ; release kinetics ; sediment ; Water Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC) ; wetland soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Release kinetics of Water Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC) from a wetlandsoil and a river bottom sediment were investigated under variousexperimental conditions in the laboratory. The laminar sublayerconcept was applied to model the release process. The resultsindicate that the release process can be characterized by atypical first order equation derived from the laminar sublayermodeling. The mass transfer rate constants of the releaseprocess increased with the increase in flow velocity following apower function. Due to texture difference, the transfer rateconstant of the wetland soil is about one order of magnitudelarger than that of the river bottom sediment. The influences oftemperature and pH on the release kinetics are discussed.
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    Historical Variations in Lead Fluxes in the Pyrenees (Northeast Spain) from a Dated Lake Sediment Core (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 439-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Lake Redó ; lake sediments ; lead ; metal pollution ; mining ; 210Pb-dating ; Pyrenees ; stable Pb isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Variations in Pb concentration in lake sediments reflect changes in the fluxes of this element in the past. A sediment core from a lake in the Pyrenees (Lake Redó at 2,240 m a.s.l., NE Spain) was studied, with the aim of reconstructing past environmental and climatic conditions in the lake and its catchment area. The core was dated using both 210Pb and 14C. A surface peak of Pb concentration, which was about 10 times higher than the background level, was found. This peak is attributed to mining activities since the beginning of this century. Although Pb pollution due to the combustion of gasoline is expected to be present, no evidence can be deduced from Pb isotope ratios of sediment due to the masking effect of Pb from mines. A second peak appeared in a deeper layer, with a maximum Pb concentration of about 17 times higher than the background level. The origin of this peak is unclear. All evidence suggests that the ancient peak is due to mining operations in the central Pyrenees area, which were not documented historically.
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    Metal Pollution by Old Lead-Zinc Mines in Urumea River Valley (Basque Country, Spain). Soil, Biota and Sediment (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 107 (1998), S. 303-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: base metal mining ; biota ; metal pollution ; sediment ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Soil, aquatic biota (moss: Brachythecium rivulare; aquatic macrophytes: Juncus effusus, Potamogeton crispus; fish: Salmo trutta fario, Anguilla anguilla, Phoxinus phoxinus, Chelon labrosus) and sediment samples from the Urumea river valley were analysed for metals by acid digestion and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The sediments show the presence of metal pollution (Cd: 2.5–24 mg kg-1; Pb: 125–1,150 mg kg-1; Zn: 125–2,500 mg kg-1) because mining and industrial wastes. A selective retention of dense minerals in dam sediments contributes to the load of metal, but interstitial water analysis (Cd: 〈0.02–0.1 mg L-1; Pb: 0.3–1.0 mg L-1; Zn: 〈0.05–0.6 mg L-1) shows that precipitation equilibrium controls their mobilisation. Biota samples show evidence of metal accumulation, moss reaching 1,100 mg kg-1 in lead and 6,800 mg kg-1 in zinc. Soil from the valley is polluted by both, river carried material and industrial sources (Cd: 1.0–4.0 mg kg-1; Pb: 26–1,120 mg kg-1; Zn: 105–1,390 mg kg-1/math〉), but they are used, indistinctly, for farming and pasture.
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    Biogeochemistry of Iron and Sulfur in Sediments of an Acidic Mining Lake in Lusatia, Germany (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 108 (1998), S. 231-247 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bacterial sulfate reduction ; iron reduction ; sediment ; pore-water chemistry ; acidic mining lake ; stable sulfur isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Chemical, microbiological and stable isotope analyses of sediments from an acidic mining lake were used to evaluate whether biogeochemical processes, such as iron and sulfate reduction, are extant, because such processes can potentially generate alkalinity. Sediment cores were sliced in cm intervals to achieve a high resolution for spatial distribution of organic and inorganic components. Iron, sulfur, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus as well as the most probable number (MPN) of iron reducing bacteria, the amount of lipid phosphate and the stable isotope compositions of various sedimentary sulfur compounds were measured. Accumulation of degradable organic material, reduced mass fractions of iron, enhanced concentrations of lipid phosphate, high concentrations of DOC and ferrous iron in the pore water and a drastic change of sulfur isotope ratios in the upper 3 cm of the sediment all indicated a highly reactive zone of biogeochemical transformations. The data provide clear evidence for iron and sulfate reducing processes in the sediments that result in an increase of pH with depth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005195617195
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    Addition of Calcareous Metal Waster to Acid Soils: Consequences for Metal Solubility (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 201-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; fly Ash ; lead ; metal solubility ; soil amendments ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A model was tested which predicts the pH and solution metal concentration in the solution phase of soil amended with (waste-) incinerator fly ash (FA). Graded quantities of calcareous metal-rich FA were equilibrated with an acid clay soil, in aerated CaCl2 suspensions (0.01 M), to give a pH range of 3.1 (100% soil) to 7.5 (100% FA). As the FA loading was increased, the concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb in solution passed through a maximum and then declined until the pH of the soil/ash mixtures approximated that of the pure FA (pHFA). This apparently complex pattern was accurately described by a simple pH- dependent adsorption equation relating adsorbed metal (Mads) to divalent metal concentration in solution (M2+) and pH through 3 constants designated n, Kads} and m: For pH 〈 pHFA, log (Mads (M2+)n) = Kads + m pH However, at greater ash loadings the solution metal concentration and pH remained constant with FA addition and a solubility product (Ks) could be applied: For pH ≥ pHFA, og(M2+) = log Ks - 2 pH Metal concentrations in solution [Msoln] were greatest at very low FA loadings (around 2%); at lower FA additions [Msoln] was limited by total metal concentration while at higher additions of ash the solubility of metals was suppressed by the liming effect of the fly ash. It was therefore concluded that low levels of dust transfer from disposal sites to surrounding acidic soils may be the greatest source of metal pollution to biological and aquatic systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005081525584
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    Monitoring of Phytotoxicity of Lead and Mercury from Germination and Early Seedling Growth Indices in Two Rice Cultivars (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 339-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: biomonitoring indices ; germination ; heavy metals ; lead ; mercury ; rice ; seedling growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Treatment of seeds of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (Ratna and IR36) separately with 10-5and 10-4M PbCl2and HgCl2decreased germination percentage, germination index (GI), shoot and root length, tolerance index (TI), vigour index (VI) and dry mass of shoot and root but increased percentage difference from control (% DFC) of germination and percentage phytotoxicity in both the cultivars. It was observed from these indices that the phytotoxic effect of mercury was greater than lead at identical concentrations and that IR36 appeared more tolerant than Ratna to these metals. Among the monitoring indices examined, TI, VI, and % phytotoxicity seemed to serve as good biological monitoring methods for evaluating the relative toxicity of lead and mercury to rice cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005135629433
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    Nitrogen and Phosphorus Levels in Sediments from Tropical Catatumbo River (Venezuela) (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 117 (2000), S. 27-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: eutrophication ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; river ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations were determined in sediment samples along the bed of Catatumbo river in both Colombian and Venezuelan territories until the river outlet in Maracaibo lake. Total phosphorus was determined by digestion with HCl followed by analysis using the ascorbic acid method and total nitrogen was done using the standard microkjeldahl method plus nitrate-nitrite. Ammonium, orthophosphate and nitrate were determined using standard methods after extraction steps. The mean concentrations along the river bed were found in an interval of 0.035 and 1.492 mg g-1 dry sed. for nitrogen and 0.027 and 1.039 mg g-1 dry sed. for phosphorus at 95% confidence level. The mean molar ratio N/P in the river bed was 4.42 and 3.46 for river outlet zones in the lake, which indicates that nitrogen is the limiting nutrient. For comparison with previous results of lake sediments from sites near the river outlet it was concluded that Catatumbo river is a significant source of nutrients to the Maracaibo Lake system because sediment nutrients concentrations from Catatumbo river were higher than the ones in Maracaibo Lake. Statistic studies showed significant differences between countries, zones and similar behaviour in the river bed as related to the affluent rivers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005189710803
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    Trace Metals in Marine Algae and Sediment Samples from the Bosphorus (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 27-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: algae ; Bosphorus ; sediment ; trace metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Concentration of As, Cr, Fe, Zn, Co, Sb, Pb, Cd and Cu weredetermined in sediment and algae samples collected from theBosphorus in Turkey. Certain algae species were chosen among thegreen, brown and red algae species at three sampling stations.Element analyses were carried out by atomic absorptionspectrophotometry and instrumental neutron activation analysis. The locations having the highest metal concentrations insediments were as follows: As at Poyraz; Cr, Zn, Sb at RumeliFeneri and Fe, Co at Garipçe. In genral, the accumulation ofmost of the metals showed no direct correlation with algaespecies. On the other hand, C. verticillatus and C. barbataspecies of brown algae showed ability to accumulate arsenic.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005149500870
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    Lead biogeochemistry in the littoral zones of south-central Ontario lakes, Canada, after the elimination of gasoline lead additives (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 179-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmosphere ; bioaccumulation ; isotope ratios ; lead ; macrophytes ; sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Stable Pb isotope ratios were used to trace thesources and pathways of Pb between the atmosphere,surficial sediment fractions, the white water-lilyNymphaea odorata, and waters collected at 26littoral sites in 23 Ontario lakes in summer 1993,three years after alkyl Pb additives were finallyeliminated from Canadian gasoline. Based onsimilarities of isotopic composition, the exchange ofPb between lakewater and sediment 'carbonate', andsubsequently between 'carbonate', 'oxide' and othersediment fractions, was the most likely water-sedimentpathway of Pb movement. pH controlled Pb fractionationwithin surficial sediments, with the 'organic' poolcomprising 80–97% of total Pb in most acidic lakesand 15–60% in alkaline lakes. About 28% of the Pb inN. odorata shoots was accumulated directly fromwater, whereas there was no evidence of root uptake ofPb from sediments. The Pb in plant tissues wasisotopically homogeneous and dissimilar to thevariable composition exhibited in ambient waters andsediments. Plant Pb isotopes strongly resembled thehistorical Canadian atmospheric (alkyl Pb) signature.A possible explanation is that, like essential tracemetals, historically-accumulated Pb was highlyconserved during the annual growth cycle of thislong-lived, clonal macrophyte, being storedover-winter in underground rhizomes and recycled intospring growth. Given the low rate of 'new' Pb uptake,historical alkyl Pb may continue to dominate planttissues for some time, even though it was notdetectable in littoral waters and sediments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005194309413
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    Runoff and Sediment Attenuation by Undisturbed and Lightly Disturbed Forest Buffers (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 122 (2000), S. 121-138 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Soil erosion ; sediment ; water pollution ; forestry ; logging ; buffer strips
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A runoff plot experiment found that ten metre undisturbed forest buffers removed80–90% of runoff and over 95% of sediment produced by logging skid tracks. The study was carried out on 21º slopes in a native forest in eastern New South Wales, Australia. The experiment included three replicates of four treatments including undisturbed control, skid track, skid track + undisturbed buffer and skid track + disturbed buffer. Skid track and control plots were 20 m long by 5 m wide. Buffer plots consisted of a 20 m by 5 m skid track directing runoff to a 10 m by 5 m naturally vegetated buffer that was either undisturbed or lightly disturbed. Runoff and sediment yields from plots were monitored over two successive summers. Undisturbed buffers greatly reduced overland flow and decreased sediment yields from around 100 Mg ha1 to less than 0.5 Mg ha-1. Differences in both runoff and sediment yield between undisturbed buffer and control treatments were minimal and not statistically significant. Disturbed buffers achieved similarly large reductions in runoff and sediment yield in two out of three replicates. The third replicate yielded as much or more runoff and sediment than the skid track plots suggesting that disturbance increased the risk of buffer failure. The peak rate of outflow from buffer plots was generally not related to peak buffer inflow until a threshold inflow of 1.6 L s-1 was reached, after which peak outflow and peak inflow were linearly related.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005283403178
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    Speciation of As(III) and As(V) in some Ghanaian Gold Tailings by a Simple Distillation Method (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 122 (2000), S. 317-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: arsenic ; distillation ; gold tailing ; neutron activation analysis ; sediment ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract As(III) and As(V) in goldtailings and river-bedsediments from Obuasi were determined by distillationof arsenic as AsCl3. Results yielded 3750±426 mg kg-1 (45.2%) for As(V) and 3050±66 mg kg-1 (36.7%) for As(III) in the tailings. In the river-bed sediments, one spot yielded: As(III) 0 mg kg-1 (0%) and As(V) 1447±51 mg kg-1 (100%), whilst a second spot yielded: As(III) 0 mg kg-1 (0%) and As(V) 2976±51 mg kg-1 (100%). Using arsenic oxide standards, the recovery of As(III) and As(V) in the trioxide were 94.8 and 0.6% respectively. In a mixture of the two oxides, the recovery of As(III) was 87.6% with practically no interference from As(V). Total As content of the tailings was determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA) to be 8305±75 mg kg-1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005286832435
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    Selective Removal of Lead from Calcareous Polluted Soils using the Ca-EDTA Salt (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 122 (2000), S. 351-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: contaminated soil ; EDTA ; lead ; removal of lead ; treatment of calcareous soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract EDTA is a powerful chelating reagentwhich has been often proposed for the decontaminationof lead polluted soils. Despite the pronouncedselectivity of this reagent for Pb, a low degree ofutilisation is observed when treating calcareoussoils, due to the co-dissolution of calcite. Thisstudy demonstrates that it is possible to suppresscalcite dissolution and optimise the degree of EDTAutilisation, using the calcium salt of EDTA, insteadof the common sodium salts. Initial experiments, whichwere carried out mixing pure cerrusite (PbCO3)with a Na2CaEDTA solution, have shown that Pb isquantitatively solubilised, while calcium precipitatesin the form of aragonite. The performance of thisreagent in the decontamination of soils has beentested on a soil sample from Lavrion (Greece)containing 7.3–8.8% of Ca and heavily polluted withPb at levels up to 3.5%. The parameters which weretested include the reaction time, the stoichiometricexcess of Na2CaEDTA with respect to Pb and theeffect of successive treatment stages with freshNa2CaEDTA solutions. The experimental resultshave shown that long reaction times, exceeding 24 hr, are required in order to obtain sufficient Pbremoval and preserve the calcium content of the soil.Lead extraction increases from 27 to 40% prolongingthe reaction time from 1 to 24 hr atNa2CaEDTA/Pb = 1 mol/mol. Increasing theNa2CaEDTA/Pb molar ratio from 1 to 3.5 mol/mol,enhances the dissolution of Pb from 40 to 53%, whichis not proportional to the stoichiometric excesssupplied. The efficiency of Pb removal is maximized,up to 75%, applying three successive leaching stages.The major benefit of Na2CaEDTA in comparison withthe disodium EDTA salt is the preservation of soilcalcite. The initial calcium content of the soil wasfound to increase by 4% using the Ca salt; on thecontrary, the treatment with Na2H2EDTA undersimilar experimental conditions has resulted indissolving 27% of soil Ca.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005295119231
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    Determination of lead in aerosol samples collected on glass fiber filters by an improved atomic absorption spectrometry method (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 145-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric aerosol ; acid digestion procedure ; atomic absorption spectrometry ; heavy metal ; lead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a simple, reliable, economical, safe, accurate and reproducible method for atmospheric aerosol lead determination in glass fiber filters, consisting on an acid digestion procedure and atomic absorption spectrometry quantification. The acid digestion is accelerated by the use of a microwave oven with capped Teflon PFA vessels, and a two steps power and time program. The mixture of 10 mL HNO3 and 1 mL HF was selected between many tries, for both economic and environmental reasons. The use of direct standards for quantification is proposed instead of added standards on filters, using background correction (deuterium lamp). The filter lead content quantification was carried out through blank analyses. Lead determinations were carried out then in 2629 samples of atmospheric aerosol at three sampling points in the city of Cartagena (Spain), from 1990 to 1994. We present the annual average of these values for each year and sampling location.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407201
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    The concentrations of lead in urban and nonurban atmospheres of Won Ju city, Korea (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 255-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmosphere ; Korea ; lead ; Pb/Fe ratio ; urban/nonurban
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The geographical and temporal distribution patterns of atmospheric lead (Pb) were investigated using the data acquired from four sampling locations in Won Ju City, Kang Won Do, Korea (February 1991 to August 1995). The monthly atmospheric Pb concentrations of four study sites were found in the range of 0.0005–0.250 (site #1: grassland, N=47), 0.013–0.405 (site #2: residential, N=53), 0.004–0.420 (site #3: commercial, N=50), and 0.004-1.881 µg m−3 (site #4: industrial, N=52). From all four sampling stations, maximum concentrations of Pb commonly occurred during winter, whilst minimum concentrations were typically observed during summer. Although seasonal differences in meteorological conditions are important to explain such temporal distribution trends, the increase in Pb levels during the spring season, especially during the month of April appears to reflect the influence of soil dust evasion from China. While Pb distributions were strongly affected by seasonality, examination of inter-annual variation trends revealed that the Pb levels had been gradually decreasing over the study periods and that such phenomenon was ubiquitous throughout all the study sites. The annual decrease rates of Pb, computed from the regression analysis, spanned from -0.014 (grassland) to -0.055 µg m−3 yr−1 (industrial). The existence of strong geographical variabilities was also confirmed by the development of a concentration gradient across the four sampling sites on the order: industrial (0.326±0.307, N=52) ≫ commercial (0.157±0.104, N=50) 〉 residential (0.149±0.102, N=53) 〉 grassland (0.088±0.060, N=47). A series of statistical analysis on the data sets in concert with computation of Pb/Fe elemental ratios indicate that the industrial sources may not directly be influencing the Pb levels of the other studied sites. Albeit changes in its long-term distribution trends, the data collected from this study confirm that atmospheric Pb may be classified as a group of constituents whose distribution is rather predictable spatiotemporally due both to: (1) strong repetitiveness of seasonal distribution trends and (2) relative spatial homogeneities that are associated with its unique physicochemical properties.
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    PCBs and Organochlorine Pesticides in Lake Orta (Northern Italy) Sediments (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 245-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: PCB ; organochlorine pesticide ; sediment ; organic carbon content ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract PCB congeners and organochlorine pesticides (DDT, lindane and HCB) distribution were studied in Lake Orta sediments. The results indicated a contaminated area in the northern part of the sub-basin. The observed high levels of organochlorine compounds (OCs) may be explained by the focusing phenomenon, ie. the preferential transport of lighter and smaller particles from the emission sources to this area. The PCBs and DDT values were correlated with the organic carbon content and the heavy metal contamination. The toxicity of the sediment samples was related also to PCB content. PCBs and OCs pollution of Lake Orta was of the same order of magnitude as in Lake Como, which is the most contamined lake in Northern Italy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018377625587
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    Water-Sediment Exchange of Nutrients During Early Diagenesis and Resuspension of Anoxic Sediments from the Northern Adriatic Sea Shelf (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 541-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Diagenesis ; resuspension ; sediment ; pore-water ; marine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the results of a study on nutrient exchange at the sediment-water interface which is caused by early diagenesis and resuspension of bottom sediments. The research was carried out on anoxic silty-clay sediment cores collected south of the Po river delta (Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy) in late summer. The early diagenetic processes were investigated by means of the integrated study of pore-water chemistry and solid phase composition. Exchange at the sediment-water interface was studied by comparing the fluxes measured in incubated cores with the fluxes calculated by modelling pore-water profiles. Nutrient exchange during resuspension was analysed by simulating a storm event in the laboratory. The high production of nutrients near the sediment-water interface is mainly caused by the anoxic degradation of organic matter and the successive reductions of Mn and Fe-oxyhydroxides and, to a lesser extent, of sulphate. The oxic degradation of organic matter occurs only at the sediment-water interface. In the incubation experiment the increases of phosphate, ammonia, nitrate, silica, and Fe in bottom waters were measured. The comparison between calculated and measured fluxes showed that: a) the fluxes are mainly controlled by molecular diffusion; b) phosphate and Fe sink because of the Fe-oxyhydroxide precipitation and c) nitrification process influences the ammonia and nitrate fluxes. Resuspension caused the release of: a) phosphate through surficial desorption and authigenic apatite dissolution; b) ammonia by means of the oxic degradation of organic matter; and c) dissolved silica generated by biogenic silica dissolution. Resuspension also caused a weak removal of Fe. The more oxic conditions following resuspension favoured the formation of a Fe-oxyhydroxide film at the sediment-water interface which inhibited the phosphate fluxes from sediments to the water column.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018364111899
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    The Effect of Flocculation on the Size Distributions of Bottom Sediment in Coastal Inlets: Implications for Contaminant Transport (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 33-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; aggregation ; flocculation ; grain size ; sediment ; trace metal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Grain size is the most basic of classification criteria for sediments. The size distribution of a given sediment records the physical transport processes involved in its formation. By using precise grain size analysis and the model of Kranck et al. (1996a,b), it is possible to break down a sediment into the three major components from which it was formed: material deposited as flocs, material deposited as single grains from suspension, and material carried under higher energy conditions. With this method, both the amount of material deposited in a flocculated state and the maximum size, or floc limit, of the particles composing the floc can be determined. Changes in floc limit indicate changes in the aggregation dynamics of the system. As most trace metals and many other contaminants associate closely with the fine particle fraction of sediments, it is important to determine both the areal distribution and reworking history of the floc settled portion of a sediment. This paper discusses the application of the method to coastal inlets in Atlantic Canada and examines the relationship between proportion of floc-settled material and trace metal concentrations. Disaggregated inorganic grain size distributions are also used to illustrate changes in the aggregation dynamics in areas of intense aquaculture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018307710140
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    Use of enrichment, and contamination factors together with geoaccumulation indexes to evaluate the content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik water reservoir in Poland (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 347-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: reservoir of heated water ; contamination ; cadmium ; copper ; nickel ; sediment ; water ; enrichment factor ; geoaccumulation index ; contamination factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the contamination degree of the Rybnik Reservoir with cadmium, copper and nickel was analyzed. Quality of the water from the reservoir was determined by drawing comparisons between the metal content in the water and both the officially permitted levels (contamination factor) and levels of metals occurring in the water of non-contaminated areas (enrichment factor). Contamination of bottom sediment with chosen metals was analyzed with reference to the metal content in mudstone (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, contamination factor). Trends towards changing the metal content in the bottom sediment was analyzed by determining the enrichment factor of the surface layer of the bottom sediments in relation to a deeper layer. Enrichment of the bottom sediments with metals coming from the water was also determined.
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    Assessing Benthic Impacts of Organic Enrichment from Marine Aquaculture (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 641-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fish farms ; fecal waste ; sediment ; geochemistry ; metabolism ; macrofauna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Benthic observations were carried out at 22 stations in the Western Isles region of the Bay of Fundy on the east coast of Canada to evaluate impacts at salmon aquaculture sites. Eleven sites were located under salmon net-pens and 11 sites (reference or control locations) were at distances 〉 50 m from net-pens. Total S- and redox potential (Eh) in surface sediment and benthic O2 uptake and CO2 release were sensitive indicators of benthic organic enrichment. High variability between replicate measurements of sediment gas exchange could reflect spatial patchiness in sedimentation of fecal waste and food pellets under fish pens. Biomass of deposit feeders was significantly increased at cage sites but total macrofauna biomass was similar at cage and reference locations. Surface sediment water content, modal grain size, pore water salinity and sulfate, and total biomass of macrofauna were the least sensitive indicators of enrichment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018332632372
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    The Distribution of PCB's and Chlorinated Pesticides in Two Connected Himalayan Lakes (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 717-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: chlorinated pesticides ; PCB ; sediment ; Himalayan lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract PCBs and organochlorine pesticides were determined in water, sediment and zooplankton of two Himalayan lakes, located at different altitudes and connected to each other in such a way that Superior Lake acts as a sedimentation basin for Inferior Lake. Surficial sediments of both lakes show PCB contamination comparable to lakes of industrialised areas. Biota appear to be the main machanism responsible for micropollutant burial in the sediments of Inferior Lake, whereas inorganic particles are more relevant in Superior Lake. Physical and chemical properties of individual chemicals, particularly Henry's law constant and Kow values, seem to regulate distribution in different environmental compartments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018301220077
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    The effect of flocculation on the size distributions of bottom sediment in coastal inlets: Implications for contaminant transport (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 33-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; aggregation ; flocculation ; grain size ; sediment ; trace metal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Grain size is the most basic of classification criteria for sediments. The size distribution of a given sediment records the physical transport processes involved in its formation. By using precise grain size analysis and the model of Kranck et al. (1996a,b), it is possible to break down a sediment into the three major components from which it was formed: material deposited as flocs, material deposited as single grains from suspension, and material carried under higher energy conditions. With this method, both the amount of material deposited in a flocculated state and the maximum size, or floc limit, of the particles composing the floc can be determined. Changes in floc limit indicate changes in the aggregation dynamics of the system. As most trace metals and many other contaminants associate closely with the fine particle fraction of sediments, it is important to determine both the areal distribution and reworking history of the floc settled portion of a sediment. This paper discusses the application of the method to coastal inlets in Atlantic Canada and examines the relationship between proportion of floc-settled material and trace metal concentrations. Disaggregated inorganic grain size distributions are also used to illustrate changes in the aggregation dynamics in areas of intense aquaculture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406842
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    Variations of bed surface sediment size in a channel bend (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: channel ; bend ; sediment ; size ; gradation ; sorting ; bed ; topography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Variations of sediment size and its gradation of the bed surface laver in a channel bend with nonuniform sediment are investigated experimentally. Four groups of sediment with the same initial median diameter (D o ) but different initial size gradation (σ o ) have been used for experiments which were run until the equilibrium bed topography was achieved. Analyses of experimental data have yielded the following results: (1) The time of equilibrium for bed evolution decreases asσ o increases: (2) the median size of sediment (D) for a given section in the bend increases with increasing distance from the inner bank towards the outer bank, and it also increases with increasingσ o ; (3) the value of D/D o along the inner bank decreases with increasingσ o , and it also shows a gradual decrease in the upper half of the bend and a slight recovery in the lower half, and (5) the transverse variation ofσ value exhibits a general trend increasing from the inner bank towards the outer bank.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406847
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    Metal extractability and availability in a soil after heavy application of either nickel or lead in different forms (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 33-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: nickel ; lead ; other metals ; salt ; sewage sludge ; acidifying agent (wastewater from olive oil processing) ; soil ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment using soil was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition of different forms of either nickel or lead, together with an acidifying agent, on the distribution of Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu and Mn in wheat plants, and on the post-harvest extractability of these elements in the soil. Two treatments consisting of soil alone or soil mixed with sewage sludge at a rate of 200 Mg ha−1 were used as controls. Nickel (400 mg kg−1) or lead (1600 mg kg−1) was added to the soil as an inorganic salt or mixed previously with sewage sludge. Six further treatments including an acidifying agent (wastewater from olive oil processing: alpechin) were also prepared. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Mesa) plants were harvested 75 d after germination. Dry matter yield of wheat was increased by the addition of sewage sludge. No reductions in yield were observed after the addition of nickel or lead. Nickel concentration and uptake by wheat, and extractability from soil, were higher when the sewage sludge enriched in nickel was added to soil. This effect was enhanced when the acidifying agent was also added. In contrast, lead availability was higher after the addition of inorganic Pb to soil. The addition of both forms of Ni enhanced Zn, Cu and Mn uptake by the plant, whereas the addition of lead increased Zn and Cu. After harvesting, increases in extractable Zn and Cu in the soil were observed only in treatments with sewage sludge, and not after the addition of Ni or Pb, or after the addition of the acidifying agent. Decreasing the pH of the soil with the acidifying agent tended to increase Mn uptake by wheat, and Mn extractability from the soil after harvesting.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407091
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    Total mercury and methylmercury in sediments and in the polychaeteNereis diversicolor at Groot Buitenschoor (Scheldt estuary, Belgium) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 109-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; methylmercury ; sediment ; polychaete ; Nereis diversicolor ; methylation ; bioaccumulation ; Scheldt estuary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were determined in sediments and in the polychaete wormNereis diversicolor at 13 stations of a brackish water intertidal mudflat of the Scheldt estuary. Hg and MeHg concentrations in sediments ranged from 144 to 1192 ng g−1 dw and from 0.8 to 6 ng g−1 dw, respectively. Both Hg and MeHg concentrations increased with an increase of organic matter (OM) content and fine grain fraction. In contrast, Hg accumulation byN. diversicolor was significantly (p〈0.05) higher at stations with sandy sediments (mean value: 125 ng g−1 dw) than at stations with muddy sediments (mean value, 80 ng g−1), probably because Hg availability for bioaccumulation at muddy stations was reduced by high OM content of the muddy sediments. MeHg accounted for an average of 0.7% of the total Hg in sediments and 18% of the total Hg inN. diversicolor. Seasonal variations significantly affected Hg concentrations in sediments and MeHg inN. diversicolor. Total Hg concentrations in sediments were significantly (p〈0.05) higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer whereas MeHg concentrations were lowest in winter compared to the other seasons. On the other hand, total Hg concentrations in the worms were lowest in spring whereas MeHg concentrations were significantly (p〈0.01) higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407097
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    Sediment accumulation of nutrients (N, P) in the eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 477-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; organic matter ; cluster analysis ; Gulf of Finland ; estuaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Dry weight (DW), ignition loss (IL) and concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of the sediment surface layer (0 to 10 cm, 1 cm slices) were analyzed from 20 sites in the eastern Gulf of Finland. The distance of the sampling sites from the mouth of the River Neva explained the nutrient concentrations of the sediments well, while the effect of water depth was negligible. The increase of TN and the decrease of TP along the transect from the river mouth towards the open Gulf were caused by the diminishing share of allochthonous material supplied from the River Neva. The mean TN concentration of the different accumulation areas was about 40 % higher in the sediment surface than in the deeper layer (9 to 10 cm). The corresponding difference for TP varied from 53 to 56 %. The results suggest considerable netflux of nutrients from sediment to water. The net sediment accumulation of nutrients were estimated as 6.0 g m−2 a−1 of N and 1.7 g m−2 a−1 of P corresponding 22 000 t a− of N and 6 100 t a−1 of P for the whole eastern Gulf.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406887
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    Soil lead levels in orchards and roadsides of mission Peninsula, Michigan (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 373-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: lead ; lead arsenate ; orchards ; soil ; Michigan ; automobile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Pb content in orchard soils at Mission Peninsula, Michigan was determined to assess the impact of historical lead arsenate applications. Soil samples at 72 sites located in five orchards were collected at depths of 2−, 20-, 50−, and 100 cm. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to quantify Pb levels (jig g−1). Mean surface Pb levels at individual orchards ranged from 〈1–136 pg g−1 and rapidly decreased with depth, to 〈 1-5 μg g−1 at 100 cm. The impact of textural class and slope angle on Pb levels was also analyzed. Correlation coefficients linking Pb levels with textural class were weak, ranging from 0.21 to −0.07. Varying slope steepness and slope position within orchards failed to affect the spatial pattern of soil Pb. Soil Pb levels were also compared at 5 sites along local roads with varying levels of automobile traffic. Samples were collected 1 m from the roadside at the same depth intervals studied in orchards. Average daily traffic along the busiest roadsites ranged from 8200 to 16 000; these sites had Pb levels of 90–210 μg g−1. Such locales had Pb levels similar to the more intensively sprayed orchards.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406069
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    Water-sediment exchange of nutrients during early diagenesis and resuspension of anoxic sediments from the Northern Adriatic Sea shelf (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 541-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Diagenesis ; resuspension ; sediment ; pore-water ; marine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the results of a study on nutrient exchange at the sediment-water interface which is caused by early diagenesis and resuspension of bottom sediments. The research was carried out on anoxic silty-clay sediment cores collected south of the Po river delta (Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy) in late summer. The early diagenetic processes were investigated by means of the integrated study of pore-water chemistry and solid phase composition. Exchange at the sediment-water interface was studied by comparing the fluxes measured in incubated cores with the fluxes calculated by modelling pore-water profiles. Nutrient exchange during resuspension was analysed by simulating a storm event in the laboratory. The high production of nutrients near the sediment-water interface is mainly caused by the anoxic degradation of organic matter and the successive reductions of Mn and Fe-oxyhydroxides and, to a lesser extent, of sulphate. The oxic degradation of organic matter occurs only at the sediment-water interface. In the incubation experiment the increases of phosphate, ammonia, nitrate, silica, and Fe in bottom waters were measured. The comparison between calculated and measured fluxes showed that: a) the fluxes are mainly controlled by molecular diffusion; b) phosphate and Fe sink because of the Fe-oxyhydroxide precipitation and nitrification process influences the ammonia and nitrate fluxes. Resuspension caused the release of: a) phosphate through surficial desorption and authigenic apatite dissolution; b) ammonia by means of the oxic degradation of organic matter; and c) dissolved silica generated by biogenic silica dissolution. Resuspension also caused a weak removal of Fe. The more oxic conditions following resuspension favoured the formation of a Fe-oxyhydroxide film at the sediment-water interface which inhibited the phosphate fluxes from sediments to the water column.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406894
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    CONTROLS ON SELENIUM DISTRIBUTION IN WETLAND SEDIMENT, BENTON LAKE, MONTANA (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 323-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: carbon ; management ; sediment ; selenium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of selenium in sediment in Benton Lake is mainly controlled by the location of the dissolved selenium inputs. Selenium concentrations in sediment decrease along flow paths downgradient within the wetland system. Construction in 1961 of a pump station to increase water supply and dikes to facilitate water management, along with current water management, has increased the rate of selenium accumulation in sediments as compared to the pre–1961 natural lake. Agricultural practices (alternate crop/fallow rotation) in the non-irrigated farm land of the seleniferous Benton Lake basin also have increased selenium loading to Benton Lake. Carbon content is an important factor affecting selenium distribution in sediment but this relationship is greatly affected by dissolved selenium inputs. Amelioration of selenium contamination in Benton Lake will require a combination of land and water management modifications. Within the wetland system, minimizing the duration of inlet-perennial ponds would minimize selenium accumulation and increase the life of the refuge.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026424530399
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    THE CONCENTRATIONS OF LEAD IN URBAN AND NONURBAN ATMOSPHERES OF WON JU CITY, KOREA (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 255-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmosphere ; Korea ; lead ; Pb/Fe ratio ; urban/nonurban
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The geographical and temporal distribution patterns of atmospheric lead (Pb) were investigated using the data acquired from four sampling locations in Won Ju City, Kang Won Do, Korea (February 1991 to August 1995). The monthly atmospheric Pb concentrations of four study sites were found in the range of 0.005-0.250 (site #1: grassland, N=47), 0.013–0.405 (site #2: residential, N=53), 0.004–0.420 (site #3: commercial, N=50), and 0.004-1.881 µg m-3 (site #4: industrial, N=52). From all four sampling stations, maximum concentrations of Pb commonly occurred during winter, whilst minimum concentrations were typically observed during summer. Although seasonal differences in meteorological conditions are important to explain such temporal distribution trends, the increase in Pb levels during the spring season, especially during the month of April appears to reflect the influence of soil dust evasion from China. While Pb distributions were strongly affected by seasonality, examination of inter-annual variation trends revealed that the Pb levels had been gradually decreasing over the study periods and that such phenomenon was ubiquitous throughout all the study sites. The annual decrease rates of Pb, computed from the regression analysis, spanned from –0.014 (grassland) to –0.055 µg m-3 yr-1 (industrial). The existence of strong geographical variabilities was also confirmed by the development of a concentration gradient across the four sampling sites on the order: industrial (0.326±0.307, N=52) ≫ commercial (0.157±0.104, N=50) 〉 residential (0.149±0.102, N=53) 〉 grassland (0.088±0.060, N=47). A series of statistical analysis on the data sets in concert with computation of Pb/Fe elemental ratios indicate that the industrial sources may not directly be influencing the Pb levels of the other studied sites. Albeit changes in its long-term distribution trends, the data collected from this study confirm that atmospheric Pb may be classified as a group of constituents whose distribution is rather predictable spatiotemporally due both to: (1) strong repetitiveness of seasonal distribution trends and (2) relative spatial homogeneities that are associated with its unique physicochemical properties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026459527714
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    Interspecific and Locational Differences in Heavy Metal Levels in Four Species of Birds Near Sydney, Australia (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 58 (1999), S. 105-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: Australia ; interspecific differences ; lead ; metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We examined the levels of cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium in four species of birds near Sydney, New South Wales, Australia in January, 1996. Molted contour feathers were collected from silver gull, Larus novaehollandiae (Royal National Park and downtown Sydney), sulphur-crested cockatoo, Cacatua sulphurea (Blue Mountains, Royal National Park, and Sydney), Australian white ibis, Threskiornis molucca (Sydney), and rock dove Columba livia (Royal National Park and Sydney). We tested the null hypothesis that there were no species or locational differences in metal levels. There were significant species differences in all metals, with rock doves having the highest levels of cadmium, chromium, lead, and manganese, and silver gulls having the highest levels of mercury and selenium. Metal levels were generally low in cockatoos, and were lowest in those from the Royal National Park. For silver gulls, cadmium, lead, and chromium levels were highest at Sydney, and there were no locational differences in manganese, mercury, and selenium levels. For rock doves, cadmium, chromium and manganese were higher in Sydney, and there were no locational differences in lead, mercury, and selenium. Overall, cadmium and chromium levels were significantly higher in Sydney than in the Royal National Park for all species, and there were no locational differences in mercury levels. Although the levels of most metals in feathers from these Australian birds were within the ranges reported worldwide, lead levels in ibises and rock doves were among the highest reported worldwide, suggesting a cause for concern.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006095314372
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    Lead in particulate deposits and in leaves of roadside plants, Karachi, Pakistan (2000)
    Springer
    The environmentalist 20 (2000), S. 63-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2991
    Keywords: lead ; pollution ; deposits ; plants ; Karachi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lead concentrations were determined for particulates which were deposited during one year on the leaves of roadside plants in Karachi. The particulates were collected from the leaves at a height of one metre. The lead accumulated by the leaves of different species was also measured. A statistically significant correlation was found between the number of passing petrol driven vehicles and the lead concentration in the deposits at different designated sites. However, no significant correlation was found between the concentration in the deposits and the lead accumulated by the leaves. A lead concentration of 30.00±6.6 ppm was recorded as the highest concentration in the particulate deposits, while maximum lead accumulated by the leaves was noted as 3.12±1.09 ppm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006608128242
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    Chemical contamination and associated liver diseases in two species of fish from San Francisco Bay and Bodega Bay (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 35-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: chemicalpollution ; fish ; sediment ; San Francisco Bay ; liver diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus) and sediments were collected annually from selected sites within San Francisco Bay, and a reference site in Bodega Bay between 1984--1991. Fish livers were examined for toxicopathic lesions and analysed for selected chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHs) such as PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes and dieldrin; sediment and fish stomach contents were analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and CHs; and bile was analysed for PAH metabolites. Sediment concentrations of PAHs, PCBs and DDTs; bile concentrations of PAH metabolites; and liver concentrations of PCBs, dieldrin and chlordanes were generally significantly higher at all San Francisco Bay sites compared to the Bodega Bay reference site. For both species, hydropic vacuolation of biliary epithelial cells was the most prevalent liver lesion detected and was statistically associated with sediment and tissue concentrations of PAHs or their metabolites, PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes and dieldrin. Temporal trends analyses showed that at Hunters Point, sediment PAHs and CHs increased between 1984--1991, while liver concentrations of CHs decreased. Liver concentrations of dieldrin in starry flounder decreased at all three San Francisco Bay sites
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018654122479
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    Biochemical responses to sediment-associated contaminants in brown bullhead (Ameriurus nebulosus) from the Niagara River ecosystem (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 13-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: Ameriurusnebulosus ; biomarkers ; sediment ; genotoxicity ; oxidativestress ; cytochrome P450
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Brown bullhead (Ameriurus nebulosus) were collected from three sites in the Niagara River ecosystem in June and September of 1991, and sediment samples from these sites were obtained in July 1991. The sites were located in the Buffalo River, the Niagara River adjacent to the Love Canal dump site, and in Black Creek, a Canadian tributary of the Niagara River which served as a reference site. Sediment samples from these sites contained measurable concentrations of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHs). However, the Buffalo River and Love Canal samples were significantly more contaminated than those from Black Creek. Moreover, Buffalo River samples contained greater PAH concentrations than samples from the Love Canal, while the reverse was observed for CHs. Bile and liver of bullhead were used for the following analyses: fluorescent aromatic compounds in bile, a measure of exposure to PAHs, microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) and P450IA (CYP1A) contents and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities, total glutathione (TH-GSH) concentrations, concentrations of 8- oxodeoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG), and concentrations of hydrophobic DNA adducts (as measured by 32P-postlabelling). Additionally, a laboratory experiment was performed to examine CYP1A-associated responses in bullhead exposed to the model inducer, β- naphthoflavone (BNF). Results from the laboratory induction study were generally consistent with those observed in the field study, but the field study results suggested induction of CYP1A in bullhead from the reference site (Black Creek). For both field collections, fish from the Buffalo River displayed the greatest concentrations of fluorescent compounds in bile and hepatic DNA adducts, whilst fish from the Love Canal site displayed the greatest microsomal CYP1A concentrations and EROD activities. TH- GSH concentrations were significantly greater in Buffalo River fish versus Black Creek only for the June sampling. No statistically significant differences in 8-oxo-dG concentrations in bullhead hepatic DNA were observed among the sites at either sampling date. The different patterns in biochemical responses observed were consistent with sediment chemistries, and these results suggest that exposure of feral teleosts to different suites of bioavailable contaminants can be associated with expression of a characteristic array of biochemical responses
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    Equilibrium partitioning as the basis for an integrated laboratory and field assessment of the impacts of DDT, DDE and DDD in sediments (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 101-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: DDT ; DDE ; DDD ; equilibrium partitioning ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Many of the most biologically productive portions of streams are backwater areas which support large populations of benthic macroinvertebrates. The sediments in these locations and their associated macroinvertebrate communities are frequently subjected to chemical inputs and physical perturbations. Historically, assessment of the effects of contaminants in sediments have emphasized chemical analyses and either laboratory toxicity tests or in-stream monitoring of benthic macroinvertebrate community structure. However, combining the chemical and biological approaches provides a more powerful assessment technique. Such an integrated approach, combining laboratory water-only and sediment toxicity tests with Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans, field surveys of benthic macroinvertebrate community structure and evaluation of chemical data using equilibrium partitioning theory was used to assess the effects of DDT, DDE and DDD (collectively termed DDTR) in the sediments of the Huntsville Spring Branch-- Indian Creek (HSB--IC) stream system in the southeastern USA. Benthic macroinvertebrate populations in the HSB--IC system still appear to be adversely affected by DDTR residues within the sediments even though DDT discharges to the stream were stopped over 20 years ago and a major remediation project was completed in the late 1980s. This conclusion is based on a weight of evidence approach which incorporates (1) the observed sediment toxicity to C. tentans and H. azteca in laboratory tests, (2) the identification of DDTR as the likely cause of effects observed during laboratory toxicity tests, (3) the absence of appropriate sensitive species from groups such as the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Amphipoda, (4) the presence of reduced numbers of both total individuals and species of chironomids and oligochaetes relative to nearby streams not contaminated by DDTR and (5) the observed distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in relation to organic carbon-normalized concentrations of DDTR and equilibrium partitioning-based predicted sediment toxic units of DDTR
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018610307458
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    The role of sediment ingestion in exposing wood ducks to lead (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 181-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: lead ; wood ducks ; sediment ingestion ; exposure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Waterfowl on lateral lakes of the Coeur d'Alene River and on Lake Coeur d'Alene have been poisoned for many years by lead (Pb) from mining and smelting. In 1992 we undertook a study in the area to determine the importance of sediment ingestion in exposing wood ducks (Aix sponsa) to Pb. Digesta were removed from the intestines of wood ducks collected from contaminated and reference areas. The mean Pb concentration in the digesta of wood ducks from the contaminated area was 32 p.p.m. dry weight. The sediment content was estimated to average less than 2% of the dry weight of the wood duck diet. The lead concentrations in the digesta were closely correlated with the concentrations of acid- insoluble ash, Al, Ti and Fe in the digesta and these four variables are associated with sediment. Samples containing low concentrations of these variables also had low concentrations of Pb. These results suggest that most of the Pb in the digesta came from ingested sediment, rather than from plant material in the diet. The importance of ingested sediment as a source of lead was unexpected, because wood ducks are surface feeders on aquatic plants and they rarely dabble beneath the surface or feed on the bottom. However, it appears that sediment ingestion is sometimes the principal route of exposure to environmental contaminants that are not readily taken up by plants and invertebrates and this route should be considered in risk assessments of waterfowl
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018670626114
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    Development of a New Laboratory Freshwater/sediment Microcosm Test (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 279-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: microcosm ; Raphidocelis subcapitata ; Lemna minor ; Hyalella azteca ; Chironomus tentans ; Daphnia magna ; Simocephalus vetulus ; sediment ; copper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A new laboratory freshwater/sediment microcosm test is proposed. This 2-L microcosm includes synthetic water, sediment composed of quartz sand, cellulose and fish food flakes (TetraMin®), pelagic organisms (microalgae, duckweeds, cladocerans) and benthic organisms (amphipods, chironomids). We conducted four experiments to determine conditions suitable for the development of organisms for a 4-week duration. The sensitivity of the system was then studied with a copper-spiked sediment. A TetraMin® dose of 0.4 g for 260 g sediment was found optimal to allow growth and emergence of chironomid larvae without bacterial contamination due to excess organic matter. The test with copper sulfate led to a range of effects. For concentrations higher than 10 ppm, systems were severely impaired (growth inhibition of algae and duckweeds 〉50%, 100% mortality within a few days for cladocerans, mortality 〉45% within 15 days for amphipods, 80% mortality within 15 days and no emergence for chironomids). At 10 ppm, a shift of the algal peak was observed, duckweed growth was reduced by 39%, partial mortality but no reduced reproduction was found for Daphnia magna whereas Simocephalus vetulus survived only after reinoculation on day 10. Amphipods also survived but were smaller. For chironomids, partial mortality was observed as soon as day 22 and emergence was inhibited by 50% but growth was not affected.
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    DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN AEROSOL SAMPLES COLLECTED ON GLASS FIBER FILTERS BY AN IMPROVED ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY METHOD (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 145-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric aerosol ; acid digestion procedure ; atomic absorption spectrometry ; heavy metal ; lead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a simple, reliable, economical, safe, accurate and reproducible method for atmospheric aerosol lead determination in glass fiber filters, consisting on an acid digestion procedure and atomic absorption spectrometry quantification. The acid digestion is accelerated by the use of a microwave oven with capped Teflon PFA vessels, and a two steps power and time program. The mixture of 10 mL HNO3 and 1 mL HF was selected between many tries, for both economic and environmental reasons. The use of direct standards for quantification is proposed instead of added standards on filters, using background correction (deuterium lamp). The filter lead content quantification was carried out through blank analyses. Lead determinations were carried out then in 2629 samples of atmospheric aerosol at three sampling points in the city of Cartagena (Spain), from 1990 to 1994. We present the annual average of these values for each year and sampling location.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026442109576
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  • 88
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    An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 64 (2000), S. 409-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: monitoring ; assessment ; water ; sediment ; bioaccumulation ; toxicity ; pesticides ; mercury ; PCB
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006459605924
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  • 89
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    Kinetic parameters for the removal of lead and chromium from wastewater using activated carbon developed from fertilizer waste material (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental modeling and assessment 1 (1996), S. 281-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2967
    Keywords: Activated carbon ; lead ; chromium ; adsorption ; adsorbent ; wastewater treatment ; low cost adsorbent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The waste slurry generated in fertilizer plants in India has been converted into a cheap carbonaceous adsorbent material. The prepared adsorbent has been characterised and used for the removal of lead and chromium metals. The kinetics of adsorption and the extent of adsorption at equilibrium are dependent on the physical and chemical characteristics of the adsorbate, adsorbent and experimental system. Results of laboratory scale studies conducted to delineate the effect of such parameters on the kinetics of adsorption of metal ions are reported. Parameters evaluated include: hydronium ion concentration, temperature, initial adsorbate concentration, size of adsorbent, and amount of adsorbent. On the basis of these studies the various physical parameters such as effective diffusion coefficient, activation energies and entropy of activation are evaluated, as these provide some information regarding the mechanistic aspects. Mass transfer coefficient values suggest a rapid transport of the adsorbate from bulk to solid phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01872156
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  • 90
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    Sequential expression of biomarkers in Bluegill Sunfish exposed to contaminated sediment (1992)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 1 (1992), S. 45-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: biomarkers ; Bluegill ; sediment ; pollution ; EFPC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The temporal expression of various biological rsponses was determined in Bluegill SunfishLepomis macrochirus exposed under controlled laboratory conditions to sediment containing high concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and heavy metals. Liver, gill, blood, kidney, brain, spleen and intestine were removed from Sunfish sampled at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 40 weeks post-exposure. Biomarker data were recorded for specific proteins, enzymatic activities, DNA integrity, and histopathology. Biomarkers in the laboratory exposed fish were similar to those of indigenous Sunfish sampled from the site of origin of the contaminated sediment. Several patterns of development of biomarkers over time were also evident. For example, the responses of certain biomarkers are not time-dependent (i.e., intestine and gill ATPase activities) while that of others, such as brain ATPase activity, liver cytochrome P450 and NADPH content, stress proteins, chromatin proteins and DNA strand breaks, fluctuate over time. Still other biomarkers, such as EROD activity, zinc protoporphyrin content of the blood, and DNA adducts, showed marked increases over time. Such patterns need to be considered when comparing laboratory and field results and deciding which biomarkers to use for biomonitoring programs. Implications for natural selection and population/community level responses are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00702655
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  • 91
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    Integrated measures of ambient toxicity and fish community diversity in Chesapeake Bay tributaries (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 19-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: ambient toxicity ; community diversity ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The goals of this study were to assess the results of a suite of sediment and water column bioassays in the framework of a toxicological risk ranking model and evaluate correlations of model output with fish community metrics. The test sites were located in four tributaries of Chesapeake Bay that are impacted on by industrial, urban and agricultural land use (Curtis Creek, Rock Creek, Fishing Bay and Wicomico River). The mortality, reproduction and growth rates in the water column assays indicated low-level chemical contamination impacts in Curtis Creek and Rock Creek. The results from the Wicomico River and Fishing Bay did not indicate contaminant impacts, but some borderline effects were seen. The sediment bioassays demonstrated greater toxicological responses than the water column assays. The sediments in the Curtis Creek and Rock Creek sites were contaminated with heavy metals and PAHs. The heavy metal concentrations were an order of magnitude lower in the Fishing Bay sediments and below detection in the Wicomico River sediments, except for zinc. The acid-volatile sulphides:simultaneously extractable metals (AVS:SEM) ratios were below 1 in all cases. All four systems had detectable petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. Organic contaminants were below detection for all analyses in the Wicomico River and Fishing Bay samples. The risk ranking model ranked Curtis Creek as the most toxicologically impacted site, followed by Rock Creek, Fishing Bay and Wicomico River, which were essentially equal. The diversity index for fish communities sampled by bottom trawl was significantly correlated with the toxicological risk scores for sediment. The toxicological results indicate sediment contamination effects on the deep water fish community in Curtis Creek and indicate that contaminant impacts are not likely to be a contributing factor to disturbed fish communities in Fishing Bay
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008803600614
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  • 92
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    Blood Lead Concentrations of Spectacled Eiders Near the Kashunuk River, Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 175-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: spectacled eider (Somateria fischeri) ; threatened ; lead ; Alaska
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We collected, 342 blood samples from spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri) on their breeding grounds in western Alaska from late May through to early August 1993–1995. Lead concentrations of ≥0.50 p.p.m. wet weight were found in the blood of 20% of the adult female eiders, 2% of the adult males and 6% of the ducklings. Lead was detected (≥0.02 p.p.m.) more frequently in the blood of adult females than in adult males or ducklings and the maximum concentrations were 14.37, 0.50 and 4.28 p.p.m. wet weight, respectively. In adult females, there was a significant difference in the proportion of detectable blood lead concentrations between three collection times (arrival/nesting, hatch and brood rearing), with the highest proportion (92%) occurring at hatch. Nine hens with blood lead concentrations of ≥0.50 p.p.m. were captured a second time several weeks to 1 year later. In the hens sampled twice at intervals of several weeks, the blood lead concentrations increased and declined at mean daily rates of 1.10 and 0.94, respectively. The lead concentrations in the blood of adults were not correlated with body weights. Radiographs were taken of 119 eiders and corresponding blood samples from 98 of these birds were analysed for lead. Ingested shot was seen in X-rays of 12 adults and three ducklings and, of the 13 blood samples tested, all had detectable lead concentrations. Of the birds without radiographic evidence of ingested shot, 84% of the adult females, 19% of the adult males and 17% of the ducklings had detectable lead concentrations in their blood. Breeding ground exposure of waterfowl to lead shot is unusual and is of particular concern in spectacled eiders because of their threatened status and declining numbers in western Alaska.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014308411665
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  • 93
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    Soil loss and sediment transport during the storms and landslides of May 1988 in Ruhengeri prefecture, Rwanda (1992)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 5 (1992), S. 279-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Rwanda ; Ruhengeri Prefecture ; Zaire-Nile Divide ; landslides ; flooding ; sediment ; soil loss ; storm rainfall ; return intervals ; erosion control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In early May 1988, five prefectures in western Rwanda experienced catastrophic levels of precipitation, landslide, and flooding activity that resulted in a severe loss of life, property, and livelihood. Using data from runoff plot and hydrological monitoring stations of the Ruhengeri Resource Analysis and Management Project, the events and circumstances leading to these phenomena are reconstructed. These data show that mass wasting processes were preceded by more than 140 mm of precipitation during 4–7 May, which may have saturated local soils. A small earth tremor on 7 May, (Richter scale of 3) contributed to the onset of the catastrophic debris avalanche, torrent, and earthflow activity that commenced 24 h later. The more than 50 mm of precipitation that fell during 9 May, including a maximum 30 min intensity of 24 mm, resulted in continued surficial soil loss that averaged 34 t/ha on seven cropped, Wischmeier-type runoff plots with biological erosion control contours. The Nyamutera River, which drains the impacted area, delivered 567000 tons of suspended sediment to its mouth between 7 and 13 May. This corresponds to a basin-wide lowering of 12600 t/km2, or more than half of the basin's annual suspended sediment yield. Theoretical distributions of maximum 24 h precipitation events suggest that Nyakinama and other regions in Ruhengeri are particularly prone to similar high volume events, exacerbating an already serious soil loss problem throughout the prefecture. Because contemporary land use practices directly contributed to the severity of the 1988 event, further applied research that identifies technologies capable of reducing soil loss, augmenting soil fertility, and minimizing the impacts of high magnitude and high volume rainfall is greatly needed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00125232
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    Controls on selenium distribution in wetland sediment, Benton Lake, Montana (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 323-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: carbon ; management ; sediment ; selenium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of selenium in sediment in Benton Lake is mainly controlled by the location of the dissolved selenium inputs. Selenium concentrations in sediment decrease along flow paths downgradient within the wetland system. Construction in 1961 of a pump station to increase water supply and dikes to facilitate water management, along with current water management, has increased the rate of selenium accumulation in sediments as compared to the pre-1961 natural lake. Agricultural practices (alternate crop/fallow rotation) in the non-irrigated farm land of the seleniferous Benton Lake basin also have increased selenium loading to Benton Lake. Carbon content is an important factor affecting selenium distribution in sediment but this relationship is greatly affected by dissolved selenium inputs. Amelioration of selenium contamination in Benton Lake will require a combination of land and water management modifications. Within the wetland system, minimizing the duration of inlet-perennial ponds would minimize selenium accumulation and increase the life of the refuge.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407470
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  • 95
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    Using isotopic tracers in lake sediments to assess atmospheric transport of lead in Eastern Canada (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 92 (1996), S. 329-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: lead ; pollution ; Ontario ; Quebec ; lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The isotopic composition of lead pollution in the environment provides information as to the source of emission. The 206Pb/207Pb ratio for Canadian industrial emissions (1.153±0.005) is significantly less than U.S. industrial emissions (1.213±0.008) making it possible to determine the relative contributions of emissions from both countries within Eastern North America by means of a simple isotopic mixing model. Profundal sediments in lakes chronicle contaminant inputs and are therefore useful monitors of environmental pollution. Surface sediment from 32 sediment cores across Quebec and Ontario, Canada were analyzed for 206Pb/207Pb to ascertain the relative proportions of Pb emission from Canada and the U.S.A. Data show that U.S. contributions to the total lead burden in surficial sediments across much of southern Quebec and Ontario are often in excess of 50%. Local sources were particularly important in the Eastern Township region of Quebec which lies 200 km south east of the city of Montreal. The results are discussed in relation to the major sources of industrial lead emissions in North America.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283566
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  • 96
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    Remobilization of trace elements from polluted anoxic sediments after resuspension in oxic water (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 515-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; dredging ; trace metal ; nutrients ; bacteria ; reoxidation ; remobilization ; microbial processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Polluted sediments are periodically subjected to resuspension processes resulting from natural events (e.g. storms, strong waves) as well as from anthropogenically induced activities (e.g. dredging). The main part of the resuspended material is initially in an anoxic state and will be reoxidized more or less quickly in the oxic water column. In laboratory experiments reflecting, as far as possible, natural conditions (e.g. constant pH) the release of Cd, Cu and Zn during this reoxidation phase was investigated. Up to 2% of the particulate bound heavy metals were remobilized from the sediments. In addition the evolution of the concentrations of the anions PO4, SO4, NO3 and NH4 were measured to examine the influence of microbial processes on the release of trace elements. Cell counts and microbial activity of certain micro-organisms during the release processes were also investigated. The investigations illustrated that biological activity has a significant effect on release. In all sediment samples the release of cadmium was delayed in comparison with the other elements even in sediments from different river systems. The influence of different microbial processes on this divergent behavior was examined. The significance of dredging activities to the remobilization processes during reoxidation of anoxic sediments in the Elbe River is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018307926920
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  • 97
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    Phosphate-enhanced movement of arsenic out of lead arsenate-contaminated topsoil and through uncontaminated subsoil (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 243-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: arsenic ; lead ; phosphorus ; heavy metal ; mobility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Past use of lead arsenate insecticides has resulted in elevated concentrations of lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) in topsoils of many existing and former deciduous tree fruit orchard sites throughout the world. Application of phosphate (PO4)-containing fertilizers to these soils can increase soil As solubility, phytoavailability and downward mobility. A laboratory soil column experiment was conducted to determine if As released by phosphate additions to a topsoil artificially contaminated with lead arsenate (1.65 mmol total Pb/kg; 1.10 mmol total As/kg) would be appreciably resorbed by the underlying uncontaminated subsoil. Treatments were a factorial combination of topsoil amendment with monoammonium phosphate (MAP, 0 or 16.67 mmol PO4/kg), and amount of leaching (1, 5 and 10 pore volume displacements (PVD) with distilled water under saturated flow conditions). Soil As decreased in the topsoil with increasing amount of leaching and increased in the subsoil. Addition of MAP substantially increased loss of topsoil As, promoted As transport into and through the subsoil, and increased dissolved As concentrations in the column leachates. After 10 PVDs, 95% of the initial soil As remained in the −MAP columns, while 56% of the initial soil As remained the +MAP columns. Dissolved Pb concentrations were 〈0.05μmol/L in all column leachates. The data are consistent with a mechanism of PO4-enhanced release of As in the topsoil and subsequent promotion of As movement through the subsoil by continuing competition of dissolved As and PO4 for ion adsorption sites. The experimental results indicate that use of PO4-containing fertilizers on lead arsenate-contaminated soils has the potential to greatly enhance downward movement of soil As.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404759
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  • 98
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    Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope fractionation in the sediment of Lake Bled (Slovenia) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 315-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: lake ; sediment ; carbon ; nitrogen ; stable isotope ; fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Stable isotope composition of carbon and nitrogen in the sediment and pore water of a eutrophic freshwater lake was studied. Based on changes in the δ11C and δ15N values of dissolved components and sediment fraction. possible processes involved in the decomposition of sedimentary organic matter are outlined. The relative importance of acetate fermentation and CO2 reduction was estimated using known mathematical models, and ammonia assimilation by methanogenic bacteria is hypothesised to be the main process governing the isotope fractionation of dissolved nitrogen in pore water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406871
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  • 99
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    Phosphate-Enhanced Movement of Arsenic Out of Lead Arsenate-Contaminated Topsoil and Through Uncontaminated Subsoil (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 243-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: arsenic ; lead ; phosphorus ; heavy metal ; mobility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Past use of lead arsenate insecticides has resulted in elevated concentrations of lead (Pb) andarsenic (As) in topsoils of many existing and former deciduous tree fruit orchard sites throughoutthe world. Application of phosphate (PO4)-containing fertilizers to these soils can increase soil Assolubility, phytoavailability and downward mobility. A laboratory soil column experiment wasconducted to determine if As released by phosphate additions to a topsoil artificially contaminatedwith lead arsenate (1.65 mmol total Pb/kg; 1.10 mmol total As/kg) would be appreciably resorbedby the underlying uncontaminated subsoil. Treatments were a factorial combination of topsoilamendment with monoammonium phosphate (MAP, 0 or 16.67 mmol PO4/kg), and amount ofleaching (1, 5 and 10 pore volume displacements (PVD) with distilled water under saturated flowconditions). Soil As decreased in the topsoil with increasing amount of leaching and increased inthe subsoil. Addition of MAP substantially increased loss of topsoil. As, promoted As transportinto and through the subsoil, and increased dissolved As concentrations in the column leachates.After 10 PVDs, 95% of the initial soil As remained in the -MAP columns, while 56% of the initialsoil As remained the +MAP columns. Dissolved Pb concentrations were 〈0.05 µmol/Lin all column leachates. The data are consistent with a mechanism of PO4-enhanced release of Asin the topsoil and subsequent promotion of As movement through the subsoil by continuingcompetition of dissolved As and PO4 for ion adsorption sites. The experimental results indicatethat use of PO4-containing fertilizers on lead arsenate-contaminated soils has the potential togreatly enhance downward movement of soil As.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022196704677
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  • 100
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    METAL EXTRACTABILITY AND AVAILABILITY IN A SOIL AFTER HEAVY APPLICATION OF EITHER NICKEL OR LEAD IN DIFFERENT FORMS (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 33-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: nickel ; lead ; other metals ; salt ; sewage sludge ; acidifying agent (wastewater from olive oil processing) ; soil ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment using soil was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition of different forms of either nickel or lead, together with an acidifying agent, on the distribution of Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu and Mn in wheat plants, and on the post-harvest extractability of these elements in the soil. Two treatments consisting of soil alone or soil mixed with sewage sludge at a rate of 200 Mg ha−1 were used as controls. Nickel (400 mg kg−1) or lead (1600 mg kg−1) was added to the soil as an inorganic salt or mixed previously with sewage sludge. Six further treatments including an acidifying agent (wastewater from olive oil processing: alpechin) were also prepared. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Mesa) plants were harvested 75 d after germination. Dry matter yield of wheat was increased by the addition of sewage sludge. No reductions in yield were observed after the addition of nickel or lead. Nickel concentration and uptake by wheat, and extractability from soil, were higher when the sewage sludge enriched in nickel was added to soil. This effect was enhanced when the acidifying agent was also added. In contrast, lead availability was higher after the addition of inorganic Pb to soil. The addition of both forms of Ni enhanced Zn, Cu and Mn uptake by the plant, whereas the addition of lead increased Zn and Cu. After harvesting, increases in extractable Zn and Cu in the soil were observed only in treatments with sewage sludge, and not after the addition of Ni or Pb, or after the addition of the acidifying agent. Decreasing the pH of the soil with the acidifying agent tended to increase Mn uptake by wheat, and Mn extractability from the soil after harvesting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026471115505
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