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  • 1
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    Modeling time-dependent mechanical behavior of hard rock considering excavation-induced damage and complex 3D stress states (2024)
    In:  Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-12
    Description: To investigate the long-term stability of deep rocks, a three-dimensional (3D) time-dependent model that accounts for excavation-induced damage and complex stress state is developed. This model com- prises three main components: a 3D viscoplastic isotropic constitutive relation that considers excavation damage and complex stress state, a quantitative relationship between critical irreversible deformation and complex stress state, and evolution characteristics of strength parameters. The proposed model is implemented in a self-developed numerical code, i.e. CASRock. The reliability of the model is validated through experiments. It is indicated that the time-dependent fracturing potential index (xTFPI) at a given time during the attenuation creep stage shows a negative correlation with the extent of excavation- induced damage. The time-dependent fracturing process of rock demonstrates a distinct interval effect of the intermediate principal stress, thereby highlighting the 3D stress-dependent characteristic of the model. Finally, the influence of excavation-induced damage and intermediate principal stress on the time-dependent fracturing characteristics of the surrounding rocks around the tunnel is discussed. Ó 2024 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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  • 2
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    Fluid evolution of the Lindero porphyry gold deposit, NW Argentina: the critical role of salt melts in ore formation (2024)
    In:  Mineralium Deposita
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-12
    Description: The Lindero deposit is located in the Puna plateau, northwest Argentina, at the southern end of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Central Andes. The high-K calc-alkaline dioritic composition of the subvolcanic intrusions, the shallow emplacement depth (〈 1.5 km), and the gold-rich and copper-depleted mineralization style suggest that the Lindero deposit is a porphyry gold deposit. Porphyry gold deposits are scarce worldwide and the factors controlling their formation are still poorly known. Here we present a detailed study of fluid inclusions in order to characterize the mineralizing fluids that precipitated the Au mineralization at Lindero. Different types of fluid inclusions in quartz veins (A-type and banded quartz), which are associated with the K-silicate alteration, were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy, microthermometry, and LA-ICP-MS (laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). Four inclusion types can be recognized in quartz veins: (i) Salt melt inclusions, which are characterized by a dense packing of daughter minerals (mainly Fe-chloride, sylvite, halite, anhydrite, and hematite), by a distorted vapor bubble, and by the lack of liquid phase; (ii) Halite-bearing inclusions which contain liquid, vapor, and halite; (iii) Two-phase aqueous inclusions that contain liquid and vapor; (iv) Vapor-rich inclusions containing only vapor. The inclusion types are related to different stages of hydrothermal evolution. Stage 1 is the main mineralization stage, characterized by vapor-rich inclusions coexisting with salt melt inclusions. Salt melt inclusions commonly show total homogenization temperature (ThL) 〉 1000 °C. This Na-K-Fe-Cl-rich highly saline brine (~ 90 wt% NaCl eq.) was of magmatic origin and responsible for the Au mineralization. Two later stages involving cooler fluids (ThL 〈 300 °C) and gradually lower salinities (from 36.1 to 0.2 wt% NaCl eq.) trapped by halite-bearing and two-phase aqueous inclusions during stages 2 and 3, respectively, correspond to a late magmatic-hydrothermal system, that is probably related to a deep supercritical fluid exsolution. Salt melt inclusions represent the most likely parental fluid of K-silicate alteration and associated Au mineralization at Lindero. This uncommon type of fluid must have played an important role in Au transport and precipitation in shallow porphyry gold deposits.
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  • 3
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    Highly siderophile element evidence for mantle plume involvement during opening of the Atlantic Ocean (2024)
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-12
    Description: Osmium isotope and highly siderophile element (HSE: Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Pd, Re) abundance data are reported for picrites and basalts from the ∼132 Ma Etendeka large igneous province (LIP) and the ∼60 Ma North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP). Picrite dykes of the Etendeka LIP have HSE abundances and 187Os/188Os (0.1276 to 0.1323; γOsi = -0.5 to +3.1) consistent with derivation from high-degree partial melting (〉20 %) of a peridotite source with chondritic to modestly supra-chondritic long-term Re/Os. High-3He/4He NAIP picrites from West Greenland represent large-degree partial melts with similarly elevated HSE abundances and 187Os/188Os (0.1273 to 0.1332; γOsi = -0.2 to +3.9). Broadly chondritic Os isotope ratios have also been reported for the ∼132 Ma Paraná LIP and the ∼201 Ma Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP). Consequently, LIP associated with Atlantic Ocean opening derive, at least in part, from partial melting of peridotite mantle distinct from the depleted mantle associated with mid-ocean ridge basalt volcanism. Modern locations with high-3He/4He (〉25RA) include ocean island basalts (OIB) from Ofu (Samoa), Loihi (Hawaii) and Fernandina (Galapagos) in the Pacific Ocean, and from Iceland, which is considered the modern manifestation of NAIP magmatism. Unlike Etendeka and NAIP picrites, these modern OIB have Sr-Nd-Pb-Os isotopes consistent with contributions of recycled oceanic or continental crust. The lower degree of partial melting responsible for modern high-3He/4He OIB gives higher proportions of fusible recycled crustal components to the magmas, with radiogenic 187Os/188Os and low-3He/4He. The high-3He/4He, incompatible trace element-depleted mantle component in both LIP and OIB therefore also has long-term chondritic Re/Os, which is consistent with an early-formed reservoir that experienced late accretion. Atlantic LIP (CAMP; Paraná-Etendeka; NAIP) provide geochemical evidence for a prominent role for mantle plume contributions during continental break-up and formation of the Atlantic Ocean, a feature hitherto unrecognized in other ocean basin-forming events.
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  • 4
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    Middle Neoproterozoic (Tonian) Polar Wander of South China: Paleomagnetism and ID‐TIMS U‐Pb Geochronology of the Laoshanya Formation (2024)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-12
    Description: Paleomagnetic records of middle Neoproterozoic (820 to 780 Ma) rocks display high amplitude directional variations that lead to large discrepancies in paleogeographic reconstructions. Hypotheses to explain these data include rapid true polar wander (TPW), a geomagnetic field geometry that deviates from a predominantly axial dipole field, a hyper-reversing field (〉10 reversals/Ma), and/or undiagnosed remagnetization. To test these hypotheses, we collected 1,057 oriented cores over a 85 m stratigraphic succession in the Laoshanya Formation (Yangjiaping, Hunan, China). High precision U-Pb dating of two intercalated tuff layers constrain the age of the sediments between 809 and 804 Ma. Thermal demagnetization isolates three magnetization components residing in hematite which are not time-progressive but conflated throughout the section. All samples possess a north and downward directed component in geographic coordinates at temperatures up to 660°C that is ascribed to a Cretaceous overprint. Two components isolated above 660°C reveal distinct directional clusters: one is interpreted as a depositional remanence, while the other appears to be the result of a mid-Paleozoic (460 to 420 Ma) remagnetization, which is likely widespread throughout South China. The high-temperature directions are subtly dependent on lithology; microscopic and rock magnetic analyses identify multiple generations of hematite that vary in concentration and distinguish the magnetization components. A comparison with other middle Neoproterozoic paleomagnetic studies in the region indicates that the sudden changes in paleomagnetic directions, used elsewhere to support the rapid TPW hypothesis (ca. 805 Ma), are better explained by mixtures of primary and remagnetized components, and/or vertical axis rotations.
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  • 5
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    Machine Learning Analysis of Seismograms Reveals a Continuous Plumbing System Evolution Beneath the Klyuchevskoy Volcano in Kamchatka, Russia (2024)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-12
    Description: Volcanoes produce a variety of seismic signals and, therefore, continuous seismograms provide crucial information for monitoring the state of a volcano. According to their source mechanism and signal properties, seismo‐volcanic signals can be categorized into distinct classes, which works particularly well for short transients. Applying classification approaches to long‐duration continuous signals containing volcanic tremors, characterized by varying signal characteristics, proves challenging due to the complex nature of these signals. That makes it difficult to attribute them to a single volcanic process and questions the feasibility of classification. In the present study, we consider the whole seismic time series as valuable information about the plumbing system (the combination of plumbing structure and activity distribution). The considered data are year‐long seismograms recorded at individual stations near the Klyuchevskoy Volcanic Group (Kamchatka, Russia). With a scattering network and a Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP), we transform the continuous data into a two‐dimensional representation (a seismogram atlas), which helps us to identify sudden and continuous changes in the signal properties. We observe an ever‐changing seismic wavefield that we relate to a continuously evolving plumbing system. Through additional data, we can relate signal variations to various state changes of the volcano including transitions from deep to shallow activity, deep reactivation, weak signals during quiet times, and eruptive activity. The atlases serve as a visual tool for analyzing extensive seismic time series, allowing us to associate specific atlas areas, indicative of similar signal characteristics, with distinct volcanic activities and variations in the volcanic plumbing system.
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  • 6
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    Novel High‐Pressure Potassium Chloride Monohydrate and Its Implications for Water‐Rich Planetary Bodies (2023)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-12
    Description: Saline water is a common fluid on the Earth‘s surface and in ice planets. Potassium chloride (KCl) is a common salt and is expected to be a ubiquitous solute in salt water in the Universe; however, few studies investigated the behavior of KCl-H2O system at high pressures and temperatures. In this study, powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD), Raman and Brillouin scattering combined with diamond anvil cells were used to investigate the phase relation in the KCl-H2O system for different KCl concentrations at 0–4 GPa and 298–405 K. The results of powder X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering demonstrate that a novel KCl hydrate is formed when KCl aqueous solutions transform to solid ice-VI and ice-VII at high pressure. Simultaneously, the single-crystal of KCl hydrate is synthesized from a supersaturated KCl solution at 298 K and 1.8 GPa. The structure is solved by SC-XRD, indicating a KCl monohydrate with the P21/n space group is formed. We have verified the phase stability of KCl monohydrate by using Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory. Our results indicate that KCl monohydrate is a stable phase under pressure and temperature conditions between 1.6 and 2.4 GPa and 298–359 K. By considering the thermal profile and composition of icy moons, we hypothesize that the formation and decomposition of KCl monohydrate might induce mantle convection in these moons.
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  • 7
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    A MHz X-ray diffraction set-up for dynamic compression experiments in the diamond anvil cell (2023)
    In:  Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-12
    Description: An experimental platform for dynamic diamond anvil cell (dDAC) research has been developed at the High Energy Density (HED) Instrument at the European X-ray Free Electron Laser (European XFEL). Advantage was taken of the high repetition rate of the European XFEL (up to 4.5 MHz) to collect pulse-resolved MHz X-ray diffraction data from samples as they are dynamically compressed at intermediate strain rates (≤103 s−1), where up to 352 diffraction images can be collected from a single pulse train. The set-up employs piezo-driven dDACs capable of compressing samples in ≥340 µs, compatible with the maximum length of the pulse train (550 µs). Results from rapid compression experiments on a wide range of sample systems with different X-ray scattering powers are presented. A maximum compression rate of 87 TPa s−1 was observed during the fast compression of Au, while a strain rate of ∼1100 s−1 was achieved during the rapid compression of N2 at 23 TPa s−1.
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  • 8
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    Dynamic optical spectroscopy and pyrometry of static targets under optical and x-ray laser heating at the European XFEL (2023)
    In:  Journal of Applied Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-12
    Description: Experiments accessing extreme conditions at x-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) involve rapidly evolving conditions of temperature. Here, we report time-resolved, direct measurements of temperature using spectral streaked optical pyrometry of x-ray and optical laser-heated states at the High Energy Density instrument of the European XFEL. This collection of typical experiments, coupled with numerical models, outlines the reliability, precision, and meaning of time dependent temperature measurements using optical emission at XFEL sources. Dynamic temperatures above 1500 K are measured continuously from spectrally- and temporally-resolved thermal emission at 450–850 nm, with time resolution down to 10–100 ns for 1–200 μs streak camera windows, using single shot and integrated modes. Targets include zero-pressure foils free-standing in air and in vacuo, and high-pressure samples compressed in diamond anvil cell multi-layer targets. Radiation sources used are 20-fs hard x-ray laser pulses at 17.8 keV, in single pulses or 2.26 MHz pulse trains of up to 30 pulses, and 250-ns infrared laser single pulses. A range of further possibilities for optical measurements of visible light in x-ray laser experiments using streak optical spectroscopy are also explored, including for the study of x-ray induced optical fluorescence, which often appears as background in thermal radiation measurements. We establish several scenarios where combined emissions from multiple sources are observed and discuss their interpretation. Challenges posed by using x-ray lasers as non-invasive probes of the sample state are addressed.
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  • 9
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    The need for evidence-based climate risk and adaptation assessments: lessons learned from the AGRICA project (2024)
    In:  Environmental Research Letters
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-12
    Description: Climate change poses a threat to the agricultural sector, increasing the risk of crop failures, food insecurity and poverty. Given the need for an efficient allocation of scarce adaptation finance, scientific evidence can help to guide the prioritization of adaptation options. This article offers reflections on lessons learned from the AGRICA project, a collaboration between the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). Running from 2018 to 2024, AGRICA aimed to provide scientific evidence on climate risks, related impacts and suitable adaptation strategies for the agricultural sector in sub-Saharan Africa. Bringing together insights from science, development cooperation and policy, we argue for the need to produce and use rigorous scientific evidence for adaptation policy and planning, including for the formulation and implementation of ambitious National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). This is motivated by assessments such as from the IPCC (2022), which deems current NDC efforts in the agricultural sector insufficient for achieving the Paris Agreement. We discuss lessons learned with a focus on trade-offs between in-depth and standardized assessments, data availability and spatial resolution, modelling uncertainty and methodological pluralism to bridge the science-policy gap.
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  • 10
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Geophysical modelling of the polar motion (2020)
    Berlin : De Gruyter
    Details Availability
    Call number: M 24.95740
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XXVI, 372 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme , 25 cm x 18 cm
    ISBN: 9783110298048 , 311029804X
    Series Statement: De Gruyter studies in mathematical physics volume 31
    URL: Inhaltstext
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 11
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    EU carbon prices signal high policy credibility and farsighted actors (2024)
    In:  Nature Energy
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-11
    Description: Carbon prices in the EU emissions trading system are a key instrument driving Europe’s decarbonization. Between 2017 and 2021, they surged tenfold, exceeding €80 tCO2−1 and reshaping investment decisions across the electricity and industry sectors. What has driven this increase is an open question. While it coincided with two significant reforms tightening the cap (‘MSR reform’ and ‘Fit for 55’), we argue that a reduced supply of allowances alone cannot fully explain the price rise. A further crucial aspect is that actors must have become more farsighted as the reform signalled policymakers’ credible long-term commitment to climate targets. This is consistent with model results that show historic prices can be better explained with myopic actors, whereas explaining prices after the reforms requires actors to be farsighted. To underline the role of credibility, we test what would happen if a crisis undermines policy credibility such that actors become myopic again, demonstrating that carbon prices could plummet and endanger the energy transition.
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  • 12
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    Cross-sectoral ISIMIP and PROCLIAS Workshop 22 - 26 April 2024: Book of abstracts (2024)
    Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-11
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Transhumanism (2023)
    In:  Handbook of the Anthropocene : Humans between Heritage and Future
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-11
    Description: This chapter provides an overview of the transhumanist movement, its origins, its main figures and its main positions. It then highlights the fact that transhumanism shows little concern for environmental issues, as it is mostly focused on individual bodies, health and longevity. Finally, this chapter examines how transhumanists activists or related academics address contemporary ecological disasters, focusing on the human engineering hypothesis first, and then the “good Anthropocene” and its connections with some aspects of the debate on solar geoengineering.
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  • 14
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    “The People” and Climate Justice: Reconceptualizing Populism and Pluralism within Climate Politics (2024)
    In:  Polity : the journal of the Northeastern Political Science Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-11
    Description: Today, populism is widely understood to entail an exclusionary conception of “the people” that threatens climate change action. While this threat is real, I argue that populism itself can be understood as a response to perceived exclusion and marginalization, making it possible to conceptualize a more heterogeneous conception of populism’s “people.” Examining two approaches to climate change action rooted in contrasting conceptions of the people and the elite, I argue that climate justice organizing offers a promising effort to construct a heterogeneous people and offers a powerful critique of the elite representation of climate change action in which “we are all in this together.” Yet along with this promise, climate justice organizing must navigate tensions that are inescapable within any populist formation. One neglected thread of populist history and theory offers resources for doing so; in the final section of this paper, I explore its relevance to climate justice today.
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  • 15
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    Precautionary Approach (2023)
    In:  Handbook of the Anthropocene: Humans between Heritage and Future
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-11
    Description: The debate on how to evaluate and manage risks focuses on three major strategies: (Renn O. EMBO Rep 8:303–305, 2007, Renn O. Risk governance. Coping with uncertainty in a complex world. Earthscan, London, 2008a; Stirling A. On ‘Science’ and ‘Precaution’ in the management of technological risk. Volume I: synthesis study, report to the eu forward studies unit by European Science and Technology Observatory (ESTO), EUR19056EN. IPTS, Sevilla. Available at: ftp://ftp.jrc.es/pub/EURdoc/eur19056IIen.pdf, 1999): (1) risk-based approaches, including, numerical thresholds (NOEL standards, performance standards, etc.); (2) reduction activities derived from the application of the precautionary principle (examples are ALARA, i.e., as low as reasonably achievable, BACT, i.e., best available control technology, containment in time and space, or constant monitoring of potential side-effects); and (3) standards derived from discursive processes such as roundtables, deliberative rulemaking, mediation or citizen panels. Experience demonstrates that there is no simple recipe for assessing, evaluating and managing risks. In view of complex cause-effect relationships, diverse attitudes and preferences as well as variations in interests and values, risks must be considered as physically as well as socially heterogeneous phenomena that preclude standardized evaluation and handling. Therefore, a coherent concept for evaluation and management is needed that ensures the integration of social diversity and multidisciplinary approaches into institutional routines and standardized practices. The main objective of this paper is to explore the potentials and the limitations of an approach to risk assessment and management that has been labelled the “precautionary principle”. In its most simple version, precaution requires risk managers to err on the safe side. This includes rather accepting false negative (that risks are less severe than assumed) than false positive assessments (that risk are more severe than assumed). However, such a simple definition does not specify to what degree false negatives are socially tolerable, nor does it allow a discussion about future benefits that could potentially compensate for uncertain risks. The following sections will review main positions on precaution and point out the present practice in the European Union, which has adopted the precautionary principle as a major legal guideline for its risk management practice. The paper concludes with suggestions for aligning the precautionary principle and the concept of responsible innovation.
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  • 16
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    Resilience (2023)
    In:  Handbook of the Anthropocene: Humans between Heritage and Future
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-11
    Description: Policy advice for dealing with major crises has focussed on two concepts: resilience and sustainability. The article introduces the term resilience and explains its application in different disciplines. Furthermore, it explores the relationship between resilience and sustainability, illustrates the various concepts that are associated with each term and suggests an integrative approach that is based on the ideal of maintaining critical services for reaching humane living conditions for present and future generations based on fair distribution rules and inclusive governance processes.
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  • 17
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    Compressibility and thermal expansion of magnesium phosphates (2024)
    In:  European Journal of Mineralogy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-10
    Description: The ambient-temperature compressibility and room-pressure thermal expansion of two Mg3(PO4)2 polymorphs (farringtonite=Mg3(PO4)2-I, with 5- and 6-fold coordinated Mg, and chopinite=“Mgsarcopside”=[6]Mg3(PO4)2-II), three Mg2PO4OH polymorphs (althausite, hydroxylwagnerite and ɛ- Mg2PO4OH, all with [5]Mg and [6]Mg) and phosphoellenbergerite ([6]Mg) were measured on synthetic powders using a synchrotron-based multi-anvil apparatus to 5.5 GPa and a laboratory high-temperature diffractometer, with whole-pattern fitting procedures. Bulk moduli range from 64.5 GPa for althausite to 88.4 GPa for hydroxylwagnerite, the high-pressure Mg2PO4OH polymorph. Chopinite, based on an olivine structure with ordered octahedral vacancies (K0=81.6 GPa), and phosphoellenbergerite, composed of chains of face-sharing octahedra (K0=86.4 GPa), are distinctly more compressible than their homeotypical silicate (127 and 133 GPa, respectively). The compressibility anisotropy is the highest for chopinite and the lowest for phosphoellenbergerite. First-order parameters of quadratic thermal expansions range from v1=2.19x10-5K-1 for ɛ-Mg2PO4OH to v1=3.58x10-5K-1 for althausite. Phosphates have higher thermal-expansion coefficients than the homeotypical silicates. Thermal anisotropy is the highest for farringtonite and the lowest for hydroxylwagnerite and chopinite. These results set the stage for a thermodynamic handling of phase-equilibrium data obtained up to 3 GPa and 1000°C in the MgO–P2O5–H2O and MgO–Al2O3–P2O5–H2O systems.
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  • 18
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    Transition from a mixotrophic/heterotrophic protist community during the dark winter to a photoautotrophic spring community in surface waters of Disko Bay, Greenland (2024)
    In:  Frontiers in Microbiology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-10
    Description: Unicellular eukaryotic plankton communities (protists) are the major basis of the marine food web. The spring bloom is especially important, because of its high biomass. However, it is poorly described how the protist community composition in Arctic surface waters develops from winter to spring. We show that mixotrophic and parasitic organisms are prominent in the dark winter period. The transition period toward the spring bloom event was characterized by a high relative abundance of mixotrophic dinoflagellates, while centric diatoms and the haptophyte Phaeocystis pouchetii dominated the successive phototrophic spring bloom event during the study. The data shows a continuous community shift from winter to spring, and not just a dormant spring community waiting for the right environmental conditions. The spring bloom initiation commenced while sea ice was still scattering and absorbing the sunlight, inhibiting its penetration into the water column. The initial increase in fluorescence was detected relatively deep in the water column at ~55 m depth at the halocline, at which the photosynthetic cells accumulated, while a thick layer of snow and sea ice was still obstructing sunlight penetration of the surface water. This suggests that water column stratification and a complex interplay of abiotic factors eventually promote the spring bloom initiation.
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  • 19
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    An Estimate of the Effect of 3D Heterogeneous Density Distribution on Coseismic Deformation Using a Spectral Finite-Element Approach (2024)
    In:  X Hotine-Marussi Symposium on Mathematical Geodesy: Proceedings of the Symposium in Milan, Italy, June 13-17, 2022 | International Association of Geodesy Symposia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-10
    Description: The advancement of the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) has enabled monitoring of mass transport and solid-Earth deformation processes with unprecedented accuracy. Coseismic deformation is modelled as an elastic response of the solid Earth to an internal dislocation. Self-gravitating spherical Earth models can be employed in modelling regional to global scale deformations. Recent seismic tomography and high-pressure/high-temperature experiments have revealed finer-scale lateral heterogeneities in the elasticity and density structures within the Earth, which motivates us to quantify the effects of such finer structures on coseismic deformation. To achieve this, fully numerical approaches including the Finite Element Method (FEM) have often been used. In our previous study, we presented a spectral FEM, combined with an iterative perturbation method, to consider lateral heterogeneities in the bulk and shear moduli for surface loading. The distinct feature of this approach is that the deformation of the entire sphere is modelled in the spectral domain with finite elements dependent only on the radial coordinate. By this, self-gravitation can be treated without special treatments employed when using an ordinary FEM. In this study, we extend the formulation so that it can deal with lateral heterogeneities in density in the case of coseismic deformation. We apply this approach to a longer-wavelength vertical deformation due to a large earthquake. The result shows that the deformation for a laterally heterogeneous density distribution is suppressed mainly where the density is larger, which is consistent with the fact that self-gravitation reduces longer-wavelength deformations for 1-D models. The effect on the vertical displacement is relatively small, but the effect on the gravity change could amount to the same order of magnitude of a given heterogeneity if the horizontal scale of the heterogeneity is large enough.
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  • 20
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    Variation of Fault Creep Along the Overdue Istanbul-Marmara Seismic Gap in NW Turkey (2023)
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-10
    Description: Strain energy from tectonic loading can be partly released through aseismic creep. Earthquake repeaters, repeatedly activated brittle fault patches surrounded by creep, indicate steady-state creep that affects the amount of seismic energy available for the next large earthquake along a plate contact. The offshore Main Marmara Fault (MMF) of the North Anatolian Fault Zone represents a seismic gap capable of generating a M 〉 7 earthquake in direct vicinity to the mega-city Istanbul. Based on a newly compiled seismicity catalog, we identify repeating earthquakes to resolve the spatial creep variability along the MMF during a 15-year period. We observe a maximum of seismic repeaters indicating creep along the central and western MMF segments tapering off toward the locked onshore Ganos fault in the west, and the locked offshore Princes Islands segment immediately south of Istanbul in the east. This indicates a high degree of spatial creep variability along the Istanbul-Marmara seismic gap.
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    Magnetotelluric images of the medium enthalpy Bakreswar geothermal province within a granitic gneissic complex, Eastern Indian Peninsula (2024)
    In:  Geophysical Prospecting
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-10
    Description: The Bakreswar geothermal province represents a medium enthalpy geothermal system with its Bakreswar and Tantloie hot springs. It lies within the Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex in the eastern part of the Indian Peninsula. The province has a high heat flow and a high geothermal gradient of 90°C/km. Magnetotelluric data from 95 sites in a frequency range of 10 kHz–10 Hz were acquired over the Bakreswar geothermal province to obtain an electrical conductivity model and map the geothermal reservoir with its fluid pathways and related geological structures. Subsurface conductivity models obtained from three-dimensional inversions of the Magnetotelluric data exhibit several prominent anomalies, which are supplemented by gravity results. The conductivity model maps three features which act as a conduit (a) a northwest–southeast trending feature, (b) an east–west trending feature to the south of the northwest–southeast trending feature (which lies 1 km north of the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation fault marked by previous studies) and (c) shallow conducting features close to Bakreswar hot spring. The northwest–southeast trending feature coincides with the boundary of the high-density intrusive block. This northwest–southeast trending feature provides the pathway for the meteoric water to reach a maximum depth of 2.7 km, where it gets heated by interacting with deep-seated structures and then it rises towards the surface. The radiogenic process occurring within the granites of Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex provides the heat responsible for heating the meteoric water. The northwest–southeast and east–west trending features are responsible for the transport of meteoric water to deeper depths and then towards the shallow regions of the Earth. The near surface features close to the Bakreswar hot spring are responsible for carrying the water further towards the hot spring. The resistivity of these structures plotted as a function of salinity and temperatures for saline crustal fluids suggests the involvement of meteoric water. Further, applying Archie's law to this resistivity suggests that the conduit path has a porosity greater than 10%. This study successfully maps the anomalous structures which might foster the migration of geothermal fluid in Bakreswar geothermal province.
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    Comparing Urban Anthropogenic NMVOC Measurements With Representation in Emission Inventories—A Global Perspective (2023)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-10
    Description: Emission inventories are a critical basis for air quality and climate modeling, as well as policy decisions. Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) are key precursor compounds in ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation. Accurately representing NMVOCs in emission inventories is crucial for understanding atmospheric chemistry, the impact of policy measures, and climate projections. Improving NMVOC representation in emission inventories is fraught with challenges, ranging from the lack of (long-term) NMVOC measurements, limited efforts in updating emission factors, to the diversity of NMVOC species reactivity. Here we take an initial step to evaluate the representation of urban NMVOC speciation in an emission inventory (EDGARv4.3.2 and EDGARv6.1) at the global level. To compare the urban measurements of NMVOCs to the emission inventory estimates, ratios of individual NMVOCs to acetylene are used. Owing to limitations in measurement data and grouping of NMVOCs in emission inventories, the comparison includes only a limited number of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics. Results show little to no agreement between the ratios in the observations and those in the global emission inventory for the species compared (r2 0.01–0.20). This could be related to incorrect speciation profiles and/or spatial allocation of NMVOCs to urban areas. Regional emission inventories show better agreement among the ratios (r2 0.43–0.70). The inclusion of oxygenated species in NMVOC measurements, as well as greater global coverage of measurements could improve representation of NMVOC species in emission inventories, and a mosaic of regional inventories may be a better approach.
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    Learning and community building in support of collective action: Toward a new climate of communication at the COP (2023)
    In:  Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - Climate Change
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-10
    Description: The international UN Climate Change conferences known as “Conferences of the Parties (COPs)” have an enormous convening power and are attended annually by tens of thousands of actors working on climate change topics from a wide range of perspectives. In the COP spaces outside of the formal negotiations, the communication culture is dominated by “side events,” a format that relies heavily on conventional presentations and panels that can be informative, but is generally not conducive to mutual engagement, reflection, or dialogue. There is an urgent need for new dialogue formats that can better foster learning and community-building and thereby harness the enormous latent potential for climate action represented by the diverse stakeholders that gather at the COP. Against this backdrop, and drawing on our experience with the development and implementation of the Co-Creative Reflection and Dialogue Spaces at COP25, COP26, and COP27, we make recommendations for further developing the communication culture of the COPs. At the level of individual sessions, we provide recommendations for designing participatory dialogues that can better support reflection, interconnection, and action orientation. In addition, we offer guidance for scaling up these practices, for instance through networks and communities of practice to support a shift of the overall communication culture of the COPs. Our recommendations focus on interactions and exchanges that unfold outside of the formal negotiation sessions, with a view toward enabling and accelerating transformative action by non-state actors.
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    Hydraulic fracturing stress measurements - theory and practice - (1988)
    In:  KTB Report 88-8: Arbeitsgruppe 3 ; Spannungsmessungen und Bohrlochstabilität
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Language: English
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    Borehole Breakout Method for stress determination - theory and practice - (1988)
    In:  KTB Report 88-8: Arbeitsgruppe 3 ; Spannungsmessungen und Bohrlochstabilität
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Language: English
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    Through the desert towards fresh water : or just a fata morgana? (2024)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: The twenty-eighth Conference of the Parties (COP28) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Dubai among many other items concluded the first Global Stocktake (GST) under the Paris Agreement. This article discusses the conference's outcomes in the areas of mitigation, loss and damage, adaptation, climate finance, and cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. The conference arguably made history by for the first time ever recognising the need to "transition away" from fossil fuels, adopting specific targets for the scale-up of renewable energy and energy efficiency, and by operationalising a fund to support developing countries in dealing with loss and damage caused by climate change. However, the legal language in the call for an energy transition is relatively non-committal and the conference failed to underpin the new global objectives with adequate resources. Actual implementation of the Dubai outcomes will therefore to a large extent depend on whether COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan - already billed as "finance COP" - will be able to cut the Gordian knot of finance.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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    Towards a climate-neutral basic materials industry in North Rhine-Westphalia (2024)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) is the industrial center of Germany and one of the most important industrial locations in Europe. It is a key location for the energy-intensive basic materials industry like the production of steel and non-ferrous metals, (petro)chemicals, cement and lime, bricks, glass and ceramics, and paper. Around 20 % of NRW's total greenhouse emissions derive from industrial processes. By 2045, industry must achieve climate-neutrality, which requires a massive transformation effort. Technologically, this needs large-scale utilization of green hydrogen, carbon management, consequent circular economy, and climate-neutral production of process heat. Furthermore, various adjustments to the policy framework are essential.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Towards clean cooking energy for all in Nigeria : pathways and impacts (2024)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: Over 175 million Nigerians rely on the use of traditional biomass for cooking, and it is estimated that more than 128,000 people died in Nigeria in 2019 from household air pollution related to these fuels. There is currently a gap in the study of possible pathways to meet Nigeria's goals in clean cooking and in understanding the health and climate impacts that different pathways can bring about. We explore clean cooking access scenarios for Nigeria until 2060 under a business-as-usual scenario, a moderate climate mitigation scenario, and an ambitious transformative scenario. We carry out a disaggregation at the state level for the period up to 2030 to better guide shorter-term policy development. Our analysis shows that under an ambitious scenario where 85 million households achieve access to clean cooking by 2060, annual premature deaths due to exposure to household air pollution would decrease by 7 % compared to 2018 levels. A baseline scenario, on the other hand, sees a dramatic 77 % increase, resulting in 209,000 people dying prematurely, of which 94,000 children under 5. Furthermore, we find that woodfuel removals from forestland would lead to a tripling of carbon dioxide emissions from land use change, reaching 602 Mt CO2 by 2060. Our findings stress the vital importance of a clean cooking transition in Nigeria and underline the urgent need for immediate acceleration in national efforts regarding access to clean cooking for all.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Logic model for environmental, social, and governance (ESG) impact pathways and assessments (2024)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: The goal of this dissertation is to facilitate the assessment of impacts from sustainable measures and projects with an emphasis on impact reporting for Green, Social or Sustainability Bonds in the Sustainable Finance market. It does so by providing analysts with the means to develop, depict, formulate, and assess a causal hypothesis between an intervention and its subsequent effects in an impact-chain, represented by desired environmental (E), social (S) or governance (G) changes. This is achieved by developing a methodology for so-called ESG Logic Models or ESG-LM, that combine heuristic Theories-of-Change with propositional logic and Bayesian Reasoning. Three research questions are investigated and responded to. Research Question 1 asks how such Theories-of-Change can be developed for any type of ESG-related issue and how the different process steps in a causal chain can be classified, hierarchised, and prioritised regarding their efficacy towards overarching sustainability goals and their plausibility. Research Question 2 studies (a) the means by which the analyst or any other interested third party might be warranted in believing the causal claims from an ESG-LM, and (b) how an ESG-LM can be improved if this credence is low. Research Question 3 then looks at the reporting of impacts themselves regarding indicator selection, indicator assessment and indicator quantification as well as the provision of information on the contributions and attributions by different actors. The dissertation draws on a variety of theories and adapts existing methods to achieve that. It operationalises concepts from empirical Sustainable Finance research and already existing impact assessment methodologies. It adapts scholarly and practitioner approaches for theory-based evaluation and applies a qualitative social science perspective towards theory-building and evaluation, while some of the assessment tools in the dissertation are grounded in Logic, Set Theory and Bayesian Epistemology. Examples for such tools include rules for the Attribution by actors, heuristics for the abduction of plausible outcome pathways, or a four-stage Argument and Decision-Tree to assess the credibility of ESG-LM claims (based on Bayes Theorem). My assessment of the entire methodology is positive overall, as it provides solutions to each of the three research areas. Limitations of the approach, and thus opportunities for further research, are the additional expertise and time required by analysts compared to the existing, and somewhat more pragmatic, solutions in the current market. However, this is outweighed in my opinion by the ability of the framework to strongly mitigate impact washing by actors in the financial markets as well as biases by analysts. Its overall methodology also provides opportunities for new research angles in the area of sustainability indicators and assessments.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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    Event-Triggered Adaptive Containment Control for Heterogeneous Stochastic Nonlinear Multiagent Systems (2024)
    In:  IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: This article investigates the event-triggered adaptive containment control problem for a class of stochastic nonlinear multiagent systems with unmeasurable states. A stochastic system with unknown heterogeneous dynamics is established to describe the agents in a random vibration environment. Besides, the uncertain nonlinear dynamics are approximated by radial basis function neural networks (NNs), and the unmeasured states are estimated by constructing the NN-based observer. In addition, the switching-threshold-based event-triggered control method is adopted with the hope of reducing communication consumption and balancing system performance and network constraints. Moreover, we develop the novel distributed containment controller by utilizing the adaptive backstepping control strategy and the dynamic surface control (DSC) approach such that the output of each follower converges to the convex hull spanned by multiple leaders, and all signals of the closed-loop system are cooperatively semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded in mean square. Finally, we verify the efficiency of the proposed controller by the simulation examples.
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    Predefined-time synchronization for competitive neural networks with different time scales and external disturbances (2023)
    In:  Mathematics and Computers in Simulation
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: This paper presents a study on the predefined-time (PdT) and practical PdT synchronization of competitive neural networks (CNN) in the presence of different time scales and external disturbances. Two types of external disturbances, which satisfy Lipschitz or bounded conditions, are investigated respectively. The new PdT and practical PdT stability theorems are derived in singularly perturbed systems, where the final residual set is given in detail. By employing the newly derived stability theorems, novel autonomous controllers are designed without relying on a continuous linear term and time scale parameters, while enabling PdT or practical PdT synchronization for drive-response CNNs. Additionally, upper bounds for the settling time are estimated, allowing for adjusting the predefined synchronization times regardless of the initial conditions. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the main results.
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    The long–term sea–level commitment from Antarctica (2024)
    In:  The Cryosphere
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: The evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet is of vital importance given the coastal and societal implications of ice loss, with a potential to raise sea level by up to 58 m if melted entirely. However, future ice-sheet trajectories remain highly uncertain. One of the main sources of uncertainty is related to nonlinear processes and feedbacks of the ice sheet with the Earth System on different timescales. Due to these feedbacks and the ice-sheet inertia, ice loss may already be triggered in the next decades and then unfolds delayed on multi-centennial to millennial timescales. This committed Antarctic sea-level contribution is not reflected in typical sea-level projections based on mass balance changes of Antarctica, which often cover decadal-to-centennial timescales. Here, using two ice-sheet models, we systematically assess the multi-millennial sea-level commitment from Antarctica in response to warming projected over the next centuries under low- and high-emission pathways. This allows bringing together the time horizon of stakeholder planning with the much longer response times of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Our results show that warming levels representative of the lower-emission pathway SSP1-2.6 may already result in an Antarctic mass loss of up to 6 m sea-level equivalent on multi-millennial timescales. This committed mass loss is due to a strong grounding-line retreat in the Amundsen Sea Embayment as well as a potential drainage from the Ross Ice Shelf catchment and onset of ice loss in Wilkes subglacial basin. Beyond warming levels reached by the end of this century under the higher-emission trajectory SSP5-8.5, a collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is triggered in the entire ensemble of simulations from both ice-sheet models. Under enhanced warming, next to the marine parts, we also find a substantial decline in ice volume of regions grounded above sea level in East Antarctica. Over the next millennia, this gives rise to a sea-level increase of up to 40 m in our experiments, stressing the importance of including the committed Antarctic sea-level contribution in future projections.
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    Detection of Approaching Critical Transitions in Natural Systems Driven by Red Noise (2024)
    In:  Physical Review X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: Detection of critical slowing down (CSD) is the dominant avenue for anticipating critical transitions from noisy time-series data. Most commonly, changes in variance and lag-1 autocorrelation [AC(1)] are used as CSD indicators. However, these indicators will only produce reliable results if the noise driving the system is white and stationary. In the more realistic case of time-correlated red noise, increasing (decreasing) the correlation of the noise will lead to spurious (masked) alarms for both variance and AC(1). Here, we propose two new methods that can discriminate true CSD from possible changes in the driving noise characteristics. We focus on estimating changes in the linear restoring rate based on Langevin-type dynamics driven by either white or red noise. We assess the capacity of our new estimators to anticipate critical transitions and show that they perform significantly better than other existing methods both for continuous-time and discrete-time models. In addition to conceptual models, we apply our methods to climate model simulations of the termination of the African Humid Period. The estimations rule out spurious signals stemming from nonstationary noise characteristics and reveal a destabilization of the African climate system as the dynamical mechanism underlying this archetype of abrupt climate change in the past.
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    Master Memory Function for Delay-Based Reservoir Computers With Single-Variable Dynamics (2024)
    In:  IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: We show that many delay-based reservoir computers considered in the literature can be characterized by a universal master memory function (MMF). Once computed for two independent parameters, this function provides linear memory capacity for any delay-based single-variable reservoir with small inputs. Moreover, we propose an analytical description of the MMF that enables its efficient and fast computation. Our approach can be applied not only to single-variable delay-based reservoirs governed by known dynamical rules, such as the Mackey–Glass or Stuart–Landau-like systems, but also to reservoirs whose dynamical model is not available.
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    Climate change impacts on Central Asia: Trends, extremes and future projections (2024)
    In:  International Journal of Climatology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: Central Asia (CA) is among the world's most vulnerable regions to climate change. Increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations (GHGs) are the primary forcing of the current and future climate system for the time scale of a century. By analysing observation datasets, we show that a warming of 1.2°C led to a decrease of 20% in snow-depth CA during the last 70 years, especially over the mountains. In recent decades, longer summer times and fewer icing days (more than 20 days·year−1) have exposed unprecedented shock to CA's climate system's components. Furthermore, we analyse 442 model simulations from Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 and 6 (CMIP5, CMIP6) and show that CMIP6 simulations are generally warmer and wetter than the CMIP5 ones in CA. For instance, under the highest emission scenarios (RCP8.5 and SSP5-8.5), CMIP6 projects a 6.1°C increase, while CMIP5 projects a 5.3°C increase, suggesting CMIP6 anticipates greater warming with high emissions. In contrast to CMIP6, the CMIP5 precipitation trends suggest a potential nonlinear relationship between increased greenhouse gas emissions and changes in precipitation, though the impact is much less pronounced than the temperature changes. Our analysis shows that CMIP6 models are more sensitive to temperature rise than CMIP5 ones. Both simulation sets' ensemble means capture well the observed warming trend. The imposed snow-melting leads to an increase in the run-off in the vicinity of glaciers. Such climatic shifts lead to more flooding events in CA. Given the projected warming range of 2–6°C in CA at the end of the century in various scenarios and models, such warming trends might be catastrophic in this region. The seasonal cycle of the temperature change indicates an extension of the glacier's melting period under future scenarios with fossil-fueled development. The models' uncertainty increases for the far-future time-slice, and warming larger than 4°C in CA is very likely among all the models and during all the seasons if no sustainable action is taken. This study also incorporates a detailed Köppen climate classification analysis, revealing significant shifts towards warmer climate categories in Central Asia, which may have profound implications for regional hydrological cycles and water resource management, particularly in the Amu Darya and Syr Darya river basins under warmer scenario by the end of the century. The Tundra and ice cap climate categories will lose more than 60% of their coverage at the end of the century compared to the historical period in the Amu Darya and Syr Darya river basins.
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    Climate summits and protests have a strong impact on climate change media coverage in Germany (2024)
    In:  Communications Earth and Environment
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: Media inform the public, thereby influencing societal debates and political decisions. Despite climate change’s importance, drivers of media attention to climate change remain differently understood. Here we assess how different sociopolitical and extreme weather events affect climate change media coverage, both immediately and in the weeks following the event. To this end, we construct a data set of over 90,000 climate change articles published in nine major German newspapers over the past three decades and apply fixed effects panel regressions to control for confounders. We find that United Nations Climate Change Conferences affect coverage most strongly and most persistently. Climate protests incite climate coverage that extends well beyond the reporting on the event itself, whereas many articles on weather extremes do not mention climate change. The influence of all events has risen over time, increasing the media prominence of climate change.
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    The political economy of coal across 12 countries: Analysing qualitative interviews with topic models (2023)
    In:  Energy Research and Social Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: Understanding the ongoing investments in coal-fired power plants requires an analysis of the political economy. Here, we conduct a computational analysis of 212 interviews from 12 countries on the political economy of coal using topic modelling (TM). Our study highlights relevant topics by actor group and country. While most topics are similarly distributed across all actor groups, we find distinct clusters of countries in which similar topics play important roles. For example, in Indonesia and India, sustaining low electricity tariffs is brought forward as a reason to invest in coal, whereas in South Africa and Kenya the civil society is considered instrumental in the choice of coal or alternatives. To validate our findings, we compare them to outcomes of qualitative case studies and to papers grouping countries based on quantifiable factors. As this study is among the first to apply TM to interview data, we thereby highlight strengths and challenges for such application and the interpretability of results. We argue that topic models are effective supplements to qualitative case studies, particularly when analysing large amounts of text.
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  • 38
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Alaska's changing boreal forest (2006)
    New York [u.a.] : Oxford University Press
    Details Availability
    Call number: AWI Bio-24-95729
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XIV, 354 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISBN: 0195154312 , 9780195154313 , 978-0-19-515431-3
    Series Statement: Long-Term Ecological Research Network Series
    URL: http://scans.hebis.de/13/33/53/13335393_toc.pdf
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Contributors Part I. Alaska's Past and Present Environment 1. The Conceptual Basis of LTER Studies in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / F. Stuart Chapin III, john Yarie, Keith Van Cleve, and Leslie A. Viereck 2. Regional Overview of Interior Alaska / James E. Beget, David Stone, and David L Verbyla 3. State Factor Control of Soil Formation in Interior Alaska / Chien-Lu Ping, Richard D. Boone, Marcus H. Clark, Edmond C. Packee, and David K. Swanson 4. Climate and Permafrost Dynamics of the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Larry D. Hinzman, Leslie A. Viereck, Phyllis C. Adams, Vladimir E. Romanovsky, and Kenji Yoshikawa 5. Holocene Development of the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Andrea H. Lloyd, Mary E. Edwards, Bruce P. Finney, Jason A. Lynch, Valerie Barber, and Nancy H. Bigelow Part II. Forest Dynamics 6. Floristic Diversity and Vegetation Distribution in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / F. Stuart Chapin III, Teresa Hollingsworth, David F. Murray, Leslie A. Viereck, and Marilyn D. Walker 7. Successional Processes in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / F. Stuart Chapin III, Leslie A. Viereck, Phyllis C. Adams, Keith Van Cleve, Christopher L. Fastie, Robert A. Ott, Daniel Mann, and Jill F. Johnstone 8. Mammalian Herbivore Population Dynamics in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Eric Rexstad and Knut Kielland 9. Dynamics of Phytophagous Insects and Their Pathogens in Alaskan Boreal Forests / Richard A. Werner, Kenneth F. Raffa, and Barbara L. Illman 10. Running Waters of the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Mark W. Oswood, Nicholas F. Hughes, and Alexander M. Milner Part III. Ecosystem Dynamics 11. Controls over Forest Production in Interior Alaska / John Yarie and Keith Van Cleve 12. The Role of Fine Roots in the Functioning of Alaskan Boreal Forests / Roger W. Ruess, Ronald L. Hendrick, Jason C. Vogel, and Bjartmar Sveinbjornsson 13. Mammalian Herbivory, Ecosystem Engineering, and Ecological Cascades in Alaskan Boreal Forests / Knut Kielland, John P. Bryant, and Roger W. Ruess 14. Microbial Processes in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Joshua P. Schimel and F. Stuart Chapin III 15. Patterns of Biogeochemistry in Alaskan Boreal Forests / David W. Valentine, Knut Kielland, F. Stuart Chapin III, A. David McCuire, and Keith Van Cleve Part IV. Changing Regional Processes 16. Watershed Hydrology and Chemistry in the Alaskan Boreal Forest: The Central Role of Permafrost / Larry D. Hinzman, W. Robert Bolton, Kevin C. Petrone, Jeremy B. Jones, and Phyllis C. Adams 17. Fire Trends in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Eric S. Kasischke, T. Scott Rupp, and David L. Verbyla 18. Timber Harvest in Interior Alaska / Tricia L. Wurtz, Robert A. Ott, and John C. Maisch 19. Climate Feedbacks in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / A. David McCuire and F. Stuart Chapin III 20. Communication of Alaskan Boreal Science with Broader Communities / Elena B. Sparrow, Janice C. Dawe, and F. Stuart Chapin III 21. Summary and Synthesis: Past and Future Changes in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / F. Stuart Chapin III, A. David McCuire, Roger W. Ruess, Marilyn W. Walker, Richard D. Boone, Mary E. Edwards, Bruce P. Finney, Larry D. Hinzman, Jeremy B. Jones, Clenn P. Juday, Eric S. Kasischke, Knut Kielland, Andrea H. Lloyd, Mark W. Oswood, Chien-Lu Ping, Eric Rexstad, Vladimir E. Romanovsky, Joshua P. Schimel, Elena B. Sparrow, Bjartmar Sveinbjornsson, David W. Valentine, Keith Van Cleve, David L. Verbyla, Leslie A. Viereck, Richard A. Werner, Tricia L. Wurtz, and John Yarie Index
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  • 39
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Introduction to modern climate change (2022)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Details Availability
    Call number: PIK 24-95731
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: xviii, 270 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten , 25 cm
    Edition: Third edition
    ISBN: 9781108793872 , 9781108840187
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    DOI: 10.1017/9781108879125
    Language: English
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
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  • 40
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Long problems : climate change and the challenge of governing across time (2024)
    Princeton : Princeton University Press
    Details Availability
    Call number: PIK 24-95663
    Description / Table of Contents: "This book argues that, just as the "widening" of political problems across national boundaries due to globalization has led to profound shifts in how we understand, study, and approach governance across space, so too does their "lengthening" across time horizons require a fundamental shift in thinking and policy. Social scientists and policy-makers have yet to really appreciate the role that time can play, hampering our ability to find effective solutions. In this book, Thomas Hale explores the implications of "long problems"- those, like climate change, whose proximate causes and effects unfold over relatively long time periods -for politics and governance. Hale starts by defining long problems and then considers the three features that make these issues so challenging: institutional lag, the fact that future generations cannot advocate for their interests in the present, and the difficulty of acting early enough to make a difference. Tackling long problems requires solutions that address these challenges head on, and Hale presents interventions to address each, not just in the abstract but with copious examples of policies that have worked or have failed. The author also considers, more largely, how social science can best study long problems, outlining a research agenda that aims to shift the object of study from the past to the future. In sum, Hale presents a framework and vision for how society can best govern long problems and address complex and profound challenges like climate change"--
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: x, 241 pages
    ISBN: 9780691238128
    Language: English
    Note: Long problems -- Why long problems are hard to govern -- Forward action : addressing the early action paradox -- The long view : addressing shadow interests -- Endurance and adaptability : addressing institutional lag -- Studying long problems -- Governing time.
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  • 41
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    Virtual experiments on an IP laboratory measurement (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
    Description: Carrying out laboratory experiments is usually a time-consuming process. In addition, the options for varying parameter studies are limited and adjustments to the design of the measuring equipment are often not possible at all. In order to circumvent these limitations, we supplement our laboratory experiments with virtual experiments as best as possible. For this purpose, we have expanded our finite element library FEMALY [1] to include the so-called complete electrode model [2], which allows us to simulate electrodes of any shape for DC and IP applications and also provides us with explicit mathematical expressions for calculating sensitivities [3]. As a first case study, we consider an IP measurement on a measuring cylinder with embedded ring electrodes to virtually reproduce the time-varying change of the apparent resistivity for laboratory tracer experiments (Figure 1). We present the real and imaginary part of the sensitivity distribution of the underlying measurement configuration that confirms our initial assumption that the actual electrode surface shape has a relatively small influence on the observed measurement quantities.
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  • 42
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    Optimization process of the DESMEX induction coil bird for AFMAG measurements (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 43
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    The auroral electrojet, magnetic activity, and source effects in mid latitude induction arrows: Results from longterm observations (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
    Language: English
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  • 44
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    Multidimensional inversion of sedimentary sequences in the Atacama Desert, Chile, using transient electromagnetic data (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
    Description: The Atacama Desert along the Chilean Coastal Cordillera is a unique landscape to understand the Earth's evolution in hyper-arid and arid environments. The Paranal clay pan has studied by the CRC 1211 project to recover a continuous climate record for paleoclimate research. The goal is to provide the sedimentary architecture and bedrock topography of the Paranal site by interpreting multidimensional inversion of loop source transient electromagnetic (TEM) data. A total of 133 TEM soundings were carried out using a central loop configuration, with a transmitter loop size of 40×40 m2 and a receiver of about 10×10 m2. The TEM data was processed and analyzed, exhibiting high-quality data, with an average of noise level of about ηnoi = 3·10−10V/Am2. The 1D Occam inversion results exhibits a clear three-layered resistivitydepth structure with a second conductive layer of roughly 20 Ωm. The clay pan's resistivity distribution is well-resolved with a global misfit of around 1.1. However, the study site showed 2D effects that were stronlgy visible at the edges of the clay pan, leading to misinterpretations of the TEM data. This was confirmed based on 2D forward modelling. In this manner, to better deal with the observed 2D distortions in the TEM data and to derive a more accurate geometry of the clay pan, the recently developed Julia Package (3DTEMinv) for time-domain 3D inversion and modeling data was performed. The resulting 3D inversion presents a high convergence rate, and acceptable solutions are obtained after ten iterations with a good misfit of about 1.6. The 3D model exhibits a well-resolved geometry of the clay pan, with a high resolution of the derived conductive body. The drill core results confirm the 1D and 3D TEM models at the center of the clay pan, which is in good agreement with the resulting lithology with a maximum thickness of about 171 m depth and a weathered granodioritic bedrock below. These results agree with the local and regional geological context, improving the understanding of sediment deposition and transportation in this hilly and arid environment.
    Language: English
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  • 45
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    Semi-airborne electromagnetic exploration for deep earth resources - large scale multi source 3D imaging of a graphite deposit (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
    Description: The transition towards renewable energies demands secure supply with critical raw material and requires efficient non-invasive methods for deep earth resources exploration. The novel DESMEX (Deep electromagnetic sounding for mineral exploration) semi-airborne electromagnetic (semi-AEM) exploration concept aims at efficient exploration of resources down to 1 km depth. Here we present a large-scale semi-AEM exploration study in a graphite mining district in eastern Bavaria, Germany. At the ground, several horizontal electrical dipole transmitters were deployed and helicopter-towed magnetic field sensors measure the EM fields along flight lines within several overlapping flight areas, providing a fast data acquisition and a high spatial coverage. Imaged shallow high conductivity structures can be correlated with graphite-rich zones and match well with existing helicopter-borne EM results. The presence of graphite leads to significant induced polarization (IP) effects with considerably high chargeabilities superposing electromagnetic induction. We include these effects in a realistic 3D inversion using a synthetic data study to analyse, if the IP effect alters the overall conductivity structure and demonstrate that the obtained 3D model is reliable.
    Language: English
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  • 46
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    Geophysical Investigation of the Weidenpesch Waste Site in Cologne, Germany (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
    Language: English
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  • 47
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    1D modeling of TEM data influenced by IP effects (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
    Description: Transient electromagnetic (TEM) data can be significantly distorted by induced polarization (IP) effect, leading to a sign reversal feature and, if overlooked, false geological interpretation. The aim of this paper is to incorporate IP effects in the forward modelling and recover the distorted TEM data using an efficient inversion algorithm. To achieve this aim, we developed a 1D forward solver to incorporate the IP effects using various IP parameterizations including Cole-Cole, maximum phase angle (MPA), maximum imaginary conductivity (MIC) (Fiandaca et al., 2018) and the Jeffrey transform of Cole-Cole parameters (Ghorbani et al., 2007). For 1D inversion of distorted TEM data we used Levenberg-Marquardt and very fast simulated annealing algorithms. The result of 1D forward calculation and inversion of synthetic IPdistorted TEM data revealed that, for incorporation the IP effects into the TEM data, the Cole- Cole parametrization is more robust and reliable than MPA, MIC, and Jeffrey transform. Moreover, the result of inversion using Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is strongly depends on the starting model. We successfully implemented these algorithms for 1D inversion of synthetic IP-affected TEM data (Fig. 1 ). For synthetic data generation, a 3-layered half space model with the thickness of the first and second layers of 5 m was considered. The resistivities of the layers from top to bottom are 10, 5 and 300 Ωm, respectively. To include the IP effect, second layer considered to be chargeable with Cole-Cole parameters of m = 0.5, τ = 0.01 s and c = 0.5. TEM central-loop configuration with a loop size of 50*50 m2 and step-off current of 1 A with a zero ramp time was used for data simulation. We evaluated the performance of our algorithm using field data, successfully.
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  • 48
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    Three-Dimensional Inversion of Magnetotelluric Data from Mt. Ruapehu, New Zealand (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 49
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    Employment of drone-towed sensors in semi-airborne EM studies (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 50
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    3D Inversion of Loop-Source Time-Domain Electromagnetic Data - Application to Synthetic & Field Data (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
    Description: Multi-dimensional inversion of Transient electromagnetic data is a computationally expensive task. Only few developments and practical interpretation tools exist. Here, we present a multidimensional inversion framework for loop source time-domain electromagnetic data. The developed algorithm is a robust, efficient, and user-oriented tool for the multi-dimensional inversion of typical loop source time-domain electromagnetic configurations. A time-domain finite volume discretization and the direct solver MUMPS are utilized to solve the 3D TEM forward problem. An iterative Gauss-Newton optimization method is implemented for the inversion kernel. The code is parallelized for calculating multiple sources simultaneously to accelerate the inversion. Based on exploration tasks, different configurations exist for commonly used loop source TEM configurations and typical field scales. Synthetic examples are used to verify the effectiveness and benchmark the developed 3D algorithm. Considering that TEM data is often gathered along profiles, adjusting the model roughness along the different modeling domain directions, sufficiently constrains to allow for 2D imaging. In addition to the vertical signal components, we also included horizontal components for large scale fixed loop applications. Subsequent to synthetic validation, the inversion algorithm is further verified using ~120 dense TEM soundings collected over a clay pan site in the Atacama Desert, Chile, to provide bedrock geometry information and suitable coring sites. The 3D inversion result provided an excellent depth estimate of sedimentary infill as well as the bedrock topography and was later confirmed by deep coring. Another interesting site is the Roter Kamm impact crater in Namibia. Our preliminary results obtained from largescale multicomponent fixed loop TEM data reveal a sedimentary infill down to ~300 m depth. In conclusion, our presented 3D inversion code is capable to handle data from various exploration scenarios and provides a robust tool for advanced EM interpretation.
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  • 51
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    Hydraulic conductivity imaging by induced polarization and hydraulic tomography (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 52
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    Effect of microvariability on electrical rock properties: investigations based on microstructure simulations (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
    Description: In petrophysics, physical rock properties are typically established through laboratory measurements of individual samples. These measurements predominantly relate to the specific sample and can be challenging to associate with the rock as a whole since the physical attributes are heavily reliant on the microstructure, which can vary significantly in different areas. Thus, the obtained values have limited applicability to the entirety of the original rock mass. To examine the dependence of petrophysical measurements based on the variable microstructure, we generate sets of random microstructure representations for a sample, taking into account macroscopic parameters such as porosity and mean grain size. We show that the methodology can adequately mimic the physical behavior of real rocks, showing consistent emulation of the dependence of electrical conductivity on connected porosity according to Archie's law across different types of pore space (micro-fracture, inter-granular, and vuggy, oomoldic pore space). Furthermore, properties such as the internal surface area and its fractal dimension as well as the electrical tortuosity are accessible for the random microstructures and show reasonable behavior. Finally, the possibilities, challenges and meshing strategies for extending the methodology to 3D microstructures are discussed.
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  • 53
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    Semi-Airborne Electromagnetic Survey Design and Inversion for Large-Scale Mineral Exploration in the Harz Area, Germany (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
    Description: This study investigates the optimization of Semi-Airborne Electromagnetic (SAEM) surveys for enhanced subsurface imaging in mineral exploration. It highlights the utility of multi-transmitter systems and explores real data utilization and the challenges of large-scale surveys. With emphasis on Data obtained from DESMEX project surveys. The use of multiple transmitters is crucial. Single transmitters can distort results and mask subsequent bodies. Employing two transmitters on both sides of the target enhances resolution and depth accuracy. results are based on finite element forward operator custEM and pyGIMLi’s inverse solver [1]. substantial advantages of combining single and multi-patch inversion data. This integration results in improved resolution, reduced artifacts, enhanced continuity of geological structures, superior anomaly detection, minimized edge effects, and improved depth penetration [2]. These findings open promising avenues for further exploration and research in geosciences, offering valuable insights into the Earth's subsurface and its intricate geological features. The next logical step involves expanding our methodology to large-scale inversion using more than three transmitters.
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  • 54
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    Magnetotelluric data from the grounding zone of the Ekström Ice Shelf, East Antarctica (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 55
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    FEMALY: A Finite Element MAtlab LibrarY for Electromagnetics (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
    Description: We present a finite element software library written in Matlab for the numerical simulation and inversion of electromagnetic fields in two and three dimensions. It is designed in a modular way to easily plug together fundamental building blocks for various electromagnetic applications from DC to the inductive range in the frequency and even time domain. External modules comprise the mesh generator and the equation solver library. Through its homogeneous software concept the adoption to any field application is relatively simple and makes the code suitable to open source distribution. We introduce the key features of this library including higher-order Lagrange and Nédélec finite elements formulated on unstructured tetrahedral grids, a Gauss- Newton inversion approach using linear Raviart-Thomas elements for H1 regularization, and the ability to incorporate any geometric feature such as topography, bathymetry and internal voids like caves, tunnels and mine buildings. The library is currently being tested with large real data sets to confirm its usefulness as a tool for practical data interpretation. Therefore, case studies for the magnetotelluric, direct current resistivity, controlled source electromagnetic and induced polarization methods in the field and laboratory are briefly outlined as examples with challenging geometric features.
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  • 56
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    3-D MT model of the Laguna Colorada - Sol de Ma˜nana geothermal field in SW Bolivia (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 57
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    TEM at breathtaking heights: Investigating fumaroles on Lastarria Volcano, Chile (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 58
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    Investigation of the shallow geo-electrical resistivity distribution at a fault zone in Sub-Himalayan region in Uttarakhand (India) using Radio-Magnetotellurics (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 59
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    Lithospheric resistivity as a damping parameter in Schumann resonances: A chance for planetary exploration? (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 60
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    Deep Learning Anisotropic CSEM Resistivity Inversion with Federated Networks (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 61
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    First results from a new surface-towed controlled source electromagnetic experiment to detect offshore extensions of freshwater aquifers in the Adriatic Sea (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
    Description: play significant roles in coastal hydrologic systems. Despite the importance of these offshore groundwater systems and their interactions with onshore systems along global coastlines, a lack of understanding persists due to limitations in geophysical methodologies. Controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) techniques are one promising noninvasive avenue for identifying and characterizing OFG and SGD. However, the current availability of CSEM systems in academic research is limited, and applications are still restricted to specific regions. Existing CSEM systems are commonly associated with high deployment costs, logistical complexity, limited modification options and in case of seafloor-towed applications, slow data acquisition rates. To address these limitations, we introduce SWAN - a low-cost, modular, surface-towed hybrid time-frequency domain CSEM system capable of detecting OFG and SGD up to water depths of 100 m. A field test conducted in the central Adriatic Sea showcased the system's capabilities at water depths ranging from several tens to approximately 160 m. SWAN's ability to provide continuous measurements has proven effective in acquiring high-quality data while operating at towing speeds of 2.5 to 3 knots. The system's data coverage allows for the detection of subsurface resistivity variations to depths of approximately 150–200 m below the seafloor. With its user-friendly, modular design, SWAN offers a cost-efficient solution for investigating the hydrogeology of shallow offshore environments. The presentation shows the technological developments of SWAN, including illustrations of measured time series, processed data and first 2D inversion results from the Adriatic Sea.
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  • 62
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    Imaging of the Iron Mountain and Lusatian thrust faults (Czechia) by audiomagnetotellurics, gravity and resistivity surveys (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
    Language: English
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    Propagation of signal-to-noise ratio into semi-airborne EM inversions (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
    Description: Semi-airborne EM (sAEM) transfer functions are estimated by regression over Fourier coefficients over a (small) number of time windows and binned frequencies. The estimation error is determined from the prediction error. However, Fourier coefficients themselves are afflicted with noise and thus erroneously estimated. Here, we make an attempt to incorporate the noise level as weighting coefficients in a weighted least squares regression (WLS). Reliable error estimates are crucial for inverting data; we show 2D inversion results with new error estimates for a test data set using a scalar magnetometer (OPM).
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    Multivariate processing of AFMAG data - Application to the Gobabis demonstration survey (Namibia) (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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    Ongoing Approaches for utilizing Neural Networks in DC Resistivity Inversion (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
    Description: As part of an investigation into applications of Neural Networks for EM problems, different approaches have been tested for DC resistivity modeling and inversion. The first approach consists of using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for DC resistivity inversion. For this purpose, dipole-dipole pseudosections were simulated using the in-house FEMALY toolbox and used as input data for a CNN, which was trained to output underground resistivity. Training results showed qualitatively good match with the ground truth. However, the predictions are characterized by lack of extrapolation to unseen types of data (e.g. homogeneous half-spaces) and coarse grid enforced by the approach. The second approach laid in the use of Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINN). In this approach, the relevant partial differential equation is included as a regularization term in the loss function, leading to a network whose outputs are guided by physics. Derivatives for the PDE termare obtained via automatic differentiation, removing the need for discretization. This also necessitated a move to solving the forward problem. While this approach has the benefits of being mesh-free and incorporating physics into the training process, in practice it failed at even elementary modeling cases, particularly involving resistivity anomalies. A third approach aimed at combining the previous two, by creating a physics-informed Convolutional Neural Network. This was achieved by replacing the previous loss approaches by a convolution with a Laplace-operator Kernel. This approach produces results that look promising qualitatively for homogeneous half-spaces, however full Dirichlet boundary conditions are required and resistivity anomalies can again not be easily incorporated.
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    Investigation of the Garzweiler Coal Deposit using Central and Fixed Loop Transient Electromagnetics (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 67
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    New insights into the DeepEarthShape project (Chile) by comparison of 2D and 3D inversion results of RMT data using GoFEM and ModEM (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 68
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    Joint Transientelectromagnetic and Magnetotelluric characterization of deep aquifers in North Jordan (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 69
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    An iterative solution framework based on the Block-Based PREconditioner for Square Blocks PRESB: robustness, efficiency and scalability (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 70
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    Smart data selection - First insights from using machine learning for controlled-source RMT data processing (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 71
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    High Voltage DC Power Lines in EM: Preliminary Results (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 72
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    Modelling of infrastructure effects in semi-airborne EM data (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 73
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    Deep electrical structure of the Deception Island active volcano (Antarctica) by means of magnetotelluric data (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 74
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    Airborne Geophysical Peat Volume Mapping: Advantages and Limitations Compared to Traditional Methods (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 75
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    CSEM modelling of different sources in the RMT frequency band including displacement currents (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 76
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    Joint inversion of drone-based semi-airborne data measured in two frequency ranges with scalar and vector magnetometers (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 77
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    Preliminary insights into the lithospheric structure of the Iberian Pyrite belt in Portuguese terrains through magnetotelluric research (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 78
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    A magnetotelluric exploration of volcanic structures in the San Pedro-Ceboruco Graben (Mexico): insights from 3D modeling (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 79
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    Geophysical Imaging of the Roter Kamm Crater, Namibia, using the Transient Electromagnetic Method (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 80
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    Exploring the Atacama Desert with TEM: Quebrada de los Tiburones and Salar Grande, Chile (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 81
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    Long period magnetotelluric at the Antarctica: Glacial Isostatic Adjustment imprint in asthenospheric mantle electrical structure. Preliminary results from GOLETA project (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: St. Marienthal, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
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  • 82
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Geomorphology of desert environments (2009)
    [Dordrecht [u.a.]] : Springer
    Details Availability
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XVIII, 831 S. , Illustrationen , 193 x 260 mm
    Edition: 2. ed. Softcover reprint of the original 2nd ed. 2009
    ISBN: 9789402404470 , 9402404473
    Language: English
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 83
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    A transient coupled general circulation model(CGCM) simulation of the past 3 million years (2023)
    In:  Climate of the Past
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
    Description: Driven primarily by variations in the earth's axis wobble, tilt, and orbit eccentricity, our planet experienced massive glacial/interglacial reorganizations of climate and atmospheric CO2 concentrations during the Pleistocene (2.58 million years ago (Ma)–11.7 thousand years ago (ka)). Even after decades of research, the underlying climate response mechanisms to these astronomical forcings have not been fully understood. To further quantify the sensitivity of the earth system to orbital-scale forcings, we conducted an unprecedented quasi-continuous coupled general climate model simulation with the Community Earth System Model version 1.2 (CESM1.2, ∼3.75∘ horizontal resolution), which covers the climatic history of the past 3 million years (3 Myr). In addition to the astronomical insolation changes, CESM1.2 is forced by estimates of CO2 and ice-sheet topography which were obtained from a simulation previously conducted with the CLIMBER-2 earth system model of intermediate complexity. Our 3 Ma simulation consists of 42 transient interglacial/glacial simulation chunks, which were partly run in parallel to save computing time. The chunks were subsequently merged, accounting for spin-up and overlap effects to yield a quasi-continuous trajectory. The computer model data were compared against a plethora of paleo-proxy data and large-scale climate reconstructions. For the period from the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT, ∼1 Ma) to the late Pleistocene we find good agreement between simulated and reconstructed temperatures in terms of phase and amplitude (−5.7 ∘C temperature difference between Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene). For the earlier part (3–1 Ma), differences in orbital-scale variability occur between model simulation and the reconstructions, indicating potential biases in the applied CO2 forcing. Our model-proxy data comparison also extends to the westerlies, which show unexpectedly large variance on precessional timescales, and hydroclimate variables in major monsoon regions. Eccentricity-modulated precessional variability is also responsible for the simulated changes in the amplitude and flavors of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. We further identify two major modes of planetary energy transport, which played a crucial role in Pleistocene climate variability: the first obliquity and CO2-driven mode is linked to changes in the Equator-to-pole temperature gradient; the second mode regulates the interhemispheric heat imbalance in unison with the eccentricity-modulated precession cycle. During the MPT, a pronounced qualitative shift occurs in the second mode of planetary energy transport: the post-MPT eccentricity-paced variability synchronizes with the CO2 forced signal. This synchronized feature is coherent with changes in global atmospheric and ocean circulations, which might contribute to an intensification of glacial cycle feedbacks and amplitudes. Comparison of this paleo-simulation with greenhouse warming simulations reveals that for an RCP8.5 greenhouse gas emission scenario, the projected global mean surface temperature changes over the next 7 decades would be comparable to the late Pleistocene glacial-interglacial range; but the anthropogenic warming rate will exceed any previous ones by a factor of ∼100.
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  • 84
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    Land-neutral negative emissions through biochar-based fertilization—assessing global potentials under varied management and pyrolysis conditions (2024)
    In:  Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
    Description: Climate stabilization is crucial for restabilizing the Earth system but should not undermine biosphere integrity, a second pillar of Earth system functioning. This is of particular con- cern if it is to be achieved through biomass-based negative emission (NE) technologies that compete for land with food production and ecosystem protection. We assess the NE con- tribution of land- and calorie-neutral pyrogenic carbon capture and storage (LCN-PyCCS) facilitated by biochar-based fertilization, which sequesters carbon and reduces land demand by increasing crop yields. Applying the global biosphere model LPJmL with an enhanced representation of fast-growing species for PyCCS feedstock production, we calculated a land-neutral global NE potential of 0.20–1.10 GtCO2 year−1 assuming 74% of the biochar carbon remaining in the soil after 100 years (for + 10% yield increase; no potential for + 5%; 0.61–1.88 GtCO 2 year−1 for + 15%). The potential is primarily driven by the achiev- able yield increase and the management intensity of the biomass producing systems. NE production is estimated to be enhanced by + 200–270% if management intensity increases from a marginal to a moderate level. Furthermore, our results show sensitivity to process- specific biochar yields and carbon contents, producing a difference of + 40–75% between conservative assumptions and an optimized setting. Despite these challenges for making world-wide assumptions on LCN-PyCCS systems in modeling, our findings point to dis- crepancies between the large NE volumes calculated in demand-driven and economically optimized mitigation scenarios and the potentials from analyses focusing on supply-driven approaches that meet environmental and socioeconomic preconditions as delivered by LCN-PyCCS.
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  • 85
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    Temperature-related neonatal deaths attributable to climate change in 29 low- and middle-income countries (2024)
    In:  Nature Communications
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-04
    Language: English
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  • 86
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    Assessing the impacts of technological change on food security and climate change mitigation in China’s agriculture and land-use sectors (2024)
    In:  Environmental Impact Assessment Review
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-04
    Description: China has made substantial investment in agricultural research and development (R&D) to promote technological change (TC). Although the role of TC in enhancing agricultural production and mitigating environmental impacts is widely recognized in separate contexts, knowledge about its’ effects on food security and the environment, especially with a focus on China, is still lacking. This study uses an agro-economic optimization model to assess the impact of TC on food security and climate change mitigation. Our results indicate that TC plays an important role in improving agricultural productivity, which, in turn, contributes to a comparative advantage in agricultural trade. It also strengthens food security through lowering food prices. By contrast, a higher TC level increases greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, albeit marginally, due to higher agricultural production for exports. This indicates a rebound effect of agricultural productivity on GHG emissions. Therefore, additional efforts are required in China to improve food security without compromising GHG mitigation.
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  • 87
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    Global hydrological models continue to overestimate river discharge (2024)
    In:  Environmental Research Letters
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-04
    Description: Global hydrological models (GHMs) are widely used to assess the impact of climate change on streamflow, floods, and hydrological droughts. For the 'model evaluation and impact attribution' part of the current round of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP3a), modelling teams generated historical simulations based on observed climate and direct human forcings with updated model versions. Here we provide a comprehensive evaluation of daily and maximum annual discharge based on ISIMIP3a simulations from nine GHMs by comparing the simulations to observational data from 644 river gauge stations. We also assess low flows and the effects of different river routing schemes. We find that models can reproduce variability in daily and maximum annual discharge, but tend to overestimate both quantities, as well as low flows. Models perform better at stations in wetter areas and at lower elevations. Discharge routed with the river routing model CaMa-Flood can improve the performance of some models, but for others, variability is overestimated, leading to reduced model performance. This study indicates that areas for future model development include improving the simulation of processes in arid regions and cold dynamics at high elevations. We further suggest that studies attributing observed changes in discharge to historical climate change using the current model ensemble will be most meaningful in humid areas, at low elevations, and in places with a regular seasonal discharge as these are the regions where the underlying dynamics seem to be best represented.
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    Improving on Complexity: Ideas for Enhancing Quantitative Modeling of Climate Mobility (2024)
    In:  Annalen der Physik
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-04
    Description: Quantitative climate mobility research has, so far, focused primarily on climate change impacts on migration outcomes. This focus has led to a separation between quantitative climate migration research and the broader field of migration studies. In this paper ways are proposed for quantitative research to better address the complexity in the relationship between climate change and mobility. First technical suggestions are presented to improve upon migration model setups and designs and highlight promising developments. Then it is argued that quantitative methodologies can broaden the scope of research inquiries by examining how climate mitigation and adaptation efforts influence mobility, as well as assessing how mobility itself impacts vulnerability.
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  • 89
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    Multi-gauge calibration comparison for simulating streamflow across the Major River Basins in Madagascar: SWAT + Toolbox, R-SWAT, and SWAT + Editor Hard calibration (2024)
    In:  Hydrology Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-04
    Description: This paper aims to improve the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model performance across the Major River Basins in Madagascar (MRBM), specifically for SWAT simulation in the Manambolo, Onilahy, Mananara, and Mandrare basins. A multi-gauge calibration was carried out to compare the performance of SWAT+ Toolbox, and R-SWAT, SWAT+ Editor Hard calibration on a monthly time step for the periods 1982–1999. We found that the SWAT+ model generated greater surface runoff, while the SWAT model resulted in higher groundwater flow in both CSFR and CHIRPS datasets. It has been demonstrated that the SWAT+ Toolbox had more potential in calibrating runoff across the MRBM compared to R-SWAT. Calibration in both methods led to a reduction in surface runoff, percolation, water yield, and curve number but increased the lateral flow, evapotranspiration (ET), and groundwater flow. The results showed that the multi-gauge calibrations did not significantly enhance simulation performance in the MRBM compared to single-site calibration. The performance of the SWAT+ model for runoff simulation within the SWAT+ Toolbox and R-SWAT was unsatisfactory for most basins (NSE 〈 0) except for Betsiboka, Mahavavy, Tsiribihina, Mangoro, and Mangoky basins (NSE = 0.40–0.70; R2 = 0.45–0.80, PBIAS≤ ±25), whether considering the CHIRPS or CSFR datasets. Further study is still required to address this issue.
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    Five priorities to advance transformative transdisciplinary research (2024)
    In:  Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-04
    Description: In response to the climate and biodiversity crisis, the number of transdisciplinary research projects in which researchers partner with sustainability initiatives to foster transformative change is increasing globally. To enable and catalyze substantial transformative change, transformative transdisciplinary research (TTDR) is urgently needed to provide knowledge and guidance for actions. We review prominent discussions on TTDR and draw on our experiences from research projects in the Global South and North. Drawing on this, we identify key gaps and stimulate debate on how sustainability researchers can enable and catalyze transformative change by advancing five priority areas: clarify what TTDR is, conduct meaningful people-centric research, unpack how to act at deep leverage points, improve engagement with diverse knowledge systems, and explore potentials and risks of global digitalization for transformative change.
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    Leviathan Awakens. Gas Finds, Energy Governance, and the Emergence of the Eastern Mediterranean as a Geopolitical Region (2024)
    In:  The review of policy research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-04
    Description: This article explores the role of energy in regionalization processes, assessing the case of natural gas finds in the Eastern Mediterranean (East Med). It makes three observations. First, we show that energy resources are a defining factor in shaping a region by rearranging the interactions and networks of actors involved in regionalization processes. Second, we demonstrate that such “energization” processes are not only—and not even primarily—attributable to security practices pursued by state actors. Regionalization underpinned by energy as the key governance object is characterized by a variety of actors, including governments, but also international energy companies, investors, consumers, and regulators. Third, we posit that regionalization processes cannot be fully understood without appreciating the importance of existing global and regional governance frameworks and the values ascribed to the physical resource by international market forces. The findings call on International Relations to go beyond analyzing the East Med energy region through the prism of security studies, which arguably is a function of both theoretical path dependence and a lack of attention to the insights from energy studies. Instead, a multidisciplinary research agenda promises to strengthen academic inquiry into regionalization dynamics in the East Med and the role of regions in world politics more broadly.
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    Visions for our future regional electricity system: Citizen preferences in four EU countries (2024)
    In:  iScience
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-04
    Description: As climate targets tighten, all countries must transition toward a renewable electricity system, but conflicts about generation and infrastructure deployment impede transition progress. Although the triggers of opposition are well studied, what people want remains understudied. We survey citizen preferences for a renewable electricity future through a conjoint analysis among 4,103 individuals in Denmark, Portugal, Poland, and Germany. With our study we go beyond the Likert scale survey approach specifically seeking trade-offs and contextualized preferences for regional electricity system designs. We show the importance of identifying both the ‘‘least preferred’’ and ‘‘most preferred’’ solutions and highlighting the possibility of identifying very different systems with identical utility. Lastly, our research actively bridges the divide between social aspects and techno-economic modeling, promoting their integration. We show that the most preferred system design in all four countries is a predominantly regional one, based on rooftop solar, communally owned, and not relying on transmission expansion.
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    On the links between climate scepticism and right-wing populism (RWP): an explanatory approach based on cultural political economy (CPE) (2024)
    In:  New political economy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-04
    Description: Various analyses show that right-wing populist parties (RWP) tend to be sceptical of climate science and policy. This points to a blank space in the dominant analyses of populism: their blindness towards society-nature relations. This paper aims to develop an approach grounded in Cultural Political Economy (CPE) that can be used to decipher the mediation of RWP within the context of economic, political, and cultural developments as well as society–nature relations. Against this background, the argument is developed that RWP is concerned not only with countering migration and processes of societal liberalisation, but also with defending an existing way of life that is firmly rooted in the destructive appropriation of nature. As a current of right-wing politics, RWP defends the imperial mode of living by expressing scepticism towards the existence of anthropogenic climate change. The paper contributes to a better understanding of the political economy of RWP by linking the dimensions of social domination with the appropriation of nature.
    Language: English
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    The Green Climate Fund and private sector climate finance in the Global South (2024)
    In:  Climate policy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-04
    Description: Governments and international organizations are increasingly using public funds to mobilize and leverage private finance for climate projects in the Global South. An important international organization in the effort to mobilize the private sector for financing climate mitigation and adaptation in the Global South is the Green Climate Fund (GCF). The GCF was established under the UNFCCC in 2010 and is the world’s largest dedicated multilateral climate fund. The GCF differs from other intergovernmental institutions through its fund-wide inclusion of the private sector, ranging from project design and financing to project implementation. In this paper, we investigate private sector involvement in the GCF through a qualitative exploratory research approach. We ask two main questions: Do private sector projects deliver on their ambitious goals? What are the tensions, if any, between private sector engagement and other principles of the GCF (most importantly the principles of country ownership, mitigation/adaptation balance, transparency, and civil society participation)? This paper argues that private sector involvement does not provide an easy way out of the financial constraints of public climate financing. We show that the GCF fails to deliver on its ambitious goals in private sector engagement for a number of reasons. First, private sector interest in GCF projects is thus far underwhelming. Second, there are strong tradeoffs between private sector projects and the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation (GPEDC) principles of country ownership, transparency, and civil society participation. Third, private sector involvement is creating a mitigation bias within the GCF portfolio. Fourth, while the private sector portfolio is good at channeling funds to particularly vulnerable countries, it does so mostly through large multi-country projects with weak country ownership. Fifth, there is a danger that private climate financing based on loans and equity might add to the debt burden of developing countries, destabilize financial markets, and further increase dependency on the Global North.
    Language: English
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    Impacts of real-world labs in sustainability transformations: Forms of impacts, creation strategies, challenges, and methodological advances (2024)
    In:  GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-04
    Description: Real-world labs are witnessing continued growth and institutionalization in the field of transformation-oriented sustainability research, as well as in adjacent disciplines. With their experimental research agendas, these labs aim at sustainability transformations, however, there is still a need to improve the understanding of their impacts. Drawing from this Special Issue’s contributions, we offer a broad overview of the impacts achieved by various real-world labs, highlight the diverse areas and forms of impact, and elucidate strategies as well as mechanisms for achieving impact. We present methodological advances, and address common challenges along with potential solutions for understanding and realizing impact.
    Language: English
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    Who believes in green growth? Strategic framing and technology leadership in the UNFCCC negotiations (2024)
    In:  Climate policy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-04
    Description: Policymakers and governments increasingly frame climate protection in terms of green growth, arguing that continued economic growth and climate protection are complementary and mutually beneficial. With such framing, governments hope to overcome the global common goods problem associated with climate change and to enable higher ambition on climate action within and across states. Yet, no empirical evidence to date has been provided on how widespread the support for green growth is in international climate politics. This paper, therefore, investigates which countries employ green growth framings at UNFCCC negotiations, and whether this relates to domestic factors, in particular economic structure, level of development and climate impacts. We conduct panel-data analysis on green growth positions derived from hand-coding a unique dataset of High-level Segment statements at the Convention of the Parties (COPs) from 2010 to 2019 for 151 countries. The results reveal that, to date, green growth proponents are those countries with the most advanced national clean energy technology (CET) capacities–as measured by the Green Complexity Index. The findings highlight that green growth is not promoted by all countries at international climate negotiations. Key policy insights In international climate negotiations, climate protection is increasingly framed as a green growth opportunity to motivate global ambition. Clean Energy Technology (CET) leading countries are more likely to use green growth framings than other less-technologically advanced peers and those with high exposure to climate risks. Mechanisms to support green growth pathways for all countries should be scaled up, including technology transfer and finance to foster local capacities and human capital. Given that green growth framings are not universally endorsed, further emphasis should be placed on additional co-benefits of climate action beyond economic growth, such as food and energy security, adaptation and resilience-building.
    Language: English
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    Gaining deep leverage? Reflecting and shaping real-world lab impacts through leverage points (2024)
    In:  GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-04
    Description: Real-world laboratories (RwLs) are gaining further traction as a means to achieve systemic impacts towards sustainability transformation. To guide the analysis of intended impacts, we introduce the concept of leverage points, discerning where, how, and to what end RwLs intervene in systems. Building on conceptual reasoning, we further develop our argument by exploring two RwL cases. Examining RwLs through the lens of the leverage points opens the way for a balanced and comprehensive approach to systemic experimentation. We invite RwL researchers and practitioners to further advance RwLs’ transformative capacity by targeting the design and emerging direction of a system, contributing to a culture of sustainability.
    Language: English
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    Human health and climate change in the Pacific: a review of current knowledge (2024)
    In:  Climate & development
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-04
    Description: Observed climate changes in Pacific island countries (PICs) are causing detrimental effects on the health of communities. Increased frequency and intensity of cyclones, more extremely hot days, and changes in rainfall patterns can change the geographic distribution of vector-borne diseases, decrease food and water security and safety, and strain health service capacity. These impacts are projected to worsen with additional climate change in the absence of strong and effective mitigation and adaptation measures. Health vulnerability and adaptation assessments conducted in twelve PICs in 2014 highlighted significant knowledge gaps on the national health risks of climate change and on adaptation implementation and policy translation. We synthesize recent research to identify approaches to support evidence-based policymaking to increase resilience of health systems in the Pacific. Broad areas where further and substantial investment and support are needed include: (i) health workforce capacity development; (ii) enhanced surveillance and monitoring systems, and (iii) research to enhance understanding of risks and effective interventions and their subsequent translation into practice and policy. Finally, health facilities need urgent upgrades; many are old and located in coastal areas, and are heavy users of coal-fired electricity.
    Language: English
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    A novel approach for geomechanical modelling in the absence of stress magnitude data (2024)
    In:  Australian Energy Producers Journal
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-03
    Description: Geomechanics play an important role in any underground activity, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) geo-storage, owing to the considerable hazards linked to the injection and withdrawal of fluids into and from the subsurface. In order to quantify these risks, knowledge of full stress tensor is required. Yet, most of our stress information in the Australian target basins for geo-storage is limited to the stress orientations, while stress magnitude data is sparse. 3D geomechanical modelling has proved to be an invaluable tool for prediction of full stress tensor. Nevertheless, a model requires some stress magnitude data in order to tune the model to be representative of real stress state. In situations where stress magnitude data is lacking, this means that the model is susceptible to significant uncertainties. Herein, we present a novel strategy for stress modelling, which involves the utilisation of indirect data such as borehole breakouts, drilling-induced fractures, seismic activity records, and formation integrity tests to calibrate a 3D geomechanical model. We employ the northern Bowen Basin, an onshore basin in Queensland, Australia, as a case study for a comprehensive 3D geomechanical modelling approach. We assess all the indirect information in the model’s volume to narrow down the model predictions and find the most reliable stress state. This innovative approach is an important step forward in stress modelling of Australian basins, where lack of stress magnitudes is a great challenge for geomechanical assessment of geo-storage.
    Language: English
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    Event-specific ground motion anomalies highlight the preparatory phase of earthquakes during the 2016–2017 Italian seismicity (2024)
    In:  Communications Earth and Environment
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-03
    Description: Although physical models are improving our understanding of the crustal processes that lead to large earthquakes, observing their preparatory phases is still challenging. We show that the spatio-temporal evolution of the ground motion of small magnitude earthquakes can shed light on the preparatory phase of three main earthquakes that occurred in central Italy between 2016 and 2017. We analyze systematic deviations of peak ground accelerations generated by each earthquake from the values predicted by a reference ground motion model calibrated for background seismicity and refer to such deviations as event-specific ground motion anomalies (eGMAs). The eGMA temporal behavior indicates that during the activation phase of the main earthquakes, the ground shaking level deviates, positively or negatively, from the values expected for the background seismicity. eGMA can be exploited as beacons of stress change and help to monitor the mechanical state of the crust and the nucleation of large earthquakes.
    Language: English
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