ALBERT

Description: The genus Stenandriopsis was created by S. Moore in Journ. of Bot. 44: 153. 1906 for a plant collected first by Vaughan Thompson and afterwards by Baron in an unspecified part of Madagascar. As the plate by which the description is accompanied depicts the specimen collected by Baron (n. 6708), the latter is to be regarded as the type. Stenandriopsis was referred by its author to the Justicieae, but this tribe is apparently accepted by him in the delimitation it received in BENTHAM and HOOKER’s “Genera Plantarum”, and as it is in this sense a most heterogeneous mixture, this does not greatly enlighten us. Of more importance is that Moore compares it with Crossandra Salisb. and Stenandrium Nees, i.e. with genera belonging to my subfamily Acanthoideae and referred by me respectively to the Acantheae and the Aphelandreae. However, in my paper on “The Acantheae of the Malesian Area. I. General Considerations” in Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. v. Wetensch., Ser. c. 58: 166. 1955, I pointed out that it can not belong to the Acantheae as the corolla throat lacks the incision in the adaxial side which is characteristic for that tribe. It can not belong to the Aphelandreae either as the corolla limb is subactinomorphous instead of distinctly bilabiate. As I had to rely at that time entirely on Moore’s description and on the plate by which the latter is accompanied, I was unable to arrive at a conclusion, but I suggested that the genus might represent a new tribe of my Acanthoideae. Since then I have had the opportunity to inspect in the herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History the material on which the genus was based, for which I tender my best thanks to the Keeper, and now I am able to express a more definite opinion.

Description: It is commonly accepted that percentages of pollen in a pollen diagram do not express the exact composition of forests in earlier times. This inaccuracy is due to several factors, for instance the different quantities of pollen produced by plants, the distance of transport etc. A pollen diagram tells us only the change in pollen rain on the locality where we collected soil samples. In studying a pollen diagram we find a close relation between the variations in the percentages of a certain species and the area occupied by this species in the vegetation. When the percentage of pollen of a species increases, we conclude generally that the relative area occupied by this species in the vegetation increases too. However, such a connection might be doubted. The variety of factors controlling the dispersion of pollen is so great that the interpretation of a pollen diagram often meets with great difficulties. The connection between pollen rain and the composition of the vegetation is a simple one in the cases where we are dealing with a region of uniform vegetation. A diagram taken from a region in which the vegetation varies from place to place has to be regarded with some caution. Unfortunately such a heterogenity of the vegetation exists on the very place, where we want to compose a pollen diagram. The pollen rain which falls into a bog arises from two sources: a pollen rain from the local vegetation of the bog itself and one from the surrounding vegetation. When we are dealing with great bogs, the pollen produced by the vegetation of the bog itself will be mostly that of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and spores of the Bryophyta and the Pteridophyta. It is the rule rather than the exception that the bog will be treeless. The tree pollen in such a bog mostly takes its origin from the surrounding forests. It is a fortunate circumstance in a diagram that pollen of trees is separated from other pollen. However, one exception is seen in the way in which Iversen composes a diagram for late glacial times. This method, commonly used for late glacial times, embraces a pollen sum not only containing trees but also some herbaceous plants. The origin of the latter can, with some certainty, be accepted as from outside the bog. Therefore the local vegetation of the bog does not influence the percentages of tree pollen. The pollen sum thus comprises pollen of plants which grow under the same biotic conditions.

Description: In 1935 the present author reported the occurrence of this N. American species in the eastern part of Holland, province of Overijssel, in the vicinity of Almelo (JONKER, 1935). He found the species near the hamlet of Harbrinkhoek on a wet heath. The locality was also the only station of Wahlenbergia hederacea in the Netherlands, discovered a year before. Notwithstanding the extensive reclamations in that part of the country the species now still occurs in a number of localities around Almelo. The plants cannot be considered adventitious as they were found in places that are comparatively little influenced by human culture, judging from the occurrence, on the first-discovered locality, of e.g. Wahlenbergia hederacea. Gentiana pneumonanthe, Viola palustris, Radiola linoides, Linum catharticum, Scutellaria minor. The late Dr. Wachter discovered, in the herbarium of the Royal Botanical Society of the Netherlands, unidentified specimens of Hypericum canadense collected by Lako as early as 1909 in the same environment, perhaps even in the same station; and Dr. van Soest identified two specimens collected in 1918 by the late naturalist Bernink near Denekamp, about 20 km E of the above mentioned localities. Bouchard (1953, 1954, 1955) reported the discovery of the species in France, dept. Haute-Saône. The plants were found in large quantities, at the stony beach of oligotrophous lakes, together with Littorella uniflora. In his detailed publication of 1954 he discussed the possibilities of introduction. He concluded that the plants are not adventitious. They may be autochthonous or naturalized and then, when the latter is the fact, probably by U.S. army units that stayed in that area during world war I. He did not preclude, however, the possibility of a glacial relic. Bouchard overlooked the previous publication reporting the occurrence in Holland.

Description: Vochysia sectio Ciliantha Stafleu, subsectio Ferrugineae Warming. A V. vismiifolia Spruce ex Warming stipulis incrassatis, foliis lanceolatis longe acuminatis, floribus calcari longo modice incurvo, petalo intermedio stamen aequante, stigmate terminali parvo instructis differt. Holotypus: “coll. unknown” (comm. D. Allen) in U, fl. 14 Nov. 1953. PERU, Nanay River near Iquitos, altitude 100 m., “quillo sisa”, tree more than 100 feet high, on clayey soil about 20 feet above river (Isotypes: US 2104976, Y 47782).

Description: Recently I got the opportunity of examining a specimen from the “Rijksherbarium”, Leiden, which was provided with a label on which ROTH had written in the middle the name of the plant, viz. “ Micranthus serpyllifol-Roth ” and in the lower right corner the name of the collector, viz. “Heyne”; in the lower left comer another hand had added “Ind. or. Hb. Roth”. As the specimen proved to answer the description of Micranthus serpyllifolius given on p. 282 of ROTH’s “Novae Plantarum Species, Halberstadt 1821,” there can be little doubt that it is either the type of this species or else a duplicate of the latter. This is the more important as none of the authors who in the past ventured an opinion with regard to the taxonomic position of ROTH’s species, apparently had seen the type. ROTH’s specimen was inserted in the Leiden Herbarium under the name Andrographis serpyllifolia R.W. (Acanthaceae), but this is obviously a misidentification. for Andrographis serpyllifolia does not fit ROTH’s description. The plant described by the latter has smaller and less numerous leaves and its flowers are arranged in terminal spikes instead of solitary or a few together in the axils of ordinary leaves.

Description: During my studies of the Surinam specimens belonging to this genus my attention was drawn to the often wrong interpretation of several old species. To avoid future misidentifications it seems useful to give a short review of the American species that are known up till now. It is emphasized, however, that this paper does not have the pretension to be a monograph of the American species. For the greater part my study of the species was confined to the type material and the variability therefore is not known. However, this contribution may serve as a base for a future monograph of this interesting group. Attention is drawn to the fact that only older leaves of the plants should be studied, because the leaf apex of the younger leaves is in all species acute and the lamina may not have reached its definite form.

Description: This vegetation survey is the outcome of an investigation of the islands of the Netherlands Antilles carried out under the auspices of the Foundation for Scientific Research in Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles. The data on which the present study is based were obtained during a trip which lasted from September 1952 until October 1953. During this trip the following islands were visited: Curaςao, Bonaire, Aruba, St. Martin, Saba, and St. Eustatius. A short visit was also paid to the island of St. Kitts (B.W.I.). The present work gives an account of the actual vegetation of the Netherlands Antilles. Other studies, comprising the systematic results and conclusions of the survey, are being prepared, and will possibly be published in 1958.

Description: In my “Notes on the Acanthaceae of Java” (in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. v. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk. 2nd Sect. 45, 2: 29,1948) I discussed the three epithets that had been applied to Rumph’s “Folium tinctorum” after the latter had been transferred to the genus Peristrophe, which, as is well known, was based on this species. Nees, the author of the genus, has used the name P. tinctoria, because he regarded Justicia tinctoria Roxb. as the oldest binomial that had been applied to it. This was contested both by Merrill and by Hochreutiner. Merrill was of opinion that Justicia bivalvis L (1759) was its oldest name, but as I pointed out l.c. this binomial must be regarded as a “nomen confusum”; the description indicates a Dicliptera species, whereas the plate in the “Hortus Malabaricus” and the specimina in Burman’s herbarium to which Linné referred, represent respectively Adhatoda vasica Nees and indeed “Folium tinctorum”. Hochreutiner, on the other hand, thought, that Justicia purpurea L (1753) was identical with Rumph’s plant, but this too proved to be a mistake. J. purpurea belongs, as R. Brown already had recognized, to Hypoëstes. As the binomials proposed by Merrill and Hochreutiner therefore had to be rejected, I accepted l.c. Peristrophe tinctoria (Roxb.) Nees as the correct name. This, however, is also erroneous, for Justicia tinctoria Roxb. itself is an illegitimate name, for which already long ago a legitimate one had been substituted. J. tinctoria Roxb. (1820) is a later homonym of J. tinctoria Lour. (1790). This was recognized already by Schultes (Mantissa 1: 140, 1822), who replaced Roxburgh’s epithet by roxburghiana quoting “ J. tinctoria Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. Car. et Wall. I p. 124, n. 13 et hoc teste: Folium tinctorum Rumph. Amb. VI 51. t. XXII. f.l” adding “nomen mutandum erat ob tinctoriam antiquissimam Lour”. As Loureiro expressly stated that the plant described by him as J. tinctoria was not the same as “Folium tinctorum” of Rumph, it is clear that J. roxburghiana Schult. must be accepted as the oldest legitimate binomial for the latter. The correct name therefore becomes Peristrophe roxburghiana (Schult.) Brem. n. comb.

Description: A subdivision of pollen types based only on different dimensions is very dubious. An example is given, taken from the miocene browncoal in the Lower-Rhine area of Germany and the Netherlands.

Description: The Veluwe is a stretch of high ground in the central part of the Netherlands, north of the river Rhine and south of the IJssel Meer, i.e. the former Zuiderzee, and the polders reclaimed from the latter. Geologically the area consists of three formations: 1. ridges which owe their origin to the pressure of the land ise, and which consist of sands deposited as river sediments in preglacial times; 2. a fluvioglacial formation; on some of these plains small but steep hills are found; 3. aeolian sediments: löss and cover-sands (cf. VINK, 1949); they were deposited in the late-glacial period.

Description: As has been stated in the introduction of the second part, this third part will include the remainder of the American part of the tribe Eupodostemeae of the subfamily Eupodostemoideae which was not treated in part I, viz. the genera Oserya, Devillea, Ceratolacis, Mniopsis, Podostemum and Castelnavia. Included are the dubious genera, and it also contains additions and corrections to part I, latin descriptions of new taxa, a list of collectors’ numbers in this part, new references to the literature, and a general index to the third part. The attention of the reader is drawn to a publication of SZAFER (1952) in which a fossil Podostemacea from Europe has been described. As I have not seen the material it is at present impossible to judge the value of the discovery though it seems highly improbable that Podostemaceae ever lived in Europe.

Description: De ontwikkeling van het vegetatiekundig onderzoek heeft in de laatste 10 jaar althans in ons land geen gelijke tred gehouden met de daarvoor in sommige gevallen noodzakelijke uitbouw van het terminologisch apparaat. Het mag sommige buitenstaanders misschien voorkomen, dat de terminologie van de vegetatiekunde reeds rijkelijk ingewikkeld is. Dit is echter slechts schijn. Weliswaar bestaat er een indrukwekkende reeks van termen, doch de meeste hiervan spelen in de practijk van het onderzoek geen enkele rol, en zijn slechts bedacht om er zich van te kunnen bedienen in extreme en vaak gezochte probleemstellingen. In de practijk van het onderzoek heeft men behoefte aan behoorlijk omschreven termen voor alle verschillende gevallen die zich kunnen voordoen bij het onderscheiden van vegetatie-eenheden. Daarbij moet bovenal zo nodig een scherp onderscheid gemaakt kunnen worden tussen concrete vegetaties, – die in het Duits “Bestand” genoemd worden, maar waarvoor geen Nederlands woord bestaat, – en abstracte eenheden. Wij hebben reeds herhaaldelijk betoogd, dat het veelal ontbreken van het besef van de noodzaak van dit onderscheid niet bevorderlijk is geweest voor de methodische ontwikkeling van de vegetatiekunde (zie bijv. Westhoff, 19501). Mat name bij de Zweedse, Engelse en Noordamerikaanse onderzoekers heeft dit besef veelal ontbroken. De zgn. Frans-Zwitserse school baseert haar methodiek wel op dit onderscheid, maar het wordt toch niet altijd scherp in het oog gehouden. Opvallend is bijv., dat in het laatst verschenen nummer (1957) van de “Mitteilungen der floristisch- soziologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft” door prof. Tüxen een poging werd gedaan om het begrip plantengezelschap opnieuw te definiëren, en dat hij deze definitie, die overigens niet onverdienstelijk is, het concrete en het abstracte weer niet uit elkaar gehouden worden. Aan de andere kant is het juist een bezwaar van de Frans-Zwitserse school, dat men zich hier te veel heeft vastgelegd op de associatie als zgn. fundamentele eenheid, zonder er zich altijd voldoende rekenschap van te geven, dat het niet mogelijk is en ook niet de bedoeling van het Frans-Zwitserse systeem is om het gehele vegetatiedek in associaties op te delen. Wanneer men dus de associaties van een bepaald gebied heeft onderzocht en beschreven, blijven er een aantal vegetaties over, die niet of nauwelijks of slechts met gewrongen kunstgrepen tot deze associaties gebracht kunnen worden. Werden deze gevallen door vroegere onderzoekers min of meer gebagatelliseerd of eventueel genegeerd, dit is bij gedetailleerder en nauwkeuriger onderzoek niet aanvaardbaar en met name niet bij vegetatiekartering, waarbij men zich van elk stuk vegetatie methodisch rekenschap moet geven. Een derde moeilijkheid is hierin gelegen, dat vegetatie niet eendimensionaal, doch meerdimensionaal variëert, of om het wat beperkter en daardoor aanschouwelijker uit te drukken, dat een associatie niet alleen door de werking van locale edafische en biotische factoren variëert en dus in verschillende sub-associaties, varianten enz. verdeeld kan worden, doch ook over een grotere ruimte bezien een geografische differentiatie vertoont, zonder dat het nochtans altijd mogelijk is deze beide vormen van varianten scherp te scheiden. Dit probleem heeft in de laatste 20 jaar zeer zeker in de volle aandacht van de onderzoekers gestaan en het gevolg daarvan is eerder een verwarrend teveel dan een tekort aan terminologie geweest.

Description: Het adventiefterrein “de Dwinger” tussen Wartena en Eernewoude blijft nog steeds voor nieuwe verrassingen zorgen. In 1958 konden wij het terrein slechts een drietal malen bezoeken; toch werd er weer een aantal nieuwe soorten aangetroffen. Alleen de nieuwe soorten worden hier vermeld; vondsten van 1955, 1956 en 1957 vonden reeds eerder een plaatsje in het Corr.blad (no. 1,4,8).

Description: Mijn eerste aantekeningen over Solanum triflorum, die hier plaatselijk veelvuldig groeide, dateren van september 1952. Na 1955 was ik hier echter niet meer geweest en toen ik op 26 juli 1959 met A. Dijkshoorn opnieuw genoemde duinen onderzocht, was ik zeer benieuwd naar het voorkomen van deze soort. Op de ons vroeger bekende groeiplaats bleek Solanum triflorum geheel verdwenen te zijn en plaats gemaakt te hebben voor een ruige vegetatie van Calamagrostis epigeios en Hippophae rhamnoides. Op kleine afstand hier vandaan nu is kort geleden een stuk duin gedeeltelijk afgegraven en grote aantallen grote sterns, visdiefjes en meeuwen gebruiken deze zandvlakte als rustplaats. Het droge zand met veel schelpen is gedeeltelijk overdekt met een dun kleilaagje, He klei werd vroeger gebruikt om de dijken bij de monding van het Noordzeekanaal te verstevigen en is waarschijnlijk door verstuiven op deze plaats terecht gekomen, Deze zandvlakte van ongeveer 20 x 50 m bleek vrijwel uitsluitend begroeid te zijn met Solanum triflorum. Stuivend zand hoopte zich op tussen de Solanumpolletjes, die rijkelijk van vogelfaeces voorzien waren.

Description: Lolium perenne L. staat in de flora’s opgegeven als zodevormend. In het algemeen is dit stellig juist. Wat echter aan floristen minder bekend zal zijn, naar aan grasland-specialisten eerder, is dat er rassen van L. perenne bestaan die korte, ondergrondse uitlopers vormen. Schrijver dezes was er tenminste nogal verwonderd over van Engels Raaigras, groeiende op de kade van het Noorderhoofd in het westelijk havengedeelte van Amsterdam de “grasbosjes” aan korte uitlopers ontsproten te zien. De vindplaats net resten van veekoeken maakte het waarschijnlijk, dat hier agrarische producten verladen werden en dat de L. perenne-planten van aangevoerd “graszaad” afkomstig zijn. Landtouwliteratuur verschafte spoedig de gewenste inlichtingen. In “Ons Grasland” door W.P. Cnossen (Uitgave P. Noordhoff, 1947) staan op p. 32 uitstekende foto’s van uitlopersvormend Engels Raaigras. Genoemd geschrift bevat op p. 7 een overzicht van verschillende grassen, die boven- en ondergrondse uitlopers kunnen vormen, waarin deze soort ook is opgenonen. Asmus Petersen, “Die Graser” (Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1953) geeft op p. 140 de uitspraak van de graslandexpert C.A. Weber, dat het uitlopersvormende Engels Raaigras voor weidegrasland hij uitstek geschikt is en de teelt ervan aanbeveling verdient. Hoewel niet floristisch, is het misschien aardig er gewag van te maken, dat Cnossen nog wel een bezwaar vermeldt tegen het uitlopersvormende Eng. Raaigras nl., dat de in de nazomer aan uitlopers ontstane spruiten slecht bewortelen en door het vee gemakkelijk worden losgetrokken (plukken); overal over het land liggen dan de grasrestjes verspreid. Er zijn zeker nog wel meer vermeldingen aangaande deze uitlopersvormende rassen van Engels Raaigras te vindon. Voorstaande opgaaf is maar een greep.

Description: Aan hen die nog ingevulde hoklijsten onder hun berusting hebben, wordt verzocht deze op te sturen aan het Rijksherharium, afd. Nederland. Er wordt op het ogenblik hard gewerkt aan het inboeken van alle gegevens in de albums.

Description: Van Polygonum cuspidatum zijn mij de volgende vier standplaatsen op de Veluwezoom tiekend: 1. Bronbos van de Hemelse Berg te om bronnen en langs bronbeekjes, Alno-Ulmion-vegetatie, bodem jong, nitraat- en humusrijk slibhoudend zand, iets zuur, beschaduwd. 2. Oever van het beekje door het Zwijersdal te Oosterbeek, noordelijk van de oude kerk; Polygonum ouspidatum-facies, licht bodem jong, humusrijk zand, zuur. 3. Verdroogde beekbodem, zuidelijk van de weg Arnhem-Dieren, bij Daalhuizen, Velp; fragmentaire Alno-Ulmion-vegetatie met Polygonum cuspidatum-facies, licht bodem jong, humusrijk zand, zuur. 4. Oever van de Beekhuizerbeek ter hoogte van de grote vijver. Beekhuizen hij Velp; Alno-Ulmion-vegetatie, bodem jong, humusrijk zand, zuur. Voor alle vier standplaatsen geldt het volgende: Polygonum cuspidatum wordt tot 2½ meter hoog en bedekt grote, gesloten oppervlakten, waardoor de bestaande vegetaties zeer verarmd worden; alleen Ranunculus ficaria handhaaft zich goed en kan plaatselijk, zoals b.v. op de Hemelse Berg, de gehele bodem bedekken.

Description: Door F. Drouet (Nat. Hist. Mus., Chicago) en mij werd thans een door J. Poolman op 27 aug. 1944 te Noorbeek (Zuid-Limburg) gevonden groenwier herkend als Chlorotylium cataractarum Kütz. Volgens W. Heering (in Pascher, Süsswasserfl. H.6, 1914), H. Printz (in Engl. -Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. ed.2, Bd-3, 1927) en G.M. Smith (Freshw. Alg. U.S., Behoort deze soort tot de Chaetophoraceae, volgens F.E. Fritsch (Struct. and Reprod. I, 1935) tot de Trentepohliaceae. Zij groeit op hout en stenen in snel stromend water, zodat de soortnaam goed gekozen is. Uit Nederland was deze soort nog niet eerder Bekend, In Noorbeek groeide het wier in een drinkbak voor dieren, waar het water in stroomde uit een beek.

Description: Tragopogon dubius Scop. Het duinterrein te Nieuwe Sluis in de gemeente Groede, waar verleden jaar de planten van Tragopogon dubius Scop. groeiden, is de afgelopen winter in verband met herstellingen aan de zeewering met behulp van draglines en bulldozers geëgaliseerd, waardoor de Tragopogon naar ik dacht volkomen uitgeroeid zou zijn. Ik bemerkte dit pas dit voorjaar en kon dus geen maatregelen nemen om een gedeelte van het terrein te sparen. Bovendien vrees ik, dat men aan mijn verzoek toch geen gevolg had kunnen geven. Enkele weken geleden bezocht ik het terrein weer en tot mijn vreugde vond ik toch nog twee planten, die het overleefd hadden. Mij bleek echter, dat kneuen bijzonder verzot zijn op de onrijpe zaden van deze soort. Zij pikken de omwindsels stuk en halen zo de onrijpe zaden er uit, zodat het de vraag zal zijn of er nog iets voor het volgend jaar zal overblijven. Ook verleden jaar was mij dat opgevallen, doch bij de vele planten, die er toen groeiden, was dat niet zo’n bezwaar. Eigenaardig is, dat ik aan planten van Tragopogon pratensis iets dergelijks nimmer heb waargenomen. Hebben anderen dat wellicht wel gedaan?

Description: In Juni, Juli en September 1955 werden aan de oever van het gedeelte van de Maas, dat door het Juliana-kanaal is afgesneden, resp. door een I.V.O.N.-excursie, de excursie van de Commissie voor het Floristisch Onderzoek uit de K.N.B.V. en ondergetekenden een opvallend groot aantal adventieven verzameld, waarvan een 10-tal nog niet eerder in Nederland was aangetroffen. Door de zeer lage waterstand hadden deze adventieven zich volop kunnen ontwikkelen op plaatsen, waar door het graven van grint vele kuilen waren ontstaan en op de zand- en rolsteenstrandjes aan de luwe zijde van de bochten van de rivier. De zaden en vruchten zijn wel zeker door de Maas aangevoerd van hogerop in het stroomgebied gelegen fabrieken en losplaatsen; de wolfabrieken aan de Vesdre hebben waarschijnlijk een belangrijk aandeel in deze aanvoer gehad. De gevonden soorten zijn voor een groot deel oorspronkelijk afkomstig uit het Middellandse Zee – gebied. Hieronder volgt eerst een lijst van de vindplaatsen en data, daaronder de zo goed als volledige lijst van de aangetroffen soorten. De nummers achter de soorten geven de vindplaatsen aan; de namen der voor de eerste maal in Nederland gevonden taxa zijn onderstreept. Vindplaatsen: (1) Maasoever tussen Obbicht en Grevenbicht; 7-VI, 20-VII, 23-IX-1955. (2) idem bij Meers, gem. Elsloo; 9-VI, 21-VII, 23-IX-1955. (3) idem ten N. van Grevenbicht; 8-VI-1955. (4) idem tegenover Maaseyck; 22-VII-1955. (5) idem bij Uhe en Laak; 24-IX-1955.

Description: Het aantal adventieven, dat wij tot nu toe in Friesland vonden, was zeer gering. Wel was ons bekend, dat in vroeger jaren op de terreinen van de Koopmans Meelfabrieken te Leeuwarden verscheidene (niet gepubliceerde) vondsten waren gedaan, maar het gelukte ons nooit daar enig spoor van terug te vinden. De direktie van de meelfabrieken was echter zo vriendelijk ons mee te delen, dat de graanverontreinigingen vervoerd werden naar het vuilverwerkingsterrein van de gemeente Leeuwarden, gelegen onder Wartena. In de nazomer van 1955 bezochten wij dit terrein voor het eerst en inderdaad bleken hier verscheidene adventieven voor te komen. Dat het terrein tot nog toe aan de aandacht van de floristen is ontsnapt, is ongetwijfeld te wijten aan de ligging. Men kan het n.l. alleen per vaartuig bereiken. Nu ligt het wel vlak in de nabijheid van de prachtige terreinen van “It Fryske Gea” onder Eernewoude, die bezoek genoeg trekken, maar juist dit natuurgebied lokt de floristen veel meer dan het stortterrein. Bovendien is de toegang tot het vuilverwerkingsterrein streng verboden. Wij laten hier volgen een lijst van de in 1955 tijdens twee bezoeken aangetroffen planten. Daar al het vuil van de stad Leeuwarden hier wordt aangevoerd, zal men er ook verscheidene tuin- en sierplanten onder aantreffen. De adventieven zullen practisch alle afkomstig zijn van de Koopmans Meelfabrieken. De graanverontreinigingen worden in gesloten papieren zakken aangevoerd, die op het terrein worden gestort.

Description: In 1957 waren wij weer herhaaldelijk in de gelegenheid het adventiefterrein “de Dwinger” aan de Langesloot tussen Wartena en Eernewoude te het laatst op 1 november, samen met M.T. Jansen. Hier volgt een opgave van de nieuw waargenomen planten (zie Corr.bl. no. 1 en 4). Buiten adventieven was het aantal verwilderde kultuurplanten vrij groot. De heren dr. S.J. van Ooststroom en Th.J. Reichgelt waren weer bereid het materiaal te controleren, terwijl de heer G. Bakker, direkteur der Gemeentereiniging Leeuwarden, opnieuw toestemming verleende het terrein te betreden.

Description: Er bestaat op het ogenblik de neiging de kleine waterweegbree Baldellia ranunculoides (L.) Parl. te noemen in plaats van Echinodorus ranunculoides (L.) Engelm. In de nieuwste druk van de flora van Heukels-van Ooststroom werd deze naam in de Nederlandse literatuur geïntroduceerd. In mijn Alismataoeae-bewerking voor de Flora Malesiana (1957) heb ik de naam reeds afgewezen, doch een nadere argumentatie zal de Nederlandse floristen stellig interesseren. In 1854 heeft Parlatore Schinodorus ranunculoides als het type van een nieuw monotypisch genus Baldellia aangevoerd, doch hij werd niet nagevolgd. Volgens Pichon (1946) is er evenwel alle reden voor om dit wel te doen, want hij meende niet minder dan 4 kenmerken gevonden te hebben, waarin E. ranunculoides van de andere Echinodorus-soorten zou afwijken.

Description: Het Instituut voor het Vegetatie-onderzoek van Nederland (I.V.O.N.) werd opgericht in 1930 en is thans gevestigd in het Rijksherbarium, Nonnensteeg 1 , Leiden, Het stelt zich o.a. ten doel om door stelselmatige inventarisatie een overzicht te verkrijgen van de verspreiding der in Nederland voorkomende Pteridophyta en Spermatophyta. Reeds in 1902 werd door de heren Dr. J.W.C. Goethart en W. J. Jongmans, destijds resp. conservator en assistent aan het Rijksherbarium, een aanvang gemaakt motdit biogoo grafische onderzoek. In de jaren daarna werd het met medewerking van een aantal Nederlandse floristen voortgezet, waarna men wegens de toenemende betekenis van het werk en met medewerking van de heren Goethart en Jongmans in 1930 kwam tot de oprichting van het I.V.O.N. Bij de inventarisatie werd tot voor enige jaren – het oorspronkelijke werk werd nl. in 1949 afgesloten – gebruik gemaakt van de Topografische kaart van Nederland, schaal 1 : 50.000, welke ten behoeve van het onderzoek door verticale en horizontale lijnen in vakken was verdeeld van 1045 bij 1250 m. Deze vakken, kwartierhokken genaamd, vormden de eenheden van de inventarisatie. Per kwartierhok werd nl. genoteerd welke planten daarin werden waargenomen, hetgeen gebeurde op excursies in verschillende jaargetijden, waardoor een zo volledig mogelijk overzicht der voorkomende soorten werd bereikt. De zo verkregen gegevens werden vervolgens soort voor soort in albums overgebracht, waarbij ieder album betrekking heeft op een der 62 bladen van de Topografische kaart 1 : 50.000. Tenslotte was het mogelijk om de in de albums vervatte gegevens op een kaart van Nederland te noteren, zodat een overzicht werd verkregen van de verspreiding van de betreffende soorten over het gehele land. Als resultaat werd een serie z.g. Plantenkaartjes van Nederland uitgegeven. Deze kaartjes geven, dank zij de grote volledigheid, die bij de inventarisatie bereikt werd, een betrouwbaar beeld van de verspreiding der plantensoorten. Het ligt in de bedoeling om de publicatie van deze serie Plantenkaartjes zo lang voort te zetten tot een beeld van de verspreiding van alle Nederlandse Pteridophyta en Spermatophyta verkregen zal zijn. In de nog te verschijnen kaartjes zullen daarbij alle gegevens tot en met 1949 verwerkt worden.

Description: In ons land is Galanthus nivalis L. „vrij algemeen, doch steeds verwilderd” (Bekn. Schoolflora, 8e druk). Het blijft daarbij in het midden gelaten van hoe lang geleden zulk een verwildering stamt. In sommige gevallen (De Kaagoevers; de omgeving van Leimuidon) is de situatie ter plaatse van die aard, dat men aan een zeer grijs verleden gaat denken. Het begrip verwildering zou dan nog slechts inhouden, dat de plant oorspronkelijk verwilderd is en in deze zin ware het ook van toepassing op sommige andere soorten, die men als regel niet verwilderd noemt. Werkelijke datering is bij ons weten echter nergens mogelijk en daarmee blijft het probleem onopgelost. Wij willen daarom iets meedelen over een vindplaats ten opzichte waarvan althans een vaag vermoeden van datering kan worden uitgesproken. In het dorp Warmond kan men naar het Westen afslaan langs de Kloosterlaan. Even vóór de plaats waar deze zich in een pad door de weilanden verliest, ligt aan de Zuidzijde van de weg een nagenoeg cirkelvormige akker, omringd door een ongewoon diepe sloot waaromheen een ringvormige met struikgewas bezette strook, die wederom door oen sloot omgeven is. Vlak hierbij stond in do late middeleeuwen het mannenklooster Marienhove. De vorm van do akker wekt overigens meer associaties met een burcht, dan met oen klooster on inderdaad werd het klooster (volgens de .gangbare beschrijvingen der Warmondse kastelen en kloosters) in 1413 gesticht „op een woeste of verlaate plaats, Oud-Tellingen genaamd.” Door sommigen wordt dit geïnterpreteerd als een aanwijzing, dat, nog vroeger, het kasteel of tenminste de „hofstede” Oud-Teilingen hier stond; anderen projecteren de ligging daarvan enige honderden meters zuidelijker.

Description: During 1954 the Gray Herbarium, the Orchid Herbarium of Oakes Ames, the paleobotanical collections of the Botanical Museum and a portion of the herbarium collections and the library of the Arnold Arboretum were moved into a new building in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This move was the culmination of a long period of planning to determine how the best interests of each institution as well as the field of systematic botany could be served best in this period of rapidly developing interrelationship of diverse scientific fields of knowledge. Additional considerations prior to the move were the isolation of the various taxonomic units at Harvard, the duplication of resources, efforts and goals, as well as the more mundane problems of increasing costs of labor, material and demands for additional storage facilities. In 1946 the President and Fellows of Harvard College appropriated from its unrestricted funds the sum of one million dollars to construct and equip a new and modern building to house the systematic work and collections of these institutions in Cambridge, to be in close proximity to the resources of the Department of Biology, the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany. The building, designed around the requirements established by the taxonomists of these institutions, was under construction during 1953 and was finished in the early months of 1954.

Description: Backer, C.A.: Butch-English taxonomic-botanical vocabulary. ed. 2. Bound. Dfl. 12,50; US$ 3. Steenis, C.G.G.J. van. Specific and infraspecific delimitation (repr. from Fl. Mal. vol. 5). Dfl. 7,50; US$ 2.

Description: He in het vooruitzicht gestelde literatuur-rubriek zal in het volgende nummer worden geopend.

Description: Op 14 Jan. 1952 vond de heer E.E. van der Voo op een oud bruggetje ten noorden van Woerden, gemeente Kamerik, oen groeiplaats van Asplenium trichomanes. Hiervan werd melding gemaakt in een rapport van do Afd. Natuurbescherming van het Staatsbosbeheer van de hand van de heer J. van der Veer (14 April 1955). Dit rapport kwam ter kennis van Ir. N. Roorda van Eysinga, Directeur van het Zuid-Hollandsch Landschap en deze verzocht de heer Kipp, Bosbouwkundig Ambtenaar van de Prov. Planologische Dienst on mij de groeiplaats te bezoeken en plannen voor te bereiden het gehele bruggetje zo nodig naar elders over te brengen, wanneer dit gevaar liep door de eigenaar afgebroken te zullen worden. Dit gevaar is niet denkbeeldig want de muren staan niet goed recht meer en alle dergelijke bruggetjes in de omgeving zijn in de loop der jaren reeds door meer solide bouwsels vervangen. Bij het bruggetje aangekomen zag ik op 18 Dec. 1956 direkt een 100 tal prachtige planten van de genoemde Asplenium trichomanes tegen het oostmuurtje.

Description: Uit afschriften van door de heer W.W. Schipper te Winschoten in de jaren omstreeks 1904 ingevulde kwartierhokstaten blijkt, dat voor H8-61-42 (Bovenhuren bij Winschoten), H8-62-34 (bij Winschoten Oostereind) en H8-63-32 (bij Klein Ulsda) Agrimonia eupatoria L. opgegeven werd, doch nergens Agrimonia odorata (Gouan) Mill. Uit kwartierhok H8-61-41, eveneens Bovenburen, Winschoten, nl. langs de Kloosterweg, is mij Agrimonia odorata (Gouan) Mill. van 1917 tot ca. 1942 bekend geweest. De standplaats langs een meestal droge sloot op hoge fluvioglaciale zandgrond is ca. 1935 verwoest door verbetering van de weg en aanleg van lintbebouwing. Gelukkig bleek de plant toen een honderd meter verder aan de overkant van de weg een nieuwe groeiplaats te hebben verworven, die thans helaas niet meer bestaat. Ik heb er toen wat vruchten van verzameld, die zeven forse planten hebben opgeleverd, maar in de oorlogsjaren verloren zijn gegaan. Van de vruchten van deze exemplaren heb ik twee planten kunnen opkweken aan een veendijkje te Oude Pekela, doch ook die planten zijn vernietigd, toen in 1957 dat dijkje wegens een nieuwe waterschapsindeling werd afgegraven. Haar mijn weten komt Agrimonia odorata thans niet meer in Oostelijk Groningen voor. Ik vermoed evenwel, dat de bovenvermelde planten van A. eupatoria ook A. odorata geweest zullen zijn en dat het areaal in de Noordduitse laagvlakte zich over Groningen tot in Friesland uitstrekte.

Description: The rapid accumulation of data necessitated the issue of a new bulletin. It was with deep gratitude that I remembered, in the Xmas holidays during which I was compiling this text, the many letters received from various sides expressing appreciation for our enterprise. Editor’s hearts need sometimes a little warming; ours remains distinctly encouraged. Particular encouragement I got from the British Colonial Office which, stimulated by the Government of Malaya, has given a grant to our Foundation to cover part of the travel and accomodation expenses of Dutch collaborators in the United Kingdom, provisionally for two years. This manifest sign of appreciation from the British and Malayan Governments for our work is significant and most gratefully remembered here.

Description: 1. Occurrence.--Lemnaceae may occur in stagnant or sluggish streaming waters, specially in ditches, pools, streamlets, inundated rice-fields, etc. They are also found in all other waters in which larger swamp plants offer anchorage to the tiny Lemnaceae. They can be expected between stands of sedges, grasses, cat’s-tail, etc. or between or under swimming water plants, for example Azolla, Eichhornia, waterlilies, etc. The smallest Lemnaceae, consisting merely of a rootless globule, Wolffia, which is always submerged, is easily escaping attention under other water plants. 2. Collecting.--Lemnaceae are mostly found in sufficient quantity and can easily be collected in a bottle or plastic bag. In case they are sparse and small (Wolffia) the use of a wire—netting (old coffee sieve) may be handy. They are kept wet in the bottle or plastic. If they should be kept for several days or longer they should be stored in an open container with a small amount of earth added; the container should be kept in the shade.

Description: Australia. Forestry and Timber Bureau. Illustrations of the bud and fruits of Eucalyptus species with an alphabetical index (covering 486 species, and varieties). 2nd ed. pp. (ix) 31 pls. fol. Canberra. 1954. Grasses and pastures of South Africa. Compiled by L.K.A. Chippindall, J.D. Scott, J.A. Pentz, A.W. Bayer, O. West, H. Weinmann, and others. 26 col. pls and 420 line drawings, 776 pp. 1955.

Description: Flora Zambesiaca. On page 413 I have given, unfortunately, an entirely misleading statement on the organization of this planned Flora, which will be a joint effort of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the British Museum. There will be two editors of equal status, Mr Exell, of the British Museum, and Mr Brenan, of Kew, with an editorial Committee.

Description: Besides the importance of correct identification the revision of a large genus should add considerably to knowledge of phytogeography and of infrageneric diversification. In all respects Ficus has much to contribute. It is a genus which the collector meets in abundance in all parts of tropical Asia and Australasia, whether in primary or secondary environments, and which he soon learns to recognise. It can be exploited, therefore, provided the species can be identified. The purpose of this note is to request intensified collection, because I believe it is possible to name satisfactorily sterile material. Only too often, valuable sterile material is left uncollected, as I know from my own experience, for sooner or later it can be recognised as a positive record from some locality. Some figs, too, fruit rarely and are in consequence ill-represented, though really frequent.

Description: In the Synopsis of Proposals for the Botanical Congress at Montreal Dr Lanjouw has in his capacity of Rapporteur général given his well-considered opinion on each proposal, except for that on nomina specifica conservanda where he found fit to postpone his comment. There are three proposals on which I cannot follow his advice. These three instances are the following.

Description: Mr A.G.L. Adelbert of Herbarium Bogoriense was transferred to the new Garden Setia Mulya near Padang, Sumatra’s Westcoast, as leader of the staff, Dec. 1954. Cf. also chapter 6. Dr A.H.G. Alston was in Malaysia. Cf. chapter 5.

Description: Mr Smitinand, Officer-in-Charge, Section of Botany, Forest Products Research Division, Royal Forest-Department, Bangkok, Thailand, writes, that there is still a large tract of virgin tropical rain-forest in the Peninsula not yet properly explored. An expedition from any foreign country is heartily welcome with cordial co-operation.

Description: Bentham, G. & J.D. Hooker, Genera plantarum. Cf. W.T. Stearn on its history and dates of publication in J. Soc. Bibl. Nat. Hist. 3 (1956) 127-132.

Description: 9th Pacific Science Congress, Bangkok. According to the Preliminary Announcement the Congress will take place Nov. 18- —Dec. 9, 1957. Organising chairman is M.C. Lak Kashemsanta, Dep. of Agriculture, Bangkok. Fifteen general subjects have been entered for contributing papers and discussion, viz: (a) Problems confronting tropical botanical institutions, (b) Vegetation types of the Pacific basin, (1) Tropical, (2) Temperate, (c) Ethnobotany of Thailand and contiguous countries, (d) Vernacular names of Pacific plants. (e) Phycology in the Pacific basin. (f) Algal ecology, with special reference to coral reefs and atolls. (g) Bibliographic problems in the natural sciences in the Pacific. (h) The teaching of botany and the training of botanists in the tropics. (i) Systematics, evolution and distribution of Pacific plants, (j) Botany of medical plants in the Pacific basin, (k) Forest botany in the Pacific basin. (l) Botany of agricultural plants and weeds. (m) Plant ecology in the Pacific. (n) Mycology and phytopathology in the Pacific. (o) Plant physiology in the Pacific. Besides, a special symposium on Climate, Vegetation, and Land Utilization in the Humid Tropics, sponsored by Unesco, will be convened by Dr F.R. Fosberg.

Description: Blatter, E. & W.S. Milliard. Some beautiful Indian trees. 2nd edition revised by W.T. Steam. Publ. by Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, India. March 3, 1955. 8°. i-xv, 1-165 pp., 43 photogr., 31 coloured plates, and text-figures; clothbound. Sh. 30/- net. A simple, illustrated guide to some of the most beautiful flowering trees to be seen in India and Pakistan. It should be of use and interest throughout the tropics as most of the plants treated are grown as ornamentals outside their native country. Thirty nine species have been fully described with accurate synonymy, and notes on distribution, gardening, uses, economic value, vernaculars, domestic uses, medicinal properties, ethnobotany, and ecology of leafshedding, flowering and fruiting seasons. In some cases also closely related species are briefly indicated or described. In appendices descriptions are given of families represented, further a key to the genera, a glossary of some botanic terms, and a bibliography to some sources of further information. An index concludes this very attractive, nicely executed, and relatively very cheap book which is a valuable educative tool to laymen and those interested in gardening in the tropics. It contains much concise adequate information on the plants treated. In a way it is a counterpart to Bor & Raizada’s Some beautiful Indian climbers and shrubs, published by the same Society.

Description: Owing to shortage of time, this most precious element in the life of a taxonomist, nearly two years have elapsed since the last number (10) appeared (Febr. 1953). It should not be understood that our interest in editing this Bulletin has waned; we still regard it as a useful bond between Flora Malesiana Foundation, its collaborators, and its sympathizers. It also aims to chronicle some selected miscellaneous news to many people in Malaysia who are far from libraries or have only limited facilities to keep informed about progress. It tries to assemble data on activities of botanical work in the wide sense performed in the Malaysian area. Much work that is done in the field or is going on in establishments of forestry and botany in the Malaysian tropics is often locally known or published in technical reports which hardly reach the scientific botanic world. There is, hence, a field of mutual interest which this Bulletin tries to cover.

Description: The preparation of a new account of the pteridophytes of the whole Malayan region is a very large undertaking, and when one is at the beginning of it, one cannot foresee what may happen during the course of its execution. It is in part a voyage of discovery. The work will have to be done in stages, and published in parts. To wait until it is all completed, and then to coordinate and re-arrange it before publication, would mean an unreasonably long delay. But to publish it in parts will inevitably mean that one will have new ideas about the early parts as one works on the later ones. My hope is that, when the work is finished, it will be possible to have a new and better conception of the inter-relations of the parts. Present schemes for definition of families for the great majority of ferns are no more than tentative, and that is one reason why I see no need to carry out the work in any pre-arranged sequence.

Description: On p. 475 it was erroneously mentioned that Miss S. Darnton accompanied Miss W.M.A. Brooke in Sarawak; she rightly collected in North Borneo.

Description: Flora of Java. The translation of Backer’s Flora of Java into English is steadily progressing. Dr Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr has been responsible for finishing the Monocotyledonous families Palmae, Araceae, and Scitamineae and Mr Monod de Froideville has practically finished, the last family left, Gramineae. Dr Bakhuizen is further trying to scan the nomenclature. It is expected that the printed English version will not be available before 1962. Malaysian Vegetation. The MS of this work which will occupy volume 2 of the Flora Malesiana is steadily progressing and more than halfway completed. It has been found useful to insert in some chapters artificial keys to characteristic species for the types, for example in the Sea-grasses, Pescaprae, Barringtonia, Mangrove, and Aquatic formations. It is hoped that printing can be started in 1960.

Description: Bryophyta. The new collections built up during the last years under the supervision of Prof. R. van der Wijk, Groningen, have now all been arranged and provisionally been identified by him and his collaborator Mr Margadant. Revisional work has started. Pteridophyta. A most important collaboration, anticipated for years, is that of doctors Holttum, Kew, and Alston, London, who have now definitely agreed in compiling the series II of the Flora Malesiana containing the account of the Pteridophyta. Dr Alston spent a year (Oct. 1955-Oct. 1954) in Indonesia on the invitation of the Indonesian Government. Dr Holttum has finished his large work on the ferns of Malaya; he is now finishing off an account of the bamboos of Malaya and will then set definitely to the study of Malaysian Pteridophytes. Some limited families will be worked out by both specialists as a sample.

Description: The next monographic study which will be undertaken for the series Pteridophyta of the Flora Malesiana will be devoted to the tree ferns of the Cyatheaceae. In connection with the large size of these plants and the desirability of having more and complete material at our disposal, the following notes are addressed to field collectors who may be in a position to obtain specimens. For securing essential parts tree ferns appear less unmanageable than they may look at first sight.

Description: A fern plant consists of a stem, bearing leaves and roots. The leaves (or some of them) bear dehiscent sporangia, each sporangium containing unicellular spores, which are in most cases Wind-dispersed. A spore germinates to produce a small green plant called a prothallus. The Prothallus bears sexual organs ( archegonia and antheridia). After fertilization by an antherozoid, the female cell in an archegonium grows to form a new fern plant. The life cycle of a fern thus has two phases, asexual (the fern plant) and sexual (the prothallus). These phases are also called the sporophyte and the, gametophyle. The sporophyte is much longer-lived, larger and more diversified than the gametophyte, and its characters are mainly used in taxonomy. The following statement deals with the parts of the sporophyte in turn, with discussion of the kinds of modification of each which occur, and of special terminology. Finally, a note on the gametophyte will be given, including reference to the not infrequent condition in which the sexual process is omitted. Stem, (a) Shape, size, and habit of growth.—A fern stem may be long and creeping or limbing, in which case it is usually called a rhizome, or it may be short and compact, in which case it is often called a stock, rootstock or caudex. If it grows erect, as in tree-ferns, with a tuft of leaves at its apex, it is called a trunk.

Description: 1. Sporangia in two rows, embedded in an almost terete spike . . . . . . Ophioglossum 1. Sporangia on branches of the fertile segment of a frond.

Description: CARL FREDRICK ALBERT CHRISTENSEN (1872-1942) was the founder of modern fern taxonomy. To appreciate the scope of his work, it is necessary to understand the confusions of thought on the subject which persisted through the 19th century and were still evident in the summary prepared (by DIELS) for ENGLER & PRANTL’S Pflanzenfamilien in 1899. CHRISTENSEN’S first great work was his Index Filicum (1905-6) in which he listed all known fern binomials and also relegated many to synonymy. In the main he adopted the classification and nomenclature of DIELS. While preparing the Index he came to realize that many generic concepts accepted in the Index were unnatural or confused. This was especially evident in the great complex of species which he listed under the name Dryopteris. He next made a study of the tropical American species of that complex, and in so doing discovered how to separate them into natural groups (1913, 1920). At the time I first made contact with him (about 1925) he had begun to study ferns of the Old World tropics. I maintained a regular correspondence with him from 1925 to 1940, and sent him many specimens for identification. I also met him in Europe in 1930, 1934 and 1938 and had long discussions with him. I benefited from his wisdom also indirectly through the publications of R. C. CHING, who studied with CHRISTENSEN in 1929-1932 and applied CHRISTENSEN’S ideas to Chinese and Indian ferns in an important series of papers in the 1930s. CHRISTENSEN’S identifications of my collections and his comments upon them were the basis on which my own work was built; in the present Series of Flora Malesiana I have tried to extend his methods and his ideas to a much wider range of species than he could have encountered. To him I am profoundly grateful, and I am concerned also to acknowledge my debt, through him, to some perceptive earlier workers, notably G. H. METTENIUS and JOHN SMITH. The objectives of any scheme of biological classification are to show natural relationships and to provide a means for the identification of individual organisms. It has sometimes been suggested that only the latter objective is important, and that a ‘practical’ scheme is all that is needed. The history of fern classification has shown that artificial schemes, made without thought as to relationships, do not work; and distribution-maps based on such schemes are meaningless. Fern classification as understood today should be based not only on gross-morphological characters but also on microscopical characters pertaining to the fern's anatomy, indument, spores, gametophytes, etc., and on cytotaxonomy.

Description: A list of books and papers dealing with the taxonomy of Malaysian ferns, published subsequent to Christensen, Index Filicum, Suppl. 3 (1934)

Description: Dioecious or monoecious small shrubs with thick woody roots. Leaves simple, opposite, sessile, fleshy, with a distinctly saccate, colourless base. Stipules minute. Flowers unisexual, either solitary and terminal or axillary, or in small axillary spikes. ♂ Flowers subtended by bracts, enclosed in a membranous spathella which opens with one or two transverse or radial slits giving rise to 2-4 lobes. Tepals 4, valvate. Stamens 4, alternitepalous; anthers dorsifixed, introrse, dehiscing lengthwise with 2 slits. Sometimes an abortive gynaecium present. ♀ Flowers merely consisting of a naked ovary, in the axil of leaves when solitary, in the axil of cordate bracts when growing in spikes, 2-carpellate, 4-celled by one true and one false septum; ovules 1 in each cell, basal, anatropous, with a long funicle. Stigmas 2, sessile, distinctly papillate. Fruit a septicidal berry dehiscing with 2 valves, either solitary or many united together with the bracts into a connate, spikelike whole. Seeds with a large, straight embryo, exalbuminous. Distr. The Batidaceae, consisting of one genus with two species, show a remarkably discontinuous area, viz B. maritima L. growing along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of tropical America, the Hawaiian and Galapagos Islands, while B. argillicola has hitherto only been found in South New Guinea. As the distribution of the species is still rather insufficiently known and they are confined to littoral districts it has been found advisable to include both of them in the key given below.

Description: Abeywickrema, B.A.: The genera of Ceylon Pteridophytes (Ceyl. J. Sc. A. Bot. 13, 1956, 1-30). Keys & descr. – & M.D. Dassanayake: Crenidomonas bilabiatum (Nees & Bl.) Copel., a fern new to Ceylon from Ritigala (Ceyl. J. Sc. A. Bot. 13, 1956, 41-42, t. 2).

Description: Adelbert, A.G.L.: Labiatae (in Backer, Beknopte Flora van Java (emergency edition) part 14, March 1954, 1-59, mimeograph). Full descr. and keys to genera and species; in Dutch.

Description: Annual or perennial aquatics and marsh plants, sometimes laticiferous. Leaves basal and erect, sometimes floating, rarely all submerged, sometimes some reduced to phyllodes, lanceolate to sagittate, rarely broad-elliptic to ovate, entire, with a hydathode on the apex, curvinerved, nerves more or less parallel and gradually joining the marginal nerve, connected by ascending cross-veins; petiole sheathing, mostly with air-channels, often septated. Inflorescences mostly erect, racemose or paniculate; peduncle sometimes hollow, mostly with air-channels. Bracts 3(-2) per whorl of flowers or branches. Flowers actinomorphous, bisexual or unisexual (and then rarely with rudiments of the other sex). Sepals 3, imbricate, green, parallel-nerved, convex, persistent. Petals 3, imbricate, white or faintly coloured, marcescent. Stamens 3-~, free, in a whorl; filaments filiform or dilated; anthers 2-celled, basifix, sometimes versatile, latrorsely lengthwise dehiscent. Carpels 2-~, free, in the Mal. spp. spirally arranged on the receptacle (in extra-Mal. Alisma in a whorl); style 1, ventrally or terminally inserted on each carpel, persistent. Ovule 1 (in extra-Mal. Damasonium 2 or more), basal, campylotropous, rarely anatropous (Damasonium), micropyle extrorse, rarely introrse ( Luronium). Achenes in a head (or whorl in Alisma), free, rarely connate at the base. Seeds oblong or horseshoeshaped; testa membranous; embryo horseshoe-shaped; albumen 0; radicula extrorse, rarely introrse (Luronium). Distribution. About 10 genera with c. 70 spp., all over the temperate and tropical zones except in the Pacific area (Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia). The largest genera are Sagittaria and Echinodorus both centering in the New World.

Description: Annual or perennial, laticiferous herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves (in Mal. spp.) spirally arranged, often incised. Stipules 0. Flowers mostly solitary, large, actinomorphic, ♀♂, 2—3-merous. Sepals caducous or calyptrate, free or united. Petals free, 4-6, rarely more or absent, biseriate, imbricate, often crumpled in bud; nectaries absent. Stamens ~, free; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing lengthwise. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2 or more parietal placentas (sometimes with protruding placentas or a spurious wall). Stigmas opposite or alternate with the placentas. Ovules 1 to numerous. Capsule opening by valves (or pores). Seeds small, with a crested or smooth raphe, or arillate; embryo minute; endosperm copious, fleshy or oily. Distr. About 23 genera, of which the bulk on the N. hemisphere, few in Central & S. America, almost absent from Africa and Australia, in Malaysia none native.

Description: Families and higher taxa have been entered under their name. Suprageneric epithets have been entered under the family name to which they belong preceded by the indication of their rank (tribes, e.g.).

Description: Dr P. Vermeulen, Amsterdam, who had obtained the 1955 grant of the Netherlands Buitenzorg Fund went via India, where he spent a month above Darjeeling, to Bogor; he also paid a visit to Queensland, his chief interest being the study of Orchidaceae. In returning he made a trip in Central Sumatra with Dr Meijer; he arrived in Holland end Dec. 1956. Mr L.L. Forman, Kew, who was granted a year leave for work at the herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, made various trips in Indonesia, collecting in W. Java, Bali, North-east Celebes, and joining Dr Kostermans on a forest survey in East Borneo.

Description: As has been done in Series I, Flowering Plants, it seems useful to complete the volume with worthwhile additions and corrections. Page numbers are provided with either a or b denoting the left and right columns respectively.

Description: Monoecious, mostly deciduous shrubs or trees with perular buds. Pith triangular in section. Innovations often resiniferous. Leaves simple, (in Mal. spp.) spiral, penninerved, crenate or dentate, rarely entire, mostly with domatia in the nerveaxils beneath, in bud mostly folded along the midrib and plicate, often glandularlepidote beneath. Stipules caducous. Catkins unisexual, at least the pendent ♂ ones in terminal panicles above the ♀ ones, the latter mostly in stiff, axillary, poor racemes or terminal on short-shoots.—♂ Flowers in triads, each sustained by a bract. Perianth segments 4 (or less by abortion), mostly connate at the base. Stamens 4, epitepalous; filaments short; anthers glabrous, 2-celled; cells parallel, dehiscing lengthwise. No rudiment of ♀.—♀ Flowers in diads sustained by a bract concrescent with 4 bracteoles, accrescent and woody in fruit, densely packed and imbricate. Perianth 0. Ovary 2-celled, each cell with one anatropous, pendent ovule attached near the apex of the cell; styles 2, free, short, cylindric. Fruiting catkins cone-like. Nut small, compressed, 1-seeded, mostly winged and crowned by the styles. Seed without endosperm; embryo straight; cotyledons flat; testa membranous; embryo straight; endosperm 0; cotyledons flat. Distr. About 20 spp. mainly on the N. hemisphere except in the New World, mostly extra-tropical, in SE. Asia southward to Bengal, N. Assam, Tonkin, and Formosa, in Malaysia only cultivated.

Description: Trees or shrubs. Leaves spirally arranged or often distichous, sometimes crowded towards the top of the branchlets, simple, entire or crenate or serrate, crenations mostly glandular; petioles often thickened at the base and (or) the apex. Stipules small, rarely large and foliaceous, often early caducous, or wanting. Inflorescences subterminal or mostly axillary, sometimes on the old wood, in often spike-like racemes or in panicles or in short cymes, but sometimes condensed to glomerules or reduced to few-flowered fascicles or even to a solitary flower, apparently essentially cymose. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, in the latter case mostly dioecious, sometimes polygamous, actinomorphic, 3- to polymerous, cyclic (with sepals and petals) or rarely spiral (with perianth segments, in trib. Oncobeae). Pedicels often articulated near the base. Sepals 3-6, rarely more, mostly persistent, sometimes accrescent, imbricate or valvate, free or connate at the base into a calyx-tube, or calyx closed in bud and disrupting in different ways. Petals 3-8, rarely more, free, imbricate or valvate, mostly alternating with the sepals and caducous, sometimes persistent and accrescent, often inserted on the margin of a hypogynous or nearly perigynous disk, or absent. Receptacle often deepened in the centre, mostly with appendages such as an extrastaminal disk or disk-lobes, free glands between the stamens, or a corona of 5 phalanges, each of which is consisting of fine barbate threads, or staminode-like scales inserted on the inner side of the base of the petals, or with true, mostly barbate, staminodes. Stamens 5 to ~, hypogynous, mostly free, rarely the filaments connate into a column; anthers with 2, longitudinally dehiscent cells; connective sometimes with a short appendage. Ovary mostly free, rarely semi-inferior, unilocular with (2-)3-5(-8) parietal placentas, sometimes incompletely 2—8-celled by the deeply protruding placentas; ovules 2 to numerous, anatropous. Styles 1-10, free or connate; stigma sessile. Fruit a fleshy or dry berry or a capsule, rarely a drupe, 1- to many-seeded. Seeds sometimes arillate, with abundant endosperm; embryo straight; cotyledons mostly broad, foliaceous. Distr. About 84 genera with c. 1300 spp., nearly all woody, predominantly in the tropics, rapidly decreasing in number towards the subtropics, 2 genera with a total of 9 (mostly Chilean) spp. in the temperate zones of S. America.

Description: In the absence of a complete bibliography of the botanical literature of Malaysia, comparable to those on Eastern Asia and the Pacific by MERRILL & WALKER, and as the ‘Flora Malesiana’ will not to be completed within the near future, the need was felt to have at hand a concise, selected bibliography of existing revisions and other phytographical publications temporarily providing taxonomists with a reference to what is roughly available for the identification of Malaysian collections. When the ‘Flora Malesiana’ is completed, after some decades, this bibliography should no longer be required, as the references contained in it will all have been accounted for in the Flora itself in one way or another. In the meantime, however, a list arranged by families seems to serve a very practical purpose, as it gives access to the main body of accumulated knowledge precursory to the final revisions in the Flora.

Description: Renewed study of the type material of species formerly described under Xylaria necessitates the recognition of a new family, for which the name Sarcostromellaceae Boedijn is proposed. This family comprises two new genera, Sarcostromella Boedijn and Pseudoxylaria Boedijn. Sarcostromella polysticha (Penz. & Sacc.) Boedijn and Pseudoxylaria nigripes (Kl.) Boedijn are new combinations, S. amorpha Boedijn is a new species. Xylaria xanthophaea Penz. & Sacc. appears identical with S. polysticha. Xylaria torrubioides Penz. & Sacc. is a synonym of Pseudoxylaria nigripes.

Description: The part certain lime-secreting marine algae play in the building of coral reefs and in the formation of banks was discussed chiefly at the end of the last and in the beginnig of this century. At that time it was already known that extensive parts of the sublittoral zone of the Arctic sea were covered by a luxuriant growth of Lithothamnion species. Kjellman states in 1883 (p. 96) that along the northern coast of Norway Lithothamnion soriferum “covers large spaces of the bottom in great masses”, and that off the shores of Spitsbergen and Nova Zembla in 10 to 20 fathoms of water Lithothamnion glaciale “covers the bottom in deep layers for several miles, and altogether determines the general aspect of the vegetation wherever it occurs”, whereas Lithothamnion norvegicum is said to form banks on the coasts of Iceland and of Greenland. Rosenvinge (1893, p. 772) reports that Lithothamnion ungeri forms banks on the coast of Iceland and of Greenland.

Description: There is much confusion about, the identity of the above mentioned aroid genera, the typification of which is still unsatisfactory.

Description: var. bullatus, nov. var. — Ramuli novelli ferrugineo-velutini. Folia 1—3-juga; foliola bullata. Folliculi inconspicue rostrati. Typus: Kostermans 4928 (fl., fr.), E. Borneo, Sangkulirang island, alt. 20 m (Holotype in L; Isotypes in BO, K).

Description: My colleague Lam, in whose honour this volume is composed, has made it very easy for contributors to find a subject in a field in which he has worked himself. His versatile interest nearly covered the whole of the taxonomy and phylogeny of vascular plants, subjects in theoretical biology, plant morphology, plant geography, and plant ecology. In the latter section his “Fragmenta papuana” contains an inspiring picture of tropical vegetation in correlation with environment. I have pleasure on this occasion in offering some considerations in the field of plant ecology. The subject which I have chosen deals with the way of reasoning when interpreting a correlation found to exist between vegetation and environment. I have not infrequently traced a deficiency in such interpretation and I feel a need of discussing this point which is, in my opinion, a matter of vital importance.

Description: Although Clarke saw the type of Scirpus erectus Poir. in the Paris Herbarium he misapplied the name to a quite different species occurring in Madagascar, S. and E. Asia, and tropical Australia. Herein he was followed by Ridley, Merrill, Backer, and others. It has now generally been accepted that the correct name of this species is Scirpus juncoides Roxb. and that the name Scirpus erectus Poir. does not belong to its synonymy. After having examined the type of S. erectus I am convinced that the question was admirably cleared up by Chermezon (see Arch. Bot. 4, 1931, 26, and also in Humbert, Fl. Madag., fam. 29, 1937, 149). Scirpus erectus is much nearer to the European S. supinus L. than to S. juncoides Roxb. It differs from S. supinus by the larger spikelets, the larger, more distinctly mucronate glumes, the bristly appendage of the connective, the bifid style, and the larger, biconvex, only faintly wavyridged, elliptic or suborbicular nuts. It is an African species extending from the Mediterranean region through tropical Africa to Madagascar and Mauritius. There can be no doubt that Isolepis uninodis Delile is conspecific with Scirpus erectus Poir. Delile’s description is very accurate: “épis cylindriques, ovoïdes-lanceolés ... écailles ovales, aiguës ... deux stigmates ... graine lenticulaire, transversalement rugueux vers les bords.” The differences with Scirpus supinus are clearly indicated: “ses graines [du S. supinus] sont ovoïdes-cunéiformes, trigones, ridées transversalement sur toute leur surface; ses styles sont trifides.” Moreover, Delile’s excellent figure leaves no doubt whatever on the identity of his species.

Description: In the development of the various scientific disciplines certain contacts have been established between neighbouring sciences, while other endeavour still proceeds almost on its own. The study of the influence of the environment on chemical reactions has given us a large part of physical chemistry, while the inverse, the study of the influence of chemical reactions on the (natural) environment has been, in the last decades, developed as geochemistry. Much of our physiology and ecology deals with the influence of the environment upon the organism, while the inverse, the influence of the organism upon the natural environment (geobiology) has hardly been studied systematically. This influence is great, as already realized by Pasteur a century ago. Moreover, this study completes the picture of the relations of “give and take” between the organism and its milieu and the author believes that a true ecology should concern itself with the mutual relations between organism and environment rather than view the landscape (or seascape) entirely from the biological point of view. Blumea twice before has been so kind as to accept ecological notes from the author of this paper. Because of the interest Professor Lam has always taken in this ecological approach, the author hopes that this short note will not be a complete dissonant in the, chiefly taxonomic, matter contained in this volume. By a study of the influence of various groups of organisms on the estuarine environment Baas Becking and Wood (1) arrived at the conclusion that, primarily, the following groups are of geochemical importance; sulphate-reducing bacteria, thiobacteria, purple bacteria, iron bacteria and algae. The limits of the potential algal environment surpass the regions of most other groups, the thiobacteria excepted. The range of conditions in which algae may occur, be it temperature, salinity, pH or electrode potential is very wide indeed. Algae occur in all aqueous environments; evaporate, geothermal, soft and hard freshwater, estuarine and marine water and also in buffered and non-buffered products of pyrite oxidation (Baas Becking, Wood and Kaplan, 4). The author recently isolated, from mirabilite at Mawson Base, Antarctica, a green polyblepharid while Kaplan (12) describes the occurrence of bluegreens at 86°C in the hotsprings of the Rotarua district, N—Z. From this same region Kaplan described a Navicula at pH 1.2, while several algae occur in a solution of trona (sodium carbonate-bicarbonate) at pH 10.55. The above anecdotical remarks only serve to illustrate the extent of the algal potential milieu.

Description: The scope of the present paper is primarily to give a taxonomical revision of the genus Canarium. Furthermore, attention has been paid to some subjects of a more general nature, mainly regarding morphology and geography, without, however, claiming completeness. The last complete revision of the genus was published by Engler in 1883 (in DC. Mon. Phan. 4, 101—151). Of course this is now for the greater part out of date. The later revisions by the same author in E. & P., Nat. Pfl. Fam. ed. 1, 34, 1896, 238—242, and ed. 2, 19a, 1931, 443—450, are not really monographs; moreover, they lost in value by the introduction of a subdivision which was mainly based upon unessential characters.

Description: The well-known Ray Society undertook the publication of this new facsimile of Linnaeus’s most famous and still indispensable botanical work and had it reproduced photographically from an original copy in Linnaeus’s library, later owned by Sir James Edward Smith. It represents the third facsimile edition of the work and, in spite of the earlier Berlin (1907) and Tokyo (1934) editions, which are no longer obtainable, it will certainly fill a real need, were it only to save copies of the rare and expensive original from wear and tear. Although much has been written about Linnaeus and his numerous publications, the delightful frame provided by W. T. Stearn and J. L. Heller makes the new edition all the more valuable and useful, not only since the supplementary chapters enliven the book as a cultural product of its period but because the introduction and much of the appendix have been very ably written by a working taxonomist primarily concerned with Linnaeus’s works for their relevance to modern botanical nomenclature, who has thoroughly studied history, method and bibliography and also, to some extent, the life and psychology of the author and the scientific attitudes of the period. Stearn has also aimed at avoidance of the misunderstanding and confusion, which follow from treating 18th century publications as if they were 20th century productions. Emphasis is laid on what may well be the most important conclusion for Linnaean typification in the whole work (cf. p. 97), viz. that within every main entry in Species Plantarum there is, or was at some stage of its development, an illustration or a specimen seen by Linnaeus and not simply a description by a pre-Linnaean author, the exceptions being definitions or descriptions by Van Boyen, Gronovius, or Boissier de Sauvages, his disciples, so to speak, in the Linnaean method, whose work was therefore acceptable.

Description: These fascicles, the first part of a moss flora of Fennoscandia, comprise five (acrocarpous) orders of the Eubryales. All species and a number of forms and varieties have been included. There are clear dichotomous keys to genera and species. Of each species the original literature, the most familiar synonyms, an excellent description with critical remarks on the differences between allied species and original drawings have been given. Ecology and general distribution have been indicated, with special reference to Scandinavia. In addition there is a glossary of technical terms, which is nearly identical to that in Dixon’s famous Student’s Handbook of British Mosses, though less extensive. Nevertheless it may be doubted whether this book actually fills a need in Scandinavian bryology. It is not suited for “workers in all fields of botany, forestry, limnology, etc.”, as the author suggests, since keys to the families are lacking. Besides, there is the excellent moss flora of Brotherus, Die Laubmoose Fennoscandias, not mentioned in this connection in the preface.

Description: During a recent treatment of the Proteaceae for “Flora Malesiana” it has become evident that a revision of the generic status of all proteaceous taxa reported from S. Asia and Malaysia as well as from the adjacent regions of Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia and subtropical-tropical Australia had to be made to reach a satisfactory correlation of the genera and species concerned as a basis for the discussion of phytogeographical relations both within and outside the proper Malaysian area. During this work it appeared necessary to transfer some species to other genera. A revision of the genus Helicia showed that a group of species had to be segregated as a distinct new genus Heliciopsis. My studies are based on herbarium specimens borrowed from the following Institutions: Arnold Arboretum (A), Bot. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem (B, where the type-material of the family remained intact), Bogor (BO), Brisbane (BRI), Calcutta (CAL), Edinburgh (E), Florence (FT), Kepong (KEP), Lae (LAE), Leiden (L), Melbourne (MEL), Miinchen (M), New York (NY), Manila (PNH), Singapore (SING), Stockholm (S) and Utrecht (IT). The material preserved in the British Museum (BM), at Kew (K), and Paris (P) has been studied during a stay at London and Paris.

Description: For identifying the mosses collected in different localities of the Malaysian region, the need was felt for a key to the genera. In the preliminary one that I constructed to this end the genera were taken in the delimitation accepted in the second edition of Brotherus, Natürl. Pflanzf. In addition to the latter the genera published after 1925 and therefore not included in Brotherus 1. c. are taken into account. In revising the families for Flora Malesiana I will doubtless be compelled to alter the position of some of the species and the delimitation of some of the genera, and at the end of series III of Flora Malesiana, which will contain the Mosses, I therefore intend to give a final key. I sincerely hope that the preliminary key will in the meantime have been tested by different bryologists, and that they will let me profit by their remarks. For this reason it is published here. The analytical key is based as far as possible on vegetative characters, especially on the shape of the leaf cells. The principal features of the sporophyte are noted, but are not, as a rule, made use of as alternatives. This applies particularly to those alternatives that lead to the main groups. Only when no reliable vegetative characters could be found, have characters of the sporophyte, especially those of the peristome, been used. The habitat of each genus, not its distribution in the Malaysian region, is indicated in the key.

Description: Mapania holttumii Kern, nom. nov. — Mapania insignis Holttum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 11, 1947, 293, non Sandwith, Kew Bull. 1933, 496. When publishing the name Mapania insignis for a species occurring in the Malay Peninsula, Holttum overlooked the existence of the earlier homonym Mapania insignis Sandw. for a different species from British Guyana. I therefore propose to replace the illegitimate binomial by that of Mapania holttumii.

Description: In a previous paper, published in the same series, Vol. 2 (1940), the author dealt with a small collection of snakes obtained by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK in 1930 and 1936 on the islands off the Venezuelan coast and on the adjacent mainland. The present article reports on some specimens, chiefly from the Dutch islands of the Windward Group, presented by him to the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden in later years. Some notes are included on three specimens of Alsophis from the same area that were already present in the collections of this museum (indicated by M.L.). — The photographs were made by Dr. HUMMELINCK.

Description: Some time ago a paper was published by Brouwer (1954) on the geological interpretation of a vertical section through Pleistocene deposits near the village of Wezep in the northeastern corner of the province of Gelderland, in the central part of the Netherlands. The exact locality¹, known locally as the ""Moordenaarshoek"" (murderer’s corner), is situated on a heath along the edge of a pine forest, which grows on the lower slopes of the northeastern tip of the great Pleistocene pressure ridge or moraine along the western border of the valley of the river Yssel. The locality was described for the first time by Bursch, Florschütz and van der Vlerk (1938) who made an excavation there on the instigation of the late Colonel Mallinckrodt, an ardent amateur archaeologist. It was believed that the numerous flint objects which could be found in a peculiar kind of boulderclay there and at other localities in the neighbourhood, might be interpreted as artefacts of a primitive, somewhat Clactonian, type; a belief which was also accepted by the present author until some five years ago. With the object of collecting more data on these somewhat enigmatic phenomena², an excavation at approximately the same locality as that described by Bursch, Florschütz and van der Vlerk was made in the autumn of 1948 by the Biologisch-Archaeologisch Instituut of Groningen University (director Professor A. E. van Giffen) under supervision of Dr. A. Bohmers and the present author. Thanks to the energetic help of the late Colonel Malunckrodt two other localities, situated more to the West, on the Oldebroek artillery range, were also excavated. Here again the same flint objects, interspersed in either gravel and coarse sands, or in a loam comparable to that found at Wezep, were recovered. The layer of loam at one of the two Oldebroek localities was found to be much thinner than that encountered at Wezep, although not differing from it in any other aspect.

Description: The genus Staurophlebia was established by BRAUER (1865, 1866) from his species magnifica from Brazil, a name which later proved to be a synonym of reticulata (Burmeister 1839), (see under this species). In his notes on St. magnifica, HAGEN (1867) said that SELYS (MS) has proposed the genus name Megalaeschna for Aeschna reticulata Burm., Ae. gigas Rbr. (= reticulata), and Ae. gigantula Selys, a closely related new species which was subsequently described by MARTIN. However, Megalaeschna is a synonym of the earlier name Staurophlebia, as already pointed out by COWLEY (1935). In his classification of the aeschnines, SELYS (1883) includes the two subgenera Neuraeschna and Staurophlebia in his genus Staurophlebia s.l., while KIRBY (1890), CALVERT (1905), and MARTIN (1909) give Staurophlebia s.str. generic rank, with St. reticulata Burm. as the genotype. The characters of this genus are as follows: Wing venation: subcosta prolonged beyond the nodus to the first or second postnodal cross vein. Median space free. Triangle long, with 6—8 cells. M2 curved upward proximal to stigma. Rs forked proximal to stigma, enclosing in its fork 3—4 rows of cells; Rspl curved, between Rs and Rspl 5—6 rows of cells at maximum. Anal loop with 12—18 cells. Anal triangle in male 3-celled. Pterostigma small, longer in fore wing than in hind wing. Large (75 mm) to very large (96 mm), stoutly built species, green, brown and blue-coloured. In general, head and thorax light-green, abdomen (except the first two segments) red-brown, bluish green, or dull blue. Frons prominent, marked with T-spot. Eyes connected for a long distance, occipital triangle small. Abdomen long-cylindrical, male with auriculae on segm. 2 and moderately narrowed at segm. 3. Male appendices superiores long, leaf-like, with a hooked middle process on upper side half-way down their length, and an erect denticulate crest at the distal end, along the inner margin. Inferior appendage long-triangular, reaching to 1/3, mostly to 2/3, the length of the superiores. There is a basal prominence of the inferior appendage just between the bases of the app. sup. in the male. App. sup. of the female lanceolate, entire. Abd. segm. 10 of female with a long, two-pronged, ventral process.

Description: The present report is based in the first place on material collected by the trawler “Coquette”, which, from April to August 1957, explored the offshore waters of Suriname and French Guiana from the mouth of the Nickerie River in the west to the Iles de Salut in the east. Most of the hauls were made at a distance of 20 to 30 miles from the coast. The paper also considers the Stomatopoda collected off the Suriname coast by the Suriname Fisheries Service. To date, only one species of stomatopod has been reported from Suriname, viz. “Gonodactylus chiragra Fabr.”, so named by NEUMANN (1878, p. 39), who reported on a specimen which is preserved in the collection of the Heidelberg Museum and was said to have originated from Suriname. As has been shown by HOLTHUIS (1959, p. 14) NEUMANN’S so-called Suriname material is very likely incorrectly labelled, and was more probably collected in the West Indian Islands. Accordingly, this record had better be ignored.

Description: In this article the results of a study on boulder-clay in the neighbourhood of Winschoten (N.E. Netherlands) are communicated (Chapter I). The underlying sediments of the boulder-clay in this area consist of fine preglacial sands and black clay. In the nuclei of the many drumlins a strongly ice-pushed boulder-clay may be encountered (Chapter II). Palynological analysis showed the pollen content of the boulder-clay to be very small. In a few samples more pollen was found (Plates I and II), but in these cases there appeared to be an admixture of black clay, obviously picked up by the land-ice. This black clay (the so-called potklei or pottery clay) is very humic and resembles the Lauenburg clay from Germany, but is younger. Using pollen analysis only one would date this clay as Miocene or even older (Plates II and III). This is impossible however, for in borings in this area Pleistocene sediments underneath the potklei are encountered. The solution of the problem is that we are dealing bere with secondary pollen material, originating from the Miocene in N.W. Germany; this pollen was transported by rivers before the land-ice came (Chapter III). Granulometric analysis proved the boulder-clay of Winschoten to be the normal Dutch type. As far as we know this boulder-clay was deposited during the Saale glacial (Chapter IV). The erratics in two samples were carefully examined. To this purpose the erratics from 6 mm — 5 cm were counted (according- to the Madsenmethod 1897); the results were arranged in such way that a comparison with the countings from De Waard (1947) in the N.O. Polder could be made. Therefore the percentages of the various groups of erratics taken from the total content of erratics were compared with each other (Chapter V). Fig. 4 shows the countings. It will be seen that the number of crystalline erratics in the boulder-clay from Bovenburen is considerably smaller, the sandstone and quartzite content far greater than that found in the boulder-clay from the N.O. Polder. In the field too, this was striking. We might speak of a local association of erratics in the grey boulder-clay at Bovenburen. The analysis of the light fraction (Chapter VI) gave the following data: the composition of the samples, the roundness and dullness of the quartz grains correspond with the data from the normal grey boulder-clay (Table VI). This agrees with the fact that the microfossils mentioned in this article were only found in grey boulder-clay. A small admixture of red boulder-clay is possible however, on account of an occasional find of some brown bryozoa and ostracoda characteristic for the red boulder-clay. Moreover the identification of the bryozoa indicated that fine components of the boulder-clay we examined originated from an area (Denmark and S. Sweden) with Danian and Upper Senonian outcrops (Table V).

Description: This paper contains some morphological and statistical data on a number of Ozolaimus populations gathered from entire specimens of Iguana iguana iguana — injected with formaline and/or alcohol for general purposes only — and from a few intestinal tracts that had been preserved separately. Further research on these samples — which, on the whole, still contain quite a number of other nematode species — has been entrusted to Dr. E. Caballero y C., México. All Iguana specimens studied (see Table 6) were collected by Dr. P. Wagenaar Hummelinck, with the exception of Nos. 11 (Dr. J. Boeke), 11a-b (Dr. A. C. J. Burgers), 45-50 (Dr. D. C. Geijskes), and 51 (unknown collector). The hosts — except for Nos. 8, 11a-b, 45-50 — have been deposited in the State Museum of Natural History, Leiden, and in the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam.

Description: The small collection of tiger-beetles, belonging to the genus Megacephala, which is the subject of this paper, was incidentally made by the author during his visits to the Lesser Antilles in 1936-’37 and 1948-’49. The greater part of the material has been deposited at the “Zoologisch Museum” of Amsterdam and the “Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie” at Leiden. Some specimens (27 M. sobrina from Porlamar, Margarita, and Deenterra, Bonaire) were presented to the collections of the American Museum of Natural History, British Museum, Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, incl. Coll. Horn, Hope Department of Entomology at Oxford, The Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture in Trinidad, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique at Brussel, United States National Museum, the Zoological Museum at Copenhagen, and the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt Universität at Berlin, whose keepers kindly entrusted me with some material included in this study. The specimens presented by the U. S. Nat. Mus. were given to Amsterdam, those from the Amer. Mus. to Leiden.

Description: A short time ago rumors reached Bogota that a big cavesystem had been discovered by some farmers in the southwest of the department of Tolima, between the villages of Cunday and Purificación. This region belongs morphologically and geologically to the Eastern Cordillera, and forms the westernmost spurs of this mountain chain. As the existence of these caves was completely unknown up to that time, and as no limestones were known from that region, a scientific expedition was organized for a first exploration. The geological party of this expedition was formed by Dr. J. A. Bueno, the author and his wife. We went by car from Bogota to Girardot and from there to Cunday. The next day we had a whole day’s walk to the entrance of the eaves. After two days and two nights passed underground, we left the caves some kilometers to the southwest, at the other side of the mountains. From there we had a two-days walk to the nearest-by village on the Magdalena-river, Suarez. From there we returned to Bogota by car. We only could explore some kilometers of the cave-system, but the guide told us that, entering south of Cunday, one can go on to the south and leave east of Purificación, at least ten kilometers southwest of the Cunday entrance. Knowing that there are several levels, these dimensions would place the Cunday-caves among the larger ones of the world.

Description: Explanation of the geological map (Northwestern part) of the province of La Coruña, Galicia, N.W. Spain Main rock groups We distinguish five main groups of rocks which probably differ in age. Whether this age difference applies only to the time of their intrusion or metamorphism or also to their sedimentary origin remains obscure. These five groups are from top to bottom in the time scale: — (1) Younger rocks, mostly not tectonized, post tectonic. To this group belong: (a) a red sandstone patch west of Malpica on the coast, unconformable on the underlying schists, age unknown; (b) the Traba granite pluton and some other plutonic rocks south of it; (c) rhyolitic or syenitic dykes south of the Traba granite; (d) a swarm of WNW striking basic dykes, mostly dolerites which are probably older than the Traba granite; (2) A group of intrusive rocks which are partly tectonized and partly not, and often have a porphyritic texture. (a) A group which we call the trondjemetic differentiation series, in the north mostly diorites, in the south gradually losing their content of dark minerals. The rocks often contain very large calcic felspar crystals. (b) A group called the Coruña granite, mostly biotite granite but with pegmatites containing muscovite. (3) A group of basic rocks, covering a large territory forming an arc with liameter of ± 60 km and consisting of gabbros, pyroxenites, serpentines and amphibolites. The coarse gabbros in the centre of its western branch are not tectonized but the omphibolites on its outer margin are often strongly tectonized. (4) A group of rocks containing migmatites, white granites, gneisses, mica schists and even less metamorphic rocks, which we call the Lage group. The muscovite granite of Lage is certainly a syntectonic granite, and is associated with migmatites and micaschists on the one hand and with much less disturbed granites on the other hand. (5) A group of rocks, showing locally a very high degree of metamorphism, which we call the “ancient complex”. It contains hornblende gneisses, amphibolites eclogites, muscovite gneisses, granite gneisses and micaschists, and occupies a long NS trending band. It differs from the Lage complex by the frequent occurence of concordant amphibolites. The relation of these groups of rocks is very doubtful in many cases but we believe that the youngest rocks are Paleozoic and the oldest Pre-Cambrian. The doleritic dykes, striking WNW are often regarded as Mesozoic or even Tertiary (Torre de Assunçao, 1950, 1951) it follows that Traba granite might also be Tertiary and could perhaps be compared to the Cintra granite of Portugal (Torre de Assunçao and Brak-Lamy, 1952) The Lage complex could be compared perhaps with the pre-Ordovician schists which have been called by Teixeira (1954, 1955) the “ante-Ordovician schistograywackes” and are perhaps Pre-Cambrian. Probably our “ancient complex” represents then an even older Pre-Cambrian orogenic cycle. On the other hand the analyses of the Rb/Sr relation (Hoja de Tuy, 1953) indicate that the pegmatites of the Lage granite are either Caledonian or Hercynian in age, as they imply ages vary between a 270 and 350 million years. The analyses are not isotopic however and one perhaps ought not attach too much value to their result. According to the field relation of the Coruña granites and the Lage migmatites or schists there can be little doubt that the Coruña granite is younger. The Coruña granite should then be Hercynian because a Caledonian orogeny is almost unknown in the Iberian Peninsula (Carrington da Costa, 1952). The intrusion of gabbroïc rocks is still more difficult to date. On the one hand it has partly been tectonized on its margin whereas the rocks of the centre are perfectly fresh, but on the other hand they are younger than the schists in which they intruded and the Lage orogeny itself. Provisionally we regard their intrusion as late-Hercynian. In general the structures of this western region of Galicia shows a dominant NS trend, bent in an arc convex towards the west. This convexity has been increased by a set of younger faults striking WNW. The schistosity of the rocks is generally parallel to the trend of their boundaries but exact measurements are mostly lacking. Discordant with the prevailing structures are the abovementioned faults, the doleritic dykes which accompany them and the intrusions of younger granites of the Traba group. Petrology 1. The Traba granite and associated rocks. — This group of rocks occurs only in the eastern coastal section of the province of La Coruña. They form either great batholiths like the Traba and the Pindo masses, or small outcrops closely related to the big batholiths as near Mugía, Leis and Caneliñas. The reddish granite generally contains biotits and Na-K felspar, and has sometimes a porphyritic texture. It never shows any preferred orientation of its minerals. Its direct thermal metamorphic zone is restricted to some tens of meters, but its influence is felt in a much larger region. Everywhere on the sheets 67 and 92 and the western half of the sheets 68 and 93 one finds numerous small stocks and dykes. These dykes consist either of hornblende syenites, fine grained dacites and quartz porphyries. A semicircular dyke system of these rocks suggests a circular zone of subsidence. Another dyke system, which also traverses the fundamental structure of the Galician system, has an approximately E—W trend. These dykes consist either of basic rocks (lamprophyres, diabase porphyries or dolerites), or of light coloured acid, aphanitic rocks. Their age is certainly younger than the Lage granite, which they traverse, and older than the Traba granite which in its turn appears to cut off the dykes. The Traba granite mass contains zones full of thin mineralized quartz veins containing cassiterite, wolframite, molybdenite and monazite. Some large quartz dykes traverse the granite from north to south. 2. The non orientated, homogeneous and porphyritic, late tectonic granites. — This group contains all those granitic masses which appear as rounded hills, which in Galicia are called “penedos”, or occupy large flat surfaces. In general they form large batholiths with well defined boundaries and cause thermal metamorphism in the adjacent rocks, but others are clearly granitizised masses. At the contacts of the latter masses one sees a gradual absorption of the rocks of the “ancient complex” accompanied by a complete reorganization of the elements. The marginal zones coutain numerous xenoliths, distributed without regular orientation, as for instance south of Mugia. When this process of absorption continues the rock becomes homogeneous and a palingenetic granite, sometimes of porphyritic texture like that of la Ruña or Monte Pedrouso, or of homogeneous grain like that of Muros, is the result. The different types are: (a) The biotite-granodiorite of Bayo, (b) The biotite-granite of La Coruña, (c) Porphyritic muscovite granite of La Ruña, (d) Homogeneous muscovite granite of Muros. a. The biotite-granodiorites of Bayo, or rocks of the trondjemitic differentiation series. — These granodiorites form elongated masses concordant with the trend of the “ancient complex” or Lage group. Apparently they have assimilated large tracts of the surrounding rocks. The most basic types contain much pyroxene and hornblende, all of them contain biotite and plagioclase, and in the most acid types the plagioclase predominates. The Bayo mass is some 50 km long and has a width varying between 1 and 5 km. The masses of Santa Comba-Negreira are also elongated in a N—S direction. b. Biotite granite of La Coruña. — In eastern Galicia there are several batholithic granite masses which resemble in many respects those of the Bayo type but cannot be included in the same group because their mineralogy and emplacement is different. They form large plutons which are not concordant with the general trend and find their greatest development in the Cambrian and Ordovician of western Galicia, for instance the Lugo granite described by Barrois in 1881. In our region the Coruña granite belongs to this group, further east we find the batholith east of Betanzos and Curtis and the large batholith of Vivero-Mondoñedo. c. The porphyric muscovite granite of la Ruña. — The Ruña mountain, 640 m altitude, gives typical exposures of these muscovite-biotite granites. The granite consists of large idiomorphic Na-K felspars up to 7 cm with quartz, muscovite and biotite, it does not show any preferred orientation beyond a faint parallel arrangement of the phenocrysts probably due to the intrusion. The mass is clearly discordant with its surrounding rocks and contains large blocks of the augen gneiss of Lage. We suppose that it constitutes a granitization product of the Lage granite, a palingenic granite in situ. Several similar masses occur in west Galicia for instance, in the Pontevedra province and south of Vigo, and also near Friol near Lugo in eastern Galicia. d. The homogeneous muscovite granite of Muros. — This type of granite is very frequent in western Galicia. The name is derived from the occurrence near the district of that name north-west of the ría de Noya. We consider it for the present as closely related to the Ruña type, more homogeneous, but of the same origin. 3. The basic rocks belonging to the “Lopolith”. — The map shows that these rocks form a discontinuous arcuate outcrop some 100 km long in the N—S direction and some 60 km wide. They dip everywhere inwards and are covered by the Ordenes schists, so that the shape of the mass resembles a dish. The petrography of the rocks is very variable, in general we can recognize: 1. Basic diorites with andesine, pyroxene and hornblende. These we find intercalated between the schists of Barrañán (Carballo sheet). 2. An extensive outcrop north of Carballo of ilmenite-rich gabbro rich in alternating with amphibolites. 3. A large mass of fresh looking olivine-gabbro, also with amphibolites, which extends from Mte Castelo to Carballo in an area of some 200 km2. This mass has on its western margin a band of pyroxenites. 4. A large mass of amphibolites east of Santiago de Compostela which contains important mineralizations of pyrrhotite and cupriferous pyrite. 5. A series of outcrops of peridotites, pyroxenites and serpentines on the southern border of the río Ulla, near Bandeira, Las Cruces and Berredo. This outcrop of basic rocks narrows north of the río Ulla and continues to the east of Mellid where it broadens again on the hills of Corno do Boy and reaches the Rías near Sobrado. North of Sobrado it broadens again and the ultra-basic rock reaches Teijeiro. After an interruption of some km the serpentines reappear near Irijoa east of Betanzos and in a small outcrop north of Puentedeume. 6. Finally we find a major outcrop of the basic rocks in the extreme north of the province from Moeche to the Cape of Ortegal, occupying the hills of the Sierra de la Capelada. The cupriferous pyrite mines of Cerdido are situated on their eastern border. We do not know yet the age of these intrusions, which might be older than we suppose now. Neither do we know much about the rocks or their structural circumstances. 4. The migmatitic granite of Lage. — This gneissic granite with two micas occupies a large area in eastern Galicia. The most typical rocks are exposed between the isles of Sisargas and Lage (Schulz, 1835). The texture of the rock is very variable (Expl. sheet Lage no. 43, Tuy no. 261, Oya no. 260), and can perhaps be regarded as an antexitic granite. In the gneissgranite we find parallel zones of migmatized schists and micaschists. Their orientation is roughly N15°E. Along the western margin of the outcrop of the polymetamorphic “ancient complex” these gneisses get an augen structure by the development of large felspatic “eyes” up to 10 cm long, surrounded by biotite perhaps indicating a kind of mylonitization. These gneisses seem to possess two planar structures at an angle of 15° to 20°, one due to the mica orientation, the other to the felspar eyes. The Lage gneisses differ from the “ancient complex” gneisses by the absence of parallel basic bands. 5. The “ancient complex”. — A narrow zone of highly metamorphic rocks extends from Malpica (sheet 44) in the north to the ria de Arosa (sheet 152) in the south. This zone of 80 km length and roughly 6 km wide is slightly convex to the west. The most typical rock is a glandular biotite-felspar gneiss, but we find also gneissic mica schists and other varieties. In the centre, between Baiñas and Mazaricos the gneisses contain riebeckite. The whole complex contains numerous parallel narrow zones or dykes of very much tectonized basic rocks, amphibolites, pyroxenites and eclogites. The fact that these rocks show a higher grade of metamorphism and often are polymetamorphic as compared to the Lage group induses us to believe them to be older. Mineralogically these rocks are characterized by the instability of their micas, biotite and muscovite, and hornblendes. The first group is often found as much deformed relics. Only in the perhaps younger riebeckite gneiss intrusions the hornblende is more stable and uniformly developed. Near Malpica biotite gneisses with some muscovite predominate, near Puenteceso and Zas biotite-hornblende gneiss and near Baiñas and Mazaricos riebeckite gneiss. Near Noya the biotite gneisses deappear. The basic rocks have their greatest development between Zas and Mazaricos. Inside the complex we can suspect many faults bringing zones of different grades of metamorphism in contact. It seems quite probable that similar zones of highly metamorphic character exist also elsewhere in Galicia. We suppose for instance that the riebeckite granite an dgranite-gneiss east of the Monte del Carrio and those of Silleda in Central Galicia belong to the same group. Perhaps the Ordenes schists of a much lower metamorphic grade above the basic rocks described before, belong to the same group. Conclusion Perhaps the complicated skeleton which we have presented here as an explanation of our map, and which is the result of numerous excursions in Galicia during recent years can be summarized in the following table: Age of orogeny Mock groups Deformation; genesis Petrographical type Alpine Traba none intrusion Traba granite Bardullas syenite Rhyolitcs Hercynian Muros weak granitization Bayo diorite Coruna granite Runa granite Maros granite t Lopolith .' Basic rocks Huronian — 800 m.y. Lage intense migmatization Granite-gneiss of Lage Augen granite of Cabrai Archean — 1200 m.y. Malpica (ancient complex) very intense migmatization Penedo granite Borneiro gneiss Baiñas gneiss Metamorphic basic rocks The correlation of the rock-groups with known orogenic periods is of course very doubtful. The reader must realize that we give this outline only in order to stimulate further research.

Description: Er zijn verschillende redenen om te veronderstellen, dat het grondgebied, dat men thans Nederland noemt, in het Pleistoceen bewoond was. Zowel in het Noorden als in het Zuiden zijn artefacten gevonden, die beschouwd worden als te behoren tot palaeolithische culturen.

Description: Pebbles of various kinds were subjected to abrasion by a sand-laden current of water. The loss in weight resulting from the action of coarse and fine sand at different velocities was measured. There proved to be no abrasion below a velocity of 70 cm per second. At a bottom velocity of this amount medium to large pebbles are already rolled along. This causes much severer loss of weight. Hence wet sandblasting is not important for particles under cobble size either in streams or on beaches.

Description: Cet aperçu sur les Spirorbes du Carbonifère néerlandais présente après une courte description de l’espèce Spirorbis pusillus, quelques remarques sur l’écologie de cette espèce et le commensalisme supposé par certains étudiants, mais encore douteux d’après l’opinion de l’auteur.

Description: Benoemd met ingang van de cursus 1922—23, gaf ik mijn eerste college in de Mineralogie op 27 september 1922 en mijn eerste college in de Algemene Geologie op 13 October van dat jaar. Ik was benoemd tot een soort “Sjaan van alles” uit de familie Doorsnee, evenals mijn voorganger K. Martin dat geweest was; d.w.z. ik zou alle geologische wetenschappen moeten doceren: Kristallografie, Mineralogie, Petrologie, Algemene Geologie, Palaeontologie, Stratigrafie en Historische Geologie. Gelukkig had ik de vermetelheid aan de President-Curator mede te delen, niet in staat te zijn de laatstgenoemde drie vakken te onderwijzen. Noodgedwongen moest ik een keuze doen. Naast de Algemene Geologie zou het òf het complex der mineralogische wetenschappen of dat der palaeontologische moeten zijn, waarop ik mij met enige kans van succes zou kunnen werpen. Ik koos de eerstgenoemde groep omdat de exacte zijde der geologische wetenschappen mij aantrok, terwijl het determineren van fossielen mij niet lag. Wanneer men bedenkt, dat von Laue zijn beroemd proefondervindelijk bewijs van de struktuur der kristallen, toen ik in 1911 afstudeerde, nog niet geleverd had, en ik mij, na een assistentschap van 1% Jaar en een conservatorschap van 1 jaar in Delft, in de aardolieindustrie begaf, zal het duidelijk zijn, dat ik in 1922 een grote achterstand in mijn wetenschappelijke ontwikkeling had in te halen om enigszins dragelijke colleges in de Kristallografie en Mineralogie te geven. Ik wil hier niet uitweiden over de moeilijkheden, die ik hierbij te overwinnen had, maar wel gaarne getuigen van het genoegen dat ik telkens weer beleefde (tot in 1950) wanneer ik de jonge studenten in de geheimen van de kristallografische symmetrieleer en kristaloptica moest inwijden. Heden wil ik zeer in het kort in herinnering roepen hetgeen ik naast de gewone colleges in de geologie en mineralogie onder de titel “Capita selecta"" als dessert heb opgediend.

Description: In 1958 werden de karteringen in de Centrale Pyreneeën en in het noorden van de provincie Leon (zuidrand Ast.-Cantabrisch Gebergte) voortgezet, het werk in Galicië niet. In de Centrale Pyreneeën werd een eerste verkenning in het Ribagorzana dal aangevangen, waarover hier nog niet gerapporteerd wordt. Het werk in het Segre dal werd voortgezet, terwijl de kartering van een klein ingewikkeld gebied in een oostelijk zijdal van de Pallaresa werd begonnen en beëindigd. De karteringen in het noorden van Andorra en over de grens in Frankrijk werden eveneens voortgezet.

Description: The northern part of the contact aureole of the biotite-granite of Quérigut contains limestones and dolomites, which have been metamorphosed over a distance of about 100 to 150 metres. Further, a wide innermost border zone of the igneous body is characterized by the development of some hornblende and the occurrence of many dark inclusions, as well as aplitic and porphyritic dikes. A narrow outermost border zone of the granite is conspicuous by a much larger proportion of hornblende and accessories, the development of clinopyroxene in the immediate vicinity of the contact, and finally by a heterogeneous texture. Scarce localities where comparatively fresh granite is in direct contact with the dolomitic country rock, revealed the presence of a narrow zone of silicate skarn, developed exactly at the junction. Adjoining the skarn, the granite of the outermost border zone shows a very narrow and highly modified border facies over a distance of a few mm. to 5 cm., the so-called transition zone. Three types of this zone are distinguished: a prehnite-rich type, a clinozoisite- and zoisite-rich type and a grossularbearing one. Though the contact is very irregular, the zone of the silicate skarns follows all its curves and is remarkably constant in width (4—7 cm.). The adjoining country rock being almost pure dolomitic marble, the zone of the silicate skarns has apparently been formed by extensive metasomatism over a very limited distance. Within the skarn zone itself, a zonal structure is also apparent, with six different mineral assemblages, the spinel-xanthophyllite zone being the most conspicuous. Since the skarn consists mainly of a diopsidic clinopyroxene, it is broadly speaking a silicated dolomite. According to the mineralogical composition of the different zones, however, a certain amount of iron and aluminium has also been introduced by diffusion from the adjacent granitic magma, the proportion of both elements diminishing towards the marble. Among the various earlier and later minerals observed in the skarns, a thulite-like clinozoisite, amesite and diaspore may also be mentioned. Alternating layers of pure and impure limestones and dolomites, making up the bulk of the country rock, have been subjected to thermal metamorphism and partly also to pneumatolytic action. The pure limestones and dolomites were recrystallized to pure marbles. Impure limestones were transformed into calcite marbles with varying proportion of contact minerals, such as clinozoisite-epidote, prehnite, diopside, grossular, idocrase and wollastonite. Pure and impure quartzitic layers and lenses intercalated between the earlier limestones are now calc-silicate hornfelses, composed mainly of the minerals just mentioned. The impure dolomites were converted into dolomitic marbles with magnesium-rich minerals such as forsterite, phlogopite and spinel, while pneumatolytic action superimposed on the thermal metamorphism partly transformed the forsterite into clinohumite. Besides these four widespread minerals, chondrodite, humite and fluoborite have been found locally. Some of the spinels display two different colours within the same crystal. All steps in the progressive alteration of spinel into hydrotalcite are visible. Of the more than sixty minerals encountered in the rocks of the contact aureole and the border zone of the granite (listed on p. 255), six are probably new for France, viz. amesite, fluoborite, hydrotalcite, manasseite, xanthophyllite and a thulite-like clinozoisite. The alteration phenomena of some of the earlier minerals are of special interest and we may mention here that of spinel into diaspore, hydrotalcite and two types of amesite; of xanthophyllite into a. o. amesite, prehnite and clinozoisite; and finally of biotite into a. o. pumpellyite and garnet. Comparative studies of rocks from several other areas revealed similar alteration phenomena. The secondary garnet of a peculiar, flat, lenticular shape is probably of hydrothermal origin and appears to be a quite common mineral which has apparently hitherto been confused with other minerals such as zoisite. Finally, two new localities of clintonite have been found, one in Spain (Serranía de Ronda) and the other in the U.S.A. (Franklin).

Description: During the Fall of 1945 the author measured daily the micro-topography of a beach profile at Zandvoort, the Netherlands. The daily changes and the movements of the beach ridges have been determined. Several beach ridges came into being and were destroyed during storms. The structure of the deposits has been studied.

Description: Whereas in fishes several osteomas (Bell, 1793; Gervais, 1875; Bland-Sutton, 1885 ; Plehn, 1906 ; Schroeders, 1908 ; Fiebiger, 1909 ; Williamson, 1913 ; Beatti, 1916 ; Kazama, 1924 ; Sagawa, 1925; Williams, 1929; Takahashi, 1929; Thomas, 1932, 1933; Lucké and Schlumberger, not published, see the publication of Schlumberger and Lucké, 1948) and some osteosarcomas (Wahlgren, 1873 ; Murray, 1909 ; Williams, 1929 ; Thomas, 1932) have been described, in amphibians only one case of a doubtful osteogenic sarcoma (Ohlmacher, 1898) has been found and in reptiles one case of an osteoma (Moodie, 1923). Therefore, the multiple osteomas, which we were in a position to study in an adult female of the lizard Lacerta viridis, is probably the first case of this tumour found in a reptile. The tumour nodules presented themselves as rather regular nodules, varying in size, which were present in the tail and arose from the caudal vertebrae (figs. 1 and 2).

Description: Antirhea surinamensis Brem. n. spec. ramulis novellis non resinosis, inflorescentiis multifloris, bis ramificatis, floribus 4-meris, ovariis paucilocularibus ad A. obtusifoliam Urb., A. coriaceam (Vahl) Urb., A. Shaferi Urb., A. occidentalem Urb., A. tenuifoliam Urb., A. panamensem Standl, accedens, sed a speciebus his omnibus ovario et capsula 3-loculari, pedunculis longioribus distinguenda, a speciebus his A. panamensi solum excepta insuper foliis acutissime exeuntibus, ab A. obtusifolia insuper foliis basi acutis, ab A. coriacea inflorescendae ramulis brevioribus, ab A. occidentali et A. panamensi corolla extus pilosula diversa. Habitus nondum accurate notus, sed certe arborescens. Rami novelli glabri vel interdum sparse sed longius pilosi, non resinosi, mox cortice griseo-brunneo opaco, plicatulo et sparse lenticellato vestiti, circ. 1.5 mm diam., ex internodiis paucis compositi, internodio infimo 4.5-8.0 cm longo, internodio secundo interdum usque ad 3 cm longo sed plerumque 1 cm haud superante, aliis 0.2-0.6 cm longis. Folia petiolata; petiolus canaliculatus appresse pilosus sed ad marginem hirtellus, 3-6 mm longus; lamina elliptica vel obovata, 4.5-10 cm longa et 2.0-4.7 cm lata, apice acuminata et acutissime exeuns, basi acuta, subcoriacea, utrimque opaca, siccitate non conspicue discolorata, supra glabra, subtus costa nervisque densius, inter nervos sparse pubescens, costa supra impressa, subtus prominente, nervis utroque latere costae plerumque 7 prominulis, reticulatione densa siccitate colore saturatiore distinguenda sed haud prominula. Stipulae ovato-triangulares, 5 mm longae, extus glabrae, margine tamen ciliolatae, mox deciduae. Inflorescentia pedunculo appresse piloso 4.5-7 cm longo instructa; bis pseudo-dichotome ramificata, ramulis primariis 4-5 mm longis, ramulis secundariis 10-15 mm longis, floribus usque ad 12 instructis. Bracteae ovato-acuminatae 0.5 mm longae. Flores sessiles, ebracteolati, 4-meri. Ovarium parce appresse pilosulum, 3- loculare. Calyx etiam parce appresse pilosulus tubo 0.2 mm, lobis ovato-triangularibus 0.3 mm longis. Corolla extus appresse pilosula, tubo 7-8 mm longo et 0.8 mm diam., intus glabro, lobis ellipticoorbicularibus 1.4 mm longis et 1.0 mm latis. Stamina filamento brevissimo instructa; antherae dorsifixae fere 0.5 mm infra orem tubi inclusae, lineares, 2.6 mm longae. Granula pollinis 3-pora, distincte reticulata, 25 µ diam. Discus cylindricus 0.4 mm altus. Stylus glaber, tubo aequilongus; stigma capitatum. Drupa glabra, 9 mm alta et 4.5 mm diam., pyrena 3-lobata et 3-loculari.

Description: On the frontier of the municipalities “Melick en Herkenbosch” and “Vlodrop” near the road from Herkenbosch to boundery-mark 376, in the site named “Koezoep”, in the province of Limburg, Netherlands, is a peat swamp, known as the “Turfkoele”. From the geological map (no. 58, fourth part sheet 4) it appears that the peat under the swamp has been formed on a deposit of river sand. This deposit has come from the Roer and lays on the middle terrace of this river and of the Meuse.

Description: In recent times very little has been published on the fern flora of French Guiana. In 1918, R. BONAPARTE published a list of fern specimens, collected chiefly by Leprieur and Mélinon (p. 365: Guyane franςaise, plusieurs collecteurs, herbier du Prince Bonaparte; apart from some scattered notes in other volumes of Notes Ptéridologiques); POSTHUMUS’s records of ferns from that region, which are included in his work on the ferns of Surinam (1928), were partly based on Bonaparte’s work, but comparatively little new material had been added to the existing collections. Consequently, when Mme M. Tardieu-Blot informed me that the Paris herbarium contained some unidentified collections of Pteridophytes from that region, I accepted willingly her offer to study them. In this paper are enumerated new or critical or in some other respects interesting records of ferns from the material concerned. It is regrettable that most collections do not possess indications of precise localities, or even lack collectors names, numbers, or both; it is supposed that most of these specimens have been collected by Leprieur.

Description: It can hardly be denied that the expression “General Plant Morphology”, which is so often met with in botanical textbooks, has little or no meaning. A general morphology of the Plant Kingdom would have to occupy itself with those morphological features that are common to all groups of plants, which means that it would have to confine itself to the common features of the cell structure and eventually to such peculiarities as are independent of the uni- or pluricellular structure of the plant body, e.g. its enclosure within a rigid envelop. However, when we realize that there is in this respect no fundamental difference between the common features of plants and animals or, at least, of some groups of animals it will be clear that the use of the expression “General Plant Morphology” is misleading and should be avoided. What in most botanical textbooks is understood by “General Morphology” is not a morphology of the whole Plant Kingdom but only of a part of it; however, the delimitation of this part, and this is a most astounding feature, is but seldom explicitly indicated, and, moreover, proves to vary, sometimes even in different chapters of the same work. Most textbook-writers seem to agree that Algae and Fungi have a morphology of their own, and that the latter should be left to specialists in these fields; they accordingly restrict their attention either to the Embryophyta, i.e. the group which comprises the Bryophyta and the Vascular Plants, or to the Vascular Plants alone.