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  • AERODYNAMICS  (2,111)
  • Witterung
  • 1975-1979  (2,119)
  • 1925-1929  (28)
  • 1
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    In:  Landwirtschaftl. Jahrbuch 64:241-296
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Zusammenhang zwischen Niederschlag, Temperatur und Erträgen. Untersucht wurden Winterweizen, Winterroggen, Sommergerste, Sommerroggen, Kartoffeln, Futterpflanzen und Wiesen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterungsfaktoren Niederschlag und Temperatur auf die Ernteerträge KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied +, dann Erträge (Halmfrüchte und Kartoffeln) + und später -; Delta T -, dann Erträge +,
    Keywords: Deutsches Reich (östl. u. westl. Provinzen, Hannover, Sachsen, Rheinland) ; 1899-1913 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Abhängigkeit der Getreideerträge von Witterungseinflüssen mithilfe der Korrelationsmethode in 11 orographisch abgegrenzen Gebieten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Korrelation zwischen der Abweichung vom 11, bzw. 30jährigen monatlichen Mittel (April-Juli) der Niederschläge und dem Ertrag von Getreidearten (Weizen, Dinkel, Roggen, Gerste, Hafer) KATASTER-DETAIL: Nied 〉 (11, bzw. 30jährigen monatlichen Mittel von 1888-1898 und 1888-1917 im Monat Mai, je nach Region 55-158mm), dann höchste Übereinstimmung der Korrelationskoeffienten für die Ertragszunahme über alle Kulturen
    Keywords: Baden ; 1888-1898 und 1888-1917 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 3
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    In:  Vereinigten Friedrichs-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle.
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Ertragsrelevante Korrelationen bei Winterweizen und -gerste mit der Temperatur, bei allen übrigen Kulturen war Niederschlag entscheidend KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Saalkreis, Kreis Bitterfeld, Kreis Delitzsch, Kreis Wittenberg, südl. Teil Kreis Köthen ; 1900-26 ; Kartoffeln ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Niederschlag ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Ergebnisse (Rangordungs- und Korrelationsmethode) der Beziehung zwischen Witterung und Ertrag vieler Kulturen eingeteilt nach Monaten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Temperatur und des Niederschlags auf den Ertrag folgender Kulturpflanzen: Winterweizen, Winterroggen, Dinkel, Sommerweizen, Sommerroggen, Sommergerste, Hafer, Hopfen, Luzerne, Rotklee, Wiesen, Kartoffeln) KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Vegetationszeit) -, dann Ertrag (Winter- und Sommergetreide) +; Delta T (Winter, Juni und Juli) -, dann Ertrag (Sommergetreide) +; Delta Nied (Winter) +, dann Ertrag (Getreide) -; Delta T (September) - und Delta Nied (Vegetationszeit) +, dann Ertrag (Futterpflanzen) +; Details für einzelne Kulturpflanzen: siehe Artikel
    Keywords: Württemberg ; 1899-1913 ; Ertrag ; Hafer ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung
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  • 5
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    In:  Informationen der Hauptstelle für Forstlichen Pflanzenschutz; Nr. 5
    Publication Date: 1976
    Description: Beschreibung der auf die Dürre- und Hitzeperiode folgenden Schäden durch nadel- und blattfressende Insekten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag) auf die Schädlingspopulationen KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied -- und Delta T +, dann Abwehrkraft (Kiefern) - und somit Raupenmortalität -; Delta T (April/Mai) -, dann Zeitpunkt Falterflug - (später); Delta Nied - und Delta T +, dann Buchenrindensterben +;
    Keywords: DDR ; 1975-1976 ; Insekten ; Luftfeuchte ; Buche ; Fichte ; Forst ; Kiefer ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Wassermangel ; Witterung ; Witterungsextreme
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  • 6
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    In:  Information der Hauptstelle für Forstlichen Pflanzenschatz; Nr. 3
    Publication Date: 1976
    Description: Informationen zum Gradationsverlauf der Forleule und ihrer Begleitarten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag) auf die Schädlingspopulation KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Winter) + und Delta Nied -, dann Vermehrung (Forleule) ++; Delta T (Frühjahr und Sommer) --, dann Population -; Delta T (März, April) - und Delta Nied (März, April) +, dann Population (Forleule) -;
    Keywords: DDR ; 1972-1976 ; Insekten ; Forst ; Kiefer ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 7
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    In:  Informationen der Hauptstelle für Forstlichen Pflanzenschutz; Nr. 1
    Publication Date: 1976
    Description: Beschreibung des Befalls von Kiefernschädlingen und der Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Folgeschäden in sturmgeschädigten Kiefernbeständen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung auf die Entwicklung von Kiefernschädlingen KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Winter) +, dann Entwicklung (rindenbrütende Insekten) +; Delta T (April bis August) und Delta Nied --, dann Entwicklung (rindenbrütende Insekten) +; Delta Wind (=Sturm) +, dann Entwicklung (rindenbrütende Insekten) +;
    Keywords: DDR ; 1976 ; Forst ; Kiefer ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Sturmschaden ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Witterung
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  • 8
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    In:  Informationen der Hauptstelle für Forstlichen Pflanzenschutz; Nr. 3
    Publication Date: 1977
    Description: Beschreibungen der durchgeführten Maßnahmen zum Forstschutz, der gegenwärtigen Situation (von u.a. Kiefernspanner, Forleule, Nonne, Kiefernspinner, Gemeine und Gelbe Kiefernbuschhornblattwespe) und Maßnahmen zur Kontrolle und Überwachung von Schädlingen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag) auf die Schädlingspopulation KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T - und Delta Nied -, dann Entwicklung (Schadinsekten) -; Delta T +: T 〉 20 °C, dann Eiablage (Blauer Kiefernprachtkäfer) bis Ende September
    Keywords: DDR ; 1977 ; Insekten ; Fichte ; Forst ; Kiefer ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Einfluss der Witterung ist Gattungs- teils sortenabhängig, und wechselt mit der Lage der Orte. Trockenheit im Vorjahr begünstigt die Ernteerträge, KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Trockenheit im Vorjahr begünstigt verbunden mit hoher Temperatur, geringer Luftfeuchtigkeit und langer Sönnenscheindauer, mit niedriger Temperatur, hoher Luftfeuchte, kurzer Sonnenscheindauer im Erntejahr, wirkt positiv auf die Ernteerträge für bestimmte Apfel - und Birnensorten, umgekehrte Beziehung insbesondere bei Früh-, Herbst- und Winterbirnensorten KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Niedersachsen ; 1900-1923 ; Apfel ; Ertrag ; Trockenheit ; Witterung ; Obst ; Birne
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: vgl. Neustädt KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang Witterungsfaktoren in wachstumsrelevanten Zeitspannen mit dem Ertrag verschiedener Kulturen KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (Oktober bis März) -, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Januar) -, dann Erträge (Roggen) ++; Delta Nied (Februar) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Mai) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Mai) 〉 1,5x Mittel, dann Erträge -; Delta Sonn (Mai, im Bezirk Köthen) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) -; Delta Nied (Januar, März, April) -, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Delta Nied (Februar, Mai bis Ernte) +, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Delta Nied (Mai) +, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) ++; (Informationen zu den weiteren landwirtschaftlicher Kulturpflanzen: siehe Artikel)
    Keywords: Mitteldeutschland ; 1900-1926 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Einfluß der Witterung auf die Qualität von Weizen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Witterungsverhältnisse der letzten 5 bis höchstens 10 Tage vor der Gelbreife sind von entscheidendem Einfluss, Backqualität nimmt von kontinentalem zum maritimen Klima ab KATASTER-DETAIL: Tmit+, Sonn+, Nied-, dann gute Qualität Nied+, dann Tausendkorngewicht + aber Nied**, dann Tausendkorngewicht - und N-Gehalt +
    Keywords: Mitteldeutschland ; 1900-1925 ; Ertrag ; Korrelationsmethode ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 12
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    In:  Kühn-Archiv, Berlin, Band XX, Seite 223-301
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Auswertung von 27 Versuchsjahren, Bestimmung einer kritischen Periode für die Mindestniederschlagshöhe durch Auswertung der Klimaparmeter in einzelnen Bezirken mittels Rangkorrelationskoeffizienten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen der Niederschlagshöhe und dem Ertrag von Zuckerrüben, Zusammenhang zwischen der Sonnenscheindauer und dem Zuckergehalt von Zuckerrüben KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied+: Nied 〉 175 mm (Juli-September), dann Ertragssteigerung bei ZR; Delta Sonn +: Sonn〉 4.43 h (September -Oktober), dann hohe Zuckergehalte bei ZR
    Keywords: Sachsen-Anhalt ; 1900-1926 ; Zuckerrüben ; Niederschlag ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 13
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    In:  Landw. Jahrbuch 68:537-558
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Untersuchungen der Beziehungen zwischen Pferdebohne (Vicia faba L.) und der Witterung. Einteilung des Wachstums in Abschnitte KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung auf die Entwicklung und den Ertrag der Pferdebohne KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T + und Delta Sonn +, dann Reife + (früher); Delta T +, dann 1. Wachstumsabschnitt (vom Auflaufen bis zum Blütebeginnn) - (kürzer); Delta T + und Delta Sonn +, dann 3. Wachstumsabschnitt (Reifezeit) - (kürzer); Delta T +, dann Gesamtwachstumszeit +; Delta Nied +, dann Gesamtwachstumszeit -; Delta T (Gesamtwachstumszeit,Jugendzeit) +, dann Kornzahl +; Delta Sonn (Blütezeit) +, dann Kornzahl +; Delta Nied +, dann Kornzahl -; Delta T (Reifezeit) - und Delta Nied (Reifezeit) +, dann Pilzbefall + und somit Kornzahl -; Delta T +, dann Kornschwere -; Delta Nied (10 Tage vor bis 10 Tage nach Blütenende) +, dann Kornschwere +; Delta T +, dann Hülsenzahl +; Delta Nied +, dann Hülsenzahl -; Delta Nied (alle Wachstumszeiten) + und Delta T (bis zum Blütenende) + und Delta Sonn -, dann Strohgewicht +;
    Keywords: Freising, Bayern ; 1921-1926 ; Ertrag ; Witterung ; Gemüse
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  • 14
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    In:  Deut. Landwirtschaflt. Presse 55:94-95.
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Übersicht über die Literatur zum Einfluss des Wetters auf die Kulturpflanzen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Milder und trockener Winter wirkt positiv auf die Weizenerträge, kalter und niederschlagsreicher Winter eher negativ, Betrachung für Norddeutschland KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1900-1926 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Witterung ; Gerste
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Einfluss der Witterungsfaktoren auf verschiedene Kulturen und die Betriebssysteme KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Witterung
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  • 16
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    In:  Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung, Düngung, Bodenkunde 6:490-496.
    Publication Date: 1927
    Description: Einfluss der Witterungsfaktoren Niederschlag, Temperatur und Sonnenscheindauer auf die Erträge KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einteilung der Temperatur in Klassen (stark, mittel, gering) und die Beurteilung auf die Erträge in den 6 Provinzen des deutschen Reiches, mit Vermehrung der Niederschlage wahrend der Vegetationszeit Zunahme der Halmfrüchte und der Kartoffeln im gröBten Teile des PreuBischen Staates anfangs, jedoch nd spater wieder abnehmender Trend KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T+ (April-Augut), dann Winterweizenerträge + in OstpreuBen, Brandenburg und Sachsen Delte T++ (April-August), dann Winterweizenerträge ++ in Ostpreußen, aber - in Brandenburg und Sachsen Delta T- (April-Augut), dann Winterweizenerträge - in Hannover und der Rheinprovinz Delta T+ (+0.1° Erhöhung Temperaturmittel der Monate April bis September), dann Kartoffel+ in OstpreuBen und Schlesien
    Keywords: Deutschland, teilw. einzelne Regionen ; 1899-1913 ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 1978
    Description: Untersuchungen zur Ertragshöhe, zu Ertragsvergleichen, zur langjährige Ertragsentwicklung und zur Abhängigkeit der Erträge von einigen Witterungsmerkmalen bei den wichtigsten Futterpflanzenarten (Mais, Futterrüben, Rotklee, Luzerne, sommerjährige Leguminosen und Gräser). Unterteilung des Landes Bayern in Klimagebiete. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag und Sonnenscheindauer) auf den Ertrag von Futterpflanzenarten. Futterrüben sind gegenüber Mais weniger witterungsempfindlich. Luzerne ist in sommertrockenen Lagen weniger niederschlagsabhängig als Rotklee KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (Juli) + (auf sommerfeuchten Standorten), dann Ertrag (Mais) -; Delta Nied (Juli) - (auf sommertrockenen Standorten), dann Ertrag (Mais) -; Delta T (generative Phase) +, dann Ertrag (Mais) + : Delta T = 1°C (im Bereich von 13-18°C), dann Ertragserhöhung um 516kStE/ha; Delta T +, dann Ertrag (Mais) + Delta Nied (Juli) + (auf sommerfeuchten Standorten), dann Ertrag (Futterrübe) -; Delta Nied (Juli) - (auf sommertrockenen Standorten), dann Ertrag (Futterrübe) -; Delta T +, dann Ertrag (Futterrübe) +; Delta Nied (Mai bis September) - (auf sommertrockenen Standorten), dann Ertrag (Rotklee) -; Delta Nied (Mai bis September) + (auf sommerfeuchten Standorten) und delta Sonn -, dann Ertrag (Rotklee) -; Delta Nied - (auf sommertrockenen Standorten), dann Ertrag (Rotklee) -;
    Keywords: Bayern ; 1950-74 ; Ertrag ; Landwirtschaft ; Mais ; Wachstum ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 18
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    In:  Die Kartoffel, S. 66
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Zusammenhang zwischen der Witterung und der Stärkeeinlagerung bei Kartoffeln KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Witterung
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  • 19
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    In:  Mitt. DLG, S. 128
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Zusammenhang zwischen der Witterung und den Knollenerträgen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Witterung
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  • 20
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    In:  Zeitschr. Pflanzenbau 2.
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Zusammenhang Witterung und Knollenansatz und -gewicht bei Kartoffeln KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Witterung
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  • 21
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    In:  Kühn-Archiv 20:140-222.
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Untersuchungen an Ernteergebnissen mittels Rangordnungs- und Korrelationsmethode zur Abhängigkeit von den Witterungsfaktoren. Untersucht wurden die Erträge von Weizen, Roggen, Sommergerste, Hafer, Erbsen und Zuckerrüben KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag, Sonnenscheindauer) auf die Erträge der Kurlturpflanzen KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Oktober, November) - und Delta T (Januar, Februar) +, dann Erträge (Weizen) +; Delta Nied (April, Mai) + und Delta Nied (Februar, März) -, dann Erträge (Weizen) +; Delta Sonn (März) +, dann Erträge (Weizen) +; Delta Nied (Mai - Zeit des Schossens) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta T (November) -, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (April, Juni) + und Delta T (April, Juni) -, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Nied (April, Juni) 〉 180mm, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) -; Delta Sonn (März, April) + und Delta Sonn (Mai) -, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Delta Nied (April bis Juni) +, dann Erträge (Hafer) +; Delta Sonn (März, April) +, dann Erträge (Hafer) +; Delta T (Juni) -, dann Erträge (Hafer) +; Delta Nied (Juni, September) +, dann Erträge (Zuckerrübe) +; Delta Nied (August) +, Zuckergehalt +; Delta T (Juni) +, dann Erträge (Zuckerrübe) +; Delta Sonn (September) +, Qualität der Ernte +; Delta Sonn (März, April) + und Delta Sonn (Mai, Juni) -, dann Erträge (Getreide) +;
    Keywords: Mansfelder See- und Saalkreis, Kreis Querfurt, Kreis Merseburg ; 1900-1925 ; Zuckerrüben ; Hafer ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer ; Gerste ; Erbsen
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  • 22
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    In:  Der Kartoffelbau, Nr. 69
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Zusammenhang der Witterungselemente, insbesondere der Sommerniederschläge zum Ertrag bei Kartoffeln KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Breslau ; 1901-1921 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Witterung
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  • 23
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    In:  Kühn-Archiv:53-78.
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Einführung der Rangordnungs- und Korrelationsmethode anhand langjähriger Beobachtungen, Einfluss des Niederschlages und der Temperatur auf den Ertrag von Erbsen, Kartoffeln, Weizen, Hafer und Roggen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur und Niederschlag) auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (März und April) + und Delta Nied (März und April) -, dann Erträge (Erbsen) +; Delta T (Mai und Juni) - und Delta Nied (Mai und Juni) +, dann Erträge (Erbse) +; Delta T (Oktober Vorjahr) +, dann Erträge (Kartoffel) +; Delta T (März) + und Delta T (Mai und Juni) -, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (Januar bis März)-, dann Erträge (Hafer) +; Delta Nied (Januar bis März)-, dann Erträge (Winterroggen) +;
    Keywords: Halle ; 1893-25 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Fichte ; Hafer ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung
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  • 24
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    In:  Diss., Göttingen
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Ergebnisse ( Korrelationsmethode) der Bezeihung zwischen Witterung und Ertrag vieler Kulturen eingeteilt nach Monaten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Beziehungen zwischen Witterung (Temperatur und Niederschlag)und Ernte KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (erste 10 Blütetage) -, dann Ertrag (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Beginn der Blüte bis 10 tage nach Ende der Blüte)-, dann Ertrag (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (während der 20 Tage nach Beginn der Blüte) -, dann Ertrag (Sommerweizen) +; Delta Tmit (während der 20 Tage nach dem Aufgang) -, dann Ertrag (Hafer) +; Delta Tmin (während der 20 Tage nach dem Aufgang) -, dann Ertrag (Gerste) +; Delta Tmit (während der 20 Tage nach Beginn der Blüte) -, dann Ertrag (Kartoffeln) +; Delta Nied (vom Aufgang bis zum Beginn der Blüte) -, dann Ertrag (Erbsen) +; Delta Nied +, dann Ertrag (Vietsbohnen) +;
    Keywords: Göttingen ; 1901-1922 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Hafer ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Erbsen
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  • 25
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    In:  Landw. Wochenschrift für die Provinz Sachsen und Anhalt, Hallle 18:428ff.
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Zusammenhang Witterung in Monaten und Gerstenertrag KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Sachsen und Anhalt ; 1920 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 26
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    In:  Hanus, H., (ed.) 1978. Vorhersage von Ernteerträgen aus Witterungsdaten in den Ländern der EG, Vol. 21, Kiel
    Publication Date: 1978
    Description: Verfahren der multiplen Regressionsgleichungen zur Vorhersage von Ernteerträgen aus Witterungsdaten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Abhängigkeit des Ertrags von der Witterung (Temperatur, Sonnenscheindauer, Niederschläge, Windgeschwindigkeit, Relative Luftfeuchte, Regentage) KATASTER-DETAIL: -
    Keywords: Europa ; Luftfeuchte ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Wind ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 1977
    Description: Einfluss meteorologischer Elemente auf den Ertrag von Winterroggen,Einteilung der Witterungsabschnitte entsprechend der phänologischen Phasen. Enge Korrelation zwischen der Niederschlagssumme der gesamten Vegetationsperiode und dem Ertrag. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Brandenburg ; Ertrag ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Vegetationsperiode ; Wassermangel ; Witterung
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 1928
    Description: Beziehung zwischen Witterung (unterteilt in einzelne Monate) und Ertragshöhe mithilfe der Rangordnungs- und der Korrelationsmethode KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag, Sonnenscheindauer) auf den Ertrag von Winterweizen, Sommerweizen, Sommergerste, Wintergerste, Hafer und Runkelrüben auf dem Versuchsfeld (wasserundurchlässiger Boden) KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Sonn (Oktober bis November)+, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Sonn (Dezember bis März)+, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) -; Delta Sonn (April) -, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (April) +, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (Mai, Juni und Juli) -, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (August bis Oktober) +, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta T (April) -, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; (Details sowie Informationen für Sommerweizen, Sommergerste, Wintergerste, Hafer und Runkelrüben siehe Artikel)
    Keywords: Hohenheim (Baden-Württemberg) ; 1914-25 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Klima ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 29
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    In:  Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung, Düngung, Bodenkunde 16.
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Beziehungen zwischen Witterung und Ernteertrag KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Hohenheim (Baden-Württemberg) ; 1914-25 ; Ertrag ; Witterung
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  • 30
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    In:  Landw. Jahrbuch Berlin 63(1):1-81
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Auszug aus der Diss. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Beziehungen zwischen Witterung (Temperatur und Niederschlag)und Ernte KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Göttingen ; 1901-1922 ; Ertrag ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte ; Erbsen
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  • 31
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    In:  Zeitschrift für Acker- und Pflanzenbau 3:330-334.
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Angabe von Niederschlagsmengen und Durchschnittstemperaturen für das ökologische Optimum bestimmter Sorten, kritische Zeiten (vor und nach der Blüte) sind hierfür entscheidend KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss von Wasser und Wärme, bzw. Niederschlag und Temperatur auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Roggen, Weizen: Delta Nied (Beginn Blütezeit)-, dann Ertrag +; Hafer, Gerste, Kartoffel: Delta T (Beginn der Blüte) -, dann Ertrag +; Bohne: Delta T (gesamte Wachstumszeit)+ und Delta Nied (gesamte Wachstumszeit) +, dann Ertrag +
    Keywords: Göttingen ; 1901-22 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Klima ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte ; Erbsen
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  • 32
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    In:  Intern. Agrik.-Wiss. Rundsch. N.F. 1;p.406-424
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Der Autor fasst in einer Literaturstudie Forschungsergebnisse und -erkenntnisse von Studien zum Zusammenhang zwischen klimatischen Parametern und dem Auftreten verschiedener Pflanzenkrankheiten aus Feldversuchen zusammen und vergleicht diese mit eigenen Beobachtungen aus Indien. Aus dem Literaturstudium gewonnene Kardinalwerte für verschiedene Pflanzenkrankheiten sind enthalten. Schwerpunkte der Sammlung an Erkenntnissen stellen Indien und die USA dar. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Indien, USA, Welt ; 1900-1925 ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Witterung
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  • 33
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    In:  Arch. Acker- und Pflanzenbau, Bodenkunde 22 (9):593-599.
    Publication Date: 1978
    Description: Mittels Regressionsgleichungen wurde der Einfluss des Grundwasserstandes, bzw. der Witterung auf den Ertrag quantifiziert und dienen als Korrektur für die Wirkungsgrade (Tabelle)für unterschiedliche Standorte. Hierdurch können der Einfluss der Jahreswitterung quantifiziert und Ertragsrichtwerte berechnet werden. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen Witterung, Standort, Bodenart und Ertrag auf Niedergrünland. Berechnung durch allgemeine Formel möglich, die je nach Standort, Düngungsregime und Witterung Korrekturwerte für die Einflussfaktoren entsprechend einer Tabelle.Berechnet wird der Günland-Ertrag als TM auf Niedermoorstandorten. KATASTER-DETAIL: Ertrag (TM in dt/ha)=a + b x x1 + c x x2 + d x x3 + e x x4 + f x x5 + g x x6 mit a=absolutes Glied, b-g Korrekturfaktoren laut Tabelle in der Veröffentlichung x1=Mittlerer Grundwasserstand in cm (April-Mai) x2=Mittlerer Grundwasserstand in cm (Juli-September) x3=Stickstoffdüngung (kg/ha Rein-N) x4=Niederschlagssumme in mm (Juni-August) x5=mittlere Temperatur in ^C(März-Mai) x5=mittlere Temperatur in ^C(März-Mai) x6=mittlere Temperatur in ^C(Juni-August)
    Keywords: Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; 1960-72 ; Ertrag ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 34
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    In:  Kartoffelbau 29 (1):15-17.
    Publication Date: 1978
    Description: Zusammenhang Kartoffelertrag und -qualität und Witterungsverlauf KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag) auf den Ernteertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Mai, Juni) + und Delta Nied (Mai, Juni) -, dann Pflanzenentwicklung -; Delta Bodenfeuchte -, dann Wachstum -; Delta T (März, April) 〈 0°C, dann Schäden +;
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1975-77 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Lage der Hochs nördlich und südlich des 50. Breitengrades und ihre Bedeutung für die Witterung und Ernteerträge in Mitteldeutschland KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL: Tmit+ (Janurar, Februar, März, Mai und Dezember) durch Abnahem der barometrischen Nordlagen Tmit- (August, September) durch Zunahme der barometrischen Nordlagen Nied+ (Janurar, Apri,, Mai, August, September, Dezember) durch Abnahmen der barometrischen Nordlagen (entspricht Zunahmen der Südlagen!) Nied- (Februar, März, Oktober und November) durch Abnahmen der barometrischen Nordlagen (entspricht Zunahmen der Südlagen!)
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1900-1925 ; Luftfeuchte ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 36
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    In:  Georgine, Jahrgang 102, Nr. 68, p. 806-807
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Biologie und Bekämpfung von Fritfliege, Getreideblumenfliege, scheckige oder gelbe Halmfliege, Weizenfliege, Hessenfliege KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag und Wind) auf die Schädlinge KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Winter) +, Anzahl Maden der Halmfliege +; Delta Nied (September) + und Delta Wind (September) +, dann Hessenfliege -
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1903-1925 ; Insekten ; Anbautermine ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Vegetationsperiode ; Weizen ; Wind ; Witterung ; Düngung ; Gerste
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  • 37
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: Prandtl's theory is used to determine the airflow over bodies and wings adapted to supersonic flight. By making use of these results, and by incorporating in them an allowance for the probable skin friction, some estimates of expected lift-drag ratios are made for various flight speeds with the best configuration. At each speed a slender body and wings having the best angle of sweepback are considered. For the range of supersonic speeds shown an airplane of normal density and loading would be required to operate at an altitude of the order of 60,000 feet. The limiting value of 1-1/2 times the speed of sound corresponds to a flight speed of 1000 miles per hour. At this speed about 1.5 miles per gallon of fuel are expected. It is interesting to note that this value corresponds to a value of more than 15 miles per gallon when the weight is reduced to correspond to that of an ordinary automobile.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 499-514
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: In theory, the most efficient wing shape for transonic and low supersonic speeds is simply a long narrow straight subsonic wing turned at an oblique angle to the flight direction. This theory has been verified by tests at Mach numbers from .6 to 1.4 in supersonic wind tunnel and by comparative studies of transonic transport designs.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 867-883
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  • 39
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: Recent theoretical and experimental work in supersonic aerodynamics is reviewed with its practical application in mind. Several arrangements of supporting surfaces and bodies are discussed and in some cases comparisons of theory and experiment are made. Finally, certain phenomena connected with lift and drag in a rarefied medium are considered briefly.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 625-644
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: A method is reported for determining mathematically the combined disturbance field, and in certain cases the minimum drag, of wings at supersonic speeds. The simplest analytic example is provided by the wing of elliptic planform, which achieves its minimum drag when the lift is distributed uniformly over the surface. With a symmetrical distribution of thickness, the requirement of minimum drag for a given total volume is found to lead to profiles of constant curvature.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 567-578
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  • 41
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: The assumptions of the thin airfoil theory are found to provide certain necessary conditions for the minimum drag of airfoils having a given total lift, a given maximum thickness, or a given volume. The conditions are applicable to steady or unsteady motions and to subsonic or supersonic speeds without restriction on the planform. The computation of drag and the statement of the conditions for minimum drag depend on the consideration of a combined flow field, which is obtained by superimposing the disturbance velocities in forward and reversed motions. If the planform of the airfoil and its total lift are given, it is found that, for minimum drag, the lift must be distributed in such a way that the downwash in the combined field is constant over the entire planform. If the planform is given and the thickness of the airfoil is required to contain a specified volume, then the thickness must be distributed over the planform in such a way that the pressure gradient of the combined field in the direction of flight is constant at all points of the wing.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 557-565
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: The application of mathematical advances made in electricity and other branches to problems of airplane dynamics is demonstrated. The Heaviside-Bromwich methods of solution of linear differential equations are described and it is shown how these methods avoid the consideration of boundary conditions and of particular or complementary integrals. It is pointed out that if the solution of the differential equation is obtained for the case of a unit disturbance, the effect of varying disturbances may be found therefrom by Carson's theorem. A graphical solution of Carson's integral for irregular disturbances is given. The procedure of obtaining unit solutions of the equations is then taken up and the analogy between Heaviside's symbolic series solution and a physical procedure of approximation is shown. It is suggested that a fictitious impulsive disturbance be used in the treatment of initial motions.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 21-29
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  • 43
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: In linearized flow theory, certain very interesting extremal properties of wings can be derived under rather broad conditions without the use of a complicated mathematical apparatus. The present chapter reviews certain results of this theory and indicates some rather obvious extensions to incorporate various auxiliary conditions. Several examples illustrating the relation between the geometrical features of the wing and the lift distribution for minimum drag are given.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 645-656
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: The items discussed are: (1) a recently proposed correction formula for the effect of compressibility in two dimensional subsonic flow; (2) the equivalence rule and the area rule for transonic speeds; (3) reciprocal relations in linearized wing theory; and (4) some general results connected with the problem of minimum wave resistance. The paper concludes with an example showing indentation of the fuselage to obtain favorable interference with the wing at supersonic speeds.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 601-608
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: In the wing section theory the magnitude of the circulation, and hence of the lift, is determined by the velocity that would be induced near the trailing edge of the section in a non-lifting potential flow. In three dimensional flow the problem is complicated by the presence of the wake and no simple basic solution has been found. Treatment of the problem of a wing of finite span is reported on the basis of the two dimensional theory, corrected for the effect of the wake.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 245-249
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: In theory, antisymmetric arrangements of wings and bodies can have smaller wave drag than corresponding mirror-symmetric arrangements. Thus, a long narrow oblique wing which presents the same aspect for two opposite directions of flight is potentially more efficient than corresponding (i.e., structurally equivalent) swept wing. The single continuous wing panel also adapts itself more readily to varying angles of obliquity, and hence, to varying flight speeds. Previous work on the aerodynamics and flight stability of oblique wing combinations is reviewed and a possible mode of application to transport aircraft operating at moderate supersonic speeds is suggested.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 657-664
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: It is shown that the drag of any semi-infinite airfoil section in purely subsonic inviscid flow follows precisely the Prandtl-Glauert compressibility rule. The result for the parabola has application to leading edge corrections in thin airfoil theory.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 619-623
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: Comparisons of wing-body combinations may not disclose the full effect of a loss in aerodynamic efficiency. If the thrust needs to be increased at a given altitude then more or larger engines will have to be used and the possibility of concealing them becomes less. In this process the lift drag ratio of the complete airplane may become still more unfavorable than indicated by the comparison. Primarily aerodynamic and structural considerations point toward the development of turbojet engines specifically adapted to operation in an atmosphere of one tenth normal density. In addition to the numerous other technological problems associated with operation at these high altitudes, the problems of safe descent and effective limitation to low speeds at low altitudes seem important.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 579-592
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  • 49
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: If the thin airfoil theory is applied to an airfoil having a rounded leading edge, a certain error will arise in the determination of the pressure distribution around the nose. It is shown that the evaluation of the drag of such a blunt nosed airfoil by the thin airfoil theory requires the addition of a leading edge force, analogous to the leading edge thrust of the lifting airfoil. The method of calculation is illustrated by application to: (1) The Joukowski airfoil in subsonic flow; and (2) the thin elliptic cone in supersonic flow. A general formula for the edge force is provided which is applicable to a variety of wing forms.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 533-538
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: Some of the recent advances in the theory of thin airfoils are presented with particular reference to extensions of the theory to three dimensional flows and to supersonic speeds. The problem discussed herein is the calculation of the small disturbance velocities u, v, and w in the external field produced by the flight velocity V of the airfoil.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 483-497
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2004-10-07
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA Lewis Research Center Inlet Workshop; p 427-480
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Supercritical Wing Technol.: A Report on Flight Evaluation; p 111-120
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: An experimental study of slotted upper and lower walls in a two dimensional transonic wind tunnel with solid sidewalls is reported. Results are presented for several slot spacings and slot openness ratios. The experimental data were pressure measurements which were made on an airfoil model and on a sidewall near one of the slotted walls. The slotted-wall boundary condition coefficient, which related the pressure and streamline curvature near the wall, was determined from the wall pressure measurements. The measured wall-induced interference was correlated with the experimental values for the boundary condition coefficient. This correlation was compared with theory.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 459-471
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: Finite difference procedures were successfully used to solve the steady transonic flow about airfoils and appear to provide a practical means for calculating the corresponding unsteady flow. The purpose of the paper is to describe a finite difference procedure derived from the equations for the potential flow by assuming small perturbations and harmonic motion. The velocity potential is divided into steady and unsteady parts, and the resulting unsteady equation is linearized on the basis of small amplitudes of oscillation. The steady velocity potential, which must be calculated first, is described by the classical nonlinear transonic differential equation.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 657-670
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: An in-flight wing wake section drag investigation was conducted using traversing pitot and static probes. The primary objective was to develop measurement techniques and improve the accuracy of in-flight wing profile drag measurements for low values of dynamic pressure and Reynolds number. Data were obtained on a sailplane for speeds from about 40 knots to 125 knots at chord Reynolds numbers between 1,000,000 and 3,000,000. Tests were conducted with zero flap deflection, deflected flaps, and various degrees of surface roughness, and for smooth and rough atmospheric conditions. Several techniques were used to increase data reliability and to minimize certain bias errors. A discussion of the effects of a total pressure probe in a pressure gradient, and the effects of discrete turbulence levels, on the data presented and other experimental results is also included.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 601-621
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: A method for calculating the transonic flow over steady and oscillating airfoils was developed by Isogai. It solves the full potential equation with a semi-implicit, time-marching, finite difference technique. Steady flow solutions are obtained from time asymptotic solutions for a steady airfoil. Corresponding oscillatory solutions are obtained by initiating an oscillation and marching in time for several cycles until a converged periodic solution is achieved. In this paper the method is described in general terms, and results are compared with experimental data for both steady flow and for oscillations at several values of reduced frequency. Good agreement for static pressures is shown for subcritical speeds, with increasing deviation as Mach number is increased into the supercritical speed range. Fair agreement with experiment was obtained at high reduced frequencies with larger deviations at low reduced frequencies.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 689-700
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: The uses of laser Doppler velocimeter, hot wire, and surface hot film techniques in the study of turbulent flows are described, and data obtained in compressible flows are discussed. Applications are illustrated with measurements of wind tunnel freestream turbulence characteristics and with data obtained in transitional, turbulent, and separated shear flows. A new method which was developed for the study of time dependent and unsteady turbulent flows is also presented.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 571-588
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  • 58
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physical principles of flight, and the consideration of atmospheric composition and aerodynamic forces in the design and construction of various types of aircraft are discussed. Flight characteristics are described for helicopters, rotary-wing aircraft, short and vertical takeoff aircraft, and tailess or variable geometry wing aircraft. Flow characteristics at various speeds are also discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Soviet Aircraft and Rockets (NASA-TT-F-770); p 24-80
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: In a period of escalating development costs for new aircraft, there is growing interest in a renewed and coordinated icing research effort to achieve an updating or modernization of each aspect of the technological issues that are involved. This includes the data base, analysis methods, test techniques, and test facilities.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Aircraft Icing; p 1-16
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  • 60
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The problem of aircraft icing is reported as well as the type of aircraft affected, the pilots involved, and an identification of the areas where reduction in icing accidents are readily accomplished.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Aircraft Icing; p 21-27
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Results are presented for tests made of the full scale model of the airplane in the NACA full scale tunnel. These tests were planned so as to cover as completely as possible the lateral flying quality requirements for pursuit-type airplanes contracted for by the United States Army Air Forces.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Collected Works of Charles J. Donlan; 23 p
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  • 62
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The ice capabilities of rotary wing aircraft are examined. Recommendations are given to improve the inadequacies of the weather forecasts pertaining to ice, and to adopt a low maintenance anti-ice system.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Aircraft Icing; p 29-30
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Helicopter ice protection design criteria was developed and technological shortcoming in meeting helicopter mission requirements is that of helicopter rotor blade ice protection. Airframe components are protected using existing technology while the rotor blade protected using the cyclic electrothermal deicing concept.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Aircraft Icing; p 39-65
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An overview of the present situation in the field of aircraft icing with respect to certification and operation of nontransport category airplanes is given. Problems of definition and inconsistencies are pointed out. Problems in the forecasting and measurement of icing intensities are discussed. The present regulatory environment is examined with respect to its applicability and appropriateness to nontransport airplanes.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Aircraft Icing; p 31-38
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Three areas of interest are commented on: cloud physics, nowcasting, and instrumentation. A comparison is made of what was done 30 years ago to what might be done in light of developments in related areas of cloud physics, weather modification and instrumentation.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Aircraft Icing; p 17-19
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  • 66
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The application of computer techniques for solving Navier-Stokes equations in support of wind tunnel tests is discussed. The ILLIAC IV computer is considered for this purpose and its limitations are analyzed. The author states that improved computers will make it possible to solve many aerodynamic problems and reduce the amount of wind tunnel testing required for adequate data processing.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA/Univ. Conf. on Aeron.; p 211-212
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  • 67
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Research within NASA relating to the nature of lift-induced vortex wakes behind large aircraft and the means whereby the hazard they represent to smaller aircraft can be alleviated is reviewed. The research, carried out in ground based facilities and in flight shows that more rapid dispersion of the wake can be effected by several means and that the modification of span-loading by appropriate flap deflection holds promise of early practical application.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA/Univ. Conf. on Aeron.; p 143-168
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2011-10-14
    Description: An account is given of a detailed experimental investigation of three dimensional boundary layer separation in supersonic flow. In investigating three dimensional effects on supersonic separation, models were chosen which exhibited departures from two dimensional flow in the simplest way. The plane compression corner was replaced by a plate attached to a swept back wedge formed by two obliquely intersecting planes. Maintaining a constant tunnel Mach number of 2.5, surface pressure measurements were made on these models at static orifices spaced along the centerline and along three parallel lines. The flow parameters in the boundary layer and separated regions adjacent to the model surface were measured by traversing hot wire and pitot probes. The traverses were taken across the boundary layer and reversed flow regions in a direction normal to the body surface; they were made in several vertical planes, including the plane of symmetry.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AGARD Flow Separation; 13 p
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2011-10-14
    Description: A thoroughly documented experiment is reported that was specifically designed to test and guide computations of the interaction of an impinging shock wave with a turbulent boundary layer. Detailed mean flow field and surface data are presented for two shock strengths which resulted in attached and separated flows, respectively. Numerical computations are used to illustrate the dependence of the computations on the particulars of the turbulence models. Models appropriate for zero pressure gradient flows predicted the overall features of the flow fields, but were deficient in predicting many of the details of the interaction regions. Improvements to the turbulence model parameters were sought through a combination of detailed data analysis and computer simulations which tested the sensitivity of the solutions to model parameter changes. Computer simulations using these improvements are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AGARD Flow Separation; 13 p
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2011-10-14
    Description: A method is developed for solving the laminar and turbulent compressible boundary layer equations for separating and reattaching flows. Results of this method are compared with experimental data for two laminar and three turbulent layer, shock wave interactions. Several Navier-Stokes solutions are obtained for each of the laminar boundary layer, shock wave interactions considered. Comparison of these solutions indicates a first order sensitivity in C sub f to the computational mesh selected in both the viscous and inviscid portions of the flow. Comparison of the present boundary layer solutions with the Navier-Stokes solutions and with data for a given Mach number indicates that as long as the separation bubble is small, the boundary layer approximation yields solutions whose accuracy is comparable to the Navier-Stokes solutions.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AGARD Flow Separation; 12 p
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The formulation of mathematical models of aeronautical systems for simulation or other purposes, involves the transformation of aerodynamic stability derivatives. It is shown that these derivatives transform like the components of a second order tensor having one index of covariance and one index of contravariance. Moreover, due to the equivalence of covariant and contravariant transformations in orthogonal Cartesian systems of coordinates, the transformations can be treated as doubly covariant or doubly contravariant, if this simplifies the formulation. It is shown that the tensor properties of these derivatives can be used to facilitate their transformation by symbolic mathematical computation, and the use of digital computers equipped with formula manipulation compilers. When the tensor transformations are mechanised in the manner described, man-hours are saved and the errors to which human operators are prone can be avoided.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Aeronautical Quarterly; 26; May 1975
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A closed-form solution for the sound radiation from multipole sources imbedded in an infinite cylindrical jet with an arbitrary velocity profile is obtained. It is valid in the limit where the wavelength is large compared with the jet radius. Simple formulae for the acoustic pressure field due to convected point sources are also obtained. The results show (in a simple way) how the mean flow affects the radiation pattern from the sources. For convected lateral quadrupoles it causes the exponent of the Doppler factor multiplying the far-field pressure signal to be increased from the value of 3 used by Lighthill to 5.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 70; Aug. 12
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  • 73
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The present investigation is an analysis of the radiation from the chemical nonequilibrium region in the shock layer about a vehicle during Venus entry. The radiation and the flow were assumed to be uncoupled. An inviscid, nonequilibrium flowfield was calculated and an effective electronic temperature was determined for the predominant radiating species. Species concentrations and electronic temperature were then input into a radiation transport code to calculate heating rates. The present results confirm earlier investigations which indicate that the radiation should be calculated using electronic temperatures for the radiating species. These temperatures are not related in a simple way to the local translational temperature. For the described mission, the nonequilibrium radiative heating rate is approximately twice the corresponding equilibrium value at peak heating.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 13; Apr. 197
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The steady-state Navier-Stokes equations are solved for hypersonic flow about blunt axisymmetric bodies. The equations of motion are solved by successive approximations using an implicit finite-difference scheme. The results are compared with viscous shock-layer theory, experimental data, and time-dependent solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations. It is demonstrated that viscous shock-layer theory is sufficiently accurate for the range of flight conditions normally encountered by entry vehicles.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The method presented makes use of a division of the region of integration into closed rectangular elements. The velocity is taken to be constant in each element. The integral equation is reduced to a matrix equation which can be solved by an appropriate iteration approach. The derivation and solution of the matrix equation are discussed and the matrix elements are considered. The described concepts were implemented for a nonlifting parabolic-arc airfoil.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Mar. 197
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is noted that the nonlinear partial differential equation for the perturbation velocity potential and boundary conditions describing steady inviscid compressible transonic flow past a thin two-dimensional airfoil can be transformed into a singular integrodifferential equation and that differentiation of the latter yields an integral equation. Two forms of this integral equation currently exist: one for the singularity that is enclosed in an infinitely long strip of vanishing thickness and the other for the singularity that is enclosed in a vanishing circle. In the present article, a more general integral equation is derived by enclosing the singularity in a vanishing rectangular cavity of arbitrary aspect ratio. The two existing forms of this equation are deduced as special cases distinguished by the respective values for the aspect ratio (infinity for the first form and unity for the second).
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Feb. 197
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports on results of heat-transfer tests conducted on a 1/29-scale model of the X-24C-12I hypersonic research aircraft configuration in a Mach 6 tunnel at a Reynolds number of thirteen million using the phase-change heat transfer technique. Sequences of phase-change heat transfer pattern photographs are presented showing windward side and leeward side heating processes. Theoretical predictions of dimensionless heat transfer coefficients along a data line on lower fuselage and on fuselage side bracket the experimental values. A turbulent heating theory gives good agreement with data when shifted to a new virtual origin.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 13; Dec. 197
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  • 78
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The report concerns the measurement of friction coefficients of a typical perforated acoustic liner installed in the side of a wind tunnel. The results are compared with measured friction coefficients of a smooth hard wall for the same mean flow velocities in a wind tunnel. At a velocity of 61 m/sec, an increase in the local skin coefficient of only a few percent was observed, but at the highest velocity of 213 m/sec an increase of about 20% was obtained. This velocity is a realistic velocity for turbo-machinery components utilizing such liners, so a loss in performance is to be expected. Some tests were also performed to see if changes in the mean boundary layer induced by imposed noise would result in friction increase, but only at low velocity levels was such an increase in friction noted.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 14; Nov. 197
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Supersonic flow past a blunt body is considered, where the flow contains an embedded subsonic region which lies between the shock wave and the body surface and is bounded by sonic lines from the body to the shock. A numerical approach is taken, which uses a basic finite difference scheme that solves the unsteady fluid dynamic equations in integral form. The unsteady equations are everywhere hyperbolic in time so no distinction need be made between subsonic and supersonic regions. Solutions to the mixed elliptic and hyperbolic steady flow equations are approached asymptotically in time. The method is illustrated for two-dimensional flows.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 80
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A review is presented of progress in attaining technical objectives in three areas of semiautomatic airfoil development: software, hardware, and applications. Software objectives seek improved mathematical models and computer codes for flow analysis and design optimization for a variety of conditions. The 17-step iterative computer model used in designing the GA (W)-1 airfoil is effective but not yet fully automated; with present methods only single-point computer optimization is possible. Hardware objectives calling for improvement in test facilities and techniques are met in part by the introduction of the Langley (F-3C) wind tunnel for independent evaluation of transonic Mach number and Reynolds effects up to 12-16 million, and by a two-dimensional test section for the Langley 1/3 transonic cryogenic tunnel which will extend the Reynolds number to 50 million. The current status of low-speed, thin, and rotorcraft airfoil development programs is discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 13; Oct. 197
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  • 81
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The tethered satellite concept provides an ideal platform for the study of the interaction of the atmosphere with satellites of various shapes and surfaces under a wide range of flow conditions. From experiments which would measure the drag, lift, and torque acting on the tethered satellite, important information could be obtained which would have application to satellite lifetime prediction, determination of properties of the upper atmosphere, and scientific information on the interaction of high speed molecules with surfaces (the gas surface interaction). These experiments using the tethered satellite concept are described and would measure the following variables: angle of attack, surface roughness, and flow properties.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 151-155
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A photoionization technique was used to study flow characteristics in an expansion tunnel. Vertical surveys of the axial component of flow velocity just downstream from the nozzle exit were obtained, and estimates of freestream density were inferred from the velocity measurement technique. The pitot pressure was measured and compared to the average axial component of velocity as a function of time for the two cases when air and CO2 were used as test gases. Vertical velocity and static density profiles at the nozzle exit are presented for the case when CO2 was used as test gas. Experimental results were used to determine the diameter and uniformity of the test core at the nozzle exit and the duration of the quasi-steady flow period. These data are relevant to evaluation of the suitability of operating an expansion tube as an expansion tunnel. The expansion tunnel is an expansion tube with a conical nozzle positioned at the exit of the acceleration section, so that nozzle entrance flow conditions are hypersonic and characterized by hypervelocity.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Sept
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Low Reynolds number flow of an ideal gas over a blunt axisymmetric body of large half-angle at small angles of attack is investigated, for the case of laminar hypersonic flow. Time-varying viscous shock layer equations describing the flowfield are obtained from the full Navier-Stokes system by keeping terms to second order in the inverse square root of Re in both viscous and inviscid regions; the equations are valid for moderate to high Re. Drag, skin friction, and heating rates were obtained at small (or zero) angles of attack. Conditions experienced by planetary entry probes during the high-altitude (early) legs of an atmospheric entry trajectory are pertinent to the problem.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Aug. 197
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  • 84
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes the facilities and test procedures used in a series of wind-tunnel and full-scale flight investigations of the effectiveness of flight spoilers currently existing on wide-bodied transport jet aircraft when used as trailing vortex hazard alleviation devices. Examples of the results of such studies include the variation of trailing wing rolling-moment coefficient with downstream distance behind a B-747 airplane model with various segments of its flight spoilers deflected 45 deg, and comparisons with models without spoilers deflected. It is concluded that the existing flight spoilers on the B-747 are effective as trailing vortex attenuators.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 14; Aug. 197
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A viscous shock-layer analysis for calculating high energy equilibrium flow fields about blunt axisymmetric bodies is applied to the problem of massive ablation injection with radiation transport. A nongray radiation model is used that accounts for both line and continuum radiation. The solution method is direct and provides both stagnation and downstream solutions. Results for shock heated air show that phenolic-nylon injection is substantially more effective in reducing the wall radiant flux than air injection. Also, for large included body angles, the wall radiative flux and the coupled phenolic-nylon injection rate do not continue to decrease with increasing distance downstream.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A paper by Henderson (1976) provides a method of predicting experimental sphere drag data. This approach uses two equations for the drag coefficient, one for relative Mach number less than one, one for relative Mach number greater than 1.75. For relative Mach numbers between these limits a linear interpolation procedure is followed. In a comment on this paper, it is claimed, on the basis of comparing predictions with experimental results, that a method proposed by Walsh (1975) gives better predictions of the drag coefficient for relative Mach numbers less than 1.75, provided that a modification of the procedure is made for relative Mach numbers less than 0.1. For values over 1.75, both methods are considered equally accurate. In a reply to this comment, it is agreed that the Walsh method is more accurate when Reynolds numbers are within a range between 20 and 200, and Mach numbers are between 0.5 and 1.25. Presumed errors and possible limitations in the Walsh procedure for predicting drag coefficients are discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; June 197
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An interactive numerical procedure has been developed for supersonic viscous flows (either two-dimensional or axisymmetric configurations). The flow field is divided into two regions: (1) an inner region which is highly viscous and mostly subsonic, and (2) an outer region where the flow is supersonic and in which viscous effects are small, but not negligible. This paper presents a detailed description of: I. Outer Region - numerical solution obtained by applying the method of characteristics to a system of equations which includes viscous and conduction transport terms only normal to the streamlines; II. Inner Region - treated by a system of equations of the boundary-layer type that includes higher order effects, such as longitudinal and transverse curvature and normal pressure gradients (equations are coupled and solved simultaneously in physical coordinates, using an implicit finite-difference scheme); III. Interactive Procedure - in the interaction mode, the two regions are coupled iteratively along a matching line, where the Mach number is of the order of 1.2.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A computer program recently developed by South and Brandt (1976) which contained the Murman (1973) conservative finite-difference scheme is easily modified to use the Garabedian and Korn (1971) nonconservative finite difference scheme. This program solves the transonic small disturbance equation for only symmetric flow, but incorporates several iterative solution techniques. Results are presented for the case where the equally spaced computational grid extended to infinity in both the streamwise and normal directions. Streamline shapes are obtained along several grid lines by a streamwise integration of the normal component of the perturbation velocity. Comparison cases are run for a 10% thick parabolic arc airfoil at zero incidence for freestream Mach numbers of 0, 0.70, 0.84, and 0.95. It is shown that the use of a nonconservative finite-difference scheme in transonic flow calculations destroys the global mass balance when shocks are present. This lack of mass balance may prove to be more crucial in the case of an unconfined external flow.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 14; Aug. 197
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The vortex lattice method introduced by Lamar and Gloss (1975) was applied to the prediction of subsonic aerodynamic characteristics of hypersonic body-wing configurations. The reliability of the method was assessed through comparison of the calculated and observed aerodynamic performances of two National Hypersonic Flight Research Facility craft at Mach 0.2. The investigation indicated that a vortex lattice model involving 120 or more panel elements can give good results for the lift and induced drag coefficients of the craft, as well as for the pitching moment at angles of attack below 10 to 15 deg. Automated processes for calculating the local slopes of mean-camber surfaces may also render the method suitable for use in preliminary design phases.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 14; Oct. 197
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The cooling effectiveness of injection through multiple flush slots at an angle of 10 deg was studied experimentally in a wind tunnel. Air was injected from one to four slots into a turbulent Mach 6 boundary layer. The slot mass flow ratio is defined, and data which describe the dependence of the cooling effectiveness on the slot mass flow ratio are presented. Experimental values are indicated graphically for various cases of single and multiple slot injection, where the total mass injection (i.e., the sum of flow rates from each slot) is the same for each case. The results show that, for a given coolant mass flow rate, thermal protection over the maximum surface area can be accomplished best by injecting the coolant flow through multiple slots.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Sept
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A flow-visualization study has shown that strong Karman vortices develop behind the blunt trailing edge of a plate when the free-stream velocities over both surfaces are equal and that the vortices tend to disappear when the surface velocities are unequal. This observation provides an explanation for the occurence and disappearance of certain discrete tones often found to be present in the noise spectra of coaxial jets. Both the vortex formation and the tones occur at a Strouhal number based on the lip thickness and the average of the external steady-state velocities of about 0.2. Results from theoretical calculations of the vortex formation, based on an inviscid incompressible analysis of the motion of point vortices, were in good agreement with the experimental observations.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 75; June 25
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two hypothetical vortex wakes are introduced and studied theoretically to explore whether the rollup of lift-generated vortex sheets can be suppressed. The circulation distribution across each wake is specified such that one rotates and the other translates as a unit due to their self-induced velocities. Several span loadings are constructed from these solutions and the resulting inviscid wake structure is computed for several span lengths behind the generating wing by use of the discrete vortex method wherein the vortex wake is represented by an array of vortices. The final distribution of vortices is then used to estimate the rolling moment on an encountering wing. It is found that, even though the initial specified motions are not sustained, substantial reductions in rolling moment are predicted for certain ranges of the ratio of the span of the generating wing to the following wing.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 13; Apr. 197
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Analytical solutions for inviscid supersonic corner flows are virtually nonexistent due to the complexity of the interference geometry. In view of this, numerical solutions for swept-compressive and swept-expansive corner flows are obtained. The governing equations are written in strong conservation-law form and are solved iteratively in nonorthogonal conical coordinates by use of a second-order, shock-capturing, finite-difference technique. The computed wave structure and surface pressure distributions are compared with high Reynolds number experimental data and show very good agreement. The results clearly show that supersonic corner flow at reasonably high Reynolds numbers including the effect of sweep is dominated by the inviscid field.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics; 17; Feb. 197
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  • 94
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An investigation was conducted regarding the issue of deviation from two-dimensionality in flowfield studies of a supercritical airfoil. It was found that significant three-dimensional effects occur in transonic airfoil tests, even for an aspect ratio of four. This is especially true at the supercritical Mach numbers, for which lateral propagation of disturbances is effective.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 13; Feb. 197
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The aerodynamic characteristics of the Planetary Atmosphere Experiments Test entry probe were determined experimentally in ballistic range tests over a wide range of Mach and Reynolds numbers, and were compared with full-scale flight results. The ground facility data agreed with the full-scale data within 2 to 3% in drag coefficient, and within 5 to 10% in static stability, at the higher Mach numbers. Comparisons of the flight data with conventional wind-tunnel data indicated a significant disagreement in drag coefficient in the transonic speed range suggestive of important sting or wall interference effects. Variations in drag coefficient with Mach number were very small hypersonically, but variations with Reynolds number were of the order of 15% at a free-stream Mach number of 13 over the Reynolds number range from 10,000 to 1,000,000. Variations in the lift and static-stability curves with Mach number and Reynolds number were also defined.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 12; Jan. 197
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  • 96
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The integral representations approach, for the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations is discussed as well as experience in its development and in applying available finite-difference and finite-element techniques to the treatment of three-dimensional problems, and the computation of turbulent flow. The magnitude of efforts required to develop turbulence models and three-dimensional algorithms indicates that the computational fluid dynamics research must have a broad base. Broader access to modern computing facilities that are in existence within NASA should be promoted for active researchers not directly affiliated with that agency.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Future Computer Requirements for Computational Aerodynamics; p 221-227
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  • 97
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In their most general form, the Reynolds averaged conservation equations result from ensemble or time averages of the instantaneous Navier-Stokes equations or their compressible counterparts. For these averaging processes to be consistent, the averaging time period must exceed the periods identified with the largest time scales of the turbulence, and yet be shorter than the characteristic times of the flow field. With these equations long period variations in the flow fields are deterministic, provided initial conditions are known. The average dependent variables are sufficiently smooth to be resolvable by finite difference techniques consistent with the size and speed of modern computers.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Future Computer Requirements for Computational Aerodynamics; p 239-247
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Technical and economic reasons for accelerating the maturation of the discipline of computational aerodynamics include the cost of conducting the experiments required to provide the empirical data base for new aeronautical vehicles and the limitations in test facilities (Reynolds number, wall and support interferences, aeroelastic distortions, real-gas effects, etc.) for simulating the full-scale vehicle environment. General purpose computers do not have the necessary capability for the next stage of development. Solution of the three dimensional Reynolds averaged Naiver-Stokes equations in a short time to be practical for design purposes will require 40 times the power of current supercomputers. However, it is feasible to construct a special purpose processor that will meet these requirements to enhance the nation's aerodynamic design capability in the 1980's.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Future Computer Requirements for Computational Aerodynamics; p 5-30
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The heat transfer to the stagnation point of an ablating carbonaceous heat shield, where both the gas-phase boundary layer and the heterogeneous surface reactions are not in chemical equilibrium, is examined. Specifically, the nonequilibrium changes in the mass fraction profiles of carbon species calculated for frozen flow are studied. A set of equations describing the steady-state, nonequilibrium laminar boundary layer in the axisymmetric stagnation region, over an ablating graphite surface, is solved, with allowance for the effects of finite rate of carbon vaporization.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 16; July 197
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  • 100
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The difficulty of treating the perturbation of transonic flow, during which shock waves change position, can be overcome by using a distorted coordinate system in which the locations of all shock waves do not change; the distortion is found as part of the solution. This device leads to a relation that allows a range of flows, with differing shock locations, to be related algebraically to two known 'calibration' flows. Results for flows around finite wings, including those with multiple, intersecting shock waves, are presented. A typical computing time for such examples is 0.3 sec on a CDC 7600 computer.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 16; July 197
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