ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: On the energy system of the troposphere over the Arabian Sea / L. I. Petrova. - Results of ozone radio soundings during the international experiment "Monsoon-77" / P. Plessing, U. Feister, E. Peters. - Description of cloud cover and precipitation over the aquatory of the Indian Ocean during the "Monsoon-77" experiment / Yu. V. Kolesnikov, N. V. Lebedeva. - Ultraviolet radiation over the Indian Ocean during the "Monsoon-77" experiment / V. N. Kryzhov, N. V. Lebedeva. - Natural experiment to reveal distorting effect of the ship's configuration on air temperature field and wind velocity / I. A. Diubkin, Ye. V. Romanov. - Methods of remote measurements of air temperature and humidity at sea / A. A. Borovikov, Ye. V. Romanov, S. M. Sternzat. - Evaluation of hydrometeorological measurements accuracy by comparison of data obtained on the Soviet ships during the "Monsoon-77" expedition / V. M. Varnin, M. V. Veremeienko. - Comparison of actinometric observations in the "Monsoon-77" expedition / V. P. Pchelintsev. - Comparison of methods of hydrochemical determinations carried out by the "Monsoon-77" expedition / Yu. N. Volkov, M. I. Nikulin. - Seasonal circulation of waters in the tropical zone of the western part of the Indian Ocean / V. A. Golovastov, V. A. Sokolov

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface. - 1 Evolution of the earth's atmosphere. - 2 Half-life, residence time, and renewal time of chemicals in the atmosphere. - 3 Present chemical composition of the atmosphere. - 4 Interactions of solar and terrestrial radiation with atmospheric trace gases and aerosols. - 5 Sources, transformations, transport , and sinks of chemicals in the troposphere. - 6 Atmospheric aerosols. - 7 Cloud and precipitation chemistry. - 8 Tropospheric chemical cycles. - 9 Air pollution. - 10 Stratospheric chemistry. - Appendix. - Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Introduction to atmospheric chemistry is a concise, clear review of the fundamentals of atmospheric chemistry. In ten relatively brief chapters, it reviews our basic understanding of the chemistry of the earth's atmosphere and some outstanding environmental issues, including air pollution, acid rain, the ozone hole, and global change. Peter Hobbs is an eminent atmospheric science teacher, researcher, and author of several well-known textbooks. This text and Hobbs' other Cambridge University Press book, Basic physical chemistry for the atmospheric sciences, form ideal companion volumes for a full course of atmospheric chemistry. Subjects covered include evolution of the earth's atmosphere; interactions between solar and terrestrial radiation and atmospheric chemical species; sources, transformations, transport, and sinks of chemicals in the atmosphere; atmospheric gases and particles; cloud and precipitation chemistry; biogeochemical cycling; air pollution; and stratospheric chemistry. Student exercises are provided at the end of each chapter. The book is designed to be a primary textbook for a first university course in atmospheric chemistry and will be adopted in departments of atmospheric science, meteorology, environmental science, geophysics, and chemistry. It is also eminently suitable for self-instruction.

Description / Table of Contents: An understanding of the changing relationships within systems is an integral part of the study of a variety of disciplines. The second edition of Dynamic Modeling gives a thorough introduction to modeling by teaching the reader both to build and to use a wide range of models, including those for biological, physical, social and economic systems. In conjunction with the STELLA software provided with the book, the reader has an easy-to-use tool to visualize all types of dynamic systems. Even more examples of theory and applications from the modeling community have been added to the second edition. For example, the authors have expanded their treatment of population cohort models and then applied it to the dynamics of the U.S. population. They have enriched the discussion of positive feedbacks, enlarged the section on genetics, and provided more applications to the study of diseases. The economics section of the book includes models from game theory and market dynamics that result from the combined effects of inventory changes and producer expectations. The set of engineering models of gravity and acceleration also includes examples of mechanical amplifiers, which are illustrated by the workings of a playground swing. With each model discussed, the book emphasizes the need to learn the concepts and tools of the model for the purpose of generating new insights, streamlining the problem-solving process, and fostering creative thinking and modeling in other areas in inquiry as well. In addition to the new topics, many chapters have been revised and updated to make more extensive use of the new model-development features of STELLA. All models and a run-time version of the STELLA software are included with the book on a CD-ROM, which is compatible with both Macintosh and Windows platforms.

Description / Table of Contents: В настоящем сборнике освещен широкий круг вопросов, связанных с изучением ледникового покрова и Южного океана, колебаний уровня оледенения Антарктиды, глубинного строения рифтовых зон, атмосферных процессов, геомагнитных пульсаций в полярной шапке, сейсмичности Антарктики, биологии Южного океана, материально-технического обеспечения экспедиции, международного сотрудничества на шестом континенте, адаптации человека в Южнои полярной области, а также с созданием взлетно-посадочных полос на ледниковой поверхности. Сборник рассчитан на специалистов-полярников, занимающихся изучением Антарктики, и ученых, исследующих природные процессы в глобальном масштабе.

Description / Table of Contents: This collection covers a wide range of issues related to the study of the ice sheet and the Southern Ocean, fluctuations in the glaciation level of Antarctica, the deep structure of rift zones, atmospheric processes, geomagnetic pulsations in the polar cap, seismicity of the Antarctic, biology of the Southern Ocean, logistics of the expedition, international cooperation on the sixth continent, human adaptation in the South polar region, as well as the creation of runways on the glacial surface. The collection is intended for polar explorers who study Antarctica and scientists who study natural processes on a global scale.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction. - 2 The North Atlantic as a Quaternary magnetic archive. - 3 Palaeomonsoons I: the magnetic record of palaeoclimate in the terrestrial loess and palaeosol sequences. - 4 Palaeomonsoons II: magnetic records of aeolian dust in Quaternary sediments of the Indian Ocean. - 5 Bacterial magnetite and the Quaternary record. - 6 Incidence and significance of magnetic iron sulphides in Quaternary sediments and soils. - 7 Holocene environmental change from magnetic proxies in lake sediments. - 8 Magnetic monitoring of air-, land- and water-pollution. - 9 Environmental factors affecting geomagnetic field palaeo-intensity estimates from sediments. - 10 Magnetic cyclostratigraphy: high-resolution dating in and beyond the Quaternary and analysis of periodic changes in diagenesis and sedimentary magnetism. - Index

Description / Table of Contents: The Quaternary has been a period of major climatic and environmental oscillations, and our knowledge of these past variations is important for our understanding of the possible impact of human activity on the present-day environment. Quaternary climates, environments and magnetism presents an up-to-date account of the rich variety of uses of magnetic measurements in the environmental geosciences. It focuses on the Quaternary geological period, and reviews the application of magnetic studies to climatic and environmental problems. Ten chapters by leading world authorities describe the highlights of environmental magnetic work during the last decade and identify directions for future research. Emphasis is placed on a multidisciplinary approach to achieve a more thorough understanding of the environmental processes involved. This volume will be of interest to research scientists from a wide range of disciplines working on Quaternary environments, including earth and environmental sciences, physical geology, geography and palaeoclimatology. It will also be valuable as a supplementary text for graduates and advanced undergraduates.

Description / Table of Contents: Cast in-situ structural concrete is being used in buildings constructed during the redevelopment of Australia's Antarctic stations. Low pressure saturated steam is used to protect concrete from freeze damage during curing, and to accelerate the development of early concrete strength. Steam can also be used for many other purposes on an Antarctic construction site.

Description / Table of Contents: Einer der letzten weißen Flecken auf dem Globus, die riesige Land- und Eismasse um den Südpol, der sechste Kontinent, bekommt allmählich Farbe. ln der Antarktis könnte unsere Zukunft liegen: Dort gibt es ungenutzte Rohstofflager, deren Bedeutung bisher nur geschätzt werden kann, ein biologisches Reservoir im Eismeer, das eine der Nahrungsmittelquellen der Zukunft sein könnte (man denke nur an den Krill), und schließlich die schier unerschöpflichen Süßwasservorräte, die in der polaren Eiskappe gespeichert sind und einmal helfen könnten, die uns immer mehr bedrohenden Dürrekatastrophen aufzuhalten. Von unschätzbarem Wert sind aber auch die Erkenntnisse auf den Gebieten der Biologie, der Geologie und Meteorologie, die sich durch die besonderen klimatischen Gegebenheiten der Antarktis ergeben und aus denen sich für die heutigen und künftigen Lebensbedingungen auf der Erde entscheidende Schlüsse ziehen lassen. Seit dem zweiten Weltkrieg wird die Antarktis systematisch von jenen Nationen erkundet, die sich im Antarktisvertrag gegenseitig die friedliche Erforschung dieses Kontinents zugesichert haben. Seit 1979 hat die Bundesrepublik Deutschland durch mehrere Expeditionen und die Errichtung der ganzjährig besetzten Georg-von- Neumayer-Forschungsstation die Voraussetzungen für die Aufnahme in den Antarktisclub geschaffen. Weitere Marksteine für die neuen deutschen Aktivitäten sind die Eröffnung des Alfred-Wegener-lnstituts für Polarforschung in Bremerhaven und die Taufe des ersten deutschen voll eismeertauglichen Forschungsschiffes "Polarstern". Dieses Buch zeigt in den Bildern von Klaus v. Mandelsloh, der an der German Antarctic North Victorialand Expedition (GANOVEX) im antarktischen Sommer 1979/80 teilgenommen hat, den landschaftlichen Formenreichtum und die Lebensbedingungen im ewigen Eis, an die sich Pflanzen und Tiere auf beinahe unfaßliche Art anzupassen wissen. Der Text von Jörn Freyenhagen beschäftigt sich mit der Geschichte und Gegenwart internationaler, vor allem aber deutscher Antarktisforschung. Er gibt Auskunft über die Planungen und Ergebnisse der aktuellen Expeditionen, er zeigt die Ziele und Risiken der Forschungen, die Chancen und Gefahren einer multinationalen Erschließung der natürlichen Reserven dieser bisher fast unberührten Landschaft.

Description / Table of Contents: Table of Contents: Preface. - Introduction. - PART 1 PALEOENVIRONMENT AND RIFT BASIN HISTORY. - 1. Baikal drilling project. - 2. Changes in the Lake Baikal levels and runoff direction in the Quaternary period. - 3. Paleomagnetic and rock-magnetic studies on Lake Baikal sediments: BDP 96 borehole at Academician Ridge. - 4. Paleoclimatic signals printed in Lake Baikal sediments. - 5. Glaciations of central Asia in the late Cenosoic according to the sedimentary record from Lake Baikal. - 6. Palaeoclimatic changes from 3.6 to 2.2 Ma B. P. derived from palynological studies on Lake Baikal sediments. - 7. TEM analysis of smectite-illite mixed layer minerals of core BDP 96 Hole 1: preliminary results. - 8. Forest-desert alternation history revealed by pollen-record in Lake Baikal over the past 5 million years. - 9. Vegetation history of the southeastern and eastern coasts of Lake Baikal from bog sediments since the last interstade. - 10. Estimation of paleoenvironmental changes in the Eurasian continental interior during the past 5 million years inferred from organic components in the BDP 96 Hole 1 sediment core from Lake Baikal. - 11. Paleoenvironmental change in the Eurasian continent interior inferred from chemcial elements in sediment cores (BDP96/1, BDP96/2) from Lake Baikal. - 12. A new preparation method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of fossil sponge spicules by light microscope. - 13. Evolution of freshwater centric diatoms within the Baikal rift zone during the late Cenozoic. - PART 2 PHYSIOCHEMICAL LIMNOLOGY. - 14. Elemental composition of short sediment cores and ferromanganese concretions from Lake Baikal. - 15. Mercury distribution in the bottom and stream sediments of Lake Baikal, water reservoirs of the Angara river cascade, and the adjacent drainage basins. - 16. Correlation between geochemical features of recent bottom and stream sediments in the Baikal geoecological polygon. - 17. Remote sensing methods in studies of Lake Baikal environment. - 18. Environmental impact on the dynamics of Lake Baikal phytoplankton taxanomic groups: modelling attempt. - 19. Nonlinear stability near the temperature of maximum density and thermobaric instability in Lake Baikal during summer stratification. - 20. Study of the elemental composition of suspended particles in large continental lakes (Baikal and Khubsgul). - 21. Atmospheric and riverine input of nutrients and organic matter into Lake Baikal. - 22. Comparison of persistent organochlorine pollutant behavior in the food webs of Lakes Baikal and Superior. - 23. Carbon and nitrogen isotope studies of pelagic ecosystem and environmental fluctuations of Lake Baikal. - 24. Some speculations on the possibility of changes in deep-water renewal in Lake Baikal and their consequences. - 25. Contamination of the ecosystems of Lake Baikal by persistent organochlorines. - PART 3 EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY. - 26. Genetic differentiation of gammarid (Eulimnogrammarus cyaneus) populations in relation to past environmental changes in Lake Baikal. - 27. Myological peculiarities of the comephoridae: an endemic fish taxon of Lake Baikal (pisces: Teleostei). - 28. Morphometric comparison of skulls of seals of the subgenus Pusa. - 29. The importance of habitat stability for the prevalence of sexual reproduction.

Description / Table of Contents: The measurement of light scattering by particles is routinely employed in the majority of science and engineering fields. The universal importance of electro-magnetic scattering combined with recent developments in efficient numerical algorithms and experimental techniques is helping expand the scope and utility of nonspherical particle scattering as a research tool in astrophysics, atmospheric radiation, biology, biomedical optics, optical engineering, oceanography, planetary and space physics, radar meteorology, and remote sensing. Light Scattering by Nonspherical Particles: Theory, Measurements, and Applications is the first systematic volume on light scattering by nonspherical particles and its practical applications. This comprehensive and unified volume features up-to-date theoretical and numerical techniques, advances in laboratory measurements, and discussions of practical applications to various fields of geophysics.

Description / Table of Contents: Put as simply as possible, this is a book on Einstein's theory of gravity (general relativity). It is the first textbook on the subject that uses throughout the modern formalism and notation of differential geometry, and it is the first book to document in full the revolutionary techniques developed during the past decade to test the theory of relativity. (Such tests include the use of atomic clocks, long baseline radio interferometry, interplanetary radar, lunar laser ranging, and interplanetary spacecraft.) Among the topics treated in depth are relativistic stars and star clusters and their possible roles in pulsars and quasars, recent developments in cosmology, gravitational collapse and black holes, and the generation, propagation, and detection of gravitational waves. All three authors are uniquely qualified to have written this authoritative work: during the past decade, they and their research groups have been responsible for approximately half of the theoretical developments in the areas of concentration mentioned. Here is a book that is without competition and without peer - a book that belongs on the shelves and in the libraries of all who are seriously interested in modern science.

Description / Table of Contents: Iwan Papnin. Beim Lesen dieses Namens wird sich sicher mancher an die dramatische Drift des sowjetischen Forschers und seiner drei Kameraden, Jewgeni Fjodorow, Ernst Krenkel und Pjotr Schirschow, auf einer Eisscholle im Nördlichen Eismeer in den Jahren 1937/38 erinnern. Dieser Abschnitt seines Lebens, als Leiter der Station "Nordpol-1", der ihn weltbekannt machte, nimmt in den fesselnden autobiographischen Aufzeichnungen selbstverständlich einen wichtigen Platz ein. Aber im Unterschied zu früheren Veröffentlichungen sind hier auch seine schwere Kindheit und Jugend unter dem Zarismus geschildert sowie seine aktive Teilnahme an der Großen Sozialistischen Oktoberrevolution, an den Kämpfen der Krimpartisanen, am Schutz und an der Festigung der jungen Sowjetmacht in den Reihen der Tscheka. Des Weiteren ist sein gesamter großer Beitrag zu den welthistorischen Leistungen der UdSSR auf den Gebieten der Arktis- und Antarktisforschung, der Erschließung der nördlichen Gebiete der Sowjetunion, der Ozeanologie und der Biologie der Binnengewässer enthalten: als Leiter von Polarstationen, der Hauptverwaltung Nördlicher Seeweg, nach 1945 der Abteilung Meeresexpeditionen der Akademie der Wissenschaften der UdSSR und der biologischen Station Borok. In den Jahren des Großen Vaterländischen Krieges war er als Beauftragter des Staatlichen Verteidigungskomitees für die reibungslose Arbeit der Häfen Archangelsk und Murmansk verantwortlich, die für den Nachschub strategische Bedeutung hatten. Somit erschließen die Memoiren des zweifachen Helden der Sowjetunion und mehrfachen Trägers des Leninordens Iwan Papanin den beispielhaften Lebensweg eines sowjetischen Kommunisten, der sich vom Arbeiter zu einem hervorragenden Wissenschaftler entwickelte. Zugleich stellen die Erinnerungen ein Hohelied dar auf den selbstlosen Einsatz der sowjetischen Menschen für die friedliche Forschung wie bei der Verteidigung ihrer sozialistischen Heimat.

Description / Table of Contents: Zu den großen wissenschaftlichen Leistungen des 20. Jahrhunderts zählt die Erforschung der Tiefsee. Expeditionen auf den Meeresgrund wie die Tauchfahrten von Picard waren gradezu Sensationen - doch diese abenteuerlichen Ausflüge zu den tiefsten Stellen der Erde waren Einzelaktionen, die erste Blicke auf den Meeresgrund ermöglichten. Als sich nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg die Seefahrt treibenden Nationen zusammenschlossen und die Erforschung der Meere untereinander regional aufteilten, wurde das Bild übersichtlich. Ergebnis dieser Zusammenarbeit ist ein Meeres-Kartenwerk, zusammengestellt vom Kanadischen Hydrographischen Dienst, das die Tiefen der Weltmeere in ihren vielen Abstufungen dokumentiert. Diese Generalkarte der Ozeane (General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans, abgekürzt GEBCO) wird im vorliegenden Atlas erstmals in Buchform zugänglich - eine einzigartige Ergänzung zu den bisher vorhandenen Atlanten, die sich weitgehend auf die Darstellung des Festlandes beschränken.

Description / Table of Contents: The northern North Atlantic is one of the regions most sensitive to past and present global changes. This book integrates the results of an interdisciplinary project studying the properties of the Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Seas and the processes of pelagic and benthic particle formation, particle transport, and deposition in the deep-sea sediments. Ice-related and biogeochemical processes have been investigated to decipher the spatial and temporal variability of the production and fate of organic carbon in this region. Isotopic stratigraphy, microfossil assemblages and paleotemperatures are combined to reconstruct paleoceanographic conditions and to model past climatic changes in the Late Quaternary. The Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Seas can now be considered one of the best studied subbasins of the world's oceans.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction. - Chapter 1 The basin of the Genaldon river and its glaciers. - Chapter 2 The Kolka glacier and its rapid advance in 1969. - Chapter 3 Formation of thermal, material and water balance. - Chapter 4 Water discharge and projected floods from the basin of the Kolka river. - Chapter 5 Reconstruction of former glacier movements in the basin of the Tenaldon river. - Chapter 6 Forecast of further changes in the basin. - Chapter 7 Main features of the regime and transformations of the Kolka glacier between 1970 and 1978. - Chapter 8 The causes responsible for and mechanism of rapid advance of glaciers. - References

Description / Table of Contents: The characteristics of the Classes, orders, families and genera of the pelagic tunicates found in the Southern Ocean and adjacent waters are given together with keys for their identification. In the Southern Ocean 5 species of salps (Order Desmomyaria), 1 species of doliolid (Order Cyclomyaria) and 27 species, forms and types of larvaceans (Order Appendicularia) have been found. The synonymy, diagnostic characters, geographical and bathymetric distribution of each of these is given together with an illustration and a distribution map.

Description / Table of Contents: The pelagic polychaetes of the Southern Ocean include Vanadis antarctica (McIntosh), V. longissima (Levinsen), Rhynchonerella bongraini (Gravier), R. petersii (Langerhans), Tomopteris carpenteri Quatrefages, T. cavallii Rosa, T. ligulata Rosa, T. planktonis Apstein, T. septentrionalis Steenstrup, Typhloscolex mulleri Busch, Sagitella kowalevskii (Wagner), Travisiopsis coniceps (Chamberlin), Tr. lobifera (Levinsen), Tr. levinseni (Southern), Tr. lanceolata Southern, Phalacrophorus pictus Greeff, Pelagobia longicirrata Greeff and Maupasia caeca Viguier. The diagnostic characters, geographical and bathymetric distribution and synonomy of each of these polychaetes are given together with illustrations and distribution maps. A key is given for the identification of these polychaetes and species found in waters adjacent to the Southern Ocean.

Description / Table of Contents: Table of Contents: Preface and Acknowledgments. - 1 Introductory comments and summary. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Summary of the chapters. - 1.3 Conclusions. - 2 Finite differences. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Difference operators. - 2.2.1 Space discretization. - 2.2.2 Non-uniform grids. - 2.2.3 Coordinate transformations. - 2.2.3a Two walls clustering. - 2.2.3b Uniform in the center, stretched in the far field. - 2.2.3c Clustered in the center. - 2.2.3d Clustered around two inner regions. - 2.2.3e Clustered near two walls and at the center. - 2.2.3f Clustered in one region and stretched elsewhere. - 2.2.4 Non-uniform grids boundary conditions. - 2.3 Parabolic equations intime. - 2.3.1 Crank-Nicholson implicit scheme. - 2.3.2 Adams-Bashfort explicit. - 2.3.3 Low storage third-order Runge-Kutta Explicit. - 2.3.4 Hybrid third-order Runge-Kutta/Crank-Nicholson. - 2.3.5 Third order Runge-Kutta vs Adams-Bashfort. - 2.4. FFT for elliptic partial differential equations. - 2.4.1 Solution by FFT. - 2.4.2 Two periodic directions. - 2.4.3 sinFFT. - 2.4.4 cosFFT centered. - 2.4.5 cosFFT "staggered". - 2.5 Multigrid methods for elliptic partial differential equations. - 2.5.1 Multigrid method. - 2.6 Conclusions. - 3 The Burgers equation. - 3.1 Physical considerations. - 3.2 Spatial discretization. - 3.3 Time discretization. - 3.4 Results. - 3.5 Conclusions. - 4 Two-dimensional flows in Cartesian coordinates. - 4.1. Introduction. - 4.2 The equations in vorticity-streamfunction formulation. - 4.3 Vorticity boundary conditions. - 4.3a Periodicity. - 4.3b Free-slip. - 4.3c No-slip. - 4.3d Outlet. - 4.4 Streamfunction boundary conditions. - 4.5 Physical aspects of nonlinear terms. - 4.6 Arakawa's scheme. - 4.7 Nonlinear terms in primitive variables. - 4.8. Viscous terms and factorization. - 4.9 Boundary conditions. - 4.10 Test of [Omega, Psi] formulation. - 4.11 Code PSOMGBC. - 4.11a Input data. - 4.11b Initial conditions. - 4.11b.a Lamb dipole. - 4.11b.b Stern dipole. - 4.11b.c Isolated vortex. - 4.11b.d Monopole in a [Beta] plane. - 4.11b.e Flow near a coast with topography slopes. - 4.11b.f Time developing mixing layer. - 4.11b.g Space developing mixing layer. - 4.12 Results by the code PSOMGBC. - 4.12.1 General suggestion. - 4.12.2 Flow phenomena simulations. - 4.12.2a Lamb dipoles. - 4.12.2b Modons. - 4.12.2c Tripoles. - 4.12.2d Monopols in a [Beta] plane. - 4.12.2e Flow over topographic slopes. - 4.12.2f Time developing mixing layers. - 4.12.2g Roll-up. - 4.12.2h The pairing. - 4.12.2i Arakawa scheme effects. - 4.12.2j Space developing mixing layers. - 4.13 Conclusions. - 5 Two-dimensional flows in general curvilinear coordinates. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Equations. - 5.3 Laplacian discretization. - 5.4 Nonlinear terms discretization. - 5.5 Boundary conditions. - 5.6 Time discretization. - 5.7Code PSOMCUR. - 5.8 Results. - 5.8a Inviscid dipole moving close to a bump. - 5.8b Dipole impinging a semicircular cavity. - 5.8c Stream around a Gaussian hill. - 5.9 Conclusions. - 6 Two-dimensional turbulence. - 6.1. Introduction. - 6.2 Arakawa fourth order scheme. - 6.3 Initial conditions. - 6.4 Code TURB2D. - 6.5 Results. - 6.5.1 Resolution check. - 6.5.2 Global conservation properties. - 6.6 Conclusions. - 7 Axisymmetric flows. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Equations for the vorticity formulation. - 7.3 Results. - 7.3a Vortex ring formation. - 7.3b Vortex ring in the presence of solid body rotation. - 7.3c Vortex rings impacting free-slip walls. - 7.3d Vortex rings impacting no-slip walls. - 7.3e Space developing coaxial jet. - 7.4 Conclusions. - 8 Three-dimensional flows with three periodic directions. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Governing equations. - 8.3 Space and time discretization. - 8.4 Discretization of the non-linear terms. - 8.5 Fractional step. - 8.6 Factorization in the [Ypsilon]i equations. - 8.7 Solution of the Poisson equation for [Phi]. - 8.8 Initial conditions. - 8.8.1 Isotropic turbulence. - 8.8.2 Lamb dipole stability. - 8.9 Numerical checks of the code ISO. - 8.10 Definition of turbulent quantities. - 8.11 Isotropic turbulence with and without rotation. - 8.11a Isotropic turbulence. - 8.11b Isotropic turbulence subjected to uniform rotation. - 8.12 Physics of turbulence from data. - 8.12.a Correlation tensor. - 8.12.b Probability Density Functions. - 8.12.b.1 PDF of velocity and vorticity components. - 8.12.b.2 PDF of pressure field. - 8.12.b.3 PDF of angle between velocity and vorticity vectors. - 8.12.b.4 Velocity structure functions. - 8.13 Stability of the Lamb dipole to three dimensional disturbances. - 8.14 Conclusions. - 9 Flows with walls in Cartesian coordinates. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Adimensionalization. - 9.3 Space and time discretization. - 9.4 Initial conditions. - 9.5 Wall boundaries for turbulence control. - 9.6 Definition of turbulent quantities. - 9.7 Check of the code CHADS. - 9.8 Wall-boundary conditions effects. - 9.9 Analysis of the data. - 9.9a Velocity statistics. - 9.9b Vorticity statistics. - 9.9c Production and dissipation rate. - 9.9d Velocity vorticity tensor. - 9.9e Velocity vorticity spectra. - 9.9f Velocity and vorticity cospectra. - 9.9g Velocity and vorticity two-point correlations. - 9.9h Joint PDF of velocity and vorticity correlations in one point. - 9.9i Vortex stretching. - 9.9j Budget in the one-point closure equations. - 9.10 Conclusions. - 10 Flows in cylindrical coordinates with one wall. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Governing equations. - 10.3. Numerical method. - 10.4. Treatment of the axis. - 10.5 Code informations. - 10.5a Calculation of qi (first step). - 10.5b Calculation of qi n+1 (second step). - 10.5c Initial conditions. - 10.6 Results. - 10.6a Check of axis accuracy. - 10.6b Check of energy conservation. - 10.6c Turbulent non-rotating pipe, coarse solution. - 10.6b Turbulent rotating pipe, coarse solution. - 10.7 Conclusions. - 11 Flows in cylindrical coordinates with two walls. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Governing equations and numerical model. - 11.3 Code general informations. - 11.3a Description of the file tr3dnuma.f. - 11.3b Description of the file fr3dnuge.f. - 11.3c Description of the file tr3dnucoJ. - 11.3d Description of the file tr3dnuintr.f. - 11.3e Description of the file tr3dnuinri.f. - 11.3f Description of the file tr3dnuhnJ. - 11.3g Description of the file tr3dnutnJ. - 11.3h Description of the file tr3dnutr.f. - 11.3i Description of the file tr3dnutu.f. - 11.3j Description of the file tr3dnuioJ. - 11.4 Results. - 11.4a Three-dimensional tripole formation. - 11.4b Three-dimensional impact of a vortex ring on a wall. - 11.5 Conclusions. - 12 Large eddy simulations. - 12.1. Introduction. - 12.2. Filtering. - 12.3. Equations. - 12.4. Subgrid models. - 12.4a Smagorinsky model for the residual stress. - 12.4b Structure function model. - 12.4c Dynamic subgrid model. - 12.4d Similarity scale models. - 12.5 Equations for density-Related problems. - 12.6 Subgrid model for the rmal flows. - 12.7 Code informations. - 12.7a Description of the file isolesma.f. - 2.7b Description of the file isolesnn.f. - 12.7c Description of the file isoleshn.f. - 12.7d Description of the file isolestn.f. - 12.7e Description of the file isolestnsi.f. - 12.7f Description of the file isolesintu.f . - 12.7g Description of the file isolesinsi.f. - 12.7h Description of the file isolesph.f. - 12.7i Description of the file isolessp.f. - 12.7j Description of the file isolesst.f. - 12.7k Description of the file isolestr.f. - 12.71 Description of the file isolesio.f. - 12.7m Description of the file isolesiosi.f. - 12.7n Subgrid-models. - 12.8 Results. - 12.8a Grid turbulence at intermediate R [Lambda]. - 12.8b Isotropic turbulence at high R [Lambda]. - 12.8c Isotropic turbulence with a passive scalar. - 12.8d Buoyancy-generated turbulence. - 12.8e Turbulence with buoyancy and stratification. - 12.9 Conclusions. - 13 Large eddy simulations of wall-bounded flows. - 13.1. Introduction. - 13.2. Equations. - 13.3. Results. - 13.3.a Results at low Reynolds number. - 13.3.a Results at high Reynolds numbers. - 13.4 Conclusions. - References. - Diskette information. - Plates section.

Description / Table of Contents: This book deals with the simulation of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for laminar and turbulent flows. The book is limited to explaining and employing the finite difference method. This book furnishes a large number of source codes which permit to play with the Navier-Stokes equations and to understand the complex physics related to fluid mechanics. Numerical simulations are useful tools to understand the complexity of the flows, which often is difficult to derive from laboratory experiments. This book, then, can be very useful to scholars doing laboratory experiments, since they often do not have extra time to study the large variety of numerical methods; furthermore they cannot spend more time in transfering one of the methods into a computer language. By means of numerical simulations, for example, insights into the vorticity field can be obtained which are difficult to obtain by measurements. This book can be used by graduate as well as undergraduate students while reading books on theoretical fluid mechanics; it teaches how to simulate the dynamics of flow fields on personal computers. This will provide a better way of understanding the theory. Two chapters on Large Eddy Simulations (LES) habe been included since it is a methodology that in the near future will allow having more universal turbulence models for practical applications. The direct simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations (DNS) is simple by finite-differences, that are satisfactory to reproduce the dynamics of turbulent flows. A large part of the book is devoted to study homogeneous and wall turbulent flows. In the second chapter the elementary concept of finite difference is given to solve parabolic and elliptical partial differential equations. In successive chapters the 1D, 2D, and 3D Navier-Stokes equations are solved in Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates. Finally, Large Eddy Simulations are performed to check the importance of the subgrid scale models. Results for turbulent and laminar flows are discussed with particular emphasis on vortex dynamics. This volume will be of interest to graduate students and researchers wanting to compare experiments and numerical simulations, and to workers in the mechanical and aeronautic industries.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface. - Conference Report. - Opening session. - Review Papers. - Emissions and sinks of Kyoto gases: methane. - Emissions and sinks of Kyoto gases: nitrous oxide. - Emissions and sinks of Kyoto gases: fluorine compounds. - Non-Kyoto gases and impact on climate; GWP-concept. - Control of biological sources. - Control of industrial sources: methane. - Control of industrial emissions: nitrous oxide. - Control of industrial emissions: fluorine components. - Tools for control policies. - Uncertainties of emission inventories. - National policies on NCGG-emission mitigation. - Authors Index. - Subject Index. - Participants List

Description / Table of Contents: In the climate change discussion, non-CO2 greenhouse gases (NCGGs) received official political recognition for the first time in 1997, when agreement was reached on the Kyoto Protocol. As a result methane, nitrous oxide, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 now provide attractive options for detailing the national targets for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions meant to control climate change. This book is the second volume in this area and addresses three main topics. Firstly, it documents progress with respect to our knowledge of the sources and sinks of NCGGs. Information on this subject is essential in order to reduce the uncertainties in national emissions inventories which serve as the reference values for commitments of countries in the framework of the Kyoto Protocol. Secondly, this volume deals with the control options for the NCGGs and contains a wealth of information in this area. Emerging technologies here provide business opportunities, in particular in connection with the flexible mechanisms for mitigation projects in developing countries which have been agreed in Kyoto. Thirdly, the book treats the policy implementation of mitigation options for greenhouse gas emissions. Tools for control policies, both on the national and international level, and for different sectors of industry are discussed. National integrated approaches, including the ones from the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Netherlands Ministry of Environment which both sponsored the conference, provide guidance for defining the most effective greenhouse gases mitigation plans in different situations. This volume is being published in support of the IPCC Process and will serve as a reference for IPCC's Third Assessment Report.

Description / Table of Contents: Книга участников полярной экспедиции газеты «Комсомольская правда» рассказывает о неизвестных еще страницах истории открытия и освоения Арктики. Авторы в своей работе широко используют новые материалы, собранные в экспедициях на Таймыре и Северной Земле а также в архивах. Перед читателем предстанут яркие образы бескорыстных, отважных русских первопроходцев Арктики. Их жизнь и деяния до сих пор окружены тайной, которую так цепко умеет хранить Арктика. Сложные и увлекательные поисковые работы продолжаются. Читатель узнает о перспективах поисков и дальнейших планах экспедиции.

Description / Table of Contents: The book of the participants of the polar expedition of the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda" tells about the still unknown pages of the history of the discovery and development of the Arctic. In their work, the authors make extensive use of new materials collected during expeditions to Taimyr and Severnaya Zemlya, as well as in archives. The reader will be presented with vivid images of selfless, courageous Russian pioneers of the Arctic. Their lives and deeds are still surrounded by secrets that the Arctic can keep so tenaciously. Complex and exciting search work continues. The reader will learn about the prospects of the search and further plans of the expedition.