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  • Chemical Engineering  (6,147)
  • 1995-1999  (1,635)
  • 1980-1984  (2,596)
  • 1975-1979  (1,916)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compatibility of poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) and poly(butylene 2,6-naphthalate) blends (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1807-1810 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends prepared from poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) and poly(butylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PBN) show only partial miscibility judged from their glass transition temperatures. Two distinct mechanical behaviors are observed: brittle for the blends 〈 20 wt% of PBN, while ductile 〉 20 wt% of PBN. The experimental modulus and strength values of the blends are within the predicted values according to Kleiner and Paul models, respectively. This means that PEN/PBN blends are somewhat compatible based on their tensile properties. Especially for 20 wt% of PBN blend, the high modulus and strength are observed. The viscosity of the blend is high, which may imply a somewhat entangled morphology in the amorphous state.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352210
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352301
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of mixing porcedures on properties of compatibilized polypropylene/nylon 6 blends (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1821-1833 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The paper consides the effects of compatibilization with maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) on the propertie of immiscible blends of polypropylene (PP) and nylon 6 (N6). We prepared the blends by three different mixing processes; single-step blending, two-step blending with reactive premixing, and two-step blending with nonreactive premixing, to determine the effective mixiing process for fine morphological structure thermal stability, and mechanical properties. Dynamic melt reheological properties were measured to examine the modification of elastic properties by the compatibilizer. In addtion, thermal analysis was also carried out to detect the change in crystallization and thereby to probe the degree of compatibilizaton. The results show that compatibilized blends prepared by teh single-step process exhibit improved phase morphology, thermal stability, and mechanical properties for dried conditions, compared with other blend types. Finally, the water absorption test indicates that the added compatibilizer yields enhanced water resistance in spite of the strong intrinsic hydrophilicity of N6. In particular, two-step blending with reactive premixing is most effective in improving water resistance and reducing degradation of mechanical properties after moisture absorption.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352302
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A hybrid numerical technique to model 3-D flow fields in resin transfer molding processes (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1834-1851 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A hybrid two-/three-dimensional solution technique is presentedto model 3-D flow fields in resin transfer moeling using Darcy's low. The 3-D flow field is only solved for regions where all three velocity components are significant, thus largely reducing the number of unknowns. Elsewhere, the commonly used 2-D approximation for flow in thin gaps between plates is employe.d The method is applied to regions where the flow splits, such as T-joints. Because of the uncertainties associated with an accurate determination of the permeability in these regions, a simplified decompled procedure is procesed, which reduces the computational complexity. In this procedure, the flow front is advanced using the 2-D formulation. The 2-D formulation also provides the boundary conditions for the subsequent computation of the 3-D flow field without feedback of flow field information to the 2-d model. The governing equations are solved using boundary fitted coordinate systems (BFCS) together with the finite difference method (FDM). Numerical as well as algebraic grid generation and domain decomposition are employe dto generate grids that always concide with the continuously deforming and enlarging flow domain. Results that include the trackingof numerical tracer particles to visualize the three-dimensionality of the flow field are presented for isothermal flow of a Newtonian fluid through a T-joint. This detailed flow field description is expected to form the basis for a rather accurate simulation of quantitities that largely depend on the fluid particle pathlines, such as the degree of cure. The method is also extendable to shear-thinning fluids as well as to 3-D flow in the vicinity of the flow front.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352303
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theory of competition between breakup and coalescence of droplets in flowing polymer blends (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1872-1877 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Smoluchowski equation for the breakup and coalescence of dispersed droplets has been solved for flowing polymer blends. A scaling form for the distribution of droplet sized derived and published for a system of clusters with fragmentation and coagualation was used in our dervation. Equations are developed here for the average droplet size and for the characteristic time of transition to steady state flow of blends with a high content of the dispersed phase. Expressions reasonably describing the average size of droplets for all concentrations were obtained by a theory modification. Measured dependences of droplet size on the blend composition can be matched only if simultaneous collisions of three and more droplets are considered. The results of the theory indicate that the mechanism of droplet breakup (formation of pieces with the same or different volumes) has only a small effect on their average size in concentrated systems. The dependence of droplet size on the shear rate in flow is determined by properties of the blend components, and is generally nonmonotonic.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352306
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance of reprocessed multilayer LDPE/nylon-6 film (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1878-1883 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Multilayer LDPE/nylon-6 films with an overall content of 71 wt% LDPE, 24 wt% nylon-6, and 5 wt% PE-based tie-layer adhesive were reprocessed under both minimal and extensive mixing conditions. Thermal and mechanical properties, oxygen and water vapor permeability, and morphology of the reprocessed samples were determined. The modulus and yield stress of the reprocessed films fell between those of the pure homopolymers, whereas percent elongation at break and energy-to-break for all reprocessed films were less than those of the homopolymers. In minimally reprocessed film, layering of LDPE (low-density polyethylene) and nylon-6 was retained, whereas in extensively mixed samples, nylon-6 domains were spherical and ranged from 0.2 to 7 μm. Minimally reprocessed film exhibited good O2 and H2O vapor barrier properties, whereas extensively-mixed samples had poor barrier properties. Properties of well-mixed blends prepared both with and without adhesive showed that 5 wt% adhesive did not compatibilize the LDPE and nylon-6 components.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352307
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of residual stresses during cure and cooling of epoxy resins (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1895-1898 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new stress monitoring technique, a stress-tracking device, is described here. It has been used to study some important properties of epoxy resin. Residual stresses, including a curing shrinkage stress and a cooling shrinkage stress, were measured automatically and continuously during curing and cooling. Simultaneously, information such as an apparent gelation time and glass transition temperature were obtained directly during the experiment. These epoxy resin properties were related to the extent of cure. Varying cure temperature produced changes of cure behavior, which resulted in different residual stresses.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352309
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of reaction injection molding of polyurethane microcellular foam (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1899-1906 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Processing of microcellular foam was investigated for the feasibility of production of tough and lightweight polyurethanes. To increase the nucleation rate in a gas-supersaturated resin, ultrasonic excitation was applied to the mixture of polyol(polyether-based polyol) and isocyanate(diphenyl methane diisocyanate). A microcellular structure was produced by two sequential steps, i.e., supersaturationof the polyol resin with nitrogen gas at elevated pressure and ultrasonic bubble nucleation right after the impingement mixing of two components of the polyurethane system. Theoretical analyses based on nucleation theories were employed to predict the rate of nucleation in the gas-supersaturated polyurethane. The rate of nucleatio in the resin was predicted by classical nucleation and cluster theories. In the experimental investigation, ultrasonic excitation was applied to increase the nucleation rate in the resin that had been saturated by nitrogen at a saturation pressure 〈 2.0 MPa.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352310
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling the mechanical properties in polypropylene/polyamide-6 blends with core shell morphology (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1917-1922 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polypropylene/Polyamide-6 (PP.PA) blends containing maleic anhydride grafted elastomers were prepared by reactive blending. Three different types of core shell morphologies were obtained and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The midulus of these elastomer midified PP/PA (70/30) blends with core shell type morphology is compared to predictions derived from the Kerner model. The multiphase morphology of these blends could be modeled by sequential application of the Kerner equation to two-phase subinclusions. Using morphological data ontained by TEM, good agreement between experimental and calculated values was ontained. The results are used to tailor PP/Pa-6 blends combining stiffness and toughness.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352402
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Creep analysis of thermiplastics using stress relaxation data (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1931-1937 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: One of the major factors limiting the use of thermoplastics in engineeing applications is the inadequacy of existing design data. Much of the data do not span appropriate ranges of stress, strain, time, or temperature. This study addresses the need to develop an accelerated method for generating long-time design data to support the innovative use of engineering thermoplastics. In particular, stress relaxation tests (SRT) were performed on polycarbonate (PC) and midified poly(phenylene oxide)(PPO), and used to generate time-dependent design data through the short-time measurement of the material's current state without dependence on elastic modulus. The test results and analyses reported here indicate the SRT method to be an efficeint means of generating accurate and repeatable creep and secant modulus data which may be directly used in design. Therefore, SRT shows great potential both as a design parameter development tool, and as a quality control instrumetn for assessing batch-to-batch variability.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352404
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410301
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AIChE journal: More diverse and timely (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 445-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410302
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Habituating control strategies for process control (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 604-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By “reverse engineering” the functions of a specific biological system, habituating control strategies are developed for process control applications. A habituating control system has the distinguishing property of more more manipulated inputs than controlled outputs; with the inputs differing significantly in their dynamic effect on the outputs and in the relative costs of manipulating each one. A habituating controller coordinates the use of all the available inputs to achieve high-performance output objectives while simulatneously minimizing the cost of taking control action.The “baroreceptor reflex,” the control system responsible for short-term blood pressure regulation, provides the biological paradigm for the analysis and design of the habituating control structure. Its main characteristics are discussed from a process control perspective, indicating that the robust, high-performance control, characteristic of biological systems is partly due to such habituating control architectures. The broad range of potential process applications is illustrated with two examples. Two basic strategies are presented for the design of habituating controllers for linear systems with two inputs and one output: the direct synthesis approach and the model predictive approach. Compared to previous techniques for multiple-input, single-output systems, the direct synthesis strategy is straightforward and systematic. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of habituating control compared to conventional techniques for which the number of inputs and outputs are equal.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410318
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residence time distribution in three-phase monolith reactor (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 649-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The residence time distribution of the liquid phase within a three-phase monlith reactor is determined using tracer studies. The actual liquid residence time in the monolith, relevant for reactor design purposes, is calculated from overall residence time measurements using deconvolution by Fourier transform. The liquid-phase residence time decreases as liquid or gas flow rates increase, but the reactor Peclet number remains approximately constant. The residence time distribution and calculated values of the Peclet number reveal that the liquid phase is substantially well-mixed. Comparison with results from experiments in a single glass capillary reveals that the monolith channels become predominantly liquid-filled, particularly as the liquid flow rate becomes a significant fraction of the total flow rate.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410321
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shear thinning in ternary bicontinuous and water-in-oil microemulsions (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 677-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Shear thinning of ternary microemulsions of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), water, and dodecane in the range 103 to 106 s-1 is documented over a wide range of compositions. A marked transition in the characteristic shear rate is observed accompanying the structural transition from bicontinuous to water-in-oil (w/o) droplets as previously reported from diffusion and small-angle scattering techniques. Results in the w/o region are consistent with those for a dispersion of hard spheres. The shear thinning of the bicontinuous structure, however, occurs at much higher shear rates, implying a shorter time and length scale for disruption of the equilibrium liquid structure by the flow field.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410324
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Convective diffusion from a dissolving polymeric particle (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 666-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comprehensive mathematical model for describing the process of dissolution of a spherical polymeric particle in a convective field is developed. It includes the process of glass transition, reptation of macromolecules, disengagement of these molecules from the gel-liquid interface, and diffusion in the boundary layer surrounding the gel-liquid interface. Different controlling regimes for the dissolution process are identified and quantitatively delineated in this moving boundary problem. Analytical solutions for the estimation of dissolution time for various limiting cases are presented. Key predictions from the model are verified by comparison with preliminary experimental data. A novel feature of a particle-size-independent dissolution of polymeric particles below a critical size brought out by the model is verified experimentally. The findings have pragmatic implications in diverse areas, such as polymerization, drag reduction, and microlithography.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410323
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-temperature kinetic study for the reactive ion etching of InP in BCl3/Ar/O2 (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 658-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reactive ion etching kinetics of InP studied uses BCl3/Ar and BCl3/Ar/O2 as etchants. High-temperature etching using BCl3 and Ar increases the etch rate negligibly. However, the addition of 30% oxygen in the gas feed increases etch rates by a factor of 10,000 up to 1.5 micron/min at wafer temperatures of 250°C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals that oxygen removes the boron species adsorbing on the InP surface by scavenging the boron to form volatile boron oxides. To study the gas-phase chemistry, optical emission spectroscopy is used to monitor atomic chlorine intensity at different gas mixtures. The chlorine intensity shows a Gaussian-type dependence with oxygen addition, which is similar to the etch rate dependence. Two regimes of etching found are: at temperatures below 150°C, the etching is limited by the removal of indium chlorides; above 180°C, the etching is reaction-limited. The surface morphology shows that the etch profile becomes rougher as a result of increased chemical etching. At high power densities (0.21 W/cm2) and intermediate temperatures (150°C), near vertical wall shapes are obtained. A kinetic model for the high-temperature etching is developed, as well as a rate law based on the InCl formation reaction. The rate law compares favorably with experimental etch rate results.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410322
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  • 18
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    Reformulation of Wong-Sandler mixing rule for cubic equations of state (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 683-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cubic equation of state mixing rule of Wong and Sandler is reformulated in a way that eliminates one of its parameters and so that it can go smoothly from activity coefficient-like behavior to the classical van der Waals one-fluid mixing rule merely by variation of its parameters. The parameters in the reformulated mixing rule can be obtained from correlation of vapor-liquid equilibrium data or from the two infinite dilution activity coefficients for each binary pair in the mixture. When these activity coefficients are estimated from the UNIFAC group contribution model, the mixing rule becomes completely predictive. The correlative and completely predictive forms of this mixing rule are tested here and shown to be accurate for five difficult binary systems and one ternary mixture over large ranges of temperature and pressure.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410325
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  • 19
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    Aspects of flow of power-law fluids in porous media (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1099-1112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Non-Newtonian fluid flow in porous media is encountered in a variety of applications. Aspects of single-phase flow of power-law fluids in porous media are examined. First, homogenization theory is used to derive a macroscopic law. It is shown that the single-capillary power law between flow rate and pressure gradient also applies at the macroscopic scale, provided that the Reynolds number is sufficiently small. Homogenization theory confirms the validity of the use of pore network models to describe flow of power-law fluids, although not necessarily of fluids of a more general rheology. Flow in pore networks is next used to explore various pore geometry effects. Numerical simulations show that approaches based on an effective medium or on the existence of a critical path, which carries most of the flow, are valid in narrow- or wide-pore-size distributions, respectively. The corresponding expressions agreed well with the numerical results in the respective ranges. An analysis presented for Bethe lattices leads to closed-form expressions in two limits: for an effective medium and near percolation. The behavior near percolation generalizes the results of Stinchcombe (1974) for the linear (Newtonian) case.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410506
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Convective diffusion and adsorption in a swarm of spheroidal particles (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1122-1134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The problem of mass transfer from a Newtonian fluid to a swarm of spheroidal adsorbers under creeping flow conditions is considered using the spheroid-in-cell model to represent the swarm. The flow field within the fluid envelope for the Kuwabara type of boundary conditions is obtained form the analytical solution of Dassios et al. (1994). The complete convective diffusion equation is used to describe mass transport within the envelope so that moderate and strong diffusional terms can be taken into account. A new set of boundary conditions is used that respects mass flux and concentration continuity across the outer surface of the cell and maximizes the applicability of the spheroid-in-cell model in the convection-to-diffusion transition regime. The resulting elliptic problem in two dimensions is solved numerically. Results for the upstream and downstream concentration profiles reveal that tangential diffusion is very significant and should not be neglected for moderate and low Peclet number values. Also, the classical Levich-type of formulation, which is theoretically valid for very weak diffusional terms only, can in practice be modified to predict with fair accuracy the overall Sherwood number and the adsorption efficiency of prolate and oblate spheroids-in-cell even in moderate Peclet number cases.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410508
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  • 21
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    Role of porosity in filtration: XII. Filtration with sedimentation (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1153-1164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Filtration on horizontal surfaces facing upward is accompanied by sedimentation. Material balances that are based solely on the volume of filtrate and neglect sedimentation flux lead to an understatement of the solids deposited in the cake and potentially large errors in calculated values of the average specific resistance αav. In a gravitational sedimentation experiment with kaolin, the value of αav neglecting sedimentation was 3.75 times greater than the value including the effect of sedimentation. In addition to errors due to neglect of sedimentation, CATSCAN studies show that the slurry concentration above the cake increases with time, contrary to usual assumptions. In a manner similar to batch sedimentation in a closed cylinder, characteristics of constant composition arose from the cake surface. Approximate predictions based on a combination of traditional sedimentation and filtration theory were in accord with the CATSCAN data. Existing filtration theory must be substantially modified to account for the effect of sedimentation.
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    Copper selective adsorption with a microemulsion-based resin (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1165-1170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cross-linked terpolymers of allyl acetylacetone, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were synthesized in the oil phase of a bicontinuous microemulsion stabilized with didodecyldimethylammonium bromide. The resulting material is porous, with a surface area of 58 m2/dry g. It selectively adsorbs copper, picking up 0.07 meq/dry g from a 0.1-M solution. This is less than the total apparent capacity of 0.65 meq/dry g inferred from titration with base and much less than the amount in conventional, nonselective resins, which is typically 5 meq/dry g. Breakthrough curves in packed beds and across membranes of this material seem consistent with uptake controlled by chemical reaction compromised by dispersion. Nonporous membranes of this material do not show facilitated transport.
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    Numerical studies of multicomponent chromatography using pH gradients (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1171-1183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general numerical method is developed for multicomponent chromatography for the case where a pH gradient occurs and several buffering species are present that become adsorbed together with the components being separated through an ion-exchange mechanism. Acid-base equilibrium relations are used to determine the ionic compositions in the liquid and adsorbed phases and are solved using a single-variable Newton's method. The differential material-balance relations are integrated numerically using the method of characteristics. The transport relations are incorporated using a matrix analog of the linear-driving-force approximation. The resulting method accounts for the adsorption of each ionic form of each buffering species, for multicomponent diffusional interactions arising from induced electric fields, for volume and concentration overloading of proteins, and for changes in the adsorption capacity caused by pH variations. Numerical calculations illustrate factors govening the selection of the adsorbent and buffer components for use in separating mixtures of proteins using retained, internally generated pH gradients.
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    Numerical computation of turbulent gas-solid particle flow in a 90° bend (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2187-2197 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A numerical computation of the LDV results of Kliafas and Holt is reported for a turbulent gas-solid particle flow in a square-sectioned 90° bend. A Eulerian model with generalized Eulerian solid surface boundary conditions for the particulate-phase momentum exchanges with solid walls are included. The turbulent closure is effected by using the gas-phase RNG-based k-∊ turbulence model, and the particulate turbulence diffusivity is related to the turbulent viscosity of the gas phase. Comparisons are made with experimental data for the mean streamwise velocities of both phases, the streamwise turbulence intensity of the gas phase, and the particulate concentration distribution in the bend. The localized high particulate concentration near the outer curve of the bend that occurs at large Stokes number is accurately predicted. Empirical computational evidence is presented for a relaxation of the minimum particle number density required to allow the use of a continuum model.
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    Multiple roll systems: Residence times and dynamic response (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2198-2211 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In roll coating as in other coating processes the coating liquid often suffers changes in properties on the time of the coating flow, that is, from fractions of a second upward depending on the amount of recirculation and recycling. The agents of change may be chemical reaction, colloidal aggregation, or evaporation. Hence the mean residence time and the residence time distribution of the liquid are important to designers and operators of coating processes. Here, building on the examination of roll-coating systems by Benjamin et al. (1995), the residence times of liquid coated by representative arrays of multiple rolls in the “forward roll” mode and relatively starved feed condition (neglecting the possibly significant effects of “rolling banks” and other internal recirculations when they are present) are analyzed. The dynamic response of these transfer coaters to step changes in the feed gap and to periodic gap changes, as from roll and bearing run-out, are also analyzed. No reports of operating or laboratory experiments are available for comparison. Nevertheless the results make plain how these quality-limiting features may depend don the number of rolls used; their sizes, speed, and arrangement, and the properties of the coating liquid.
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    Analysis of multidimensional models of monolith catalysts for hybrid combustors (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2250-2260 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Distributed parameter models of the single channel of a monolith combustor have been derived from progressively simplified assumptions. Simulation results are compared to assess the importance of the different physicochemical phenomena occurring in the combustor and to identify the simplest adequate model. For typical operating conditions of the hybrid combustor (gas and wall temperature not exceeding 1,073 and 1,273 K, respectively, high flow rate and pressure, natural gas as fuel), the results show that variations of gas properties have to be considered while homogeneous combustion can be neglected. Assumption of the approximate radial profile of axial velocity with invariant parabolic shape, rather than the rigorous solution of momentum balance and the continuity equation, provides accurate results. Moreover, for simulation of ceramic monoliths, backward heat transmission by wall conduction can be neglected with a substantial saving of computational labor.
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    Wetting of fiber mats for composites manufacturing: II. Air entrapment model (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2274-2281 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this work the experimental observations are explained with the aid of a simple air-entrapment model based on the concept of two levels of porosity of fiber mats. A simple model that includes liquid bypassing with initial air trapping, subsequent capillary invasion of regular fiber bundles with air compression, and finally mobilization is proposed to explain air-entrapment phenomena. The simple model successfully rationalizes the observed air trapping and compression during initial liquid-fiber contact. An empirical equation for the mobilization efficiency is adapted to the model to estimate void content. The velocity dependence of the trapped void content predicted by the model is in good agreement with observations.
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    Nitridation and CVD reactions with hydazine (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2282-2291 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The low-temperature nitridation of gallium arsenide, silicon and transition metals was investigated using hydrazine. Gallium nitride films were grown on gallium arsenide (GaAs) by direct reaction of the semiconductor surface layers with hydrazine et 200-400°C. Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses show that the films are primarily gallium nitride with a small oxide impurity. Thin nitride films (∼15 Å) were grown on silicon by reaction with hydrazine at 300-500°C. Ellipsometry results suggest that the film growth goes through different phases following linear, parabolic and logarithmic functions with time. XPS analysis shows that the nitride films could be formed at much lower temperatures than possible with ammonia (300 vs. 600°C). The formation of numerous transition metal nitrides (Co, Cr, Fe, Mo, Si, Ta, Ti, V, and W) by reaction with hydrazine at 400°C is demonstrated, as well as the chemical vapor deposition of boron nitride films from diborane and hydrazine reactants. The temperature at the mixing point was critical in determining the final composition of the film. A 1-D transport model suggests that the reaction rate at 400°C was kinetically limited. The results also agree qualitatively with thermodynamic equilibrium calculations.
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    Second law analysis on fractal-like fin under crossflow (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2314-2317 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690411015
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    Analysis of fiber formation during air-gap wet spinning (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1281-1294 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The steady formation of fibers in the air-gap wet-spinning process is analyzed, in which solidification of the fiber material is brought about by the diffusional exchange of solvent and nonsolvent in a coagulation bath. The concentration profile within the fiber is determined, and a simple model is given for the change of the material behavior with changing concentration. The material behavior of the uncoagulated spinning solution is described by a constitutive model for viscoelastic liquids that allows the incorporation of a relaxation-time spectrum. The behavior of the solidified fiber is described by a model for rubberlike elastic solids. The effects of variable fiber temperature and skin friction on the fiber motion are also taken into account. The computed velocity profiles are compared to experimental data. These data were obtained by spinning three samples of nominally identical spinning solutions. Even though the theoretically predicted profiles agree well with those obtained with the first two samples, they completely fail to do so for the third. This failure is attributed to the unexpected extreme sensitivity of the model predictions to the width of the dynamic spectrum that is used to infer the relaxation-time spectrum. It is also found that the velocity profile depends rather strongly on the initial conditions for the stress.
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    Solvation effects on reactions of triplet benzophenone in supercritical fluids (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1306-1318 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Laser flash photolysis of the hydrogen abstraction reaction of triplet benzophenone (3BP) from 2-propanol and 1,4-cyclohexadiene in supercritical ethane and fluoroform was investigate. Bimolecular rate constants based on bulk concentrations decrease with an increase in pressure along both isotherms studied. These results corroborate our previous studies in CO2 that show increased reaction rates due to enhanced local compositions of cosolvent around the 3BP solute. Analysis of the results includes prediction of the thermodynamic pressure effect on the rate constant, which suggests an increase in the rate constant with pressure, as well as the effects of increased local cosolvent concentrations about 3BP. Spectroscopic measurements of the local composition of 2-propanol about a solute in supercritical CO2 are used to explain the apparent discrepancy between experiment and prediction, providing reasonable evidence that the local environment can influence kinetically controlled reactions in supercritical fluids.
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    Direct observation of hindered brownian motion (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1324-1328 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Cautious on-line correction of batch process operation (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1337-1340 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Convergence of a series of well-stirred reactors to plug-flow reactor (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1346-1348 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Nonlinear dynamics and chaos (with applications to Physics; Biology; Chemistry; and engineering). By S. H. Strogatz; addison-wesley; reading; MA; 1994; 498 pp.; $51.95 (hard cover) (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1353-1354 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410535
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    Newtonian drop impact with a solid surface (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1357-1367 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The spreading of Newtonian liquid drops after impact with a solid surface is reproted for a range of liquid and surface proeprties, drop diameters, and impact velocities. Results for liquid viscosities up to 300 mPa.s are given. For a given drop diameter and velocity, a range of liquid viscosities result in splashing even for smooth surfaces. The maximum spread radius, made dimensionless with the drop radius, is correlated as Rmax* = 0.61(Re2Oh)0.166, where Re and Oh are the Reynolds and Ohnesorge numbers. respectively. A model is proposed to account for inertial, viscous, and surface tension forces on the maximum spread radius. Good agreement is found between the model and experimental data from several sources.
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    Dilute turbulent gas-solid flow in risers with particle-particle interactions (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1375-1388 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Earlier work of Sinclair and Jackson that treats the laminar flow of gas-solid suspensions is extended to model dilute turbulent flow. The random particle motion, often exceeding the turbulent flucutations in the gas, is obtained using a model based on the kinetic theory of granular materials. A two-equation low Reynolds number turbulence model is modified to account for the presence of the dilute particle phase. Comparisons of the model predictions with available experimental data for the mean and fluctuating velocity profiles for both phases indicate that the resulting theory captures many of the flow features observed in the pneumatic transport of large particles. THe model predictions did not manifest an exterme sensitivity to the degree of inelasticity in the particle-particle collisions for the range of solid loading ratios investigated.
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    Fractional crystallization: Design alternatives and tradeoffs (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2427-2438 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Guildlines for the design of fractional crystallization processes to separate two-and three-solute mixtures are presented. By using solvent addition/removal, stream combination, and cooling/heating, these processes bypass regions of multiple saturation in the phase diagram and recover purse solutes. Design equations are formulated, and the constraints on the design variables are identified. also included is a discussion of the effect on recyle flows of changes in the design variables and an estimate of the cost of a fractional crystallization separation.
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    An introduction to coal technology. By Norbert Berkowitz, Academic Press, New York, 1994, 2nd ed., 398 pp (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 201-202 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410123
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    Multicomponent mass transfer. By Ross Taylor and R. Krishna, Wiley, New York, 1993, 579 pp (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 202-203 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410124
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    Masthead (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995) 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410201
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    Use of optical probes to characterize bubble behavior in gas-solid fluidized beds (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 223-228 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Optical probes are used to study gas-solid fluidized-bed hydrodynamics. The probes each consisting of a light source and photodetector separated by a gap are suitable for use at combustion-level temperatures. The methodology to process the signal for calculation of bubble properties such as bubble frequency, local bubble residence time, bubble velocity, pierced length, bubble size, and visible bubble flow is presented. The signal processing technique is independent of bed operating conditions. The probe signal processing methodology is validated by comparing calculated bubble properties based on the probe signal with properties observed on videotapes of a 2-D bed.
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    Instability phenomenon in an external-loop three-phase gas-liquid airlift reactor (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2508-2511 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690411116
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    Mechanistic description and experimental studies of electrochromatography of proteins (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2499-2507 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Electrochromatography is a form of gradient liquid chromatography in which an axial electric potential is applied to columns packed with gel-filtration media. Experimental methodology and a mechanistic model are further developed for a system that minimizes Joule heating at electric field strengths of 100 V/cm by dissipating heat through a cooling jacket and use of a cooled, low ionic strength eluting buffer. Focusing of proteins can be achieved in a 15-mm-dia. Column by the interplay of eluent velocity, electrophoretic migration rate, and electrically induced concentration polarization when the stationary phase is more conductive than the mobile phase. Voltage gradients of up to 125 V/cm for eluent velocities at 18-25 cm/h separate binary protein mixtures of Bhb-α-lactalbumin, BSA-myoglobin, and α-lactalbumin-myoglobin over Sephadex G-100 and G-50. Retention times are consistent with values obtained from a mechanistic nonlinear model.
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    Theory of gas diffusion and permeation in inorganic molecular-sieve membranes (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 58-67 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Theoretical models of gas diffusion and permeation in microporous molecularsieve membranes are presented. The effect of the adsorbed diffusant on the total transmembrane flow is insignificant for permanent gases. For highly adsorbable gases the effect of the adsorbed molecules on the total transmembrane flux may be high at low temperatures. The activation energy of diffusion increases when the kinetic diameter of the diffusant increases. The activation energy of gas diffusion compares well with the values calculated based on the Lennard-Jones potential. Maximum possible permeability coefficients calculated for He in the molecular-sieve membranes do not exceed ˜30,000 Barrer at room temperature. The experimentally observed value for He permeability is ˜1,000 Barrer (T=30°C) because of the high tortuosity (τ≍ 25) and low porosity (θ = 0.22) of the membrane porous structure.
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    Nucleation, agglomeration and crystal morphology of calcium carbonate (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 68-77 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A pH-stat MSMPR crystallizer is used to obtain the nucleation rate equation of calcite formed in the Na2CO3-CaCl2 reacting system. The experiments are conducted for seeded and unseeded runs. Effects of breakage and agglomeration on the crystalsize distribution are demonstrated. In a continuous operation, the agglomeration of nuclei followed by the breakage of agglomerates occurs at the transient state, while the agglomeration is significant at the steady state. Taking crystal agglomeration into account, the corrected nucleation rate and agglomeration rate are obtained simultaneously. The agglomeration rate is a function of relative supersaturation and magma density, and the corrected nucleation rate is approximately two- to five-fold of the apparent nucleation rate, which is the nucleation rate without considering the agglomeration effect. Discussed also is the formation of calcium carbonate polymorphism.
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    Separation vector formulation for the synthesis of multicomponent separation sequences (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 78-96 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new separation system representation uses stream separation vectors in the separation space. The characteristics of a separation sequence are clarified by its separation base vectors that form the sequence basis and those of a separation system by the geometrical properties of separation vectors. The optimal flowsheet of each sequence under separation vector formulation can be obtained as the solution of a linearly-constrained optimization problem. A set of simple rules determines the minimum separation loads of any sharp separation sequence by inspection. A modified cost measure, which combines the separation cost with the savings due to stream bypass, can be used to select the optimal sequence without the overall cost analysis.The optimal separation sequence is obtained first by identifying the best sequence configuration according to modified cost measures and then by finding the actual costs of maximum-bypass and its neighboring sequence configurations. For the nonlinear objective function, the exact optimal flowsheet is determined by solving a linearly-constrained optimization problem. Since this procedure is a linearly-constrained optimization problem, the mathematical programming solution is not likely to lead to a local minimum.
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    Model-based approach to automated hazard identification of chemical plants (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 97-109 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A prototype hazard identification system, qualitative hazard identifier (QHI), works by exhaustively positing possible faults, automatically building qualitative process models, simulating them, and checking for hazards. QHI matches a library of general faults such as leaks, broken filters, blocked pipes, and controller failures against the physical description of the plant to determine all specific instances of faults that can occur in the plant. Faults may perturb variables in the original design model or may require building a new model. Fault models are automatically generated using the qualitative process compiler and simulated using QSIM. Hazards including overpressure, overtemperature, controller saturation, and explosion are identified in the reactor section of a nitric acid plant using QHI.
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    Diffusion in heterogeneous media: Application to immobilized cell systems (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 691-700 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Transport of small molecules in heterogeneous materials can be an important factor in many engineering and biological applications. This study focuses on the diffusion of cellular nutrients in an immobilized cell system. A Monte Carlo simulation technique is used to describe the diffusion of small molecules in a variety of simulated cellular structures. Diffusivity predictions are in close agreement with experimental values as well as with theoretical bounds reported in the literature. It is revealed that effective diffusivities are highly dependent on the diffusivities of the species in the various phases and on the volume fraction of cells. The spatial arrangement of the cells, however, has no apparent effect on the predicted diffusivity for the range of conditions investigated.
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    Measurement of protein diffusion in Dextran solutions by holographic interferometry (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 701-711 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Theories and experimental measurements related to the diffusion of globular macromolecules and small spheres in polymer solutions are discussed. It is shown that the Kirkwood-Riseman point scatterer and Brinkman models, two theoretical approaches that lead to hydrodynamic screening, are equivalent. Holographic interferometry is presented as a new method for measuring gradient diffusion of proteins in transparent polymer solutions and gels. This method is used to examine the effect of ionic strength, polymer concentration and polymer molecular weight on the diffusion of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in dextran solutions. The data are interpreted in light of the hydrodynamic screening and Stokes-Einstein models of diffusion. In particular, it is shown that while the Stokes-Einstein equation may be appropriate for the diffusion of relatively large latex spheres in polymer solutions, it is inappropriate for predicting diffusion coefficients of BSA and comparable proteins in such solutions.
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    Axial dispersion in Taylor-Couette flow (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 723-727 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Effectiveness of calcium magnesium acetate as dual SO2 -NOx emission Control Agent (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 712-722 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) is an effective dual SO2-NOx emission control agent. Laboratory-scale experiments with dry injected particles at a Ca/S molar ratio of 2 [or (Ca + Mg)/S ratio of 6] resulted in SO2 and NOx removal efficiencies of over 90% at gas temperatures of 950 - 1,250°C in atmospheres containing 12% CO2, 3% oxygen, 2,000 ppm SO2, and 1,000 ppm NOx during a 1-s residence time in an isothermal cavity followed by injection of after-fire air. During the experiments, SO2 reacted with the porous, thin-walled CaO, CaCO3 and MgO cenospheres, formed when CMA calcined, while NOx was reduced by hydrocarbon radicals from the organic acetate decomposition. While Ca was the dominant contributor to SO2 reduction by CMA in the isothermal furnace zone, Mg also contributed to SO2 reduction. At gas temperatures ≤ 950°C, Mg reacted directly with SO2 in the isothermal furnace zone and was the dominant SO2 remover in the post-furnace quenching zone while indirectly SO2 at higher isothermal zone temperatures by precluding pore-mouth plugging when CaSO4 formed. Interactions among hydrocarbons, SO2, and NOx are important but not fully understood.
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    Drag on spheroidal particles in dilatant fluids (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 728-731 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Modeling segregation of solute material during drying of liquid foods (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 732-736 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Letters to the Editor (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 737-740 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Paste flow and extrusion. By J. Benbow and J. Bridgwater, Oxford series on advanced manufacturing, Oxford, 1993, 153 pp. (hard cover), $56.50 (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 741-741 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410333
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    Scaleup and design of industrial mixing processes. By Gary B. Tatterson, McGraw Hill, New York, 312 pp., 1994 $56 (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 741-742 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Macrotransport processes. By H. Brenner and D. A. Edwards, Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, MA, 1993, 714 pp., $75 (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 742-743 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Surface and colloid science. Edited by Egon Matijevic, Vol. 15, Plenum, New York, 1993, 276 pp. (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 743-745 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Protein purification process engineering. Edited by R. G. Harrison, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993, $155 (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 745-746 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Masthead (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995) 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Fractal nature of viscous fingering in two-dimensional pore level models (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 749-763 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Use of saturation-dependent relative mobilities leads to linear flow; however, experiment and theory show that, in the limit of very large viscosity ratio, the flow is not linear but fractal. Generally, fractional flows and relative mobilities depend on both saturation and time. Use of a standard pore-level model of 2-D flow in the limit of infinite capillary number shows that this flow is fractal for large viscosity ratios (M = 10,000) and the sauration and fractional flows agree with the results of our general arguments. For realistic viscosities (M = 3 → 300), our modeling of the unstable flow shows that, although the flows are initially fractal, they become linear on a time scale, τ increasing as τ = τ0M0.17. Once linear, the saturation front advances as x ≈ v0M0.068 t; the factor M0.068 acts as a 2-D Koval factor.
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    Characterization of lignosulfonate-modified hydrated lime powders (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 435-438 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Modeling of a monolithic catalyst with reciprocating flow (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1229-1234 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Several methods have been proposed to improve the conversion of catalytic oxidation reactions. Gases with low enthalpy contents or gases that contain small amounts of combustible compounds can be converted much more efficiently in a reactor with reciprocating flow. The solid phase exhibits an inertia behavior insofar as it does not reach equilibrium with the gas temperature at the reactor ends. The solid-phase temperature at the center of the bed is considerably higher than in the unidirectional case. Results for the oxidation of CO at different inlet gas temperatures and switching periods are presented. An optimum period is found at which maximum conversion occurs. An estimate of the maximum temperature in the reactor is derived.
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    Modeling molecular weight development of gas-phase α-olefin copolymerization (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1251-1265 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comprehensive kinetic model developed for molecular weight calculations of ethylene axsnd α-olefin copolymerizations in the context of a terminal model accounts for multiple-type active centers of the catalyst, detailed elementary chemical reactions, and catalyst composition. The moments of copolymer chain distributions are defined considering molecular weights of comonomer units so that copolymer molecular weight averages can be directly calculated from those moments. A double Z-transformation is introduced for the derivation of differential equations of the moments. Model simulations are carried out based on ethylene and 1-butene copolymerizations in a gas-phase fluidized-bed reactor. Polydisperity of accumulated copolymer depends on catalyst composition and kinetic characteristics of the catalyst. For a catalyst with specified kinetic characteristics, the polydispersity depends on the mole fraction of each type of active center. For a catalyst with two types of active centers, the maximum polydispersity of copolymer occurs at 50 wt. % of the total copolymer if polydispersities of the copolymers generated at each active site are the same. Polydispersity of accumulated copolymer is sensitive to propagation reactions and chain transfer to hydrogen reactions. Differences in chain transfer to cocatalyst and monomers and in spontaneous deactivation rates for different types of active centers may play minor roles in controlling molecular weight development in the presence of hydrogen. This model can be used for catalyst composition design, simulation of commercial olefin copolymerization processes, and kinetic parameter estimation.
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    Ternary microemulsions as model disordered media (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1295-1305 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ternary microemulsion systems alkane/water/DDAB (didodecyldimethylammonium bromide) form ideal model-disordered media. The static microstructure is described by a simple parameter-free model that can be predetermined and agrees with SAXS and SANS scattering experiments. The component volume fraction can be varied to exhibit bicontinuous random structures with a predicted percolation transition to disconnected water-in-oil droplets. Structural transitions are analyzed in the context of theories of percolative phenomena. Experimental transport properties agree well with model predictions based on an effective medium approximation. Critical exponents that describe the scaling of the transport properties near percolation are consistent with theoretical expectations near a static percolation transition. Through variation of component volume fractions a medium of known microstructure can be prescribed, so that independent measurement of transport and mechanical properties is possible.
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    Continuum random walk simulations of diffusion and reaction in catalyst particles (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 880-893 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To predict the effect of pore structure on the performance of heterogeneous catalysts, a realistic model of the catalyst particle is required. Lattice-based models in which the diffusion and reaction phenomena are restricted to sites and bonds within a regular or irregular lattice are widely used. However, for the realistic simulation of diffusion and reaction in amorphous catalyst supports, such as alumina or silica, a continuum model, which does not artificially restrict the domain in which the reactants are allowed to diffuse, is required.An efficient method based on a “first passage time” approach is developed for the simulation of diffusion and reaction in a supported catalyst. The model catalyst is composed of spheres representing the support and active sites. By varying the algorithm used to generate the model catalyst, a range of structures can be created. The effect of the structure, and the size and distribution of active sites on the reaction rate is studied.
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    Effects of operating conditions on stability of gas-phase polyethylene reactors (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 868-879 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fluidized-bed polyethylene reactors are prone to unstable behavior and temperature oscillations (Choi and Ray, 1985b). Their work is extended to show the effects of ethylene feed system operation, reactor cooling system design, catalyst properties, and gas composition on reactor stability and dynamics. The analysis is performed using a well-mixed model, because heat- and mass-transfer resistances between multiple phases are small and are not required to account for the observed bifurcation phenomena. The addition of a gas recycle and heat exchanger system to the model significantly affects dynamic performance, including the formation of limit cycles. The size and dynamics of the heat exchanger, however, have little effect on the overall stability. In contrast, automation of the ethylene feed system to replace the monomer in the reactor as it is consumed leads to substantially different dynamic behavior than if the ethylene feed is maintained at a constant rate. Catalyst properties (multiple sites, activation energy, and deactivation) significantly affect dynamics and stability, whereas comonomer and other gases affect them only mildly. The results confirm that without proper temperature control, gas-phase polyethylene reactors are prone to instability, limit cycles, and excursions towards unacceptable high-temperature steady states.
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    Organic microporous materials made by bicontinuous microemulsion polymerization (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 907-914 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microporous solids made by polymerizing the organic phase of bicontinuous microemulsions stabilized with didodecyldimethylammonium bromide show surface areas as high as 70 m2/g. Small-angle X-ray scattering measurements on microporous copolymers containing polymethylmethacrylate show that these areas result from structures larger than 250 Å that are generated during polymerization. These X-rays measurements also show that the 17-Å structures characteristics of the original microemulsion are retained during polymerization, but destroyed when the detergent is extracted and the solid is dried.
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    Controlled drop tensiometer for measuring dynamic interfacial and film tension (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 915-923 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A dynamic interfacial tensiometer described measures the tension of stressed liquid-liquid interfaces. In this accurate and controlled method, the time-dependent pressure difference across the curved interface of a spherical drop, immersed in a second immiscible phase, is measured as a function of time. Dynamic experiments are conducted by varying the drop size, therby stressing the interface. The technique is eminently suited for the measurement of static and dynamic interfacial tensions, the study of the diffusion, adsorption, and desorption kinetics of surfactants, and the rheological behavior of liquid films. These capabilities are demonstrated for n-dodecane contacted with an aqueous solution of a nonionic surfactant. To explain the phenomena, diffusion models are developed that compare well with the experimental data. The noninvasiveness and versatility make this instrument a useful tool.
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    Binary activity coefficients from microdroplet evaporation (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 938-947 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method-based on evaporation of a constant-composition droplet containing two components that differ markedly in volatility accurately estimates activity coefficients of both components. This new technique is developed to simultaneously determine the evaporation rate and composition of a droplet from intensity peaks observed in the light scattered by the droplet. It has no upper or lower limits on the relative volatility of the system and is particularly suitable for systems containing one relatively nonvolatile component. The data on the glycerol-ethanol system, obtained from evaporation of glycerol droplets in ethanol vapor and correlated with Margules and Wilson equations, are thermodynamically consistent. The results of this study agree with ethanol activity coefficients calculated from the total pressure vs. solution composition data previously reported.
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    Introduction to Cohn & Edsall symposium articles (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 948-948 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410423
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    On the laboratory that produced the book proteins, amino acids and peptides (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 949-953 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410424
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    Partitioning of proteins using two-phase aqueous surfactant systems (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 991-995 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410429
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    Development and validation of a simple antigen-antibody model (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 974-984 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical model for investigating physical phenomena underlying immune complex formation was developed, based on the statistical mechanical theory of associating fluids that identifies each molecule as a hard sphere with a nested point charge and vector dipole. The interaction between binding molecules (epitope-paratope binding) is represented as a cone truncated by two concentric spheres in which the potential energy is a modified square well with respect to particle separation and a square well with respect to mutual molecular orientation. Equilibrium binding results predicted by the model show good agreement with results obtained experimentally for a model system containing a single antigen and a single monoclonal antibody [bovine serum albumin (BSA) - anti-BSA antibody]. Moreover, values obtained for the system isothermal compressibility and the second virial coefficient by both the model and light scattering experiments also show good agreement with one another.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410427
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    Excluded volume contribution to the osmotic second virial coefficient for proteins (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1010-1014 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410432
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    Molecular thermodynamic model for Helix-Helix docking and protein aggregation (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1015-1024 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The formation of aggregates, rather than correctly folded polypeptide chains, is a pressing problem in biotechnology that has been difficult to approach quantitatively. The competition between folding and aggregation has been carefully analyzed for bovine growth hormone (bGH) and can be attributed to incorrect helix-helix docking for this four-helix bundle protein. An extended molecular thermodynamic model reported here represents Gibbs energy changes associated with intramolecular and intermolecular helix-helix dockings occurring during protein folding and protein aggregation. The model incorporates (1) a semiempirical local composition Gibbs energy expression to account for the helix-helix hydrophobic interactions, which favor helix-helix docking and aggregation and (2) a Flory-Huggins-type Gibbs energy expression to describe the configurational entropy of the polypeptide backbone conformation, which favors disaggregation. For the folding and aggregation of bGH, the molecular thermodynamic model provides estimates for the Gibbs energies and thermodynamic stabilities of various conformations of bGH and qualitatively accounts for the competition between aggregation and productive folding. It also successfully describes the inhibition of aggregation found with peptides corresponding to bGH helical sequences and the effect of site-directed mutagenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410433
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    Graded deposition by chemical vapor infiltration of woven fabrics (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1037-1040 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410435
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    Letter to the Editor (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1044-1044 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410437
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    Multiple roll systems: Steady-state operation (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1045-1060 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Roll coaters for applying liquid coating to continuous strip or web are, with some two-roll exceptions, systems of three or more rolls in which liquid passes through two or more gaps or nips between rolls. Yet most of the literature on roll coating is devoted to some of the 11 distinct flows in individual gaps or nips. This article analyzes how the final coated layer thickness in several types of forward roll transfer and reverse roll coating systems depends, at steady state, on the number of rolls, their speeds, the gaps between roll pairs, and the doctoring of recycle films from the rolls. The inputs to the analysis are elementary mass balances at the gaps, and simple gap performance equations that approximate well the available experimental and theoretical findings about flow rates and film-splits at individual gaps. The results are fundamentals-based means of understanding, comparing, predicting, and ultimately designing performance of multiple roll systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410502
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    Closed-loop identification of a continuous crystallization process (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 767-776 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Identification of low-order linear multiinput/multiouput models can lead to accurate descriptions of the dynamic behavior of a continuous crystallization process. While open-loop experiments exhibit an oscillating crystal size distribution, improved experimental conditions can be established through stabilization of the process with a simple single-loop feedback controller. The resulting closed-loop identification problem is studied using low-order linear multivariable input-output models. Two closed-loop identification methods are applied, one of which was recently introduced to provide accurate approximate models in general closed-loop process configurations. Identification and validation data are obtained from an evaporative pilot crystallizer, and the identified models are validated in terms of time- and frequency-domain responses. A fourth-order, three-input three-output model is shown to describe accurately the process dynamics. The results are compared with a linearized and reduced first-principles model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420316
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    Design of robust nonsquare constrained model-predictive control (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2582-2593 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model-predictive control (MPC) design methodology for processes with more manipulated inputs than outputs is developed. Essential features of the proposed approach are the following: the on-line optimization minimizes an objective function based on the l2 norm; an end-condition equation is utilized; model uncertainty is considered as upper and lower bounds on the pulse-response-model coefficients; hard constraints on the input and move-size variables and soft constraints on the output variables are posed. A major difference between square and nonsquare MPC is that in the former the end-condition can be used directly, while in the latter a nonlinear programming problem needs to be solved during the design phase to select values for the input move suppression coefficients. This technique is illustrated through a number of simulations and application to a real industrial process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420919
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    Gas holdup in bubble column reactors operating in the churn-turbulent flow regime (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2627-2634 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comprehensive experimental study of gas holdup in bubble columns of varying diameters, fitted with different distributor types, using several liquids is presented. Air was used as the gas phase. Experiments to test the influence of gas density were also carried out with He, Ar, and SF6. A generalization of the two-phase model for gas-solid fluidized beds was used to interpret the experimental data where the “dilute” phase is identified with the “large” bubble population and the “dense” phase with the liquid phase where the “small” bubble population is entrained. Gas holdups in dilute and dense phases were determined from dynamic gas disengagement experiments.In the churn-turbulent regime of operation, voidage of the gas in the dense phase was independent of the superficial gas velocity. Reilly et al.'s correlations for the gas holdup and superficial gas velocity at the regime transition point estimate the gas voidage of the dense phase and the superficial gas velocity well through this phase. Corresponding correlations of Wilkinson et al. significantly underpredict dense-phase parameters. The experiment showed that the dilute phase or large bubble holdup in bubble columns, operating at superficial gas velocities 〉 0.1 m/s, is independent of liquid properties, how the gas is distributed and the density of the gas phase. But it is affected significantly by the column diameter. Relying on hydrodynamic analogies with a gas-solid-fluid bed, a simple correlation was developed that is considerably more accurate than the Wilkinson correlation that significantly overpredicts large bubble holdup.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420923
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    Hydrodynamic modeling of gas/particle flows in riser reactors (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1569-1582 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Complex hydrodynamic behavior of circulating fluidized beds makes their scale-up very complicated. In particular, large-scale lateral solids segregation causes a complex two-phase flow pattern which influences significantly their performance. Lateral solids segregation has been attributed to direct collisional interactions between particles as well as to interaction between gas-phase eddies and dispersed particles. However, these phenomena have not been investigated thoroughly.This article discusses an advanced 2-D hydrodynamic model developed for circulating fluidized beds based on the two-fluid concept. Because theory to model the interaction between gas-phase eddies and dispersed particles is not available, turbulence was modeled on a macroscopic scale using a modified Prandtl mixing length model. To model the influence of direct particle-particle collisions the kinetic theory for granular flow was applied based on the Chapman-Enskog theory of dense gases. For model validation purposes, a cold flow circulating fluidized bed was employed in which sand was transported with air as fluidizing agent. The column is equipped with pressure transducers to measure the axial pressure profile and with a reflective optical fiber probe to measure the local solids concentration and axial solids velocity. Theoretically calculated solids concentration and axial solids velocity agree satisfactorily with experiment, especially when one realizes that the model contains no adjustable parameters. In general, however, the model slightly underpredicted the experimentally observed lateral solids segregation and yielded a more peaked velocity profile compared to its experimental counterpart.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420608
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    Electrostatic effect on the flow behavior of a dilute gas/cohesive particle flow system (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1590-1599 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cohesive (Group C) particles have been widely used in various industries. To handle and process such fine particles, a clear understanding of the flow behavior and interparticle force, is needed. To achieve that objective, a Laser Doppler Anemometer system was used to measure particle velocity, fluctuating velocity, and size and extent of agglomeration or cluster formation of particles in a dilute gas/fine oil shale particle flow system with particle density of 2,082 kg/m3, average particle volumetric concentration of 1.5%, and average particle mass flux of about 100 kg/m2·s in a controlled-moisture environment. The flow behavior of the particles was also studied for a mixture of 99% shale particles and 1% antistatic agent (Larostat powder, a quaternary ammonium compound) to examine the role of electrostatic force in gas/cohesive particle flow behavior. The addition of Larostat powder significantly reduced the electrostatic force and, in turn, made Group C particles behave similar to Group A or in some cases to Group B particles. In addition, our experimental data showed that the Maxwellian distribution function is a reasonable assumption to describe the velocity probability density function of the shale particles with or without antistatic agents.
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    Particles flow pattern and local heat transfer around tube in moving bed (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1621-1626 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Flow visualization of flowing particles around a tube of various types of tube arrangements in a moving bed was studied using X-ray video films to obtain a relation between particles behavior and local heat-transfer coefficients. A stagnant part of solid particles was observed on the tube in the case of a staggered arrangement. This part did not appear in the case of the single tube and the single row of tubes. The measured local heat-transfer coefficients around a tube was decreased in this stagnant part. Furthermore, influences of different tube arrangements both on flow patterns of particles and on local heat-transfer coefficients between tubes and bed were examined.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Statistics of multiple particle breakage (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1600-1611 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for generating theoretical breakage distribution functions for multiple particle breakage is presented. It starts with the joint probability function that accounts for all the child particles; it is then reduced to the marginal probability function commonly used in the breakage equation. This method is flexible enough to allow the user to choose the number of child particles and the functional form to be used. The method is demonstrated with both product and summation functions with a power-law form. To facilitate the use of these theoretical functions for statistical analyses, a companion discretized breakage equation is developed. The new equation guarantees the conservation of mass and correct prediction of the total number of particles despite discretization. It is easy to use because it is a set of ordinary differential equations and applicable to both equal-size and geometric-size intervals. Simulation results show that different breakage distribution functions coupled with different breakage rates can produce almost indistinguishable particle-size distributions, signifying the need for further work in this area.
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    Dispersion effects on membrane reactor performance (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2607-2615 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model has been developed that predicts the effects of design parameters, operating variables and physical properties on the performance of a membrane reactor with a permeselective wall. The model consists of the full set of partial differential equations that describe the conservation of mass, momentum and chemical species, coupled with chemical kinetics and appropriate boundary conditions for the physical problem. The solution of this system is obtained by a finite-volume technique. The model was applied to study the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane. Two membrane types in tubular form were studied: a selective porous glass with low gas permeabilities and a porous alumina with very high gas permeabilities. It is concluded that gas separation and reactor performance are strongly influenced by dispersion effects only in the latter membrane reactor, while in both cases radial concentration profiles do not correspond to those obtained with plug flow. Therefore, simulations of this type of problem should be based on complex dispersion models rather than the existing ideal plug-flow ones.
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    Washing theory for nonequilibrium stages (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1627-1632 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new approach for the determination of concentrations in the case of nonequilibrium washing stages is presented. Each washing stage is assumed to consist of series of mixing cells, and the conservation of solute mass is solved by Laplace transformation. The simplicity of the resulting equations makes this approach more practical than the existing one.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420614
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    Graphic exergy analysis of processes in distillation column by energy-utilization diagrams (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1633-1641 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The graphical construction called an energy-utilization diagram (EUD) is adopted for analyses of energy transformation and exergy losses in a distillation column. The overall exergy loss on one plate of a column can be decomposed into six kinds of exergy losses and are represented graphically. Two of them are caused by mixing and cooling in the vapor phase, and the other two by mixing and heating in the liquid phase. To display the remaining two yielded by condensation and evaporation of each component, the concept of the individual energy level is applied. The relationship between the individual energy level and the xy diagram is presented as well as effects of the reflux ratio and the feed location on the EUD for the whole column. Separation of n-hexane and n-octane is used to illustrate the methodology.
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    Detection of equipment faults in automatically controlled processes (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1642-1647 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on the UBET, a new strategy for identifying faulty equipment for dynamic chemical processes under automatic control is presented. The strategy is designed to distinguish between measurement biases, controller biases, and process leaks. For illustration purposes, application is given to a level control process under pseudo-steady state. This approach was inspired by the work of Rollins and Devanathan to identify biased measurements under dynamic conditions. Advantages of this method are that it is not computationally intensive, can accurately detect and specifically identify the type of fault, and can accurately determine the time when the fault occurs.
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    Modeling thermal regeneration of wall-flow diesel particulate traps (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1662-1672 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Stricter emission control legislation for diesel use has been increasing interest in highly efficient wall-flow particulate filters. The mathematical modeling of the filter regeneration process is indispensable in developing reliable and durable trap systems for various applications. Although modeling of wall-flow filters has been investigated extensively, significant problems still exist in the correlation of modeling results with measurements. This article describes an improved modeling and model tuning approach. A classical zero-dimensional regeneration model, modified to account for incomplete soot oxidation effects, is discussed, and existing and novel methods of estimating trap loading, crucial in all modeling applications, are compared. The design of a model tuning approach based on full-scale experiments is highlighted with examples of model predictions during trap failure that show capabilities of supporting the design of trap protection techniques. Applications to regeneration rate control, filter sizing and the development of on-board diagnostics are demonstrated with examples. Dimensional analysis is used for the concise quantitative evaluation of the parameters affecting the evolution of the regeneration process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420618
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    Cryocooler development (1995 AIChE Institute Lecture) (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3202-3211 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Increased demand for cryocoolers for aerospace and terrestrial applications has served as an incentive over the past decade to develop units with specific performance parameters. Since many of these units also require a high degree of reliability, considerable effort has been directed toward meeting this goal. The excellent progress that has been made is summarized, and there is every indication that the use of cryocoolers will expand greatly during the next decade, with a rapid transition from present aerospace/military applications to highly civilian uses in such areas as medicine, electronic transmission, environmental control, energy storage, and transportation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421121
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    Segregated fermentation model for growth and differentiation of Bacillus licheniformis (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3241-3252 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article evaluates the effectiveness of a segregated model for prediction of growth and differentiation of Bacillus licheniformis in a submerged-culture fermentation system. The segregated model accounts for each of the three morphological forms of the Bacillus life cycle. The sporangium biomass was characterized using an age-population model to reflect the age-dependent progress toward spore formation. Constitutive relationships governing the rates of vegetative cell reproduction, spore germination, commitment to sporulation, and substrate consumption are proposed. Based on this model framework, the dynamic cell growth and differentiation equations were developed.Batch, steady-state and step-test fermentation data from a laboratory-scale fermentor were incorporated into a maximum likelihood parameter estimation scheme for model identification. Confident estimates of growth and differentiation parameters were obtained for the segregated model using biomass measurements. In addition, the model describes successfully growth and differentiation in batch and steady-state operating modes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421125
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    Membrane-based absorption of VOCs from a gas stream (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3267-3282 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A regenerative absorption-based process was developed for removing VOCs from N2 in an inert, nonvolatile, organic liquid flowing in compact hollow-fiber devices. The process eliminates flooding, loading, and entrainment, and can replace activated carbon adsorption. Two types of holow-fiber membranes were studied: one with a microporous wall and the other with a highly VOC-permeable nonporous coating on the outer surface of a microporous hollow fiber. Criteria for nondispersive operation were developed for each case. Experiments were conducted for the absorption of acetone, methylene chloride, toluene, and methanol from the respective VOC-N2 gas mixture using two absorbents: silicone oil and mineral oil. The highest mass-transfer coefficient was obtained for toluene followed by methylene chloride, acetone, and methanol. Different resistances making up the overall resistance in VOC absorption were characterized comprehensively to develop a predictive capability and compare the absorption performances of two types of fibers and the two absorbents. The absorbent-filled porous membrane contributed significantly to the total mass-transfer resistance. Numerical simulations of governing equations based on a cell model agree well with experimental results.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421127
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    Chaotic mixing of two similar fluids in the presence of a third dissimilar fluid (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3301-3309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two-dimensional chaotic mixing of similar Newtonian fluids in the presence of an advected dissimilar minor phase fluid body with specified size, interfacial tension, and viscosity ratio was numerically investigated. Interfacial tension was sufficiently high to allow only small deformations in the dissimilar minor phase body. Mixing was confined to a rectangular cavity with periodically driven upper and lower surfaces. Regions of regular motion (i.e., islands) of comparable size to the minor phase body were eventually destroyed or replaced by the minor phase body. Islands persisted for longer times when the initial separation distance between the minor phase body and island was large or when the viscosity ratio was small. When interfacial tension was small enough to deform the minor phase body more readily, islands showed little indication of instability. Results suggest opportunities for improving mixing uniformity in practical processes and disclose how interactions between dissimilar fluids affect mixing.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421202
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Ultrasound-modulated two-fluid atomization of a water jet (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3340-3350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new spray technique, called ultrasound-modulated two-fluid (UMTF) atomization, is based on resonance between the liquid capillary waves generated by ultrasound and those generated by high-velocity air. The capillary waves generated by ultrasound on the cone of liquid film issuing from a coaxial two-fluid atomizer are magnified in amplitude by air blowing around them. Atomization occurs when the amplitude of the capillary waves is too great to maintain wave stability, and the resulting drop sizes are determined by the frequency of the ultrasound. Calculations of the relative amplitude growth for the capillary waves of various wavelengths yield predictions that agree remarkably well with experimental results of drop size and size distribution. Specifically, uniform drops with diameter determined by the third harmonic frequency of the ultrasound are obtained in UMTF atomization at high air velocity and large air-to-water mass ratio. In contrast, drop-size distributions with multiple peaks are obtained in UMTF atomization at low air velocity and small air-to-water mass ratio. The use of air also allows the liquid jet to atomize at ultrasonic power levels below and liquid flow rates above the threshold values for ultrasonic atomization without air. These new findings provide not only direct evidence of the capillary wave mechanism but also a means of controlling drop size and size distribution in two-fluid atomization.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421206
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Model for Sr—Cs—Ca—Mg—Na ion-exchange uptake kinetics on chabazite (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3434-3441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many nuclear facilities throughout the world must separate strontium-90 and cesium-137 from natural waters containing calcium, magnesium, and sodium. Our research showed that chabazite, a zeolite with a hexagonal ring structure, is cost-effective for this purpose. A batch kinetic uptake model for this five-component ion-exchange system was developed and tested against experimental data. The pore-diffusion model of Yao and Tien is used with the equilibrium model of Perona. The resulting model is fast and stable, and represents the experimental data well.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421213
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strategy for dynamic process modeling based on neural networks in macroscopic balances (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3403-3418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gray box models combine the short development time of data-driven black box models with extrapolation properties of knowledge-driven first principles models (white box), which in (bio)chemical engineering are always based on macroscopic balances. By modeling the inaccurately known terms in a macroscopic balance with a black box model, one naturally obtains a so-called serial gray box model configuration. The identification data must cover only the input-output space of the inaccurately known terms, and the accurately known terms can be used for reliable extrapolation. In this way, the serial gray box configuration results in accurate models with known extrapolation properties with a limited experimental effort. This strategy is demonstrated for the modeling and control of a pressure vessel using real-time experiments. For this case, the strategy is superior to a black box modeling approach that requires much more data and to a parallel gray box approach that results in a model with poor extrapolation properties. Moreover, neural networks are an accurate and convenient modeling tool for the black part in gray box model configurations, because a very fast noniterative training algorithm is used for training neural networks.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421211
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrodynamic model for short contact time circulating fluidized bed (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3310-3317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Short contact time circulating fluidized beds (CFBs) are high-performance reactors with great potential of application for fast endothermic reactions. Optimal kinetic conditions require high operating temperature and very short residence time (∼0.15 s), as well as plug flow in the reaction zone, and fast and efficient solid separation before quenching effluents. Hydrodynamics of dilute CFB operated at high gas velocity was simulated in isothermal condition. The gas-flow field is described using turbulence closure models developed for the single phase and modified to account for particle presence. Numerical computation was compared with experimental results of Arena et al. (1993) and Tinaburri et al. (1996) for two different riser configurations. A parametric analysis was performed to investigate inlet geometry influence on flow pattern along the riser. Internal tube and circumferential gas inlet produced the most promising configuration to realize optimal flow condition.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421203
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