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  • Articles  (238)
  • Chemical Engineering  (238)
  • Animals
  • 1960-1964  (238)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (238)
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  • Articles  (238)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Swelling behavior in extrusion (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 134-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The diameter increase of a molten thermoplastic extrudate is discussed in terms of the viscoelasticity of the resin. A swelling index, the ratio of the extrudate diameter to the orifice diameter, is defined. It was observed that swelling data taken at different temperatures can be correlated with stress in the die. An unexpected influence on the swelling for polyethylenes is the length of the die where short dies show larger swelling than long dies. Some suggestions for reducing swelling tendencies are made based on a simple model for flow in a capillary.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030208
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of pressure transducer data from screw extruders (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 138-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Based on the simplified, flat-plate, isothermal, Newtonian flow model of the screw pump, an expression for pressure as a function of time at a fixed point on the extruder barrel has been derived. This expression predicts a periodic saw tooth pressure cycle under most flow conditions. It also establishes the flow conditions under which an inversion of the saw tooth cycle will occur. Pressure transducer data, in conjunction with extrusion rate data, can be used to calculate the average fluid viscosity in a region near the transducer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030209
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscous flow and degradation of molten polypropylene (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 145-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The melt extrusion of a commercial polypropylene resin was studied with a screw extruder and a series of capillary dies of length:radius ratios varying from 0 to 65. Three temperatures and the range of shear rates encountered in industrial processing were covered. The temperature dependence of the apparent melt viscosity of polypropylene was intermediate between linear and branched polyethylene. Extrapolated zero shear activation energy for viscous flow was 9 ± 1 Kcal/mole. Shear dependence of the apparent viscosity of polypropylene melt was greater than for branched polyethylene in turn, greater for linear.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030210
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030301
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 164-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: No Abstracts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030302
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
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    Determination of the packing density of solid polymer chains. Determination of the specific surface area of polymers by sorption of nitrogen vapor (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 157-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The sorption of nitrogen vapors on polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, saran, polyvinylalcohol, polyvinylacetate, polystyrene, cellulose and ethylcellulose at the nitrogen boiling point has been investigated. It has been shown that polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, saran, polyvinylalcohol and polyvinylacetate are non-porous sorbents with dense packing of the macromolecules. It has been shown that the specific surface area of cellulose, ethylcellulose and the total pore volume of polystyrene calculated from nitrogen vapor sorption is less than the corresponding value determined from the sorption of organic substances. Nitrogen vapor sorption at the nitrogen boiling point cannot be used for estimating the porosity of loosely packed polymers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030212
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progress in high polymer science and technology (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 166-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thoughts on the development of theoretical approaches that would help make progress more certain in the polymer field are developed by a British polymer scientist of international reputation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030303
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
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    Structure property relationships of chlorinated polyethylene (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 168-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Resin structures available from chlorinated polyethylene have been determined by studies of the infrared absorption spectra, and have been related to the glass transition temperatures and degree of crystallinity of the products. The relationships between chlorine content, molecular weight, glass transition temperature and a number of mechanical and rheological properties are described. Data are presented on the effect of blends of various resins in this series on glass transition phenomena. The stability of the resins to dehydrochlorination is discussed.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030304
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
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    Influence of channel curvature on flow, pressure distribution, and power requirements of screw pumps and melt extruders (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 176-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of channel curvature on flow through screw pumps and melt extruders is derived for infinite channel aspect ratios. Flow rate and horsepower relations for flow of Newtonian liquids are given as functions of design parameters. The results of this cylindrical theory are compared with those of conventional theories. Curvature factors converting the equations of the flat plate theory to those of the cylindrical theory are shown. Pressure distributions in screw pump channel are analyzed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030305
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of density and orientation on the permeability of polypropylene film (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 186-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The permeability of films to O2, CO2, and H2O vapor is reduced by drawing processes. The permeability data are compatible with the hypothesis that crystallinity reduces permeability because of (1) a decrease in the volume fraction of penetrable amorphous polymer; (2) a lengthening of the diffusion path by impenetrable barriers, presumably crystallites; and (3) a reduction in segmental motion within the amorphous volume. Analysis of the effect of molecular diameter on diffusion rate shows that the segmental motion within amorphous polypropylene regions is less than that in natural rubber.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030306
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
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    Continuous mixing of very viscous fluids in an annular channel (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 192-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mixing of viscous fluids in an annular channel is analyzed theoretically. Four basic mixing patterns are described which can be generated by altering the relative rotational velocities of the annular boundaries. Only one aspect of the mixing problem is isolated, i.e., reduction in striation thickness. Problems of front to back mixing to iron out variations of feed stream composition and mixing of solid particles are not considered. The theory was verified experimentally using molten polystyrene.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030307
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  • 112
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    Masthead (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020101
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  • 113
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 2-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020102
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  • 114
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    Comparative chemical means of assessing polyethylene oxidizabilityThis paper was presented as part of the Symposium on Stabilization of Polyolefins Sponsored by the Division of Paint, Plastics, and Printing Ink Chemistry at the 135th Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Boston, Massachusetts, April 1959. (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 11-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper compares results of four accelerated oxidation tests: the hot milling test, reaction with fuming nitric acid, absorption of oxygen gas at elevated temperature and the redox system - polyethylene - lead peroxide ignition test. The length of the induction period, is a product of antioxidant concentration but not of the inherent oxidizability of the resin. Discrepancies between induction periods as measured by oxygen absorption and hot milling differ because in the former the volume of pure oxygen absorbed is measured and in the latter the electrical consequences of air oxidation. In addition other polymeric degradation occur in milling. Nitric Acid treatment measures the effect of nitric acid upon the specific viscosity and is useful for chain scission comparisons. The ignition tests reflect both inherent oxidizability and presence of antioxidant. All four tests reflect oxidation parameters.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020105
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
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    Polymer association and chain structure in anionic polymerization of dienes (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 106-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020210
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
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    Determination of absolute rate constants of copolymerization in anionic polymerization (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 107-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020211
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
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    Polymerization by oxidative coupling (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 108-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020212
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  • 118
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    General considerations in the copper-amine catalyzed polymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 109-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020213
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  • 119
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    Evaluation of brittle failures of polyethylene by subjection to biaxial stress (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 170-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: First and second order effects of density and melt index were found to be significant with stress level a significant factor in determining failure time using Maltese Cross shaped specimens. Stress and temperature had the greater influence on failure. Influence of temperature-viscosity interaction is of concern along with transition in the mode of failure from ductile to brittle type. Reduction in the effect of melt index with increasing density is in accord with new theories on polyethylene crystal structure. It was also shown that higher modulus materials fail more rapidly.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020230
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  • 120
    Electronic Resource
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    Chromatographic fractionation of polyolefins (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 164-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The results compare favorably with those obtained by careful refractionation of fractions isolated by the precipitation method. A convenient parameter, U, related to the breadth of the molecular weight distribution can be calculated from the slope of the log-probability plot. When the plot is linear, U, is numerically equal to the ratio Mw/Mn. Values of U obtained for a number of commercial and experimental polypropylenes indicate that, with a given type of polypropylene, the breadth of the distribution increases as the average molecular weight of the sample increases, and that wide differences in distribution can be expected from polymers made by different processes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020229
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  • 121
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    An evaluation of polypropylene by dynamic mechanical tests (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 174-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The loss factor ratio is dependent upon temperature and the rate of change of mechanical load or frequency of the oscillatory loading. The limit of linear viscoelastic response is another variable which occurs at the break in the stress-strain curve. If storage modulus varies slightly, with magnitude of stress or strain, the data is considered linear viscoelastic. The only true test is in the limit of zero strain and independent modulus. Polypropylene's dynamic properties are most dependent on test temperature. The loss factor peak which can be controlled by temperature and pressure history during crystallization is an indication of the ductile-brittle transition point.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020231
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  • 122
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    Masthead (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020301
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  • 123
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 182-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020302
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  • 124
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    Methods of studying heterophase conditions in resinous materials (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The paper discusses polymer materials and synthetic resins as multiphase or heterophase materials. They contain three-dimensional, insoluble, non-volatile phase material, as well as soluble and volatile material, which can act as “sweller” for the insoluble phase. As long as the insoluble phase is in a relatively low concentration, the resins are glassy, fusible without decomposition, and thermoplastic. They are like “frozen” solutions of the various phases. As the concentration of the insoluble phase increases, the resins turn insoluble. These gelling, thermosetting materials can be dispersed in strong “sweller fluids”; and from these dispersions, the three-dimensional material can be precipitated and further investigated. Methods are being discussed.
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  • 125
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    Identification of the urethane-epoxy reaction product (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 193-201 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The probable molecular structure resulting from a reaction of equal parts of a Bisphenol A/Epichlorohydrin epoxy and a Tolylene Diisocyanate Prepolymer with a selected diamine has been identified by using spectrometry. This identification presents additional opportunities for attaching other complex molecules to either of the basic resins. Not only can this technique lead to an interesting family of hybrid plastics, but it is another step toward designing specific molecules for specific applications.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020304
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  • 126
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    Pyrolysis of phenolic polymers (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 202-206 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The technique of thermogravimetry was used to investigate the thermal decomposition characteristics of several cross-linked phenolic polymers, which included regular and chlorinated phenolics and phenolics copolymerized with silane, nylon and phenol-furfural resins. These polymers were found to be more stable thermally than the usual polyester and epoxide polymers, as evidenced by slower rates of decomposition and lower ultimate percentage weight losses. Temperatures at which 50% of ultimate percentage weight losses occurred ranged from 395°C for a phenolic copolymerized with a silane to 505°C for a chlorinated phenolic copolymerized with a silane. Chemical modification of the regular phenolic cross-linked structure caused a decrease in thermal stability.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 127
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    Dynamic mechanical properties of epoxy resins (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 207-212 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Although dynamic mechanical properties of thermoplastic polymers have been studied in great detail and much has been learned about their structure, little has been done in the field of thermosetting resins. The present study involves the use of dynamic methods for determining certain salient features about epoxy resins. A torsion pendulum operating in the range of one cycle per second was used to measure the properties of various epoxy systems. The instrument enabled rapid determination of both internal friction and shear moduli.Two transition peaks in the dynamic loss tangent were observed; one occurring at -60°C, the other at 165°C when a conventional epoxy resin was cured with m-phenylenediamine. The low temperature peak was effectively demonstrated as due to the glycidyl ether portion of the cured resin system. The major peak or glass transition temperature could be varied in accord with the substituents on the central carbon bridge of the bisphenol portion of the molecule and to a lesser extent by the degree of cross-linking.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020306
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  • 128
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    The hidden ingredient in plastics (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 5-6 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020103
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    The stereospecific homogeneous polymerization of vinyl chloride (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 294-297 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymerization of the monomer was investigated in organic solvents such as nitro-compounds, amines, amides, nitriles, ethers, esters, ketones, aldehydes, acids, anhydrides, and some heterocyclic compounds. Crystalline polyvinylchloride was produced in aliphatic aldehyde media at temperatures ranging from 0° to 60°C and highly crystalline polyvinylchloride was synthesized in the presence of preliminarily oxidized butyric aldehyde. The electron diffraction picture of the non-oriented specimen of the polymer exhibited 19 distinct reflexes.
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    Polymer analysis, using gas chromatographic separation of pyrolyzates on a capacity column (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 298-301 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An analytical method for polymer mixtures has been developed, using gas chromatographic separation of pyrolysis products on a capillary column. This technique uses one set of column conditions for the analysis of a number of polymers, including those from methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, butadiene, acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, and styrene, either as homopolymers on as copolymers of two or more components.
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    Use of a new torsion pendulum for polypropylene property evaluation (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 302-306 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new recording system for a torsion pendulum is described. By its use data on the internal loss and shear modulus of a polymeric material can be obtained quickly and easily in digital form, rather, than the more usual graphical form. The system is simple and easy to operate, is rugged and is inexpensive relative to other systems. The precision available is excellent. An application of the instrument in the determination of the crystallinity of polypropylene is described.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Introduction to interface symposium. The glass-resin interface seminar (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 313-313 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    A compound pendulum for dynamic viscoelastic property measurements (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 307-312 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A compound pendulum system has been developed for the measurement and study of the modulus of elasticity and internal damping properties of a viscoelastic specimen through a range of temperatures.An analysis of the apparatus and the essential describing equations are presented. Test results for several materials are presented. In the region of the heat distortion temperature many materials exhibit a sharp peak in their damping characteristics. The modulus of elasticity drops rapidly in this region. Modulus of elasticity results obtained compare favorably with static testing machine data. The compound pendulum system described provides a simple technique for these physical property determinations continuously over a range of temperatures.
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    The nature, origin and effects of internal stresses in reinforced plastic laminates (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 314-319 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: There is a tension set up between the resin and the glass upon curing. A simple experiment has been devised to measure this tension and to note how it changes with time and temperature. It is found that it does not diminish with time and that it is linearly dependent on the highest temperature to which the resin has been brought during or after cure. NOL-type rings were made with the same resin systems and subjected to different cure temperature so that the effect of the different shrinkage tensions on the physical properties be examined.
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    Comments on the paper (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 330-331 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Comments on the paper (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 336-338 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 94-96 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    The chemists becomes an apprentice of living nature (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 97-98 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Transitions in polymers by nuclear magnetic resonanceSupported in part by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission under Contract AT(30-1)-1858, and by a research grant (a2704) from the Public Health Service.¨ a study ¨ (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 86-91 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The principles of nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR, are briefly reviewed and the use of proton resonance for the study of segmental motion in solid high polymers is outlined. Studies of the temperature dependence of NMR spectra have shown that both completely amorphous and partially crystalline polymers exhibit NMR line narrowing processes at temperatures near the respective glass transition temperature due to increased segmental motion. The presence of small molecules, such as H2O or D2O in the polyamides, or a change of tacticity to a greater isotatic content, such as for poly(methyl methacrylate), is found to lower this line narrowing process on the temperature scale. Heating of polyethylene single crystal aggregates at temperatures somewhat below the melting point also leads to a decrease in temperature for this line narrowing process, presumeably due to the introduction of defects in the polymer crystals. In the ≤ 77°K to 200°K region numerous polymers having methyl and methyl group containing side chains are found to exhibit line width and second moment dispersions, attributed to methyl group rotation. If the methyl group is attached to a phenyl or ester side chain, methyl rotation takes place at 77° K and below.
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    Novel polymerization methods. Introduction (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 99-99 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: New methods, new structures leading to novel properties are presented in a collection of summaries. Areas discussed were: thiosemicarbazides, organometallic initiation of allene polymerization, poly(1,1,4,4,-tetramethyl-1,3-butadiene), emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate with protein detergent solubilizing agents, alkali metal organic catalysts for stereospecific polymerization, anionic polymerization of dienes, rate constants in anionic polymerization, a series on polymerization by oxidative coupling with amine copper salt catalysts, block polymerization by vapor phase swelling, intra-intermolecular propagation in the solid-state and radiation induced polymerization.
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    Polymerization of allen by organometallic initiation (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 101-102 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Poly (1,1,4,4-teramethyl-1, 3-butadiene) (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 102-103 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Preparation, properties and applications of polymeric thiosemicarbazidesFull description will be given in two papers entitled Polymeric Thiosemicarbazides I-Preparation and Properties of the Polymers and Some Simple Metallic Chelates and Polymeric Thiosemicarbazides II-Effect of Chemical Structure on Chelating Properties, Structure of Chelates, Both are in print in the Journal of Polymer Science. (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 100-101 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    An emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate employing protein-detergent solubilizing agents (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 104-105 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Sterospecific polymerization with alkali metal organic compounds (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 105-106 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Block copolymerization by vapor phase swelling (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 114-115 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Alternating intra-intermolecular propagation in the solid state (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 116-117 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    High-pressure polymerization induced by gamma radiation (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 117-118 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Surface effects of various environments and of thermosetting resins on the strength of glass (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 321-325 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Glass rods were etched to reduce their surface flaws and hence to increase their flexural strength. They were then subjected to various environments to see how these would affect their strength and hence their surface. It appeared that no liquid environments affected their strength. This included boiling water. The effect of curing resin against the surface was also shown as was subsequent boiling: Shell Epon 828 appeared to increase the strength of the rods, but only when there was a surface treatment of Union Carbide A-1100 or Owens-Corning 801.
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    Interfacial properties of an amine-modified silane and its performed polymer at E-glass surfaces (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 326-330 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The adsorption of triethoxysilylpropylamine and its polymer onto 325 mesh E-glass from both aqueous and non-aqueous systems has been investigated. The amount adsorbed from an aqueous solution onto an E-glass surface corresponds to that obtained by others workers using different techniques. Solid preformed A-1100 polymer (II) was found to be unstable. Upon prolonged standing a basic gas, identified as ammonia, was liberated. Experimental results indicate that the amount adsorbed is related to the number of ethoxy groups on the molecule. However, the mechanism of silane attachment is still not completely understood.
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    Some further studies on the effect of glass-resin type and cure on the strength of laminates (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 332-336 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The technique of testing resin/glass laminates has been extended to include three alkali-containing glasses. NOL rings have been made by a direct filament drawing technique using an epoxide resin system. In each case the strength developed is less than with “E” glass.
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    Role of the copper-amine complexes in the initial step of the oxidative-coupling reaction (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 110-111 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    The kinetics and propagation mechanism of the oxidative polymerization of 2,6-xylenol (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 112-113 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Novel phosphorus containing polymers (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 122-125 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Tris-hydroxymethylphosphine oxide (THPO) derived from commercially available tetrakishydroxy-methylphosphonium chloride (THPC), was studied for its flame retardant properties in reactions with carboxylic acids, anhydrides, diisocyanates, urea, phenol, acyl and aroyl halides. Then the monobenzylated derivative of THPO referred to as BHPO was studied, which is more stable and more reactive with difunctional molecules.
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    Prediction of long-term strength of reinforced plastics. Treatment of prot linear stress-rupture data (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 126-134 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Failing stresses of glass-reinforced plastics and of polystyrene were determined at room temperature. It was found that if an initial load of 40% of the short-term tensile strength of the material is imposed, good agreement exists between the results of accelerated tests and long-term, fixed load measurements for periods of 10,000 hours for the reinforced plastics.
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    Olefin-substituted silicas as active fillers for polymers (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 135-138 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Silicas have been synthesized of which the OH groups have been substituted for organic radicals with double bonds. The methanol, benzene and heptane sorption isotherms of the olefin-substituted silica specimens have been determined. It has been shown that the sorption of the vapors decreases with increasing substitution of the OH group by the organic radicals. The organosubstituted silicas were used as fillers of polymethylmethacrylate.
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    An introduction to the symposium on new methods of evaluating polymers (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 139-139 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    High-speed testing… A new dimension in polymer evaluation (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 140-144 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new universal tester is described, basically capable of testing samples in the 0.2 to 8000 inches/minute range. With servo controls a load-elongation curve is obtained which is a measure of material response independent of the machine. Load cell output is fed into the Y axis of an oscilloscope and displacement to the X axis. Useful where deviation from viscoelastic theory is suspected in time-temperature behaviour, for following impact behaviour and molecular decomposition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020224
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    Gas chromatography. A new tool for the analysis of plastics (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 145-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Identification was described by analysis of pyrolysis products, a method which is complicated by the variety of degradation products, but the decomposition products are fairly specific. The pyrolysis technique was used for a quantitative analysis of acrylate and maleate esters in polymers via a hydriodic acid hydrolysis technique. Because of the low volatility of the higher alkyl halides higher esters were saponified at elevated temperatures and the resultant alcohols were chromatographed. Then vinyl acetate was analyzed on the basis of the quantitative yield of acetic acid from polyvinyl acid pyrolysis.
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    The use of microscopy to aid surface coating evaluation (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 152-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: By observing the surface and internal portions of a film with an electron microscope, information is obtained about the binder structure, pigment distribution and compatibility of the plasticizer. On a larger scale the light microscope can detect imperfections in vortex cells, which can be eliminated by proper solvent formulation, and crystalline bloom which is influenced by plasticizer and light polymer migration. When plasticizer exudes to the surface the durability of the coating is lowered in the two types of exposure, the difference of which can be determined by plasticizer migration.
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    Free radical kinetics in irradiated ethyl cellulose as determined by electron spin resonance measurements (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 157-160 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Electron spin resonance techniques are used to investigate the structure and decay of radicals produced in irradiated ethyl cellulose. Approximately 99% of the radicals trapped at liquid nitrogen temperature appear to be - C2H4. radicals. These decay immeasurably fast at room temperature. The relatively stable doublet that remains is believed to be due to the CH—O radical. The kinetics of the doublet decay are studied as a function of temperature and dose. The data may be interpreted as resulting from simultaneous first and second order processes at lower doses and from a second order process at higher doses.
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    Oxyluminescence-a new tool for testing the stability of polymers (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 161-163 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It was observed that light is emitted upon polymer oxidation; intensity of light is proportional to oxygen concentration on the surface and presence of an antioxidant effects the emission of light. A linear relationship was found to exist between integrated light intensity and the number of carbonyl atoms formed. In addition concentration of antioxidants present and their synergistic effects can be measured by this method.
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    Radiation and moisture effects in polymerized epoxy resinSupported in part by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission under Contract at(30-1)-1858. (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 21-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of moisture and rather large doses of reactor radiation (∼4 × 1011 ergs/gm) on the dynamic properties of polymerized epoxy resins have been investigated over the temperature range of 80°-450°K and at frequencies from 200 to 1400 cps. Data are presented for both unfilled and aluminum-filled systems of a bisphenol A based epoxy, (Epon 828) cured with metaphenylenediamine. Moisture absorption (0.88%) causes a shift of the main glass transition near 440°K to lower temperatures (∼25 degrees for unfilled epoxy). This is similar to the plasticizing action of small molecules absorbed in other polymers such as nylon 6-6. Irradiation to a dose of 4 × 1011 ergs/gm (4 × 109 rads) causes a shift to lower temperatures (∼50 degrees) of the onset of the main transition, and, in addition, results in both a shift to lower temperatures and a decrease in maximum height of the damping peak near 250°K. Chain scission, in a loosening of the structure and the breaking up of the partially flexible connecting groups, may be responsible for these radiation effects.
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    Some effects of molecular weight distribution on the melt rheology of high density polyethylene (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 222-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Using a high shear rate capillary viscometer, the melt viscosities of a series of high density linear polyethylenes ranging in weight average molecular weight from 70,000 to 160,000 have been measured from shear rates of 2 to 200 sec-1 and from 190° to 240°C. The data, corrected for elastic end effects are described by an empirical relationship except for the temperature term which is fitted to the Williams-Landel-Ferry equation. Over the range measured the viscosity is given approximately by a power law in relation to shear rate with an exponent dependent upon molecular weight.The effects of distribution were examined by measuring the viscosity-shear rate relationships for not only the above series, which varied in Mw/Mn from 23 to 10, but also for blends of polyethylenes of varying molecular weights or of fractions, and other polyethylenes obtained by removal of the high molecular weight tail. In general, the broader the distribution, the more sensitive is the viscosity to the rate of shear.The end correction, a measure of the elastic energy, does not vary much with shear stress or temperature in the case of high density polyethylene.
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    Studies of polycarbonate plasticization (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 227-230 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The plasticization by dibutyl phthalate, camphor and butyl sterate of polycarbonates prepared by phosgenation of 2,2-bis-(4′-hydroxyphenyl) propane was investigated. Thermomechanical and dynamometric studies of the plasticized polycarbonates show that both intrapacket and interpacket plasticization is possible as for cellulose. In the first case, the lowering of the glassy transition point of polycarbonate films is strictly proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of added plasticizer (dibutylphthalate, camphor). In the second case, after a small drop in the transition point, the latter remains unchanged over a broad range of plasticizer concentrations (butylsterate). A similar relation was observed with respect to the elasticity modulus of the films.
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    Photoelastic phenomena in plastics during impact (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 237-242 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The study of strain patterns in deformed, transparent plastic placed between crossed Polaroids can shed considerable light on the responses of these plastics to stress. This article describes a study of the differing responses of three thermoplastics of varying degrees of toughness to the notched Izod impact test. The growth and waning of the strain patterns during impact are followed by means of high-speed cinematography; interpretation of the phenomena thus observed is aided by thin section microscopy of partially deformed specimens.
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    The analysis of polymers for moisture and volatiles (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 231-236 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An analytical method for the quantitative determination of the moisture and volatile content of polymeric materials is described. The method has been applied to polycarbonates, urethane elastomers and polyesters. It has been found particularly valuable for moisture determinations of polymers which have limited solubility in most common solvents and for polymers whose moisture content is in the range of 0.001%-0.01%. The moisture is expelled from the sample by means of heating under vacuum and collected in a cold trap. The vapor pressure of the water is then measured and correlated with the amount present in the sample. Volatiles, if present, can be determined by difference after removal of the water. Commercially obtainable equipment is employed.
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    Cellular materials-composition, cell-size, thermal conductivity (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 243-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Composition by weight and volume of a cellular material and how it changes with density is shown in the form of equations. The equations are used to derive the basic relationship between cell size, cell wall thickness, density of cellular material and density of solid and gaseous components. A simplified equation is presented for thermal conductivity of low density cellular materials. It is used to illustrate the contribution of the solid and gaseous components in cellular polystyrene and urethane at various densities. The contribution of factors other than conduction to observed thermal conductivity of cellular polystyrene is compared to that reported for fiber glass insulation. The observed effect of cell size on conductivity is presented and compared to the calculated effect, based on an equation in the literature.
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    Masthead (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020401
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 262-264 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020402
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    Comments on paper (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 353-353 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020418
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    Investigations on the strength of alkali-containing glass fibers (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 339-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The assertion was checked that alkali containing glass fibers, which evolve caustic bases when attacked by water, are, by this fact, responsible for the mechanical deterioration of reinforced plastics. Glass fibers of different chemical composition, when extracted with water, showed no correlation between amount of alkali in the glass and alkali leached out. Tensile strength of glass fibers is not a function of alkali content. Subjected to water, all types of glass fibers keep their strength except when boiled. This applies to fibers coated with coupling agent or in the native state. Deterioration of laminates under the influence of water seems to be primarily a function of the interface.
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    The relative stability of cation impurities and silica fiber surfaces (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 354-362 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of heat soaking and leaching with HCl at pH 6.0, 5.0 and 4.0 of five fiber glass formulations are investigated. Silane coupling agents are applied and acid titration is used to determine the specific ions reacting and the approximate quantity reacted. Fiber glass surfaces are largely uncovered, and bare glass reactivity can be determined if a non-ionic alkoxy silane is applied. While aqueous applications of a silane covers only a proportion of the silica sites, a vapor phase application covers a proportion of all reactive cation sites. With nonporous silica a large propotion of the amphoteric and alkali impurities are on the surface.
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    Comments on the paper (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 366-367 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020421
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    Crystallization kinetic studies of vinylidene chloride-alkyl acrylate copolymers by torsional measurementsPresented at the 140th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, September 3-8, 1961. (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 7-10 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: By following the changes in torsional modulus as a function of time, the kinetics of crystallization of three copolymers of vinylidene chloride containing 10% mole % alkyl acrylate were investigated and the geometrical growth and nucleation constant of the Avrami equation was determined. Isotherms were superimposable within certain temperature ranges while the nucleation constant decreased with a decrease in temperature. Rate of crystallization increased with increase of the alkyl side chain length.
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    The relationships between the structures of organic phosphites and their effectiveness in poly(vinyl chloride) stabilization (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 28-31 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of thirty-three phosphites of varied structural variations were tested at 177°C in a vinyl compound utilizing co-precipitated barium cadmium laurate or a combination of barium nonylphenate and cadmium 2-ethylhexoate as the primary stabilizer. Best activity was found with mixed alky-aryl phosphites.
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    Bibliography on ultraviolet degradation and stabilization of plastics (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 32-54 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A bibliography of references from 1957 through 1960 was prepared containing the following sub-headings: Protective Ultraviolet Absorbers, Light Sources, Light Fastness Evaluation, Plastics Degradation and Stabilization Polyesters, Polystyrene, Polyvinylchloride, Polyethylene, Polyacrylo and Methacrylonitrile, Polymethyl Methacrylate, Cellulose Acetate and Nitrate, Polyvinyl alcohol, Polyamides, Wool, Rubber, Silicone Resin, Wood, Dyes and Paint Films, Epoxy, Melamine and Urea Formaldehyde, Oil Films, General Mechanical Degradation, Free Radicals and ESR, Photochemistry, Photochemistry and Spectroscopy at Low Temperatures, Antioxidants and Free Radical Scavengers, Flash Photolysis, Energy Transfer, Phosphorence and the Triplet State, Fluorescence.
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    Dynamic shear behavior of high polymers at low frequencies (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 65-73 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The experimental techniques used to measure the dynamic shear behaviour of polymers at low frequencies, that is below 10 sec-1, are discussed with particular reference to the torsion pendulum. The various types of relaxations which can occur in amorphous and semicrystalline polymers are considered. Polymethyl methacrylate, polyethyl methacrylate, and polystyrene are examples of amorphous polymers. The effects of crosslinking, intermolecular forces, steric effects, and plasticizers on the main glass transition of other amorphous polymers are also described. Polytetrafluorethylene is an example of a linear, semi-crystalline polymer. The effect of introducing trifluoromethyl groups along the chain in copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene is described. Results obtained with polypropylene are also discussed.
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    Creep of high polymers (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 74-81 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: For polymers the isothermal creep compliance shows a major dispersion region from the glassy compliance Jg to the quasi-equilibrium compliance Je. Further increases in compliance are associated with viscous flow. There is no detailed molecular mechanism to explain these phenomena although the modified Rouse theory and the postulated entanglement coupling present a reasonable physical concept. To empirically describe the creep curves of polycrystalline metals, a power law (\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \varepsilon $\end{document} = mt-n) has frequently been used, where \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \varepsilon $\end{document} is the creep rate, t is the time and m and n are constants with O≤n≤. In particular, n equal to 2/3 leads to Andrade creep, a relationship which is applicable to both polymers and metals. A comparison of the creep behavior of polymers and polycrystalline metals shows many points of similarity.
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    Masthead (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020201
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    Turbidimetric determination of the molecular weight distribution of linear polyethylene (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 119-121 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: α-Chloronaphthalene plus 30 weight percent of dimethylphthalate was the solvent with 0.5% ethyl cellulose as stabilizer. A polymer concentration of 0.0025% gave optimum results. A parameter S which is defined as the difference in temperature between 20% and 50% of the total reduction in phototube output is related linearly to a parameter of the Wesslau distribution.
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    Surface conductance, syneresis and adhesion (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 213-215 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Electric surface conductivity χ of purified polyethylene wax in nearly saturated water vapor was about 8 × 10-13 mho and in vapor of 0.5% aqueous NH3 about 17 × 10-12 mho. When 0.1% oleic acid (OA) was added to the wax, χ in the 0.5% NH3 vapor was not markedly changed but it was greater at 0.2% and higher concentrations; at 1% OA it was 2 × 10-10 mho. These results show that surface conductance (a) may be “developed” by vapors, (b) can be used to detect the onset of syneresis, and (c) is the bulk conductance of the surface film, and, further, that in the polyethylene-OA system syneresis occurs between 0.1% and 0.2% OA as was deduced from the strength of adhesive joints made with mixtures of OA and polyethylene. Thus, the results confirm the “weak boundary layer” theory of adhesion.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020307
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    New organic resins and reinforced laminates for service to 300°C (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 216-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Demand for structural insulating materials for service in high temperature environments is widespread and the performance characteristics of special grades of silicone or phenolic-glass laminates at temperatures up to 250°C have been well documented. A new family of polymers, completely aromatic in structure, except for the amido coupling linkage, now shows promise of giving excellent performance at temperatures to at least 300°C in air. Comparative data concerning the retention of mechanical and electrical properties of such laminates after aging at the higher temperature is provided.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020308
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    The effect of polymerization catalysts on the rate of degradation of isotactic polypropylene (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 25-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: One of the reasons for purification of low-pressure polymerization products is the assumed degradation effects of retained catalysts. Degree of degradation was determined from the change in viscosity number. Effects of catalysts on active sights and deactivation were noted along with degradation in the presence of air and oxygen in addition to determining, the effect of antioxidants. Individual components of the catalyst may have the ability to intensify the effect of any antioxidant and affect the rate of degradation where catalyst influence was better defined in the presence of oxygen.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020107
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    An introduction to dynamic behaviour of high polymers symposium papers (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 55-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020110
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    Dynamic elastic behavior or high polymers at audiofrequenciesSupported in part by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission under Contract No. AT(30-1)-1858, and by the National Science Foundation. (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A brief description is given of the use of a resonant-bar type apparatus for measurement of the dynamic elastic modulus and the associated damping or internal friction of a solid polymer. Each different type of polymer is found to exhibit a characteristic internal friction spectrum when explored over the temperature range from liquid nitrogen temperatures to the melting point. These spectra are characterized by the occurrence of one or more peaks in the mechanical loss data centered about certain temperatures, accompanied by an associated drop in dynamic modulus. By variation of polymer composition and of polymer structure, by addition of low molecular weight compounds, and by subjection of samples to irradiation, considerable additional information can be gained that would be helpful in determining the nature of the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the observed transitions. Dynamic mechanical data are presented and discussed for a series of poly(alpha olefins) with methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl and isobutyl side chains to depict the effects of crystallinity, side chain length and side chain structure on the observed transitions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020111
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  • 187
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    Dielectric properties of solid polymers (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 82-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric measurements were used to study dielectric constant and loss index of poly(p-chlorostyrene) and poly(m-chlorostyrene) over a temperature and frequency range. Relaxation processes are observed and mechanisms are proposed for crystalline structures. Axial rotation discussed here has been used to explain NMR data.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020114
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  • 188
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    Antioxidant efficiency versus structure (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 250-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Antioxidant efficiency versus structure was investigated using rate of carbonyl formation at 110 and 170°C of a 20 mil plaque of polyethylene containing 0.01 weight % additive. This study indicates that the following are important in phenolic and amine antioxidants: 1The number of H. atoms available: Antioxidant efficiency is increased by adding a second hydroxyl group as well as by introducing a methylene bridge.2The number and location of substituents: Alkyl substitution of the phenolic ring is an important factor in stabilization. Groups which decrease the strength of the NH bond increase the effectiveness of amine antioxidants.3Solubility: The less compatible the antioxidant, the poorer its stabilizing action.4Volatility: Many stabilizers are ineffective at high temperature because of volatilization.5Bridge between rings: A sulfide bridge can be equivalently substituted for a methylene bridge.6The need for stabilization of the radical formed after removal of H: This stabilization could occur via; Hydrogen bonded chelates, resonance and steric hindrance.
    Additional Material: 12 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020314
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    Experimental measurement of roll-separating forces during milling of plastics (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 265-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A “milling viscosity” test has been developed which measures the roll-separating forces encountered during milling of experimental compound formulations on a carefully set-up and controlled laboratory two-roll mill. A small 8-in. x 16-in. laboratory mill was equipped with force-measuring dynamometers and used to explore the actions of different vinyl-resin compounds. The instrument has proven to be useful in developing thermoplastic materials, in providing an index for predicting the tendency of a material to deflect calender rolls, and as an aid in estimating the forces which may be encountered in full-size equipment.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020403
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    Influence of normal stress on creep in tension and compression of polyethylene and rigid polyvinyl chloride copolymer (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 273-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: New apparatus suitable for compression creep tests of slender specimens is described. The apparatus is designed to prevent buckling and to introduce a minimum of friction. Results are reported for tension and compression creep of polyethylene and annealed, unplasticized polyvinyl chloride copolymer at 75 deg F and 50 per cent relative humidity. The stress, σ, strain ε, time t data from these tests were found to be describable with reasonable accuracy by the equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \varepsilon = \varepsilon' \circ {\rm sinh }\sigma {\rm /}\sigma _\varepsilon + {\rm m't}^{\rm n} {\rm sinh }\sigma {\rm /}\sigma {\rm m} $$\end{document}where εm′, m′, σε and σm are material constants.The results for polyethylene show that the creep in tension and compression were virtually the same. Creep in tension was similar but larger than in compression for polyvinyl chloride.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020404
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    Physical properties of ethylene-1-olefin copolymers (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 285-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: With the advent of the newer catalyst systems it is now possible to prepare copolymers of ethylene and 1-olefins possessing useful physical properties. A wide range of physical properties is readily achieved through variations in the concentration and type of 1-olefin used as the comonomer. The era of tailor-making ethylene type polymers to fit any specification regarding stiffness, strength and melt flow properties is now at hand. A comparison of physical properties of ethylene/1-olefin copolymers with those of the corresponding polyethylene/poly (1-olefin) blends indicates true copolymers are formed.Decrease in crystallinity of copolymers is due to the number of branch sites introduced into the main chain rather than to the bulk of the comonomer or the length of side chain.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020405
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    The bonding of fillers to thermosetting resins (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 363-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Use of silica was emphasized since it is available in high purity, and since it is a major ingredient in all glass fibers. Other fillers employed include the aluminas, silicates, glass, and simple salts. When using a hydrocarbon type thermosetting resin and no chemical coupling agent, all fillers were substantially equivalent from the standpoint of strength of moldings. When using a vinyl silanol type coupling agent in the mix, there was a vast difference, however. Silica and alumina are strongly coupled via the silanol linkage of the silane, the glasses and complex silicates such as clays are intermediate, and simple salts such as carbonates and sulfates do not respond at all.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020420
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    The thermodynamics of biaxial elongationSupported in part by a contract from the Office of Naval Research and in part by: grants from the National Science Foundation, the Plax Corporation and assistance from the Monsanto Chemical Company. (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 164-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: If temperature variations of forces in both directions are observed simultaneously at constant simple dimensions, internal energy and entropy changes on elongation in those directions may be calculated at constant volume and in the more common experimental condition of constant pressure. Thermodynamic derivatives at constant volume are important for fundamental molecular interpretation being related to configuration change. Constant pressure quantities were therefore changed into constant volume ones by the use of an evaluated correction term, involving average Young Moduli and thermal expansion coefficient.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010405
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    An introduction to the glass-resin interface section (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 180-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010408
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    Study of the interaction of organic monomers and water with fiberglass by Sorption methods (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 191-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Interfacial reactions between organosilane-treated fiberglass and styrene, and bond conditions in these and in polymerized ethylene oxide and epichlorhydrin-E-glass systems were investigated. The vinyl functionality of some alkenylsilanes showed little effect on the polymerization of styrene on E-glass. The polymerization of this aromatic monomer on vinyltrichlorosilane-reacted fiberglass did not result in interfacial bond formation. Sorption of water on organosilane-coated glass at different temperatures suggested that permeation of the adsorbate into the bulk of the substrate was determined by diffusive transfer of water molecules.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010410
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    A study of the finish mechanism: Glass to finish, finish thickness and finish to resin (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 214-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A solution of substituted alkyl alkoxy silanes was applied to E-glass filament strands before forming glass-resin composite hoops, which were tested to relate changes in hoop physical properties to the nature of the coupling agent-size application. Continuously heat cleaning E-glass in oxygen-enriched air gives a strand that, when properly coated with size and laminated, makes a hoop with superior strength and modulus properties.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010412
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    Masthead (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010101
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  • 198
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 2-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010102
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    Effect of hydrostatic pressure on polyethylene melt rheology (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 14-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A description is given of the procedure and equipment used for the purpose of studying the effect of hydrostatic pressure upon the capillary flow properties of polymer melts. Flow properties are reported for a low density polyethylene over a wide range of temperatures, die sizes, different pressures and hydrostatic pressures.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010105
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    Ultraviolet degradation of plastics and the use of protective ultraviolet absorbers (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 21-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The degradation of plastics by ultraviolet energy and the use of protective ultraviolet absorbers to improve stability necessitate studies along several lines. These include (a) the measurement of the ultraviolet spectral energy distribution of sunlight and of the indoor accelerated test sources, (b) the measurement of the extent of degradation as a function of the wavelength of the incident radiation, (c) an estimate of the absorbing effectiveness of the added protective agents, and (d) the stability of the protective ultraviolet absorbers themselves.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010106
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