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  • Springer  (90,642)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 1960-1964  (90,643)
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  • 101
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 58-74 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The reliability of earthquake fault plane solutions usingP andPKP first motion data is discussed. Effects of the usefulness of the individual data, of the number and distribution of data around the focus, of great velocity contrasts in the focal region, and of the kind of projection technique are considered. The increase of the number of inconsistent data by a change in position of the three principal axes can be used as a more or less objective measure for the reliability of a solution. A selection of 52 mantle shock solutions is presented. More than 75% of these shocks is of the thrust (or block) and the normal or reverse fault motion type. Transcurrent type shocks decrease from 40 to 50% in the upper 200 km of the mantle to less than 15% below this level. Thrust (or block) type fault motions clearly represent the normal reaction of the deeper mantle material to earthquake generating stresses.
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  • 102
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 84-92 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The rock specimens found to have natural remanent magnetization of abnormally high intensity, have been generally from hill sides or tops, or from ridges high up from the local surroundings. A field of several hundred oersteds has been found sufficient to produce in some of the artificially demagnetized specimens an isothermal magnetization of the same order as the abnormal natural ones, and this magnetization has shown a similar degree of stability as the natural one. Variations in the direction and magnitude of the natural magnetic vector have been found over a distance of a few centimetres. Laboratory tests indicate a normal chemical composition for the specimens. The lightning discharge seems to be the plausible cause of abnormally high magnetization of rocks, which is generally isothermal and might have originated in the recent past, but the magnetization is sometimes complicated probably by the thermal effect of the discharge.
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  • 103
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 123-127 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this paper a direct method for the interpretation of resistivity measurements afterSchlumberger is developed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag wird ein direktes Verfahren zur Interpretation von geoelektrischen Messungen nachSchlumberger entwickelt.
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  • 104
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 128-141 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Earth current observations were made in the north of Berlin along two measuring lines of about 50 km in length. 112 variations with bay character were chosen from the observation material and were compared with the telluric records of Niemegk (the measuring lines of Niemegk are 1000 m in length). The observation data of both stations were treated statistically. Analogous to Niemegk the earth current vectors of the longperiodical variations have a main direction of incidence on these 50 km measuring lines too which is expected to be predominant within a region from the north of Berlin up to near the coast. The comparison of the vector quantities gives a better agreement.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Raum nördlich von Berlin werden Erdstrombeobachtungen auf zwei ∼50 km langen Meßstrecken durchgeführt. Aus dem Beobachtungsmaterial wurden 112 baiähnliche Erdstromvariationen ausgewählt. Zum Vergleich wurde die Niemegker Erdstromregistrierung (Länge der Meßstrecken 1000 m) herangezogen. Die Beobachtungsdaten der beiden Stationen wurden einer statistischen Bearbeitung unterworfen. Ähnlich wie in Niemegk haben auch auf diesen 50 km langen Meßstrecken die Erdstromvektoren der längerperiodischen Variationen eine Haupteinfallsrichtung, die für das Gebiet nördlich von Berlin bis nahe zur Küste vorherrschend sein dürfte. Der Vergleich der Vektorgrössen zeigt eine bessere Übereinstimmung.
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  • 105
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 172-184 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die atmosphärische Aerosolstreuung wird im Bereich 0.5≲λ≲2.1 μm und 4°≲ϕ≲40° experimentell untersucht. Sie scheint im Infraroten weitgehend durch die Verhältnisse im Sichtbaren charakterisierbar zu sein, wenn auch die Streudispersion ein unerwartet gegensätzliches Verhalten zeigt. BeiA-ähnlichen, visuellen Streutypen (oder Typen nahe 1) verschwindet diese ab etwa 1.1 μm fast vollständig. DieB-ähnlichen, visuellen Streutypen (oder Typen nahe 2) tritt in einem Zwischenbereich (etwa 0.8 bis 1.3 μm) starke Streudispersion auf. Für den Gesamtstreutyp wird eine Klassifizierung in Anlehnung an die im Sichtbaren gebräuchliche [11–14]2) vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Summary The scattering by the atmospheric aerosol of radiation in the region 0.5≲λ≲2.1 μm and 4°≲ϕ≲40° is investigated experimentally. The features in the infrared can be characterized by that in the visible, but the scattering dispersion is found to be different to that expected. At scattering types nearA (or 1) in the visible there is almost no scattering dispersion for λ≳1.1 μm. At types nearB (or 2) in the visible a high scattering dispersion in the region between 0.8 μm and 1.3 μm was observed. For the whole region of wavelength including the infrared a classification similar to that used in the visible [11–14]2) is suggested.
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  • 106
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 191-206 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Calculations of the covariance between ozone amounts and meridional wind in the lower stratosphere are presented for all stations in the northern hemisphere for the IGY-IGC. Northward ozone transport occurs by large-scale quasi-horizontal transient and standing eddies and the transport is a maximum early in the year. It is suggested that the transport is governed by the exchange of energy between the troposphere and stratosphere and data are presented on the energy transformations within the lower stratosphere and the transfer of energy into the region which support this suggestion. The vertical flux of energy is also calculated from tropospheric data and its seasonal changes are seen to be in the correct phase to explain the spring maximum in ozone amount.
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  • 107
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 225-230 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The atmospheric transmissivity in the water vapour absorption band (6–6.5 μ) is evaluated using the recent Tiros III data and based onGoody's statistical model.
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  • 108
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 231-238 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A description is given of a simple equipment for recording the intensity of total radiation and its integral. The equipment has been tested at the Meteorological Observatory Hohenpeissenberg since October 1961. The evaluation is very simple and no subjective error can be introduced, even in case of very violent fluctuation of radiation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine einfache Gerätekombination beschrieben, die den Momentawert der Strahlungsintensität und gleichzeitig ihr zeitliches Integral registriert. Seit Oktober 1961 wird die Registrieranodnung am Meteorologischen Observatorium Hohenpeissenberg erprobt. Die Auswertung ist sehr einfach und objektiv, wobei es gleichgültig ist, ob es sich um einen ungestörten oder um einen stark gestörten Tag handelt.
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  • 109
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 256-260 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Seasonal variations of cloudiness have been studied for the different zones of the United Arab Republic. It was found to be very low and to decrease more towards lower latitudes. From the records of a Campbell Stokes Sunshine recorder, installed at the Agro-meteorological Station at Giza, during a period of six years from 1956 to 1961, the monthly and daily variations of the hours of sunshine duration, have been also studied in detail and presented in a practical form.
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  • 110
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 261-266 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Demineralization of saline water, using different designs of solar stills, has been considered. The productivity and efficiency of these stills, were determined daily and for a whole year. To investigate the basic principles of the solar distillation process, meteorological measurements concerning the solar intensity the wind speed and the ambient air temperature were undertaken simultaneously together with the temperature measurements of the brine and the glass cover of one of the stills during its operation. The results obtained gave valuable information concerning the construction and design of solar stills.
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  • 111
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 272-272 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 112
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 272-272 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 113
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    Electrical engineering 48 (1964), S. 387-402 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 114
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 115
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 56-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The differential equation of a coil with curved magnetic characteristic on alternating voltage can be generally solved by series eyxpansion. It is shown that, with any ohmic resistance in the circuit, all peaks of the transient current and flux have their maximum values if the switch is closed in the crossover of the sinusoidal voltage and hysteresis is neglected. This critical switching moment is the same for at least the first peak when considering hysteresis.
    Notes: Übersicht Durch formale Reihenentwicklung des Einschwingvorgangs der Spule mit gekrümmter magnetischer Kennlinie bei Vernachlässigung der Hysterese läßt sich zeigen, daß auch bei beliebig hohem ohmschen Widerstand alle Fluß- und damit Stromscheitelwerte am größten sind, wenn im Nulldurchgang der sinusförmigen Nerzspannung eingeschaltet wird. Dasselbe gilt auch mindestens für den ersten Höchstwert bei Berücksichtigung der Hysterese.
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  • 116
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 61-66 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An approximate formula for calculating the change of capacity of a capacitor due to small and “soft” perturbations of the conducting surfaces is derived. For application of the formula the values of the electric field intensity along the conductor and the capacity (or the field energy) before the deformation must be known.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird eine Näherungsformel zur Berechnung der Kapazitätsänderung von Kondensatoren bei geringfügigen und „sanften” Verbeulungen der Elektroden hergeleitet. Zur Anwendung der Formel muß die Feldstärkeverteilung längs der Elektrode vor der Deformation sowie die ursprüngliche Kapazität (bzw. die ursprüngliche Feldenergie) bekannt sein.
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  • 117
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    Electrical engineering 48 (1964), S. 403-420 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Performance of electromagnetic devices and systems can be analyzed using the system vectors or the field vectors. This approach results in simple techniques and in rigorous treatments; to illustrate this, some conventional problems are discussed. Extension to high frequency problems is also outlined. For nomenclature see Part 1.
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  • 118
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 18-31 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two new methods for determining the transfer functions of two-terminal pair RLC-networks are described. Using these methods the impulsive reponse of the respective netword approximates any given and permissible function. The error of approximation can be made arbitrarily small if the order of the transfer function is not taken, i.e. if the number of circuit elements is not restricted. The peculiarity of the new methods appears in the transformation of the time domain in certain other domains. Thus the problem is reduced to the relatively easy problem of approximation by polynomials. The efficiency of the methods is shown by means of some practical examples.
    Notes: Übersicht Es werden zwei neuartige Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Übertragungsfunktionen für RLC-Vierpole mitgeteilt. Dabei läßt sich erreichen, daß die Impulsantwort des jeweiligen Vierpols eine im wesentlichen beliebig vorgeschriebene Funktion approximiert. Wenn der Grad der zu bestimmenden Übertragungsfunktion beliebig gewählt werden darf, wenn also die Zahl der Schaltelemente des entstehenden Vierpols keinen Einschränkungen unterliegt, kann die Approximation beliebig genau gemacht werden. Die Besonderheit der Verfahren liegt in der Transformation des Zeitbereichs in gewisse andere Bereiche, so daß die Aufgabe auf das verhältnismäßig einfache Approximationsproblem mittels Polynomen zurückgeführt wird. Die Leistungsfähigkeit der Verfahren wird anhand einiger Zahlenbeispiele vorgeführt.
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  • 119
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Es wird gezeigt, wie der Begriff eines verallgemeinerten, komplexen oder operatorischen magnetischen Widerstandes („Reluktanz”) eine bequeme Behandlung von Problemen über wirbelstrombehaftete magnetische Kreise zuläßt. Zwei einfache Beispiele werden durchgerechnet. Die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung des magnetischen Flusses bei Ausschaltung eines Telephonrelais werden angedeutet.
    Notes: Summary The concept of generalized—complex or operational—reluctances is introduced. It is shown that these reluctances simplify considerably the calculation of systems, containing magnetic circuits with eddy currents. Two simple applications are worked out. Some results from a numerical study of the magnetic flux on breaking a telephone relay are given.
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  • 120
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A method for short circuit calculations especially applicable for digital computers was presented in an earlier paper [1]. It is shown how this method can also be used for the calculation of one, two or three open conductors, including the case that a line-to-line or a line-to-ground fault occurs simultanously at the location of open conductors or elsewhere.
    Notes: Übersicht In einer früheren Arbeit [1] wurde für die Berechnung von Kurzschlußströmen ein Rechenverfahren angegeben, das besonders bei Verwendung von Digitalrechnern geeignet ist. In Ergänzung hierzu wird im folgenden gezeigt, wie sich dieses Verfahren für die Berechnung von ein-, zwei- oder dreipoligen Unterbrechungen erweitern läßt. Dabei ist auch der Fall behandelt, da\ gleichzeitig zur Unterbrechung noch ein Kurzschluß an derselben oder einer anderen Stelle des Netzes auftritt.
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  • 121
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 83-91 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Criteria will be deduced, which permit to find out the number of superfluous coils and capacitors in a linear and losslessn-port without magnetic couplings. The investigation starts with the loop impedance matrix of a losslessn-port and its linear transformation in the matrix of an equivalent circuit. This is described in the second chapter. In the third chapter relations are to be presented between the minimum number of coils and capacitors and topological structures. Some extensions of the won theorems, especially on the invariance of the minimum number of coils and the minimum number of capacitors in equivalentn-ports, are given in the last chapter.
    Notes: Übersicht In dieser Arbeit werden Kriterien abgeleitet, die cs erlauben, an einem vorgelegten kopplungsfreien Reaktanz-2n Pol die Zahl der überflüssigen Spulen und Kondensatoren zu ermitteln. Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchungen ist die im 2. Kapitel dargestellte Maschenimpedanzmatrix eines Reaktanz-2n-Poles und deren lineare Transformation in die Matrix einer äquivalenten Schaltung. Im 3. Kapitel wird ein Zusammenhang zwischen der geringsten Zahl von Spulen und Kondensatoren und topologischen Größen aufgezeigt. Im letzten Kapitel werden Erweiterungen der gewonnenen Sätze dargestellt.
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  • 122
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 109-123 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The possibilities of constructing a heat-source network to represent a given many-body (transient) heat conduction problem with given accuracy are discussed. It is shown that in networks with an equal number of sources and bodies (called by us equivalent thermal ciscuits) the inner thermal resistance of the sources is time-dependent. On the basis of a profound analysis of these circumstances it occurs to be possible to replace the actual course of values by proper constant values without exceeding resonable limits of inaccuracy, though. This way the equivalent thermal network with constant resistances is proved to be an approximation of the many-body system and a practical way to contract it and to esteem possible errors etc. is given now.
    Notes: Übersicht Es werden die Möglichkeiten zu einem gegebenenn-Körperwärmeleitungsproblem ein Wärmequellennetz, das eine beliebige Approximation des Problems liefert, zu konstruieren, untersucht. Bei den Wärmequellennetzen mit gleicher Anzahl von Wärmequellen wie Körpern, die allein wir in Hinkunft „äquivalent” nennen wollen, tritt dabei bei dem inneren Wärmewiderstand der Quellen ein Widerstandsfaktor, der von der Zeit abhängig ist, auf. An Hand einer Abschätzung des Wertes den dieser Faktor annehmen kann, wird gezeigt, daß es bei annehmbarer Annäherung möglich ist, den tatsächlichen Wert der inneren Wärmewiderstände durch geeignete konstante Werte zu ersetzen. Damit erweist sich das äquivalente Netz mit konstanten Widerständen nicht nur als Approximation desn-Körperproblems, sondern es ergibt sich ein praktischer Weg zu dessen Konstruktion, zur Fehlerabschätzung, usw.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 92-108 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird die Theorie über die Raumladungs-Sperrschicht an der Grenze zwischen einem Niederdruck-Plasma und einer negativen Elektrode ausführlich dargestellt. Auf Grund des Boydschen Schichtkriteriums wird über die Ergebnisse von Bohm hinausgehend eine neue Randbedingung allgemein für die positive Säule im Bereich der ambipolaren Diffusion aufgestellt. Die Gültigkeit dieser Randbedingung wird an früheren Sondenmessungen von Klarfeld geprüft und bestätigt gefunden. Mittels der neuen Randbedingung wird in Verbindung mit früheren Messungen die Beweglichkeit der Quecksilber-Ionen bestimmt, die sich, bezogen aufp=1, als allein von der Elektronentemperatur abhängig erweist. Diese Ergebnisse werden bei der Betrachtung der Entionisierung des Gitter-Anodenraumes und des Ionenrückstromes zur Anode verwendet. Der Entionisierungsvorgang wird bei vereinfachter Anodensystemgeometrie sowohl statisch (mit Vernachlässigung der Sperrschicht vor der Anode) als auch dynamisch mit Berücksichtigung der Sperrschicht betrachtet. Es werden Meßergebnisse wiedergegeben und Übereinstimmung der Theorie mit der Erfahrung gefunden. Der von Koch angegebene Ansatz für den dynamischen Ionenrückstrom wird erweitert, womit die von Zipfel gemessenen hohen dynamischen Rückströme erklärt werden können. Es ergibt sich sowohl theoretisch als auch auf Grund einer dargestellten Sondenmeßmethode, daß die gemessenen Anodenrückströme bis zu sehr hohen Steilheiten der anlaufenden Sprungspannung (du δ/dt) praktisch reine Ionenströme sind.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 136-136 
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  • 125
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 124-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Small induction motors of salient-pole type, having highly saturated magnetic bridges from pole to pole, render necessary a calculating schedule depart from that of normal induction motor type. That is especially due to the difficulties brought about by the saturation effect of the magnetic bridges, which conduct not only leakage-flux, but also influence the distribution of flux-density in the air-gap. Firstly the physical conditions of operating are regarded. Then the differential-equations are set up, which enable the derivation of equations for calculating the current and the torque of the motor under consideration of field-harmonics. Test and calculating results agree very well. That affirms the theoretical conclusions.
    Notes: Übersicht Die magnetisch hochgesättigten Streustege und der ungleichförmige Luftspalt bei kleinen Induktionsmotoren mit ausgeprägten Polen erfordern eine von der Theorie normaler Asynchronmaschinen abweichende Darstellung. Insbesondere bedingt das nichtlineare Verhalten der Streustege, die sowohl Streu-als auch Nutzfluß führen, einige zusätzliche Schwierigkeiten. Zunächst werden die physikalischen Vorgänge in einem solchen Motor untersucht. Aus den Spannungsgleichungen läßt sich ein galvanisches Ersatzschaltbild ableiten. Daraufhin lassen sich die Ströme und Drehmomente unter Berücksichtigung des Einflusses der Feldoberwellen berechnen. Die gemessenen und berechneten Betriebskennlinien eines solchen Motors werden miteinander verglichen. Es ergibt sich eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung und damit eine Bestätigung der theoretischen Voraussagen.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 162-169 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The author treats of the characteristics of some servomechanisms, especially the case of input signal including a noise and also compares it with each other. The signal adaptive system which has a minimum square error, proposed in this paper, is very usefull for the practical applications.
    Notes: Inhalt Die Eigenschaften von einigen Folgesystemen, besonders bei zusätzlichem Störgeräusch, werden untersucht und miteinander verglichen. Praktische Methoden, durch die die quadratische Endabweichung des Systems zu einem Minimum wird, werden vom Verfasser vorgeschlagen.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 137-149 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The theoretical treatment of properties of semiconductor components requires systems of equations, which have to contain the so-called transport-phenomena (diffusion, viscosity, thermal conductivity etc.), especially in the case of describing avalanche-effects, thermoelectric effects and anomalies of characteristics. In the present paper a method proposed earlier by the author with respect to general gasdynamic treatments will be applied for stating differential equations for the transport of mass, momentum and energy within the system of electrons, holes and lattice-atoms.
    Notes: Übersicht Bei der theoretischen Behandlung der Eigenschaften von Halbleiterbauelementen benötigt man Gleichungssysteme, die-insbesondere für die Beschreibung von Durchbruchseffekten, thermoelektrischen Effekten und Anomalien der Kennlinien—die sogenannten Transportphänomene (Diffusion, innere Reibung, Wärmeleitung usw.) enthalten müssen. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein vom Autor schon früher für allgemeine gasdynamische Behandlungen vorgeschlagenes Verfahren verwendet, um die Differentialgleichungen für den Transport von Masse, Impuls und Energie des Systems von Elektronen, Defektelektronen und Gitteratomen aufzustellen.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 150-161 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary If a conductor or winding is surrounded by a closed magnetic circuit of ideal permeability, the tangential component of the intensity of the magnetic field along the inner surface of the iron depends only on the geometrical dimensions of the magnetic circuit and not on the position of the conductor inside it. Using the conformal mapping there is analysed the form of the tangential component of the magnetic intensity along a rectangular and polygonal frame and the theoretically derived results are compared with the experimental measurements of the tangential component in a rectangular frame.
    Notes: Übersicht Wenn ein Stromleiter oder eine Wicklung von einem geschlossenen Magnetkreis idealer Permeabilität umgeben ist, ist die tangentielle Feldstärke längs der inneren Oberfläche des Eisens nur von den geometrischen Dimensionen des Magnetkreises, nicht aber von der Lage des Leiters abhängig. Es wird der Verlauf der Tangentialkomponente der magnetischen Intensität längs eines rechteckigen und polygonalen Rahmens mittels konformer Abbildungen untersucht und die theoretisch gewonnenen Ergebnisse werden mit experimentellen Messungen der Tangentialkomponente in einem Rechteckrahmen verglichen.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 170-182 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The investigation of the transients on an electrical multiconductor system leads to the wellknown line equations. A step-by-step method for solving these equations is described which enables also the treatment of complicated boundary conditions. Some examples show the flexibility of this method.
    Notes: Übersicht Bei der Untersuchung von Ausgleichsvorgängen auf einem System von mehreren parallelen elektrischen Leitungen wird man auf die bekannten Leitungsgleichungen geführt. Es wird ein Schrittverfahren zur Lösung dieser Gleichungen beschrieben, das auch die Behandlung komplizierter Randbedingungen ermöglicht. Einige Beispiele zeigen die Anwendbarkeit der Methode.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 190-202 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary On the basis of the method of symmetrical components and the space-vectors, the asynchronous machine with asymmetrical rotor is discussed. Especially the equations of a reluctance-motor are given with laminated rotor and without rotor windings.
    Notes: Übersicht Es werden auf Grund der Methode der symmetrischen Komponenten und des Raumvektors die Asynchronmaschinen mit asymmetrischem Läufer systematisch behandelt. Besonders werden die Gleichungen des reinen Reluktanzmotors (mit lamelliertem Läufer und ohne Läuferwicklung) angegeben.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 183-189 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Die Möglichkeit einer Darstellung der Wirbelstromvorgänge in einem magnetischen Kreis mit Hilfe einer Ersatzwindung wird theoretisch allgemein untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, daß eine streng gültige Ersatzwindung möglich ist falls das geometrische Bild der Wirbelstromverteilung zeitlich konstant bleibt. Für die Kreiskonstanten werden Ausdrücke angegeben, die für den Fall des Einschaltens eines magnetischen Gleichstromkreises im Allgemeinen eine gute Annäherung geben. Die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung des magnetischen Elusses und des Primärstromes bei Einschaltung eines Telephonrelais werden angedeutet.
    Notes: Summary The concept of replacing the eddy current paths in a magnetic circuit by an equivalent winding is given a general theoretical treatment. It is shown that the equivalent winding is strictly valid if the eddy current pattern remains constant in time. Expressions for the circuit parameters are presented, which will generally yield a good approximation on closing a D.C. excited magnetic circuit. Some results from a numerical study of the current and magnetic flux on closing a telephone relay are given.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 215-234 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The author describes the operation of series-type DDA computing circuits and their application as part of control lcops. The circuits can be constructed using industrial switched transistor logic. As small computing devices which are fitted to their particular applications, they represent an interesting supplement to analog control and computation. The special advantages are: flexible design from a few basic functions, simple combination with control circuitry, accuracy due to absence of drift.
    Notes: Übersicht In der Arbeit wird die Wirkungsweise von digitalen Inkrement-Rechenschaltungen und ihre Anwendung als Teile von Regelkreisen beschrieben. Die Schaltungen können mit industriellen Transistorschaltkreisen verwirklicht werden. Sie stellen als kleine, an die Aufgabe angepaßte Recheneinheiten eine Ergänzung analoger Regel- und Rechenverfahren dar. Ihre besonderen Vorzüge sind: Aufbau flexibler Rechenschaltungen aus wenigen Grundbausteinen, gute Kombinationsfähigkeit mit Regelschaltungen, Genauigkeit infolge des Fehlens von Drift.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 203-214 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Solutions ofMaxwell's equations of the radiation field with a zero-component are dicussed.Bromwich's solutions are of that kind. On example of the wave-equation in toroidal coordinates a simple method is pointed out, to obtain solutions of this equation with one component zero also in coordinate systems, whereBromwich's method is not applicable. A wave-mode in a hollow torus is described.
    Notes: Übersicht Es werden Lösungen der Maxwellschen Gleichungen mit einer verschwindenden Feldkomponente im idealen, homogenen Nichtleiter unter Ausschluß elektrischer Ladungen betrachtet. Dazu gehören auch die Lösungen nachBromwich wie z. B. die in Kugelkoordinaten. An Hand der Wellengleichung in Toruskoordinaten wird ein Verfahren aufgezeigt, das es gestattet, Lösungen der Wellengleichung mit einer verschwindenden Feldkomponente auch in Koordinatensystemen zu erhalten, in denen die Bromwichschen Potentialdarstellungen nicht anwendbar sind. Unter anderem wird auch auf eine Hohlrohrwelle im Torus hingewiesen.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 235-239 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Short description of the mode of operation of an inverter circuit lately introduced in electrical power engineering; investigation of the interdependence of operation frequency, control angle, resonant frequency and damping factor of the oscillating circuit forming the load. Limits of operation range are shown. The results are demonstrated by families of curves.
    Notes: Übersicht Für eine neuerdings in der Energietechnik eingesetzte Wechselrichterschaltung wird kurz die Arbeitsweise beschrieben und abgeleitet wie die Arbeitsfrequenz, der Steuerwinkel, die Eigenfrequenz und die Dämpfung des Lastschwingkreises miteinander verknüpft sind. Die Grenzen des Arbeitsbereiches werden aufgezeigt und die Zusammenhänge durch Kurvenscharen veranschaulicht.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 253-259 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The application of the iteration method for numerical solution of heat-source-networks corresponding to electric machines is examined. Some rules are indicated which contribute to a rapid convergence of the iteration process or which can be used in order to find easily approximate values of the source-temperatures.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird die Anwendung des Iterationsverfahrens auf die für elektrische Maschinen geltenden Wärmequellen-Netze untersucht und einige Regeln angegeben, die die rasche Konvergenz begünstigen und eine verkürzte Näherungsberechnung der gesuchten Temperaturen ermöglichen.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 240-252 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird eine Durchschlagsbedingung für die Sperrschicht an der Anode abgeleitet unter der Voraussetzung, daß die Sperrschicht sich noch zwischen Anode und Gitter befindet. Dabei werden die Feldemission der Anode, die Elektronenemission infolge der auf die Anode auftreffenden Ionen und die Ionisierung von Neutralgasatomen innerhalb der Sperrschicht durch unelastische Stöße mit den von der Anode emittierten Elektronen berücksichtigt. Die Durchschlagsbedingung ergibt sich dadurch, daß die von der Anode emittierte Elektronenstromdichte instabil wird, wenn eine dimensionslose GrößeD größer oder gleich 1 wird. Es ergeben sich ähnliche Verhältnisse wie bei der bekannten Townsend'schen Bedingung für den Durchschlag von Gasen jedoch mit einem zusätzlichen Glied, das von der Feldemission bedingt wird. Die den Durchschlag der Sperrschicht bestimmende GrößeD ist eine Funktion der Sperrspannung, der Ionenrückstromdichte, der Gasdichte, der Anodentemperatur und eines Feldverstärkungsfaktors. Der rechnerisch ermittelte Funktionsverlauf wird dargestellt und zeigt, daß in einem Spannungsbereich von 1–200 kV und für Gasdichten vonn 0=5·1019 bis 5,0·1021 m−3 bei einem Feldverstärkungsfaktorm F =300...700, wie er von Metzler für Anodengraphit gefunden wurde, der GrenzwertD=1 bei Ionenstromdichten von 102 bis 104 A/m2 erreicht wird. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Rückzündungswahrscheinlichkeit proportional zur GrößeD ist. Damit läßt sich die Theorie an dem experimentellen Ergebnis von Zipfel prüfen, der fand, daß der Ionenrückstrom in der 5,25. und die Sperrspannung in der 3,5. Potenz in die Rückzündungswahrscheinlichkeit eingehen. Diese empirisch gefundene Gesetzmäßigkeit erweist sich als gute Näherung für die theoretische GrößeD, so daß sich völlige Übereinstimmung ergibt. Abschließend werden die Ergebnisse ausführlich diskutiert und ein Hinweis auf die Erweiterung der Theorie der Rückzündung mit Ionenfokussierung gegeben.
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    Electrical engineering 48 (1964), S. 373-386 
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    Electrical engineering 48 (1964), S. 444-444 
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 2-12 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Printed cards do not admit branch crossings. For a graph it is shown how by a systematic method a representation containing no crossings is achieved, if need be by removing branches. Contents: 1. Problem; 2. Preparing Theorems; 3. Criterion for planarity and construction of the graph containing no crossings if a Hamiltonian circuit is known; 4. Criteria for planarity and construction of the graph containing no crossings if a Hamiltonian circuit is not known; 5. Supplement.
    Notes: Übersicht Die gedruckte Schaltung erlaubt keine Kreuzung von Zweigen. Es wird gezeigt, wie man in einem systematischen Verfahren zur kreuzungsfreien Darstellung eines Graphen gelangt, falls er vom Geschlecht Null ist, und wie man gegebenenfalls durch Entfernung von Zweigen die Kreuzungsfreiheit erzielt. Gliederung: 1. Die Aufgabe; 2. Vorbereitende Sätze; 3. Kriterium der Ebenheit und Konstruktion des kreuzungsfreien Graphen bei Kenntnis einer Hamilton-Linie; 4. Kriterien der Ebenheit und Konstruktion des kreuzungsfreien Graphen, falls eine Hamilton-Linie nicht bekannt ist; 5. Ergänzungen.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 32-48 
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    Electrical engineering 48 (1964), S. 421-444 
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 13-17 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Investigation of physical mantities characterizing the magnetic field. The magnetic induction may be derived arbitrarily from the given mantities force, speed and electric charge. The same definition is being achieved by corresponding interpretation of the classic experiment byGauss.
    Notes: Übersicht Untersuchung der physikalischen Größen (Größenarten), die das magnetische Feldbeschreiben. Die magnetische Induktion kann willkürfrei aus vorgegebenen Größen (Größenarten) Kraft, Geschwindigkeit und elektrische Ladung abgeleitet werden. Zu der gleichen Definition kommt man bei entsprechender Interpretation des klassischen Experimentes vonGauss.
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 49-55 
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    Electrical engineering 49 (1964), S. 260-270 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary To determine the transient voltage distribution established by a voltage impulse, the loss-free transmission line is replaced, according toH. Prinz, by a ladder network built up of inductive windings and capacitors recurring in alternating succession along the network. The end of the transmission line is terminated by a condenser of arbitrary capacity. The nodal voltages are determined by a matrix differential equation of the second order. This differential equation is solved in closed form by the simultaneous diagonalization of the coefficient matrices for arbitrary voltage surges. From the general solution formula the solutions for the “open” and “earthed” line, respectively, are got as a special case.
    Notes: Übersicht Zur Berechnung der durch einen Spannungsstoß erregten transienten Spannungsverteilung wird eine längskompensierte verlustfreie Fernleitung nachH. Prinz durch eine mehrgliedrige Vierpolkette abgebildet, in welcher in der Längsrichtung induktive Spulen und Kondensatoren alternierend aufeinander folgen. Am Ende ist die Fernleitung durch einen Kondensator von beliebiger Kapazität abgeschlossen. Die Spannungen der knotenpunkte werden durch eine Matrizendifferentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung bestimmt. Diese Differentialgleichung wird durch simultanes Diagnoalisieren der Koeffizientenmatrizen für einen beliebigen Spannungsstoß in geschlossener Form gelöst. Aus der allgemeinen Lösungsformel ergeben sich die Lösungen für die Spezialfälle der „geöffneten” bzw. „starr geerdeten” Fernleitung.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 1-8 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Doppelbildung eines Schultergürtel-Knochens und einer Brustflosse auf einer Körperseite vor einer tiefen Schnittverletzung bei einem kleinen Hecht beschrieben. Die hellen Streifen auf der Haut verlaufen normalerweise von oben nach unten. In dem schwarzen Narbengewebe sind sie in der Hauptsache in waagerechte Richtung abgelenkt. Es werden Betrachtungen darüber angestellt, wie die Doppelbildung entwicklungsphysiologisch zu deuten ist. Genauere Aufschlüsse darüber könnten aber nur Experimente mit Hechtlarven und ganz kleinen jungen Hechten geben.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 9-128 
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 437-450 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. In stages 5 and 6 ofHamburger andHamilton, the presumptive heart primordia of both sides, placed in contact, Fig. 1, originate two hearts in many cases instead of joining and originating a unique heart, as happens during normogenesis. 2. The two hearts are independent and are found to be very close in the same pericardial cavity, Figs. 7 and 8. 3. The heart formed, from the primordium left “in situ”, is a complete and normal heart, Figs. 7 and 8. 4. The heart formed from the transplant is much smaller and consists of a bulb, ventricle, and in some cases atrium, but its curvatures are typical and normal, Figs. 7 and 8. 5. The heart formed of the transplant organizes itself in contact with a small foregut formed from the endoderm of the transplant, Figs. 4 and 9. 6. The endoderm ist not only important in order for the P.H.M. to begin its differentiation in a heart direction but also organizes the P.H.M in such a way that the result is not only heart tissue but a heart, i.e. an organ with typical form and structure.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 511-524 
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 594-610 
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    Notes: Summary A count-chamber like methodes enables us to estimate the number of cysts corresponding to each developmental stage of the spermatogenesis. The multiplication of the germ cells depends upon the physiological conditions of the host: it is stopped in isolated larval abdomina, and is low in larvae of a crowded culture where pupation is delayed. In implants of 48 h old testis in. virgin adult females the multiplication rate is lower than in males and in mated females; it is as high as in situ in castrated females or in pupal hosts. The time required for the oldest cysts with spermatocytes to enter the meiotic divisions is with one exception for all these experiments the same as in situ; only in pupal hosts it will be accelerated. The subsequent spermatid differentiation in sperm also takes the same time as in situ. Thereby the premeiotic growth and postmeiotic differentiation is as efficient in all tested milieus as in situ, even when the hosts have not attained or already bypassed the metamorphosis. This autonomy is also valid for germ cells under insufficient multiplying conditions, provided that the spermatocytes have reached a certain stage in the premeiotic growth. When the first cysts reach the postmeiotic stages the further multiplication of cysts is stopped. This regulative mechanism is attributed to a specific inhibition operated by the spermatids. The autonomy of the spermatocyte differentiation and the unified behaviour of all the cells within a cyst are discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 632-636 
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    Mathematische Annalen 153 (1964), S. 1-13 
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    Mathematische Annalen 154 (1964), S. 285-300 
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    Mathematische Annalen 154 (1964), S. 330-340 
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    Mathematische Annalen 156 (1964), S. 34-46 
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    Mathematische Annalen 154 (1964), S. 387-405 
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    Mathematische Annalen 154 (1964), S. 427-431 
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    Mathematische Annalen 156 (1964), S. 216-225 
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    Mathematische Annalen 153 (1964), S. 104-110 
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    Mathematische Annalen 155 (1964), S. 184-193 
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    Mathematische Annalen 155 (1964), S. 246-251 
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    Mathematische Annalen 155 (1964), S. 397-421 
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    Mathematische Annalen 156 (1964), S. 9-24 
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    Mathematische Annalen 157 (1964), S. 343-357 
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    Mathematische Annalen 154 (1964), S. 70-72 
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    Mathematische Annalen 154 (1964), S. 77-87 
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    Mathematische Annalen 154 (1964), S. 171-180 
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    Mathematische Annalen 154 (1964), S. 195-256 
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    Mathematische Annalen 157 (1964), S. 34-41 
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