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  • Springer  (16,655)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 1960-1964  (16,655)
  • 1960  (16,655)
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  • 1960-1964  (16,655)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 251-263 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Quelques colonies d'Ancistrotermes guineensis (Silv.) ont été élevées dans des nids sous verre pour en faciliter l'observation. La table chronologique du développement de la nouvelle colonie est donnée. On a observé que seule la matière fécale était utilisée pour la construction des meules à champignons et que les termites ne se servaient pas du bois maché. Les meules demeurèrent stériles jusqu'à l'introduction de l'espèce correcte deTermitomyces. La symbiose entre les termites et les champignons paraît être spécifique. Il semble que les essaimants ailés ne transportent pas d'inoculum de spores vivantes de la colonie d'origine et que les ouvriers les introduisent lors des premières récoltes à l'extérieur. C'est peut-être là un facteur important qui règle l'abondance des termites champignonnistes. La phylogénie des Macrotermitinæ doit être reconsidérée en fonction de cette nouvelle évidence.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Kolonien vonAncistrotermes guineensis (Silv.) waren in Beobachtungsnestern gezüchtet. Die wichtigsten Daten in der Entwicklung der jugen Kolonie ist gegeben. Die Konstruction der Pilzgarten aus dem Kot der Arbeiter wurde beobachtet; gekautes Holz wurde nicht für den Bau benutzt. Der Pilzgarten blieb sterile bis die richtige Art vonTermitomyces eingeführt wurde. Es ist wahrscheinlich, dass dei Symbiose zwischen Termiten Art und Pilz specifich ist. Es scheint als ob die Geflügelten beim Ausschwärmen von der ursprünglichen Kolonie nicht Pilz Basidiosporen mitnehmen, sondern dass die Arbeiter sie beim ersten furagieren einschleppen. Diese Tatsache könnte in der Kontrolle des Ueberflusses von Termiten sehr wichtig sein. Die Phylogenese der Macrotermitinae ist im Lichte dieser neuen Evidenz besprochen.
    Notes: Summary Ancistrotermes guineensis (Silv.) colonies were reared in observation nests The timetable of development of the young colony is given. The construction of fungus comb from the faeces of the worker caste was observed; chewed wood was not used is constructing the comb. The fungus comb remained sterile until the correct species ofTermitomyces was introduced. The symbiosis between termite and fungus would appear to be specific. It seems that the alates do not carry an inoculum of viable spores of the fungus from the parent colony, but that workers introduce basidiospores in early foraging. This may be an important factor controlling the abundance of the termites. The phylogeny of the Macrotermitinæ is reviewed in the light of the new evidence.
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  • 2
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 265-282 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Histologische, ern\:ahrungsm\:assige und biochemische Studien in Verbindung mit weiblichen Kastenmerkmalen inApis mellifera L., werden besprochen. Die Entwicklung der Arbeiterinnen-Larve umfasst zwei sichtlich verschiedene Phasen, deren Abgrenzung durch Zugabe von Honig zur Nahrung durch Ammenbienen, ungefähr am 3. oder 4. Tag des Larvenstadiums erfolgt. Vergleiche zwischen Arbeiterinnen und Königinnen können zweckmässiger Weise mit diesen Phasen verbunden werden. 2. Die Unterteilung zwischen den Kasten beginnt augenscheinlich w\:ahrend der ersten Phase und wird in der zweiten vollendet. Zweifellos ist die Ern\:ahrung der Hauptfaktor in der Kastenbestimmung. Die Identit\:at des Ern\:ahrungsfaktors, der diese Vorg\:ange, welche in der weiblichen Dimorphose enden, veranlasst, ist nocht nicht bekannt. Die Ergebnisse vieler Aufzuchtversuche weisen stark darauf hin, dass eine Substanz, fl\:uchtiger oder instabiler Art, daran beteiligt ist. 3. Die Art und Weise des Ern\:ahrungsfaktors ist ebenfalls unbekannt. Es wird vermutet, dass eine Ver\:anderung im hormonalen Gleichgewicht der Kasten im fr\:uhen Larvenstadium stattfindet. Dies ist der Zwischenfaktor, der die Ern\:ahrung mit der Dimorphose verbindet. Es ist bekannt, dass Kastenunterschiede im innersekretorischen System am 4. oder 5. Tage des Larvenstadium vorhanden sind. Die vorangegangenen Larvenstadien m\:ussten nun untersucht werden, um festzustellen, ob eine Verbindung zwischen Ern\:ahrungs- und Hormonfaktoren besteht.
    Abstract: Résumé 1. Une revue est faite des études histologiques, nutritionelles et biochimiques concernant la différention des castes de la femelleApis mellifera, L. Évidemment le développement de la larve ouvrière comprend deux phases distinctes délimitées par l'addition du miel au régime par l'abeille nourricière durant la troisième ou quatrième journée du stade larvaire. Des comparaisons entre l'ouvrière et la reine peuvent aussi être faites en relation avec ces phases. 2. La dichotomie entre les castes semble commencer durant la première phase et se terminer durant la seconde. Il ne fait pas de doute que la nutrition est un facteur extrinsèque majeur dans l'établissement d'une caste. On n'a pas établi la nature du facteur diététique commençant la série d'événements dont l'aboutissement est le dimorphisme de la femelle. Le résultat de plusieurs expériences d'élevage suggère fortement l'implication d'une substance qui est soit volatile soit instable. 3. On ne connaît pas non plus le mode d'action du facteur diététique. Il a été suggéré qu'il existe une différence entre les castes dans la balance des hormones au début de la vie larvaire et que cette balance est le facteur intermédiaire reliant la nutrition au dimorphisme. Il est reconnu qu'à la quatrième ou cinquième journée de la vie de la larve, il existe dans le système endocrine des différences de caste; les stades plus jeunes devraient être examinés maintenant en vue de découvrir une relation entre les facteurs nutritifs et hormonaux.
    Notes: Summary 1. Histological, nutritional, and biochemical studies relating to female caste differentiation inApis mellifera, L. are reviewed. Development of the worker larva evidently comprises two distinct phases, delimited by the addition of honey to the diet by nurse bees around the third or fourth day of the larval stadium. Comparisons between workers and queens may conveniently be related to these phases. 2. The dichotomy between castes appears to be initiated during the first phase and consummated in the second. There can be little doubt that nutrition is the major extrinsic factor in caste establishment. The identity of the dietary factor initiating the series of events culminating in female dimorphism has not been established. The results of many rearing experiments strongly suggest the involvement of a substance which is either volatile or unstable. 3. The mode of action of the dietary factor likewise is unknown. It is suggested that a difference in hormonal balance between castes is established in early larval life and is the intermediary factor linking nutrition to dimorphism. Caste differences in the endocrine system are known to exist by the fourth or fifth day of larval life; the earlier instars should now be examined for a relationship between nutritional and hormonal factors.
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  • 3
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 353-355 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Isotopen-Methode beschrieben, die das Auffinden der Nester von Camponotus-Arten (Rossameisen) ermöglicht. Die Methode beseitigt Nachteile, wie z. B. langes und oft erfolgloses Suchen, die bisher in Kauf genommen werden mussten. Die Kenntnis der Nestlage erleichtert nicht nur die Kontrolle dieser holzzerstörenden Arten, sondern deckt auch das Ausmass der Holzschäden auf. Ausserdem ist die Methode für ökologische Studien brauchbar.
    Abstract: Résumé On décrit une méthode de détection des nids deCamponotus grâce à l'utilisation judicieuse d'isotopes radioactifs. Cette méthode simplifie et rend plus fructueuses les recherches des nids. D'autre part, la localisation précise des nids permet de faciliter la lutte contre les Fourmis et de déceler les dégâts qu'elles causent. Cette méthode peut, d'autre part, se révéler utile pour certaines recherches écologiques.
    Notes: Summary A method is described for locating the nests of carpenter ants by use of a radioactive isotope and suitable detector. The method eliminates much of the tedious and often unsuccessful searching normally required. Location of the nest facilitates the application of effective control measures and reveals possible structural damage. The method would also be useful in making certain ecological studies.
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  • 4
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 101-108 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Résumé On peut rendre horizontaux les rayons d'une ruche et verticaux ceux d'un nid de guêpes sans perturbations visibles pour l'élevage ou le comportement des ouvrières. Les abeilles réparent très facilement et immédiatement les trous creusés dans les cellules d'ouvrières ou de reines, elles posent sans difficulté un fond aux cellules d'ouvrières si on l'a enlevé. Elles tordent une lame de cire perpendiculaire aux rayons pour la mettre en position parallèle. Les abeilles peuvent déposer leur miel dans les trous d'une plaque de bois, dans des rayons de métal ou de plastique; elles peuvent élever leur couvain dans des rayons de plastique et leurs reines dans des cellules de verre ou de plastique. Les guêpes peuvent operculer avec du carton les rayons des abeilles. Les guêpes souterraines dont on vient de déterrer le nid le couvrent de terre et l'enterrent en creusant au-dessous. Si une plaque de métal glissée au-dessous s'y oppose, elles le reconstruisent peu à peu de manière à l'amener sur le bord de la plaque et à l'enterrer à nouveau.
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  • 5
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 6
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 231-249 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die BienengattungAllodape Lepeltier und ihre Verwandten nehmen eine interessante Zwischenstelle in der sozialen Evolution ein. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden gegeben: 1. Aufzählung der ethologischen Eigenschaften, die zur Gehörigen des Komplexes gemeinsam sind, 2. Vorläufige Einordnung gewisser ethologischer Gruppen innerhalb des Komplexes, 3. Einige Annahmen über die evolutiven Tendenzen innerhalb des Komplexes, und 4. Erörterungen über gewisse bemerkenswerte, weitere Studien erfordernde ethologische Eigenschaften.
    Notes: Summary The bee genusAllodape Lepeletier and its allies occupy an interesting position in the social evolution. The present paper deals with; 1. Enumeration of ethological characters common to the Allodape-Complex, 2. Tentative distinction of certain ethological groups within the Complex, 3. Assumptions on the evolutional trends within the Complex, and, 4. Discussions as to some ethological features, which are remarkable and require further studies.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Ciertos nùmeros de luchos experimentales y de observación de cuatro especies deCremastogaster: Cr. auberti, Cr. scutellaris (de Francia);Cr. vandeli, Cr. skounensis (de Cambodia) han conducido a formular una hipotesis acerca del ciclo biologico de ciertos especies deCremastogaster. Hay alternancia entre dos generaciones, una agama reproduciéndose por partenogenesis, otra sexuada. La generación sexuada comprende machos y hembras aladas destinadas al origen para la diseminación del especie aprovechando las condiciones ecológicas favorables (vuelo de enjambre). La descendencia normal de las hembras est a constituida por obreras (sin embargo puede haber en las hembras partenogenesis arrhenotoque accidental del tipo himenoptere). La generación agama comprende solo hembras apteras (obreras) y està destinada para la conservación del especie durante las estationes con condiciones ecológicas defavorables. Esas obreras son poco prolificas y ciertamente solo por un breve periódo de su vida. La generación asexuada vuelve a dar una generación sexuada por partenogenesis deuterotoque (La deuterotoquia està bajo la influencia de factores troficos y, por consiguiente, ecológicos).
    Notes: Summary Some number of expérimental samples and observations on for species ofCremastogaster: Cr. auberti; Cr. scutellaris (of France);Cr. vandeli, Cr. skounensis (of Cambodia) brings to formule hypothesis on biological cycle of some species ofCremastogaster. There is alternance between two generations, the one without sexual types, which reproduces by parthenogenesis, the other with sexual types. The sexual generation comports winged males and winged females for dispersion of species (in beginning) which profit of ecological favourable conditions (wing of swarming). The normal descendance of females is constitued by workers (however by males it can existe accidental arrhenotocal parthenogenesis of Hymenopteral type). The without sexuals generation comports only wingless females (workers) and it is destined to conserve the species during seasons under unfavourable ecological conditions. These workers are not to much prolific and certainly during a short time of their life. The asexual generation gives again sexual generation by deuterotocal parthenogenesis (Deuterotoquia is under the influence of trophic and, from this fact, ecological factors).
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  • 8
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 323-331 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Résumé Des nymphes (dernier et avant-dernier stades) deCalotermes flavicollis ont pu être maintenues en élevages solitaires pendant plus d'un an. Les solitaires muent rarement et subissent surtout des mues régressives. La survie des individus solitaires venant de muer ne s'obtient qu'en leur fournissant de l'aliment proctodéal contenant les indispensables Flagellés symbiotiques. Dans quelques cas, les nymphes du dernier stade ont subi la mue imaginale dans des délais normaux. La transformation en sexué néoténique est possible et les femelles peuvent même pondra des œufs viables. L'élevage deCalotermes solitaires met en valeur l'effet de groupe sur le développement individuel, en fonction du stade atteint par le sujet considéré. Il est vraisemblable que d'autres facteurs (cycle saisonnier, par ex.) interviennent dans le destin individuel.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Larvae ofAnergates atratulus were experimentally given to workers ofSolenopsis fugax (III) and larvae ofLeptothorax nylanderi to workers ofTetramorium caespitum (IV). III. Some of the workers ofSolenopsis fed a larva ofAnergates which grew bigger; the others killed all the larvae ofAnergates that had been given to them. Moreover, a female pupa ofAnergates put into a nest ofSolenopsis, became an adult. IV. 90 larvae ofLeptothorax were given to workers ofTetramorium. 2 of these larvae became imagos. The 2 workers ofLeptothorax thus formed laid eggs, one of which was cared by a worker ofTetramorium and developed.
    Notes: Résumé Nous avons essayé de faire élever des larves d'Anergates atratulus par des ouvrières deSolenopsis fugax (III) et des larves deLeptothorax nylanderi par des ouvrières deTetramorium caespitum (IV). III. Certaines des ouvrières deSolenopsis ont nourri une larve d'Anergates qui a grossi; les autres détruisirent toutes les larves d'Anergates qui leur furent confiées. D'autre part, une nymphe femelle d'Anergates introduite dans un nid deSolenopsis est parvenue au stade adulte. IV. 90 larves deLeptothorax ont été confiées à des ouvrières deTetramorium. 2 de ces larves ont atteint le stade adulte. Les 2 ouvrières deLeptothorax ainsi formées ont pondu des œufs, dont l'un se développa grâce aux soins d'une ouvrière deTetramorium.
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  • 10
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Unsere Beobachtungen und Erfahrungen verneinen, dass die Raubzüge von Amasonenameisen durch bestimmte Individuen gelenkt währen, welche zuvor die Obiekte ausgesucht hätten sollen, und welche Forel die Kundiger genannt hatte. In Wirklichkeit existieren im Neste manche Individuen, welche vormittags einsam die Umgebung betreten und besuchen. Eine vieltätige und strenge Eliminierung solcher Individuen stört jedoch keinesfalls die Raubzüge der Amasonenameisen. Die Raubzüge kommen aber nicht zum Stande, wenn nimmt man einen grösseren Teil der Individuen ab, welche von uns «die Aktivisten» genannt sind. “Die Aktivisten” gehen aus dem Neste etwa eine Stunde vor dem Zuge heraus, und wegen seiner Aufregung rufen einen schaarenweisen Ausgang aus dem Neste der übrigen Amasonenameisen heraus. Diese Heermasse rückt sofort in dieser Richtung aus, in welcher aktuell die meisten “Aktivisten” sich befinden. Nachher geht die ganze Armee ohne Lenkung gerade vor sich. Die Eliminierung der Spitze der Amasonenarmee übt keinen Einfluss auf den Verlauf des Raubzuges; übrigens es erwies sich, dass diese Spitze besitzt keinen konstanten Individuenbestand.
    Notes: Summary According to our observations and experiments there are no special individuals (named scouts by Forel) whose task it would be to find the object of the attack. In the nest there exists a small number of individuals, who are rambling in the ground before noon. It those individuals are removed from the ground, this has no effect on the raids of the amazons. However the raid will not take place if we withdraw most of the individuals, which are called by us the activators. They come out of the nest about an hour before the beginning of the raid and by their excitation they provoke the others amazons to get in mass out of the nest. This mass immediately goes forward for the attack in that direction, where the most of activators are actually. Afterwards the column is progressing without the guidance of anybody. Removing of the head of the column has no influence on the course of the raid. Besides, specimen composition of the head of the column is constantly varying.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit, wurden die Beschreibungen des Nestbaues vonHalictus duplex Dalla Torre ausführlich gegeben, sowohl statisch als auch dynamisch, nebst die Beschreibungen der Entwicklungsstadien. Diese wabenerzeugende Art zeigt baukünstig den höchsten Entwicklungsgrad, obgleich ihre soziale Differenzierung nicht so hoch ist wie beiH. malachurus Kirby undH. marginatus Brullé, deren Nester noch in einem ursprünglicheren Zustand bleiben.
    Abstract: Résumé Cet article concerne la structure du nid deHalictus duplex Dalla Torre, envisagée sous un double aspect statique et dynamique. Les stades préimaginaux de cette espèce sont également décrits.Halictus duplex, dont le nid montre une complexité architecturale poussée au plus haut point, n'atteint pas, cependant, un degré de différenciation sociale aussi élevé queHalictus malachurus Kirby etHalictus marginatus Brullé dont les nids sont de type beaucoup plus simple.
    Notes: Summary In the present paper, the nest structure ofHalictus duplex Dalla Torre was described in detail, from both static and dynamic aspects, together with descriptions of immature stages. This comb-making species shows the highest degree of architectural development, nevertheless its social differentiation is not so high as inH. malachurus Kirby andH. marginatus Brullé, nests of which remain still in a less developed stage.
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  • 12
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 187-199 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary When its own eggs and larvae missed,Solenopsis fugax bred larvae ofLeptothorax nylanderi, at a temperature of 22°C. TheSolenopsis workers killed some of this larvae and fed the others; these slowly grew bigger during five or six months but never reached the pre-pupa stage. The result was the same if the workers ofS. fugax and the larvae ofL. nylanderi overwintered together or not at all. A youngSolenopsis queen being there was noxious to the larvae ofLeptothorax. On the contrary,L. nylanderi has been able to breed larvae ofS. fugax up to the imago stage, at a temperature of 22°C. When its own larvae were in the nest, together with larvae ofS. fugax, the workers ofL. nylanderi killed the larvae ofS. fugax. On the other hand, new eggs and young larvae ofLeptothorax had to replace, more or less quickly, the larvae which had been taken away, and that was noxious to the growth ofSolenopsis larvae. An overwintering at the beginning of the experiment was rather favourable toS. fugax as was the presence of a fecundLeptothorax queen. TheSolenopsis thus obtained lived no longer than seven weeks. They all were workers and very small.
    Abstract: Резюме Будучи лишен собственных яицS. Fugax вырастил личинкиL. Nylanderi при температуре в 22° Цельсия. ЛичинкиLeptothorax были сначала частично уничтожены, но те, которые остались, медленно развивались в продолжении пяти или шести месяцев, но не достигли предкукольной стадии. Зимовка в начале испытания не увеличила шансов к усыновлению. Присутствие молодой царицы уS. Fugax было неблагоприятно для личинокLeptothorax. Наоборот,L. Nylanderi был способен вырастить при температуре в 22° Цельсия личинкиS. Fugax и довести их до взрослой стадии. Такого рода воспитание оказалось невозможным в присутствии личинокL. Nylanderi Молодая детка (яйца и личинки)Leptothorax заменяла более или менее быстро упраздняемую детку; ее присутствие было тогда неблаг⊸приятно для развития личинокS. Fugax Зимовка в начале испытания была скорее благоприятна дляSolenopsis, также как и присутствие оплодотворенной царицыLeptothorax. S. Fugax выведенные таким путем жили не более семи недель. Все они принадлежали к рабочей касте и были очень маленького роста.
    Notes: Résumé En l'absence de son propre couvain,Solenopsis fugax a élevé des larves deLeptothorax nylanderi, à la température de 22°C. Les ouvrières deSolenopsis détruisirent une partie de ces larves mais nourrirent celles qu'elles épargnèrent; ces dernières grossirent lentement pendant cinq à six mois, sans atteindre le stade prénymphe. Lorsque les ouvrières deS. fugax et les larves deL. nylanderi furent soumises ensemble à un hivernage préalable, elles donnèrent les mêmes résultats que sans hivernage. La présence d'une jeune reine deSolenopsis fut défavorable aux larves deLeptothorax. Inversement,L. nylanderi fut capable d'élever, à la température de 22°C, des larves deS. fugax et de les amener jusqu'au stade adulte. En présence de leurs propres larves, les ouvrières deL. nylanderi détruisirent tapidement toutes les larves deS. fugax introduites dans leur nid. D'autre part, un jeune couvain deLeptothorax remplaçait plus ou moins rapidement les larves deLeptothorax enlevées au préalable; sa présence était alors défavorable au développement des larves deSolenopsis. Un hivernage en début d'expérience fut plutôt favorable auxS. fugax, de même que la présence d'une reine féconde deLeptothorax. LesSolenopsis ainsi obtenus n'ont pas vécu plus de sept semaines. Ils étaient tous de caste ouvrière et de taille très petite.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Larvae ofAnergates atratulus were experimentally reared by workers ofMyrmica laevinodis, at 22°C. An overwintering of both larvae ofAnergates and workers ofMyrmica is not necessary for the success of that experiment. The presence of larvae ofMyrmica does not keep theMyrmica from rearing larvae ofAnergates. The workers ofMyrmica have been cooled, in all the experiments, before receiving larvae ofAnergates. No queen ofMyrmica have been used in that experiments. 38 of the 64 larvae ofAnergates used became imagos. Most of the 26 lostAnergates died at the beginning of the adoption and during the metamorphosis. The females lived generally 2 or 3 days and tried, very early, to leave their native nest. The males lived 2 or 3 weeks.
    Abstract: Резюме Мы вывели личинкиAnergates atratulus при помоши работницMyrmica laevinodis, при температуре в 22 Ц. Чтобкы достигнуть этого нет надробности соединятьbmecme для зимовки личинкиAnergates с работницамиMyrmica. Присутствие коренныз личинок не мешаетMyrmica боспитыбать личнкиAnergates. Во всехMyrmica Были подвернуты золоду до получения личинокAnergates. Ни одной ц⇓рицыMyrmica не было использовано при этих опытах. Из 64 личинокAnergates котрыми мы пользоваись, 38 превратились В имаго. Большинство из 26 потерянныхAnergates погибли в начшем 2 или 3 днь и стремлись рано покинуть родное гнездо. Самцы прожили от 2 до 3 недель.
    Notes: Résumé Nous avons fait élever des larves d'Anergates atratulus par des ouvrières deMyrmica laevinodis à 22°C. Pour y parvenir, il n'est pas utile de faire hivernerensemble les larves d'Anergates et les ouvrières deMyrmica. La présence de larves autochtones n'empêche pas lesMyrmica d'élever des larves d'Anergates. Dans toutes les expériences lesMyrmica ont été soumises au fridavant de recevoir des larves d'Anergates. Aucune reine deMyrmica n'a été utilisée dans ces expériences. Sur les 64 larves d'Anergates que nous avons utilisées, 38 se sont transformées en imagos. C'est au début de l'adoption et au moment des métamorphoses que périrent la plupart des 26Anergates perdus. Les femelles vécurent en général 2 ou 3 jours et cherchèrent très tôt à quitter le nid natal. Les mâles vécurent 2 à 3 semaines.
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 349-352 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A female ofHalictus malachurus used a nest already digged and partly provided with pollen by a female ofHalictus marginatus, taking the part of aparasite towards this species. Yet the nests of the two species are differently shaped. The phenomenon belongs to an usurping tendency which usually arises among females of the same species.
    Notes: Résumé Une fondatrice deHalictus malachurus a utilisé un nid creusé et partiellement approvisionné en pollen par une fondatrice deHalictus marginatus, jouant, vis-à-vis de cette dernière, le rôle deparasite. Les nids des deux espèces diffèrent, cependant, par leur forme. Ce phénomène relève d'une tendance usurpatrice qui sévit normalement entre fondatrices de même espèce.
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 383-393 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 22-26 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La photo de l'arrière de la lune a révélé le fait surprenant, que seulement la partie nord du devant de la lune contient un large groupe de «mare», tandis que presque tout le reste de la surface semble être continent. Cette anisotropie, qui est assez conforme à celle de la distribution sialique sur la terre, contredit à ce que la lune soit née de la terre et met de nouveau en discussion le problème du Pacifique. Un tel parallélisme entre terre et lune aurait pu se concilier avec les théories connues d'une terre poire (G. Darwin, Pickering, Poincaré), dont la rupture aurait fait tous les deux corps fragmentaires retenir un seul grand trou dans leur couverture sialique. Malheureusement la balance d'énergie donnée parJeffreys a prouvé l'impossiblité absolue d'une telle disjonction. Il restait la théorie d'une éjection du matériel de la lune, causée par un grand météorite. Mais ce matériel, après s'être dispersé explosivement dans l'espace, ne se serait pas ramassé à un corps portant une couverture avec un tel grand trou. Il faut donc une théorie propre à expliquer en même temps le groupe lunaire de mare et le bassin pacifique. La théorie proposée parJeffreys etVening Meinesz, d'un courant primaire de convection, qui traversait le centre de la terre, produisant la distribution originaire du sial sur la terre, nous semble mériter dès maintenant une considération remarquable.
    Notes: Summary The backside picture of the Moon has revealed the surprising fact, that the northern part of the frontside only contains a large complex of «mare», while nearly the whole surface else seems to be «continent». This anisotropy which is widely conform with that of the earth's sialic cover, contradicts to a birth of the Moon from the earth and demands a new discussion about the origin of the Pacific basin. Such a parallelism of Earth and Moon might be compatible with the known theories of an Earth pear (G. Darwin, Pickering, Poincaré), the rupture of which would have made each of the two fragment-bodies retain a hole in its sialic cover. Unfortunately the energy balance given byJeffreys has completely refuted the possibility of such a disjunction. An ejection of the Moon's material, caused by a large meteorite, only remained discussable since. But the expulsed matter, after being disturbed into the room, would not have gathered to a body with a single large hole at its cover. A theory therefore is needed which explains the Moon's mare-complex as well as the Pacific basin. The theory, proposed byJeffreys andVening Meinesz, of a primary convection current which passed the centre of the Earth and in spreading around the globe produced the original distribution of the Earth's sialic cover, is worth increased attention.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 27-39 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Methoden der Berechnung der Schweredifferenzen zwischen zwei Stationen hängt von dem vorausgesetzten Verhalten der Nullpunkts-Änderung (Drift) ab. Wenn angenommen wird, dass diese Drift ein quadratisches Gesetz rücksichtlich der Zeit befolgt, dann geben die verschiedenen Methoden im wesentlichen den gleichen Wert der Schweredifferenz und ihres geschätzten Fehlers. Für die Ausgleichung eines Netzes von Schwereverbindungen wird, um ein System von Gewichten zu bilden, vorgeschlagen, dass die geschätzten Fehler in den Verbindungen anstatt der wahrscheinlichen Fehler verwendet werden, welche nicht abgeleitet werden können, da die Zahl der unabhängigen Beobachtungen zu klein ist. Die geschätzten Fehler wurden auf die mittlere Abweichung einer Beobachtung gegründet, welche wahrscheinlich eine charakteristische Eigenschaft eines Schweremessers und eines Beobachters ist. Als Resultat eines speziellen Satzes von Feldexperimenten wurde als mittlerer Fehler einer einzelnen Beobachtungen mit einemWorden-Schweremesser ±0.014 mgal gefunden.
    Notes: Summary The methods of computation of the gravity difference between two stations depend on the assumed behaviour of the zero drift. When this drift is taken as following a quadratic law with respect to time, then the various methods give virtually the same value for the gravity difference and the estimated errors in it are also the same. In adjusting a network of gravity connections it is proposed that, to form a system of weighting, the estimated errors in the connections should be used in the place of the probable errors, which are unobtainable as the number of independent observations is too small. The estimated errors have been based on the standard deviation of an observation which is probably a characteristic of one gravimeter and one observer. The standard deviation of a single observation with a Worden gravimeter was found to be ±0.014 mgal as a result of a special set of experiments under field conditions. Large random errors have been observed in a Worden gravimeter and the cause is attributed to changes in the filament of the bulb which produces the reading index line.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 97-114 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An alpinen Gletschern kann die Jahresablation in einzelnen Punkten bis über 15 m erreichen. Um die Ablation eines ganzen Gletschers durch direkte Messung zu erfassen, sind zahlreiche in Bohrlöcher eingesetzte Mess-Stangen notwendig, deren Ausaperung wir verfolgen können. — Für die Installation der Messtellen wurde ein leichtes und leistungsfähiges thermisches Bohrgerät entwickelt, dessen Heizspitze sich in den Gletscher einschmilzt. Die Wärme wird durch einen Ofen geliefert, in welchem Wasser erhitzt wird. Eine Pumpe treibt das Wasser in geschlossenem Kreislauf durch einen isolierten Bohrschlauch zur Heizspitze und zurück zum Ofen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sind Prinzip, Konstruktion, Wirkungsweise und Handhabung des Bohrers beschrieben, der seit dem Jahre 1950 an zahlreichen Gletschern der Alpen und in den letzten 2 Jahren im Rahmen der internationalen Groenlandexpedition (EGIG) in Westgroenland erprobt wurde. Anschliessend wird auf die Grenzen der Anwendungsmöglichkeit hingewiesen.
    Abstract: Riassunto Nei ghiacciai alpini l'ablazione annuale può raggiungere in alcuni punti valori dell'ordine di 15 m. Per determinare l'ablazione di un intero ghiacciaio mediante misure dirette, sono necessarie numerose stanghe introdotte in fori di trivellazione e con le quali si determina lo spessore del ghiaccio scomparso. Per l'installazione di posti di misura fu sviluppato un trapano leggero ed efficiente, la cui punta riscaldata penetra nel ghiaccio. Il calore viene fornito da una stufa, nella quale viene riscaldata acqua. Una pompa porta l'acqua con circuito chiuso, attraverso un tubo di gomma isolato, alla punta riscaldata e da qui di nuovo alla stufa. Nel presente lavoro sono descritti il principio, la costruzione, il funzionamento, il modo di impiego del trapano, che è stato sperimentato dal 1950 in numerosi ghiacciai delle Alpi e nei due ultimi anni nella Groenlandia occidentale, nel quadro della Spedizione internazionale (EGIG). In seguito si accenna ai limiti di impiego dello strumento.
    Notes: Summary On Alpine glaciers the annual ablation may exceed 15 meters in some points. In order to determine the ablation of one whole glacier by direct measuring numerous measuring poles are required to be inserted into drill hole so that the amount of the melted ice may be deserved. — A light and efficient thermic drill instrument has been devised for the installation of the measuring spots. Its hot point penetrates into the ice by the melting process. Heat is supplied from a stove which heats the water. A pump drives the water in a closed circuit through an insulated drilling tube down to the hot point and back to the stove. In the present paper there is a description of construction, mode of operation and manipulation of the drill which has been tested out since 1950 on numerous glaciers of the Alps and during the last two years in connection with the International Greenland Expedition (EGIG) in Western Greenland. The article then points out the limits of the application possibilities.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 193-200 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein kurzer Überblick über die Ergebnisse einiger «Project-Jet-Stream»-Forschungsflüge gegeben. Einige Merkmale der atmosphärischen Struktur in der Umgebung des Strahlstromkernes scheinen für eine Vielzahl der Fälle charakteristisch zu sein und sollen im folgenden noch näher beschrieben werden. Am deutlichsten treten hervor: Die «Jet-Stream-Front»oberhalb und unterhalb des Strahlstromkernes; stabile und barokline Zonen auf der antizyklonalen Seite des Strahlstromes; eine Aufwölbung der Isentropenflächen südlich der Strahlstromachse, der sogenannte «Isentropenbuckel» («isentrope hump»). Einige dieser Merkmale scheinen weitreichende Einflüsse auf die Dynamik der Strahlströmung zu besitzen.
    Notes: Summary A short survey is given of results obtained from «Project Jet Stream» Research Flights. Several features of the atmospheric structure in the vicinity of the jet-stream core seem to be rather characteristic and shall be described in detail. The most prominent among these are: the «Jet-Stream Front»above and below the jet core, stable baroclinic zones on the anticyclonic side of the jet, and an upward bulge of the isentropic surfaces south of the jet stream, the so-called «isentrope hump». Some of theses features seem to have far-reaching implications upon the dynamics of the jet stream.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 360-367 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is assumed that the subsoil is bounded by a plane surface and that plane interfaces of arbitrary position subdivide the subsoil into homogeneous isotropic solid layers. (Three dimensionaln-layer problem.) A method is presented to compute the front velocities and the positions of the interfaces in the subsoil on the basis of suitable seismic refraction measurements.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird vorausgesetzt, die Erdoberfläche sei eben und der Untergrund bestehe aus homogenen, isotropen Schichten, die durch Ebenen voneinander getrennt sind. Da diese Ebenen beliebige Lage haben, handelt es sich um ein räumlichesn-Schichten-Problem. Es wird gezeigt, wie die Frontgeschwindigkeiten und die Unstetigkeitsflächen mit Hilfe der seismischen Refraktionsmethode bestimmt werden können.
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    Development genes and evolution 151 (1960), S. 572-585 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The subcutaneous implantation of appropriate tissue diaphragms (short, broad glass cylinders) rather regularly induces the formation of bones provided with marrow cavities and junction cartilage plates, in the rat. Bone formation, unlike the development of hemopoietic tissue, can be prevented, under these circumstances, by topical blockade of the phagocyte system with carbon particles. The role of nonspecific topical stress factors, in the induction of such highly specific structural transformations, has been discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 151 (1960), S. 586-611 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Durch die Vereinigung eines 5 mm langen Apikalstückes vonAcetabularia mediterranea in verschiedenen Orientierungen mit einem 5 mm langen Basalstück ließen sich Formbildungen aus dem letzteren erzielen. Bei orthotopischer Vereinigung traten jedoch Fälle auf, bei welchen die Formbildung nur von der apikalen Komponente aus erfolgte. 2. Durch die Vereinigung zweier Basalstücke von je 10 mm Länge konnten Formbildungen erzielt werden, welche bei den Einzelstücken nur selten gelingen. 3. Bei einer Vereinigung zweier Basalstücke von je 5 mm Länge gelang eine Formbildung nur, wenn die Stücke 5 mm oberhalb des Rhizoids entnommen worden waren, und auch da nur selten und unvollkommen. 4. Die Prüfung isolierter Stücke ergab, daß beim Apikalschnitt die Formbildungsfähigkeit eines kombinierten Apikal+Basalstückes 3mal so hoch ist wie die eines 5 mm langen Apikalstückes. 5. Eine Erklärungsmöglichkeit für diese Tatsache wurde erörtert.
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    Development genes and evolution 151 (1960), S. 612-659 
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    Development genes and evolution 152 (1960), S. 137-159 
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    Development genes and evolution 151 (1960), S. 559-571 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. The branchial endoderm taken from late neurula or tail bud embryos developed into typical pharynx, when left to develop with head-mesenchyme, while in a purely ectodermal environment lacking mesodermal elements, it did not give rise to any identifiable structure. 2. The same endodermal piece was explanted together with lateral mesoderm. In this combination, the frequency of the occurrence of intestine decreased with increasing age of the donor, and the appearance of “pharyngoid” (the amorphous assemblage of pharyngeal cells) increased. 3. The piece of branchial endoderm was removed from an early neurula, and was isolated alone or together with cranial ectomesoderm for 24 or 48 hours, until the synchronous control had reached early or late tail bud stage; then pre-isolated piece of endoderm was combined with lateral mesoderm and cultivated further in an epidermal envelope. A decreased production of intestine and increased production of “pharyngoid” were obtained, according to the duration of the pre-isolation. 4. In the discussion, the establishment of regionalisation of endoderm in normal embryo was interpreted as anautonomous process, which can be accerelated by contact with head mesenchyme but which does not require it, while for the individuation of pharyngeal organisation, the presence of mesenchyme was considered to be indispensable.
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    Development genes and evolution 152 (1960), S. 35-42 
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    Development genes and evolution 152 (1960), S. 1-21 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Endodermal pieces taken out of the presumptive gastric and intestinal regions of the early neurula were explanted together with ecto- or endomesodermal fragments removed from various regions of neurula ofTriturus pyrrhogaster. 2. The future development of the endodermal piece was found to be shifted anteriorwards to produce branchial and/or oesophago-gastric epithelium when the endoderm was left to develop within a mesenchymal environment. The endodermal piece showed predominantly a development into intestinal structures when it was combined with lateral mesoderm and left to develop within a mesenchyme-free environment. 3. The anteriorward shift of the future development of the explanted endoderm by niesenchyme occurred with different grades, according to the source from which the mesenchyme was derived. The mesenchyme derived from the cranial mesectoderm was found to be most effective, and the efficiency falls gradually in the mesenchyme derived from more lateral or posterior regions. 4. Considerable differences were noted between the endodermal pieces tested, in their reactivity to the effect from mesenchyme. The explanted gastric piece can be shifted anteriorwards more easily than can the explanted intestinal piece. 5. The developmental paths of the undetermined endoderm, in the explantation condition, appeared to be decided by two factors, one residing in the mesenchyme and another in the endoderm.
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    Development genes and evolution 152 (1960), S. 160-165 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Transit of heat from three selected points across the blastoderm has been analysed. 2. The shock at the differentiating centre is more drastic than that at a point away from it. 3. The posterior and the middle portion of the embryo are more susceptible than the anterior portion of the same to the thermal shock. 4. Graded types of ontogenesis have been observed after thermal treatment. 5. The epiblast is the most susceptible layer to heat treatment than the other two. 6. Different aspects of the abnormal morphogenesis have been explained from the point of view of morphogenetic movement of cells.
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    Development genes and evolution 152 (1960), S. 166-182 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Bestimmung der Zelldichte, der Schichtdicke, der MitosehÄufigkeit und des FlÄchenwachstums im Entoderm, sowie einiger mechanischer Eigenschaften junger Hühnerkeimscheiben (5–19 Ursegmente) wird ein „aktiver“ Bereich im Entoderm ermittelt, dessen Auftreten in Beziehung zur Mesodermausbreitung steht. 1. Sobald der Mesodermrand vorher au\erhalb des Mesoderms gelegene Entodermzellen überwandert, verringert sich deren Volumen, und zwar umso mehr, je voluminöser Cölom und GefÄ\e entwickelt sind. Diese Beziehung macht einen Transport vom Entoderm zum Cölom und zu den GefÄ\en wahrscheinlich. 2. Au\erdem verÄndern die Entodermzellen im Moment der überwanderung durch das Mesoderm ihre Form und Lagerung, so da\ unter dem Mesoderm eine dickere Entodermschicht mit grö\erer Zelldichte entsteht. 3. Die am Mesodermrand im Entoderm induzierten Volumen- und FormÄnderungen der Zellen führen zu einer lokalen FlÄchenkontraktion, die mit zunehmender Mesodermausbreitung immer weiter peripher gelegene Keimscheibenbereiche erfa\t. Die Kontraktion erzeugt in der Area pellucida und in den dicht au\erhalb des Mesoderms gelegenen Keimscheibenbereichen passive Dehnungen. Diese wÄhrend der Entwicklung durch besonders schnelle FlÄchenvergrö\erung auffallenden Bereiche zeichnen sich durch besonders geringen Widerstand gegen künstliche Dehnung aus. 4. Zwischen der MitoseaktivitÄt im Entoderm und derjenigen im Mesoderm ist kein Zusammenhang festzustellen. Vom 6–19-Ursegment-Stadium finden im gesamten Entoderm nur vereinzelt Teilungen statt (MitosehÄufigkeit 〈0,3 %).
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    Development genes and evolution 152 (1960), S. 339-372 
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    Development genes and evolution 152 (1960), S. 43-130 
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    Development genes and evolution 152 (1960), S. 131-136 
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    Notes: Summary 1. The cellular configuration of a hydra is dissociated under the pressure of a cover-glass and the different cell types are isolated and observed in hanging drop chamber. 2. With the exception of certain cnidoblasts, all the cells are rounded after dissociation of which only the nutritive muscular cells of the endoderm show amoeboid movement. 3. Pseudopodium originates as ectoplasmic out-pushing in which endoplasm flows in afterwards. Pseudopodia are thrown from all sides of the cell. 4. The details of intra-cellular contents in the different cell-types are described. 5. The nature of surface rigidity, attachment and cell shape before and after dissociation have been discussed in relation to the animal form and morphallactic power of hydra.
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    Development genes and evolution 152 (1960), S. 230-262 
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    Development genes and evolution 152 (1960), S. 491-516 
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    Development genes and evolution 152 (1960), S. 22-34 
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    Notes: Summary 1. The intricacy of regeneration depends largely on the behaviour of cells during early hours of contact. 2. Cellular contact is a necessary prerequisite to bring about the phenomenon of regeneration. 3. Cells dedifferentiate and attain a generalized state before regeneration. 4. Certain unipotent cells can only redifferentiate into original fate e.g., pinacocytes, scleroblasts, choanocytes. 5. Other types of cells completely lose their original characteristics and become totipotent i.e. redifferentiate into other types of cells. These are called pluripotent cells e.g. amoeboid cells. 6. Definite orientation of cells are observed from the beginning of cell aggregation. Archeocytes remain in the periphery and other cells in the middle of the mass. 7. Redifferentiation begins from 4–6 hours stage of reaggregation.
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    Development genes and evolution 151 (1960), S. 660-707 
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    Development genes and evolution 152 (1960), S. 373-397 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Es wurde bei zyklopischen und stark synophthalmen Larven vonTriturus pyrrhogaster die Stelle der Linsenregeneration untersucht. Zu diesem Zweck wurden eine Reihe von Zyklopie und Synophthalmien künstlich hergestellt (Methode nachO. Mangold 1931), und nach der Ausbildung des Auges die Linse exstirpiert. Die Larven wurden bis zur vollzogenen Linsenregeneration aufgezogen. Die Regenerationsstelle wurde währenddessen sorgfältig beobachtet und später im Schnittbild kontrolliert. 2. Die Anzahl und damit die Bildungsstelle des Linsenregenerats variieren graduell nach dem Grad der Mißbildung (Cyclopia perfecta, Cyclopia imperfecta, Synophthalmia). Je vollkommener die Augenverschmelzung ist, um so häufiger wird die Linse in der Einzahl und zwar in erster Linie vom vorderen mittleren Irisbereich gebildet; je unvollkommener die Verschmelzung der beiden Augen ist, um so häufiger entsteht die Linse in Zweizahl in einem Auge und zwar in erster Linie an den seitlichen Irisrändern. 3. Diese Regelmäßigkeit läßt sich deutlich erkennen, wenn das Auge einen mehr oder weniger typisch verlaufenden N. opticus hat. Wenn der N. opt. fehlt oder einen atypischen Verlauf in der Retina hat, regeneriert die Linse in der hochgradigen Mißbildung (Cyclopia perfecta) ziemlich an beliebiger Stelle, in den schwächeren Mißbildungen (Cycl. imperfecta) mehr an den seitlichen Bezirken der Iris. 4. Eine Prädetermination der Linsenpotenz in der dorsalen Iris ist demnach nicht anzunehmen. 5. Als Ursache der Lokalisation der Linsenregeneration ist die Einmündung der Verbindung mit dem Gehirn d. h. des Augenblasenstiels anzunehmen, die ihrerseits die Zone der maximalen Einstülpung und des maximalen Wachstums der Augenbecherwand und damit den Ort der Linsenregeneration bestimmt. Die Ausbildung eines fetalen Augenspaltes ist für die Lokalisation der Linsenregeneration nicht unbedingt nötig, kann also nur von sekundärer Bedeutung sein.
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    Development genes and evolution 152 (1960), S. 565-584 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
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    Development genes and evolution 152 (1960), S. 632-654 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Cells ofDictyostelium discoideum grow exponentially when cultivated in suspension. The generation time is 3,3 hrs (20° C). 2. In all stages of their development the cells can agglutinate spontaneously. Agglutinates in a certain developmental stage undergo immediate transformation into fruiting bodies, if they can make contact with the liquid/air interphase. This contact induces the polarity of the fruiting bodies. Autonomous polarization does not occur. Bilateral interphase contact induces twin fruiting bodies pointing in opposite directions. 3. Weakening of intercellular contacts results in a reduction of the average size of the agglutinates and can thus be recognized easily under standardized conditions. This was shown to be the case for two morphologically deficient mutants.
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    Development genes and evolution 152 (1960), S. 725-769 
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 17-37 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Notes: Résumé ChezCalotermes flavicollis, la formation des sexués néoténiques est plus facile, ou plus rapide, dans le sexe femelle que dans le sexe mâle. Les sexués femelles montrent un pouvoir inhibiteur à l'égard des individus femelles; les sexués mâles inhibent les mâles de façon moins complète; la stabilisation complète peut être obtenue dans les élevages unisexués, formés uniquement de mâles ou de femelles. La régulation du nombre des néoténiques ne se fait pas de la même façon dans les élevages ♂♂ et dans les élevages ♀♀. Dans les premiers, 2 néoténiques ♂ subsistent, quelquefois 3; dans les seconds ne persiste qu'un seul néoténique ♀, rarement deux. Ces résultats mettent en lumière le rôle différent joué par les mâles et les femelles dans les sociétés de Termites.
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 213-219 
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 201-205 
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    Notes: Résumé 1. Les fourmis peuvent percevoir de très légères inégalités de la surface du dôme,même si la structure n'est pas modifiée. 2. Lorsque la souche centrale est dénudée, elles recouvrent toujours d'abord la zone la plus friable où elles ont creusé des galeries verticales. 3. Cette zone d'amassage préférentiel n'a rien de commun avec les différence locales d'amassage que l'on met en évidence en plaçant des cloisons radiaires à la surface du dôme une fois achevé. 4. Lorsqu'on donne à la fourmillière la forme d'un cône pointu en ramenant les brindilles de la base vers le sommet, les fourmis enlèvent rapidement le matériel apporté (et pourtant familier) et reviennent promptement à la forme primitive. 5. Au cours de cette opération, elles charrient toujours les brindilles éliminées du même côté de la fourmillière.
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 227-230 
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    Notes: Summary Queens ofLasius flavus (F.) andL. niger (L.) were observed to choose sunlit bare areas for colony foundation and shading was found to reduce their success in founding colonies. Large colonies of these species killed queens of the opposite species first thus favouring the co-existence brought about by their habitat selection.
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 333-343 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resumido La aceptacion de larvas o ninfas no se puede considerar como definitiva que después de tres o cuatro dias. La perturbacion del nido de las Abejas desaregla siempre a las Abejas. Las larvas o ninfas non aceptadas sirven de alimentacion a las jovenes Abejas. El tanteo de aceptacion de las larvas trasponidas es independante del lugar de la trasposicion sobre el cuadro en la colmena pero baja cuando la estacion de las Abejas se adelanta. Las larvas machos alimentadas con alimentacion real no viven a partir de algun estadio de larva. En la colmena normal, larvas sin operculo en lotes de dies no son de nuevo operculadas, mientras que lotes con un nombre superior, la operculacion de nuevo esta total. Por un nombre de celdillas operculadas de nuevo bastante grande, la reoperculacion esta independante de su contenido (larvas o ninfas). La limite de desoperculacion a bajo de que todo el nido de Abejas esta reoperculado, coresponde a la mitad del operculo. Una celdilla vacia o donde el habitante esta muerto esta jamas reoperculada.
    Notes: Summary In a colony larvae or nymphs acceptation cannot be considered as definitive before three or four days. Even the slightest manipulation in brood area causes always a very deep workers perturbation. Unaccepted larvae or nymphs are eaten by young workers. Acceptation percentage of transposed larvae is independent from transposition area on the comb, but decreases when the bee season is going on. Male larvae fed with royal jelly live only to a certain age. In a normal colony larvae, uncapped larvae are not operculated again but, if the number of uncapped larvae is bigger, a 100 percent operculation can be obtained. If the number of uncapped cells is sufficiently, cell reparation is independent of the caste and age of the young inside. When only the half of the cover is removed (or less) the repair by the workers is complete, but they never repair an empty cell or a cell with a dead larvae or nymph inside.
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 369-376 
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 357-368 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das klimatisch und physikalchemisch Data bestätigen den Glaube das Wanddurchbohrunge als Gasdiffusionsysteme betragen. Das Data bestätigen nicht ein anfänglich Verlust von den Durchborunge inA. arquieri Nester, aber ist mit Durchborung Verlust inA. occultus folgerecht. Das Shagrinnetzwerk, der Raum, und die Sandeinwickelung zunehmen die Diffusionoberfläche. Die Sandeinwickelung entwickelte viellicht für stabilisieren von den Primitivräume. Dann entwickelte vielleicht diese Einwickelung in Räume mit Shagrinnetzwerk tragten.
    Abstract: Résumé Les données climatiques et physiques appuient l'hypothèse selon laquelle les ouvertures des parois jouent le rôle de systèmes de diffusion des gaz. Ce que l'on peut prouver n'affirme ni n'infirme une régression naissante des pores dans les nids d'A. arquieri. La régression des pores chezA. occultus est prouvée. Il se peut que l'augmentation de la surface de diffusion soit une fonction importante du réseau chagriné et aussi de la couche de sable ou d'espace qui entoure le nid. Peut-être une couche continue de sable s'est-elle développée dans le but de stabiliser les vides sans appuis qui entourent les nids. Ces couches ont pu à leur tour se développer dans les vides qui sont appuyés aux réseaux chagrinés.
    Notes: Summary Climatic and physical chemical data support the assumption that wall perforations function as gas diffusion systems. An incipient regression of pores inA. arquieri nests is neither supported nor contradicted by available evidence. The evidence is consistent with pore regression inA. occultus. Increase of diffusion surface may be an important function of the shagreen network and of the space or sand envelope surrounding nests. Sand envelopes may have evolved for the stabilization of unsupported spaces surrounding nests. These envelopes may have, in turn, evolved into spaces supported with shagreen network.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 153-166 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Data relative to theE layer over Leopoldville are analysed for the period between the end of the last solar cycle and the maximum of the present one (February 1952 to December 1958). It is shown that the diurnal variation of the maximum electronic density follows the Chapman law very well; in logarithmic coordinates the regressions are linear. The two parameters of this regression, the ordinate at the origin (logarithm of the maximum density for a zero Sun-height) and the slope, are expressed in function of the Wolf numberR. Their seasonal variations are studied theoretically and from the actual data: it is shown that the seasonal variation of the electronic density is essentially due to the geometry of the Earth-Sun system.
    Notes: Résumé Les données relatives à la councheE au-dessus de Léopoldville sont analysées pour la période allant de la fin du dernier cycle solaire (Février 1952) au delà du maximum du présent cycle (Décembre 1958). L'examen de la variation diurne de la densité électronique maximum montre que la loi de Chapman est très bien vérifiée à un facteur près; en coordonnées logarithmiques les régressions sont linéaires. Les deux paramètres de cette regression, l'ordonnée à l'origine (logarithme de la densité maximum pour un angle de hauteur du soleil nul) et la pente, sont exprimées en fonction du nombreR de Wolf. Leur variation saisonnière est alors étudiée théoriquement et selon les données mesurées: il est ainsi prouvé que la densité électronique a une variation saisonnière due essentiellement à la géométrie du système Terre-Soleil.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 179-184 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anhand der GleichungfoE=K . cos n χ wird festgestellt, dass der Jahresgang der Mittagswerte in gemässigten Breiten durchn=1/4 beschrieben werden kann, der Tagesgang aber einen Exponenten 1/3 erfordert, und zwar für alle Breiten. Wir konnten frühere Feststellungen nicht bestätigen, wonach der Exponent systematische Veränderungen mit der Sonnenaktivität und der (geographischen) Breite erleiden soll. In gemässigten Breiten hatK einen Jahresgang, nicht jedoch am Äquator. Aufgrund dieser Resultate halten wir es für unmöglich, einen weltweiten «Ionisations-Index» aus den Beobachtungen von nur einem Ort zu bestimmen.
    Notes: Summary Applying the equationfoE=K. cos n χ it is found that whilst the seasonal variation of noon values at temperate latitudes can be described byn=1/4, the daily variation needs an exponent 1/3 and this for all latitudes. We have not been able to confirm former statements according to which the exponent should undergo systematic variations with solar activity and (geophysical) latitude. At temperate latitudesK has a seasonal variation but not at the equator. With respect to these results we feel that it is not possible to deduce a world-wide «ionization index» from the observations made at only one place.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 227-237 
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    Notes: Summary One can find that over the continent the cold fronts becomes stationary after the sunrise. In the present paper this phenomen is explaned by heating of cold air what causes the increase of the slope of the boundary surface. Because of surface heating of the cold air the horizontal pressure gradient in direction toward the front increases with time, and so increases the transport of the cold air in this direction too. The increasing of the slope of boundary surface that is in connection with the mentioned increased trasport of cold air, causes the convergence of air mass and the ascent of it at the same front (Fig. 2). As the consequence of the heating from the surface and the liberation of latent heat of vaporisation, the volume of cold air increases. In connection with this the divergence of mass occures in the high levels and later one can find at the surface the corresponding fall of pressure. This effects can cause in suitable cases the development of cyclon, similarily as shown on Fig. 4. When the cold air comes from the cold continent over a relatively warm sea surface, the strong heating of cold air occurs and as consequence of this, the cyclogenesis.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 114-122 
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    Notes: Summary Using the divided electrode condenser it was possible to detect the large ion groups formed when small amounts of N2O gas were mixed with atmospheric air. Eight groups appeared with mobilities ranging from 12.50×10−4 to 0.60×10−4 cm/sec: volt/cm. When using the whole electrode condenser the results showed an increase in the total ion concentration of these large ions when small amounts of N2O gas were mixed with air. The results obtained in this work confirm that N2O gas acts as a nucleus for condensation which is changed into a large ion by appropriating an electrical charge.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 175-178 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während der grossen Sonnen-Eruption vom 29.3.60 wurde bei Registrierungen der kosmischen Radio-Strahlung zuerst eine Abnahme beobachtet, der hohe Intensität nachfolgte, die mehrere Stunden anhielt. Die Abnahme entspricht der Mögel-Dellinger-Absorption; es ergibt sich, dass der Radio-Strahlungs-Ausbruch viel länger dauerte als der UV- oder Röntgen-Strahlungs-Ausbruch, der den Mögel Dellinger-Effekt verursachte.
    Notes: Summary Recording cosmic radio noise during the large solar eruption of march 29, 1960 a decrease of intensity has been observed at first which was followed by high intensity lasting several hours. The decrease being due to SID absorption it appears that the noise-burst lasted much longer than the uv- or x-ray eruption causing the SID.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 79-83 
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    Notes: Summary An airborne conductivity meter is described. Detail description of a new Gerdien Chamber is presented, emphasizing some of its critical design features.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 89-100 
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    Notes: Summary Some results on ionospheric absorption measurements made at Genova-Monte Capellino in the years 1959 and 1960 are presented, deducing the behaviour of the mean diurnal variation. The abnormally high absorption during some days of January and February 1959 is then discussed, together with the treatment of data collected in various European and Asiatic stations; the geographical distribution of the phenomenon is studied, and the influence of meteors is also briefly considered.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Measurements of the pH-value of precipitations were made at Mt. Hohenpeissenberg (977 m a.s.l.) from August 1956 and in Peissenberg (590 m a.s.l.) from September 1957. Measurements also were made of dew, hoar frost, rime deposits and snow covers. The pH-values are no function of meteorological factors. The pH-value of dew and hoar frost approach pH 5.5. The percentual distribution of pH-values of rime deposits however is identical with that of precipitations. The comparison of pH-values at Mt. Hohenpeissenberg and in Peissenberg shows in summer higher values and in winter lower values at Mt. Hohenpeissenberg.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Seit August 1956 werden auf dem Hohenpeissenberg (977 m NN) und seit September 1957 in Peissenberg (Talstation 590 m NN) laufend Messungen des pH-Wertes der Niederschläge durchgeführt. Ausserdem wurden Kondensate wie Tau und Reif auf ihren pH-Wert untersucht. pH-Messungen an Schneedecken liegen ebenfalls vor. Es konnte keine Beziehung der pH-Werte zu meteorologischen Gegebenheiten gefunden werden. Die Kondensate Tau und Reif weisen pH-Werte auf, die in der Nähe des pH-Wertes reinen Wassers im Gleichgewichtszustand mit dem CO2-Gehalt der Luft lagen (pH 5.5). Die prozentuale Verteilung der pH-Werte der Nebelfrostablagerungen dagegen war identisch mit der der Niederschläge. Der Vergleich einer Meßreihe von pH-Werten der Berg- und Talstation zeigt, dass der Berg im Sommer höhere pH-Werte, im Winter dagegen niedrigere pH-Werte aufweist als die Talstation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 1-12 
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    Notes: Summary Observations and reductions of the gravimeter survey on Volcano Huzi are fully described. The survey was accompanied by various inevitable difficulties but the accuracy of calculating the Bouguer anomalies is kept high enough to bear volcanological discussion. The results are rather suggestive to the theory of caldera-formation. Comparison with the gravity anomaly on the volcanic islands in the middle of the ocean is also made.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 117-122 
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    Notes: Summary The correlation between monthly median critical frequencies and solar activity was determined for Washington, D.C. Results were compared with those from a similar study made for six Arctic stations. For noon data (E, F1 andF2 layers), a greater value off c (at zero sunspot number) and a slightly greater slope were obtained for Washington than for the Arctic locations. The influence of increased solar activity on the behavior of the midnight ionosphere is discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 123-152 
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    Notes: Summary The article first describes in chronological order the observations on the propagation of radio waves during the solar eclipses, and the development of the conflicting results on the similar transmissions of radio signals. The general theory of the absorption of radio waves in the ionosphere is briefly described and therefrom a method is derived to estimate the variation of the absorption of obliquely incident radio waves during a solar eclipse. The variation of field-strength can be studied in terms of the relationship between the vertical incident equivalent frequency of the signals and the critical frequencies of the ionospheric layers at the regions of reflection. The total absorption of radio waves consists of the non-deviative absorption in theD region and the deviative absorption in the higher layers of the ionosphere. During the eclipse, theD region absorption decreases in phase with the progress of the eclipse, but the variation of deviative absorption may differ in each observation. The deviative absorption is large when the equivalent frequency is close to the critical frequency of the layer reflecting the waves or of the layer just penetrated by the waves. The changes in the deviative absorption during an eclipse can be estimated on the basis of the variation of the critical frequencies of the ionospheric layers. The resultant changes in the total absorption during a solar eclipse may thus be estimated. The different types of field strength variation expected during an eclipse are given. The observations of the vertical incident absorption of radio waves and the field strength variations of obliquely incident continuous wave radio signals during the solar eclipse are described and the changes are explained on the basis of the above theory.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 185-193 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Description of a photometer for measuring the luminance of night sky light. This instrument offers numerous improvements compared to the first designed in 1941: the light receiver is an electron multiplier of the electrostatic type, which allows a high tension supply from batteries, that is a greater steadiness. The spectral lines are separated with the help of a Blamont-Kastler filter, which nearly completely eliminates the influence of the continuous background surrounding the bright lines. The width of a single band is 20 Å. The instrument is placed in the proper position out of the shelter by means of a very simple device which is described. The measurements are recorded automatically; the instrument is operated manually. The results are compared with those obtained with the former apparatus.
    Notes: Résumé Description d'un photomètre pour la mesure de la luminance du ciel nocturne. Cet appareil présente sur celui construit en 1941 les perfectionnements suivants: le récepteur de lumière est une cellule à multiplicateur d'électrons, du type électrostatique, ce qui permet une alimentation haute tension par piles, extrêmement stable. L'isolement des raies spectrales est obtenu au moyen d'un filtre Blamont-Kastler supprimant à peu près totalement l'influence du fond continu voisin des raies brillantes. La largeur d'une cannelure est de 20 Å. Un dispositif simple permet la mise en station de l'appareil à l'extérieur de l'abri. Les mesures sont enregistrées sur un suiveur de spot. L'instrument est manoeuvré manuellement. Les courbes obtenues avec cet instrument sont comparées avec celles obtenues antérieurement.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 199-214 
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    Notes: Summary The linear scale is often used for frequency distributions of precipitation data. The statistical approach for these distributions is briefly discussed and compared with results obtained using a logarithmic scale. The latter permits a frequency analysis and resolution in partial collectives, which furnishes a more precise climatological description and understanding of precipitation frequency. Fifty years of Asheville, North Carolina, precipitation records (yearly, monthly, daily, six-hourly, hourly amount) serve as a sample.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 258-260 
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    Notes: Summary The sign of difference between ordinates of climatological graphs is considered. From comparison of date obtained for: temperature and precipitation in Paris, hydrometrical series of Seine and Dniepr, and Wolfers numbers appears the similar repartition in time of these signs with considerable phase difference.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 298-302 
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    Notes: Summary Records of total solar radiation on a horizontal surface has been obtained at the Agro-meteorological Station at Giza continuously since December 1, 1955 by means of a Robitzsch actinograph. The difficulties in obtaining precise measurements were described. The results of the first three years of record were discussed and summarized in tabular and graphical form. To such few years of observations, a 15 days moving average was applied. The new data were plotted so as to obtain the solar radiation pattern, which has been compared with the radiation received at the outer limits of the atmosphere and with the maximum probable radiation expected at the Station.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 84-88 
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    Notes: Summary Attention is paid to the effect of light pressure, completely ignored in the present explanations on the energetics of dynamical processes in atmosphere. It seems even to be of great importance and play a great role, especially in the upper atmosphere. It seems there are three phenomena produced probably by this process: 1) Appearing of the earth atmosphere tide on the night side. 2) Presence of strong west winds on the great altitude. 3) Vertical oscillations of the upper atmosphere density.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 303-310 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Messreihen der Zirkumglobalstrahlung an eng benachbarten Standorten miteinander verglichen. Es zeigt sich, dass auch bei gleicher Sonnenscheindauer und ähnlichen Albedoverhältnissen des Untergrundes durch die verschiedene Grösse der diffusen Himmelsstrahlung bedeutende und vor allem variable Unterschiede in den Strahlungssummen auftreten können. Es scheint, dass diese Unterschiede durch die Abschirmung des Nordhimmels hervorgerufen werden.
    Abstract: Riassunto In questo lavoro vengono confrontate serie della radiazione circumglobale di posti molto vicini. Risulta che anche con uguale durata dell'insolazione e analoghe condizioni dell'albedo del suolo possono presentarsi differenze importanti e specialmente variabili delle somme della radiazione, causa i diversi valori della radiazione diffusa del cielo. Sembra che queste differenze siano provocate dalla schermatura della parte settentrionale del cielo.
    Notes: Summary In the present paper measurements of the circumglobal radiation in very close neighbouring locations are compared with one another. This comparison shows that there may be considerable and above all variable differences in the radiation sums, due to the different amount of the diffus sky radiation, even if the duration of sunshine and albedo conditions of the soil are more or less equal. It seems that these differences are caused by screening of the northern part of the sky.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 41-54 
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    Notes: Summary The problem of penetration of a fluid into a porous medium containing a more viscous liquid is investigated. It is known that the displacement front may become unstable in this case as it may break up into «fingers». The problem of inception of fingers has been treated previously in the literature by describing the displacement front in terms of its Fourier transform. In the present paper, we generalize earlier procedures by making allowance for an arbitrary elemental growth law. Furthermore, we assume that the phenomenon of fingering is not solely governed by the prevailing flow potentials, but also by the spectrum of heterogeneities in the porous medium. This is achieved by introducing a constant characteristic of the frequency of the heterogeneities in the porous medium. It then turns out that the maximum rate of growth as a function of wave length is considerably shifted from that predicted in the literature. At the same time it is also shown that the difficulty encountered by other workers which consists of small wave lengths growing at an infinitely high rate, is being avoided.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 69-78 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the first part the conditions are given under which the integral equation of the virtual height can be resolved in an unambiguous way. In the second part some conclusions of these conditions are discussed. Finally in the last part we discuss procedures which are actually used; some sources of possible errors are indicated and proposals to improve them are made.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im ersten Teil werden Bedingungen angegeben, unter denen eine eindeutige Lösung der Integralgleichung der scheinbaren Höhe erhalten werden kann. Der zweite Teil befasst sich mit den sich hieraus ergebenden Folgerungen. Im letzten Abschnitt werden eventuelle Fehlerquellen einiger Verfahren, die zur Zeit angewendet werden, untersucht und Verbesserungsvorschläge gemacht.
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 39-56 
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 125-162 
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 175-185 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt dass eine Lenkung des Baues beiDolichovespula media möglich ist. Die Rolle der natürlischen Hindernissen im Bau der Hülle wird festgestellt. Papierstreifen können in die Hülle eingebaut werden und sie sogar besetzen. Die Struktur des Eingangs kann auch durch das schräge Einsetzen von Papierstreifen verändert werden und dadurch spiralförmig gestalltet.
    Notes: Summary In this paper, we show that the directed building byDolichovespula media is possible. We show the part of natural obstacles in the building of the involucre. Bands of paper can be included in this involucre, to take place of it. The structure of the entrance can be modified by adding oblique bands of paper, and can have a spiral form.
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    Insectes sociaux 7 (1960), S. 207-211 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La construction des cellules royales est inhibée lorsqu'on offre aux ouvrières d'Abeilles une solution aqueuse d'extrait de reines, ou une telle solution à laquelle on a ajouté du sucre, à la seule condition que le liquide ne contienne qu'une faible concentration de sucre. Si cette concentration est plus forte, l'extrait perd son pouvoir inhibiteur. Un extrait de reines très concentré attire les ouvrières; il inhibe le développement de leurs ovaires ainsi que la construction des cellules royales en dehors de tout contact direct des ouvrières avec la substance inhibitrice. Il semble, dans ce cas, que la chémoréception de la substance suffise à provoquer l'inhibition chez les ouvrières.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bietet man weisellosen Arbeitsbienen den Extrakt von Königinnen gelöst in ihrem Trinkwasser (Extrakt von 200 Königinnen/l), so ist er nur wirksam — im Sinne einer Hemmung der Ausbildung von Weiselwiegen — wenn das Wasser wenig oder keinen Zucker enthält. Bei höheren Zuckerkonzentrationen (über 50–100 g/l) übt der Extrakt diese Wirkung nicht mehr aus. Weiter wurde gezeigt, dass die Anwesenheit einer mit Extrakt “übersättigten” Ersatzkönigin in einer Gruppe von im übrigen weisellosen Arbeitsbienen auch dann die Ausbildung von Weiselwiegen sowie die Ovarienentwicklung bei diesen Arbeitsbienen hemmt, wenn sie keinen direkten Kontakt mit der Ersatzkönigin hatten. Der Effekt beruht offenbar auf reiner Duftreizung durch den konzentrierten Extrakt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 261-266 
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    Notes: Summary The radon and thoron content in atmospheric air at Giza was determined through the period from January (1958 to July 1959) by using the emanometrical technique. The concentration of radon and its decay products was equal to (88±4) 10−18 Curie/c.c. and that of thoron and its decay products was equal to (51±11) 10−18 Curie/c.c.
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    Notes: Summary The author describes a method of determining the size and shape of a gravitating disturbance, treated as a surface-reaching a) vertical cylinder, b) infinite parallelepipedon, when the local Bouguer anomaly field has a) radial symmetry, b) axial symmetry. He introduces the quantity which e. g. serves the purpose of distinguishing very easily between deepseated and shallow disturbances.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 77-82 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In vorliegender Arbeit wird über ergänzende photomikrographische, thermomagnetische und röntgenanalytische Untersuchungen zu den Ergebnissen vonLauterbach, Jubelt & Mitarbeitern berichtet. Es handelt sich hierbei um antigoritisierten Serpentinit mit eisenoxydhaltigen Zerrklüften. Einige strukturphysikalische Betrachtungen gelten den Antigoritisierungsvorgängen.
    Notes: Summary In this paper the results ofLauterbach, Jubelt & Others are completed by photomicrographic, thermomagnetic and X-ray investigations. The rock samples consists of antigoritisated serpentinite containing veins. The material of the veins consists of magnetite and ψ-Fe2O3. Some crystal physical considerations concerning the process of antigoritisation are represented.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 110-124 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Messungen des Gefrierkerngehalts der Luft in Weissenau in den Jahren 1953 bis 1957 werden auf kalendergebundene Maxima untersucht. Die vonBowen postulierten Januarmaxima können teilweise wiedergefunden werden; ihre jährliche Wiederkehr ist aber unbefriedigend und die Zuordnung der Gefrierkernmaxima zu den Meteorströmen während des ganzen Jahres nicht möglich. Dagegen ergibt sich eine gute Übereinstimmung der Gefrierkernmaxima im ganzen mittleren Jahresverlauf 1953/57 mit dem Jahresverlauf der Luftdruckdifferenz St. Mathieu-Lerwick während der Beobachtungsjahre und damit eine kollektive Bestätigung des erhöhten Gefrierkerngehalts der polaren Luftmassen, welche bei den durch diese Druckdifferenz beschriebenen Umstellungen der atmosphärischen Zirkulation nach Mitteleuropa geführt werden.
    Notes: Summary The measurements of the concentration of freezing nuclei in the atmosphere made at Weissenau during the years 1953 to 1957 are analysed in order to see, if there are peaks tending to occur on the same dates of calendar. In January the peaks postulated byBowen's hypothesis could be found again in part. But this pattern does not repeat year after year in a satisfying manner and the association of freezing nucleus peaks with meteor showers does not hold for all months. On the other hand it can be shown that a very good coincidence in time exists between the yearly mean freezing nucleus concentration figure, calculated from our values observed in 1953 to 1957 and the yearly mean figure of the daily difference of barometric pressure at St. Mathieu and at Lerwick during the same years. As this barometric pressure difference describes the fluctuations of the atmospheric circulation over. Central Europe, there results a collective confirmation of the fact, already known from the single measurements: that polar air masses coming to Weissenau in the course of these fluctuations have an increased freezing nucleus content.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 145-163 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Theorie einer elektrischen Methode zur Zerlegung eines heterogenen Aerosols in seine Komponenten, welche vonT. A. Rich vorgeschlagen wurde, wird entwickelt. Die Kerne des Aerosols werden in Ladungsgleichgewicht gebracht undBoltzmann's Gesetz der Ladungsverteilung benützt. Über eine experimentelle Prüfung dieser Methode und die Vergleichung ihrer Resultate mit jenen der Exhaustions-Methode nachL. W. Pollak & A. L. Metnieks, die eine Diffusionsbatterie benützt, wird berichtet. Die Anwendung der neuartigen Diffusionsbatterie ohne Endstücke oder Verbindungsröhren zur Bestimmung des Diffusionskoeffizienten von Kondensationskernen, welche in einem Gasometer gespeichert waren, zeigt — wie im Falle von Kernen in Laboratoriumsluft —, dass der virtuelle Diffusionskoeffizient mit zunehmender Luftstromgeschwindigkeit wächst und dass der Zuwachs mit abnehmender Grösse der Kerne grösser wird; die Abhängigkeit des virtuellen Diffusionskoeffizienten vom Luftstrom ist daher nicht durch das Aufprallen und die Ablagerung der Kerne in den Endstücken oder durch Verluste in den Verbindungsröhren verursacht. Es wurden natürlich keine reibungs-elektrischen Ladungen an der Diffusionsbatterie festgestellt, wenn die ganz aus Metall konstruierte Diffusionsbatterie geerdet war, und es wurde ferner kein Einfluss auf den mittels der dynamischen Methode bestimmten Diffusionskoeffizienten gefunden, wenn die isolierte Diffusionsbatterie auf 52 Volt geladen wurde. Die Bestimmung des Beweglichkeitsspektrums der geladenen Komponenten eines polydispersen Aerosols, welches mittels eines Alphastralers in Ladungsgleichgewicht gebracht wurde, zeigte, dass die elektrische Methode zur Zerlegung von Aerosolen mit hohem Prozentsatz geladenerr Kerne (ziemlich grossen Kernen) wohl geeignet und dass sie hinreichend empfindlich ist, die Alterung eines in einem Gasometer gespeicherten Aerosols während weniger Stunden erkennen zu lassen. Der aequivalente Radius, wie er aus der Konzentration der geladenen und ungeladenen Kerne eines im Ladungsgleichgewicht befindlichen Aerosols berechnet werden kann, stimmt sehr gut mit dem mittleren Radius überein, wie er sich aus dem elektrisch bestimmten Grössenspektrum ergibt. Der aequivalente Radius stellt die bis jetzt beste durch eine einzige Zahl ausgedrückte Grössencharakteristik eines polydispersen Aerosols dar. Die bisher mit der elektrischen und dynamischen Methode erhaltenen Resultate stimmen gut überein, sowohl rücksichtlich der spektralen Verteilung der Komponenten als auch bezüglich der aus ihnen abgeleiteten mittleren Kerngrösse.
    Notes: Summary The paper presents the theory of an electrical method for resolving a polydisperse aerosol — brought up to charge equilibrium — usingBoltzmann's law of charge distribution which was suggested byT. A. Rich, and reports on experimental tests of this method and on a comparison of its results with those obtained by theL. W. Pollak & A. L. Metnieks' exhaustion method employing a diffusion battery without end-pieces or connecting tubing. The application of the novel diffusion battery without end-pieces or connecting tubing for determining the diffusion coefficient of nuclei stored in a balloon gasometer showed, as in the case of room air nuclei, that the apparent diffusion coefficient increases with increased flow rates and that the increase becomes bigger with decreasing size of nuclei; thus the dependence of the apparent diffusion coefficient on the air-flow is not caused by impaction and deposition of the nuclei in the end-pieces nor by losses in the tubing. No frictional electrical charges on the diffusion battery were, of course, detected when the battery constructed entirely of metal was earthed, and no influence on the diffusion coefficient as determined by the dynamic method was found when the insulated diffusion battery was charged to 52 volts. The resolution of polydisperse aerosols by determining the mobility spectrum of the charged components of the aerosol, brought up to charge equilibrium, showed that the electrical method is well suited for nucleus populations with large percentage of charged nuclei (rather big nuclei) and is sensitive enough to indicate the ageing, even over a few hours, of a stored aerosol. The equivalent radius as computed from the concentrations of the charged and uncharged nuclei of an aerosol under charge equilibrium conditions agrees very well indeed with the average radius of the size spectrum determined by the electrical method and represents so far the best single size characteristic of a polydiperse aerosol. The results obtained so far by the electricla and dynamic methods are in good agreement both with regard to the spectral distribution of the components and to the average size of the nuclei.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 231-240 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Резюме Осуществлено сравнение различных радиационных номограмм, предназначенных для расчетов теплового излучения атмосферы. Сделана попытка выяснить, какие номограммы являются наиболее надежными. выполнены расчеты потоков теплового излучения атмосферы для различных условий.
    Notes: Summary The comparison of different radiation charts for computing of atmospheric thermal radiation has been realized. The attempt has been made to find out what charts are more reliable. Calculations of atmospheric thermal radiation fluxes has been fulfilled for different conditions.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 329-351 
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    Notes: Summary The eight successive twelve-monthly airpressure values of Djakarta and Ponta Delgada from July 1949 up to July 1957 have been correlated with the simultaneous airpressure values at 292 meteorological stations and 256 grid points throughout the world. The 548 correlation coefficients have been plotted on world charts and isocorrelates for the values −0.9, −0.7, −0.4, 0.0, +0.4, +0.7 and +0.9 have been drawn (Figs. 1 and 2). The same has been done for the series of eight years January 1931 up to January 1939 with 351 meteorological stations and 259 grid points (Figs. 4 and 5). For both series of eight years the length of the period and the ratio noise-signal of the Southern Oscillation as well as the North Atlantic Oscillation have been determined. From these charts and these determinations the authors drew the following conclusions. 1) 1 July 1949–1 July 1957. The average length of the period of the S. O. amounts to 29.8 months, while the amplitude of the S.O. exceeds the noise amplitude by 33 per cent in its own region. The average length of the period of the N.A.O. amounts to 20.8 months, while its amplitude is only half the noise amplitude in its own region. The amplitude of the S.O. even exceeds the amplitude of the N.A.O. by 24 per cent in the North Atlantic Ocean. Hence the S.O. is well developed, whereas the N.A.O. is not. 2) 1 January 1931–1 January 1939. The average length of the period of the N.A.O. amounts to 20.8 months, while its amplitude exceeds the noise amplitude by more than 20 per cent. The average length of the period of the S.O. also amounts to 20.8 months, whereas the noise amplitude is 1.09 times the amplitude of the S.O. Hence the N.A.O. is well developed, whereas the S.O. is not. In this case the N.A.O. is generating a forced oscillation in the region of the S.O. The correlation patterns show prevalence of a summer-circulation type during 1931–1939 and of a winter-circulation type during 1949–1957 on both hemispheres. Arguments are gathered for the excitation and ruling of the S.O. by a relaxation oscillation (Fig. 8). The relaxation apparently occurs after long persistence of an excessive pressure difference between the Easter Island High and the Djakarta Low, and results in a sudden large increase of the amplitude and of the wave length of the S.O. Thereafter both amplitude and wave length of the S.O. gradually decrease. The general atmospheric and hydrospheric circulation in the South Pacific Ocean are accelerated until the next relaxation. The generation of regular S.O. wave trains as occurred in the last two decades of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century requires a special condition. Finally the relations between the fluctuations of solar activity and the S.O. and the relations between the S.O. and the weather even in moderate and high latitudes are discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 55-68 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The electro-osmotic phenomenon (EGO) is studied with regard to an insulating layer which builds up at the anod (mobile-limit EGO). An efficient operative method may be to lower the input voltage by the same ratio as the ohmic resistance increases. Practically it may be sufficient to lower the input voltage by a fixed percentage now and then, i. e.; at the time the ohmic resistance increases, or some time before. The aim is to prevent the formation of «stopper resistances» in order bo get a suitable electric current flow i. e., keep low the ohmic resistance lowering continually the voltage.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene studiato l'andamento EGO quando all'anodo si crea uno strato isolante progrediente nel tempo:EGO a limite mobile. Dalla teoria discende una prassi operativa EGO atta a contenere lo strato tampone (elettricamente resistivo).
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 30-40 
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    Notes: Summary The magnetic anisotropy of foliated rocks of several types has been measured by the torque-meter method, and shows that the alignment of long axes of magnetic grains in rocks normally follows the pattern of foliation evident in field observations. In a sharp fold in a lit-par-lit formation the magnetic anisotropy indicated an otherwise undetected lineation independent of the bedding and superimposed upon the foliation determined by the layering. In two adamellites, each with two alignment patterns separated by an angle of 30° the magnetic data are shown to be consistent with two foliations but not with one foliation plus a lineation. Magnetic anisotropy data can be ambiguous for rocks in which two or more grain alignment processes have operated, but combined with other observations magnetic measurements can provide a valuable new tool in the study of rock fabrics.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 241-328 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the first Chapter, the author determines experimentally the altitude at which occurs the early morning fading of the propagation of the long waves (27 kc/sec) originating in the tropospheric thunderstorms, on the basis of the records of the narrow sector radiogoniograph of the Swiss Meteorological Office. The time differences between the interruptions of the recordings of the thunderstorm sources and the astronomical sunrise at Zurich — adopted as reference time — are grouped according to the azimut between 160° and 300° and represented as function of the azimut of the rising sun at Zurich. By means ofLugeon's «Tables Crépusculaires», the author searches in space for pointsM being such that the respective time differences between the astronomical sunrise at each of them and at Zurich give curves which are comparable to the empirical functions defined above. It follows that the interruption of the propagation coincides sensibly with the time of sunrise at the altitude of 75 km on the wave trajectory, bearing in mind the delay of about 10 minutes due to the active part of the ozone layer; the height of this active part has been found at about 28 km. The average positions of the thunderstorm sources have been deduced from the distribution of the numbers of thunderstorm days all over the world. Finally, the author verifies that this model corresponds to the reality, taking account of the angular distances of the sources. The second Chapter deals with the sun-rise-effect — particularly the «nose» —often to be seen on the records of the impulse counter (atmoradiograph). The theory exposed is based upon a simple geometrical model of the propagation and on the results of First Chapter. This theory is then applied to 10 special cases, the recordings of which have been obtained as follows: Some hours before sunrise, the reception frames of the narrow sector radiogoniograph are stopped in a «privileged» direction and the received impulses are fed into the atmoradiograph. The obtained recordings are in satisfactory accord with the process of the «transitory» propagation, provided that the sources are known. Sometimes, two or three «satellites» or «noses» are to be seen; they have all been explaned. The author is lead to the conclusion that the «nose» is beginning in the very moment, when the last reflection occurs on theD-layer, all the others taking place on the lower part of theE-region in the dark zone. The «nose» ends when the first ionising sunrays intersect the wave trajectory at about 75 km in the neighbourhood of the last but one reflection point. In the third Chapter, the author improves the first model developped in the Chapters I and II, adapting it to the present knowledge of the ionosphere. The electronic density having to be considered as a continuous function of the height, the author shows that there must be a phenomenon of refraction on the surface formed by the first ionising rays of the rising sun in the region between theD- andE-layers, if the reflections obey to the law of metallic reflection. The first model keeps its whole value in spite of the new conception.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Im ersten Kapitel bestimmt der Autor die Höhe, in welcher der Unterbruch in der Ausbreitung langer Wellen (27 kHz) beim Sonnenaufgang stattfindet. Dabei handelt es sich um Wellen, die von troposphärischen Gewitterherden ausgehen; die Untersuchung stützt sich auf die Registrierungen des Radiogoniographen mit schmalem Sektor der Schweizerischen Meteorologischen Zentralanstalt. Die Zeitdifferenz zwischen den Unterbrüchen der Herdregistrierungen und dem astronomischen Sonnenaufgang in Zürich, letzterer als Ausgangspunkt der Zeitmessung genommen, werden nach Azimuth-Werten zwischen 160 und 300 Grad gruppiert und als Funktion des Azimuths der Sonne beim Sonnenaufgang in Zürich, aufgetragen. Mit Hilfe derLugeon'schen Dämmerungstafeln sucht der Autor PunkteM im Raum auf, derart, dass die Zeitdifferenz der Sonnenaufgänge in jedem von ihnen und in Zürich Kurven ergeben, die mit den Messwerten vergleichbar sind (Zeitdifferenz als Funktion des Sonnenazimuths bei Sonnenaufgang in Zürich, gruppiert nach der Empfangsrichtung). Es ergibt sich daraus, dass der Ausbreitungsunterbruch fühlbar mit dem Moment des Sonnenaufgangs in 75 km Höhe auf dem Wellenstrahl zusammenfällt. Hierbei ist die Verzögerung in der Grössenordnung von 10 Minuten berücksichtigt, die durch die Einflusszone der Ozonschicht (deren Höhe zu 28 km ermittelt wurde) bedingt ist. Die mittleren Gewitterherdlagen wurden aus der Verteilung der Anzahl Gewittertage auf beiden Hemisphären ermittelt. Zum Schluss prüft der Autor nach, ob dieses Modell der Wirklichkeit entspricht, indem er die Winkeldistanzen der Herde einführt. Das zweite Kapitel befasst sich mit dem Problem der in den Registrierungen des Impulszählers (Atmoradiograph) häufig nach Sonnenaufgang auftretenden als «Satellit» bezeichneten kleinen Nase. Die vorgeschlagene Theorie gründet sich auf eine einfache geometrische Auffassung der Ausbreitung und stützt sich auf die Ergebnisse des ersten Kapitels. Sie wird sodann auf 10 besondere Fälle angewendet, deren Registrierungen folgendermassen erhalten wurden: Einige Stunden nach Sonnenaufgang werden die Rahmenempfangsantennen des Radiogoniographen in einer «bevorzugten» Richtung festgelegt und die eingehenden Impulse werden auf den Atmoradiographen geleitet. Die erhaltenen Registrierungen bestätigen in befriedigender Weise, den Ausbreitungsvorgang voraussgesetzt, dass die Lage der Herde bekannt ist. Sehr oft sind zwei oder drei kleine «Satelliten» oder «Nasen» zu unterscheiden, alle konnten als zutreffend nachgewiesen werden. Der Autor schliesst daraus, dass der Satellit sich in dem Augenblick bildet, indem die letzte Reflexion an derD-Schicht auftritt, während alle andern noch im beschatteten Teil der Basis derE-Schicht liegen. Der «Satellit» hört auf, wenn die ionisierenden Sonnenstrahlen in der Umgebung des vorletzten Reflexionspunktes den Wellenstrahl (bei ungefähr 75 km Höhe) schneiden. Im dritten Kapitel wird das bisher entwickelte Modell mit Rücksicht auf die Struktur der Ionosphäre, soweit sie bis heute bekannt ist, verfeinert. Da sich die Elektronendichte in Funktion der Höhe stetig ändert, folgert der Autor, dass eine Brechung zwischen derD- undE-Schicht an der Schattengrenze der ionisierenden Sonnenstrahlen auftritt, vorausgesetzt, dass sowohl nachts wie tagesüber die Gesetze der metallischen Reflexion anwendbar sind. Dabei behält das ursprüngliche Modell trotz dieser neuen Interpretation seine Gültigkeit im wesentlichen bei.
    Notes: Résumé Dans le premier Chapitre, l'auteur détermine expérimentalement l'altitude à laquelle se manifeste l'interruption aubale de la propagation des ondes longues (27 kc/sec) émanant des sources orageuses troposphériques, en analysant les enregistrements du radiogoniographe à secteur étroit de l'Institut Suisse de Météorologie. Les différences de temps entre les interruptions des enregistrements des foyers et le lever astronomique du soleil à Zurich, pris comme temps de référence, sont groupées par direction azimutale entre 160° et 300° et portées en fonction de l'azimut du soleil à son lever à Zurich. A l'aide des Tables Crépusculaires deLugeon, l'auteur localise dans l'espace des pointsM tels que les différences respectives des temps entre les levers astronomiques du soleil à chacun des dits points et à Zurich donnent des courbes (par direction azimutale et en fonction de l'azimut du soleil à son lever à Zurich) semblables aux fonctions empiriques (mesures). Il en résulte que l'interruption de la propagation coïncide sensiblement avec le moment du lever du soleil à l'altitude de 75 km sur la trajectoire de l'onde, compte tenu du retard de l'ordre de 10 min dû à la zone d'influence de la couche d'ozone. L'altitude de cette zone d'influence est évaluée à 28 km. Les positions moyennes des foyers orageux ont été déduites de la distribution des nombres de jours d'orages dans les deux hémisphères. Pour terminer, l'auteur vérifie si ce modèle est conforme à la réalité, en faisant intervenir les distances angulaires des foyers. Le deuxième Chapitre traite du problème du «satellite» ou du «petit nez» qui apparaît souvent sur les enregistrements des compteurs d'impulsions (atmoradiographe) après le lever du soleil. La théorie proposée est fondée sur une conception géométrique simple de la propagation, compte tenu des résultats du premier Chapitre. Elle est ensuite appliquée à dix cas particuliers, dont les enregistrements ont été obtenus comme suit: Quelques heures avant le lever du soleil, les cadres récepteurs du radiogoniographe à secteur étroit sont bloqués dans une direction «privilégiée» et les impulsions reçues sont commutées sur l'atmoradiographe. Les enregistrements obtenus permettent d'illustrer de façon satisfaisante le processus de la propagation transitoire, les positions des foyers étant connues d'autre part. Parfois, deux ou trois «satellites» ou «nez» sont discernables; tous ont pu être justifiés. L auteur conclut que le «satellite» se forme au moment où la dernière réflexion se produit sur la coucheD, toutes les autres ayant encore lieu sur la base de la régionE dans la partie obscure. Le satellite se termine quand les rayons ionisants du soleil coupent la trajectoire de l'onde aux environs de 75 km, dans le voisinage de l'avant-dernier point de réflexion. Dans le troisième Chapitre, l'auteur améliore le modèle initial développé dans les deux premiers, en l'adaptant aux connaissances actuelles de l'ionosphère. La densité électronique devant être envisagée comme une fonction continue de l'altitude, l'auteur montre que si les réflexions diurne et nocturne obéissent aux lois de la réflexion métallique, on doit assister à un phénomène de réfraction sur la surface du lieu des levers des rayons ionisants du soleil dans la région séparant les couchesD etE, le modèle initial conservant malgré cette nouvelle conception toute sa raison d'être.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 191-194 
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    Notes: Summary When votex flow is induced in a stream of gas, as in the Ranque-Hilsch tube, the temperature of the axial portion of the vortex is lowered while the temperature of the peripheral portion is raised. The principle of conservation of angular momentum appears to control the conversion of hat to mechanical energy. A similar mechanism may account for some characteristics of tornadoes.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 219-224 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 238-248 
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    Notes: Summary A simple equation showing the influence of orography on the local change of vorticity is obtained on the basis of the complete vorticity equation. The real velocity is divided into two components: one produced by ascending over the mountain and the other independent of the orography. The component of the velocity induced by the obstacle is given by a model. This idea is applied to the south-western air-stream ascending over the Alps and positive local change of vorticity is obtaied over the Gulf of Genoa. In that way the decrease of pressure and the generation of cyclonic circulation in the Gulf of Genoa, which begins before the cold air comes over Mediterranean, can be explained.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 267-272 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There can be found no conclusive argument to call the atmospheric electric fine-weather field positive (or negative). Thus opportunity should decide on the application of the sign. It is proposed to call the «normal» fine-weather field (orientated downwards) and the fine-weather air-earth current positive because only this will permit to maintain a continuity in the digital and tabular representation. As to the potential gradient it is suggested that in all cases only absolute values (i.e. without sign) should be indicated.
    Abstract: Résumé Il n'y a pas de raison conclusive d'appeler le champs électrique atmosphérique pendant beautemps positif (ou négatif). Ainsi l'attribution du signe doit être décidée par opportunité. Il est proposé d'appeler positif le champs normal pendant beautemps (direction vers la terre) et le courant vertical pendant beautemps, parce que seulement par cette raison la continuité de la représentation digitale et tabellaire puisse être garantie. Quant au gradient du potentiel it est proposé d'indiquer seulement des valeurs absolues (sans signe).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein zwingender Grund, das luftelektrische Schönwetterfeld positiv (oder negativ) zu nennen, kann nicht gefunden werden. Die Vorzeichenzuteilung ist also nach Zweckmäßigkeit vorzunehmen. Es wird vorgeschlagen, das normale (abwärts gerichtete) Schönwetterfeld und den Schönwetter-Vertikalstrom positiv zu nennen, weil nur so die Kontinuität in der ziffermäßigen und tabellarischen Darstellung gewahrt werden kann. Für den Potentialgradienten wird vorgeschlagen, stets nur Absolutwerte (d.h. ohne Vorzeichen) azugeben.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 273-297 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Ohms Law is used, mostly implicite, in so many calculations and theories of atmospheric electricity that it seems advisable to investigate its validity; this is tried from a theoretical point of view in the present paper. This results in a number of modifications of conceptions which were taken for granted so far. A part of atmospheric electric processes considered as stationary one up to now should be treatened with the more complicated methods valid for instationary phenomena. Furthermore it is shown that the common method of indirect measurement of air-earth current often fails. In some ranges esp. of measuring techniques the possibility of half-saturated currents should be taken into account. Other consequences will be treatened in two future papers.
    Abstract: Résumé La Loi d'Ohm est appliquée — souvent implicitement — dans beaucoup des calculations et théories de l'électricité atmosphérique. C'est pourquoi une recherche sur la validité fut considerée désirable; elle est tentée ici, d'un point de vue théorétique. II résulte que nombreuses idées, qui allaient sans dire, doivent être modifiées. Une partie des procédés électriques atmosphériques considérés comme stationnaires doit être traitée avec les méthodes plus compliquées valables pour les phénomènes non stationnaires. Aussi la méthode indirecte pratiquée si souvent pour des mesures du courant vertical n'est plus justifiée dans certains cas. Dans certains domaines il est nécessaire de considérer la possibilité que les courants soient demi-saturés. Autres conséquences seront traitées en future dans deux autres communications.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Ohmsche Gesetz ist, meistens implizit, in so vielen luft-elektrischen Berechnungen und Theorien enthalten, daß eine Untersuchung über seine Gültigkeit berechtigt erscheint; sie wird hier auf theoretische Weise versucht. Es ergeben sich eine Anzahl von Modifikationen bisher für selbstverständlich gehaltener Vorstellungen. So ist danach ein teil des bisher als stationär betrachteten Gebiets luftelektrischer Prozesse exakt nur mit den komplizierteren Verfahren zu behandeln, die für instationäre Vorgänge gelten. Ferner kann die häufig angewandte Methode der indirekten Vertikalstrombestimmung in vielen Fällen nicht mehr als richtig angesehen werden. In gewissen Bereichen vor allem der Meßtechnik ist u.U. ein Übergang in das halbgesättigte Gebiet zu berücksichtigen. Weitere Folgerungen sollen in zwei späteren Aufsätzen behandelt werden.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 195-198 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 37-46 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Methode wird entwickelt, die eine schnelle und zuverlässige Bestimmung der Lage von nahegelegenen Epizentren (innerhalb rund 10o) mittels der Laufzeitdifferenzen einer gegebenen Welle (gewöhnlichSg) in einem Netz von drei Stationen ermöglicht. Die erhaltene Gleichung für die Berechnung der Herdentfernungen wird mittels einer elektronischen Rechenmaschine für jedes Stations-dreieck und für alle möglichen Zeitdifferenzen für jede verwendete Welle ein für allemal numerisch gelöst. Die berechneten Herdentfernungen und-Koordinaten werden in Tabellenform dargestellt mit den beiden Laufzeitdifferenzen für jedes Dreieck als Eingangswerte. Solche Tabellen ermöglichen eine unmittelbare Lösung des Problems in jedem einzelnen Fall. Die Genauigkeit der Methode wird untersucht, und die notwendigen Vorsichtsmassregeln bei ihrer Verwendung werden hervorgehoben. Die Methode wird auf einige Registrierungen vonSg an den schwedischen Stationen angewendet.
    Notes: Summary A method is developed, which permits a rapid and reliable determination of the location of near epicenters (within about 10o) using the differences of arrival times of a common phase (usually Sg) to a net of three stations. The resulting equation for computation of epicentral distances is solved numerically once for all by an electronic computer for every station triangle and for all possible time differences for every wave used. The calculated epicentral distances and coordinates are arranged in tables with the two travel-time differences for each triangle as entries. Such tables permit an immediate solution of the problem in every special case. The accuracy of the method is investigated, and necessary precautions in its use are emphasized. Application is made to a few cases of Sg recorded at the Swedish stations.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 26-32 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A contribution to the theory of the galvanometric seismographs is given. Two new shaking tables are described and as an example aHiller-Askaniaseismograph is calibrated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Theorie der Pendel-Galvanometer-Seismographen (P. G.-Seismographen) ergänzt, eine neue Eicheinrichtung beschrieben und als Beispiel einHiller-Askania-Seismograph geeicht.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 66-76 
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    Notes: Summary Theories of hydraulic fracturing of wells are usually based upon a model of a well in which the latter is assumed to be equivalent to an infinitely long cylinder. In this fashion, the stress state induced by the pressure in the well turns out to be two-dimensional. This is certainly an oversimplification, and therefore a different model is proposed in the present paper. In this, we assume that the pressure in the well is equivalent to a spherical pressure center. The fracture condition is formulated and the model is applied to the calculation of underground stresses from well data.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 125-144 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary If simultaneous recordings of the three basic atmospheric electrical elements are comprehended according to Ohm's Law, seeming deviations of this law occur, to a degree no more negligible. Probable causes of these deviations are discussed and illustrated by a number of examples. Consequences for pratical atmospheric electric work are drawn.
    Abstract: Résumé Si l'on mesure les trois éléments basiques de l'électricité atmosphérique simultanément des deviations de la Loi d'Ohm arrivent, qui ne sont plus négligeable. Les causes probables de ces déviations sont discutées et illustrées par des examples. Les conséquences pour la techniques des mesures électriques atmosphériques sont données.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Versucht man aus gleichzeitigen Messungen der drei luftelektrischen Grundelemente das Ohmsche Gesetz abzuleiten, so ergeben sich in der Regel Abweichungen von einer nicht mehr zu vernachlässigenden Größe. Die möglichen Ursachen dieser Abweichungen werden diskutiert und an einer Anzahl von Beispielen erläutert. Die sich daraus für luftelektrische Messungen ergebeneden Folgerungen werden am Schluß der Arbeit zusammengestellt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 173-189 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Some influences of the turbulence on the concentration of the kinetic energy in the atmosphere are indicated. The mechanical energy (enthalpy + gravitational potential energy + kinetic energy) is for frictionless adiabatic motions in the atmosphere a conservative quantity. That is the reason why under different conditions in the atmosphere may appear a concentration of the kinetic energy on the count of the total potential energy. In connection with this it is shown that the thickness of a turbulent and stabil layer tends to a minimum. The corresponding energy transformations are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird auf einige Einflüsse der Turbulenz auf die Konzentration der kinetichen Energie in der Atmosphäre hingewiesen. Die mechanische Energie (Enthalpie + potentielle Energie der Schwere + kinetische Energie) ist bei adiabatischen Bewegungen in der Atmosphäre eine konservative Grösse. Deswegen kann unter verschiedenen Bedingungen in der Atmosphäre zur Konzentration der kinetischen Energie auf Kosten, der gesamten potentiellen Energie kommen. Im Zusammenhang mit diesem wird gezeigt, dass die Dicke einer turbulenten stabilen Schicht einen Minimalwert erstrebt. Die entsprechenden Energietransformationen sind diskutiert.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 201-215 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'auteur, après quelques considérations sur la pollution de l'atmosphère par les aérosols solides, passe en revue les mécanismes susceptibles d'abaisser le temps de résidence des particules radioactives dans l'atmosphère. Il distingue le lessivage par diffusion de vapeur au sein de la masse nuageuse, et les captures par les précipitations au cours de leur chute vers le sol. La neige présente à ce point de vue des anomalies qu'il est intéressant de signaler. Enfin les problèmes de capture par le sol et la végétation sont également envisagés.
    Notes: Summary After making a few remarks on the atmospheric pollution by dust particles, the author reviews the mechanisms able to reduce the time of residence of the radioactive particles in the atmosphere. The washing by vapour diffusion (scavenging) in the midst of a cloud formation is distinguished from the capture by rain (rain out) or snow (snow out) during the fall of the precipitation. From this point of view, snow presents a few anomalies which are interesting to note. Finally the problems of capture by the ground and by vegetation are also discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 352-359 
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    Notes: Summary A time cross-section was constructed for Cairo during the period 10–31 Dec. 57. The outstanding feature of this cross-section is the periodic existence of high wind maxima associated with high cloud formation. A method was suggested for the location of high wind centers from the thermal field only. Moreover, the climatological means of high clouds showed quick changes in the period of the Jet Stream migration. This has been taken as an evidence of the relation between the subtropical Jet Stream and high cloud formation in the region.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 12-16 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The method of continuous profiling in the refraction seismic is generally treated and some examples are given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Methode der fortgesetzten Auslage in der Refraktionsseismik allgemein behandelt, und dazu werden einige Beispiele gegeben.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 155-171 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After a short introduction on the methods of chemical analysis of atmospheric trace substances and a survey on the natural sources of the different atmospheric trace gases, new results of measurements carried out at different continental locations are communicated. The results are compared with those gained byJunge at maritime stations. In particular the data gained on the summit of Zugspitze at 3000 m altitude, were evaluated with respect to the vertical temperature gradient of the atmosphere. In a second chapter the relation between atmospheric trace substances and the chemistry of precipitation is discussed. In this connection the importance of gas-traces for the concentration of chemical matter in rainwater is stressed. Finally the relationship between the concentration of trace-substances in rain and the amount of precipitation of individual rainfalls is presented.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach einer kurzen Einführung über die Methoden der chemischen Analyse atmosphärischer Spurenstoffe und einer Übersicht über die natürlichen Quellen der verschiedenen Spurengase wird über Meßergebnisse an verschiedenen kontinentalen Meßplätzen berichtet. Die Ergebnisse werden denjenigen vonJunge an maritimen Orten gegenübergestellt. Insbesondere wurden die in 3000 m Höhe auf der Zugspitze ermittelten Daten in Abhängigkeit von der vertikalen Temperaturschichtung ausgewertet. In einem zweiten Abschnitt wird die Beziehung zwischen atmosphärischen Spurenstoffen und der Chemie der Niederschläge behandelt. Dabei wird die Bedeutung der Spurengase für den Gehalt des Regenwassers an verschiedenen chemischen Komponenten herausgestellt. Abschliessend werden die Auswertungen über den Zusammenhang zwischen der Konzentration natürlicher Spurenstoffe im Regen und der Niederschlagshöhe besprochen.
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