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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (27,409)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 29-39 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Microbial deterioration of materials - biofilm and biofouling: BiofoulingThe undesired deposition of microorganisms and the formation of biofilms is called “biofouling”. In water systems, biofilms are contamination sources for the water phase and support rapid microbial regrowth. Biofilms cover surfaces. In membrane processes, this leads to an increase of the hydraulic membrane resistance. Biofilms are viscoelastic and display a more or less rough surface. Thus, they consume kinetic energy and cause an increased pressure drop when water is pumped. In porous filter media, membrane systems, heat exchangers, water pipelines and on ship bottoms, thus, the energy demand is increased while the performance is decreased. In heat exchangers, biofilms represent a gel layer between medium and surface. This allows only diffusive but no convective heat transport and, thus, decreases the effectivity of the heat transfer process. The loss of performance and product quality as well as by cleaning efforts due to biofouling causes high technical and financial damage. This is increased indirectly by counter-measures such as the application of biocides, because these may promote corrosion processes and contaminate the environment.
    Notes: Die unerwünschte Ablagerung von Mikroorganismen und die Bildung von Biofilmen wird als Biofouling bezeichnet. In Wassersystemen führen Biofilme zur Kontamination der Wasserphase und zu verstärkter Wiederverkeimung. Außerdem werden Oberflächen abgedeckt. Bei Membranprozessen führt dies zu einem erhöhten Permeationswiderstand. Biofilme sind viscoelastisch und haben eine mehr oder weniger rauhe, verformbare Oberfläche. Dadurch verbrauchen sie kinetische Energie und führen zu einem erhöhten Druckabfall, wenn Wasser gepumpt wird. In porösen Filtermaterialien, Membransystemen, Wärmetauschern, Wasserleitungen und auf Schiffsböden führt dieser Effekt zu einem erhöhten Energiebedarf bzw. zur Leistungsverminderung. Bei Wärmetauschern verschlechtern sie zudem den Wärmeübergang, weil sie eine Gel-Schicht zwischen Medium und Austauscherfläche bilden, in der nur diffusiver, aber kein konvektiver Wärmeübergang möglich ist. Durch verringerte Anlagenleistung, verringerte Produktqualität und erhöhten Reinigungsaufwand entstehen große Schäden. Indirekt werden sic durch Gegenmaßnahmen wie den Einsatz von Bioziden vergrößert, wel diese u. U. Korrosionsprozesse fördern und häufig umweltbelastend wirken.
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  • 102
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 65-67 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Microbial deterioration of materials - biofilm and biofouling: Biofilms in industrial water circuits. Case history: Process water system in a paper factory
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  • 103
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 40-53 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Microbial deterioration of materials - biofilm und biofouling: Countermeasures against biofouling in water systemsCountermeasures against biofouling include three steps: i) detection, ii) sanitization and iii) prevention of biofouling. The detection has to refer to surfaces. Cell counts in water samples do not reflect site or extent of biofilms. Biocides display only limited value in terms of removal of biofouling layers. First, biofilm organisms are protected against biocides and tolerate 10-1000 fold higher concentrations. Second, water systems usually cannot be kept sterile. Thus, dead biofilms provide nutrients and suitable surfaces for further growth of cells imported with the raw water. Cleaning of a system is an integral part of sanitization and even more important than disinfection. It has to base on a designed strategy. Efficiency control is mandatory, which has to occur on representative surfaces. The prevention of biofouling is frequently achieved by continuously dosage of biocides. This is, however, only possible with suitable raw waters and many failures are reported. Chlorine is still the biocide most frequently used. Reasons of effectivity and environmental protection give rise to other strategies. “Good housekeeping” is recommended as countermeasure. It consists of frequent cleaning, efficiency control, biofilm monitoring, limitation of nutrients, maintenance of high shear forces and a cleaning-friendly design.
    Notes: Bei der Bekämpfung von Biofouling müssen drei Probleme gelöst werden: 1. der Nachweis, 2. die Beseitigung der Störung und 3. die Vermeidung zukünftiger Schäden. Der Nachweis von Biofouling muß durch Beprobung von Oberflächen erfolgen; Zellzahlen in Wasserproben lassen weder über Ort noch Ausmaß von Biofilmen eine Aussage zu. Für die Beseitigung von Biofilmen sind Biozide nur begrenzt geeignet. Zum einen werden Biofilm-Organismen durch die Schleimmatrix geschützt, so daß sich ihre Biozid-Toleranz um eine bis zwei Größenordnungen erhöhen kann. Zum anderen reicht die Abtötung nicht aus, weil technische Systeme nicht steril gehalten werden können. Tote Biomasse dient für Keime, die mit dem nachfolgenden Rohwasser eingetragen werden, als Aufwuchsfläche und Nährsubstrat. Daher ist die Reinigung des Systems eher noch wichtiger. Dafür ist eine gezielte Strategie notwendig. Sie muß von einer Erfolgskontrolle begleitet sein, die durch Inspektion repräsentativer Oberflächen geschehen muß. Die Verhinderung von Biofouling wird oft durch kontinuierliche Dosierung von Bioziden erreicht; dies ist allerdings nur bei geeigneten Rohwässern möglich, und es werden zahlreiche Mißerfolge berichtet. Für die Dauerdosierung wird vor allem Chlor eingesetzt, was allerdings aus Gründen der Wirksamkeit und des Umweltschutzes als unbefriedigend angesehen wird. “Technische Hygiene” wird als Gegenstrategie empfohlen. Sie besteht aus häufiger Reinigung, Erfolgskontrolle, Biofilm-Monitoring, Limitierung der Nährstoffe, Aufrechterhaltung hoher Scherkräfte und einem reinigungsfreundlichen Design der Anlage.
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  • 104
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 58-64 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Microbial deterioration of materials - biofilm and biofouling: Investigation into biofilms by FTIR spectroscopyThe investigation of the development and properties of biofilms is difficult because classical microbiology offers only destructive methods apart from microscopical observation. This paper presents the FTIR spectroscopy as a means to investigate microorganisms in biofilms. Furthermore, in completion to taxonomical and genetical methods for the identification of microorganisms, the FTIR analysis provides fingerprint spectra, allowing the rapid characterization of microbial strains. The FTIR-ATR technique can be used for the observation of biofilms forming directly on the ATR crystal. Spectra can be gained non-destructively, in situ and in real time. The method is suitable for fundamental biofilm research as well as for monitoring of biofilm formation, e.g., in an ultrapure water system. It also allows the rapid analysis of deposits on filtration membranes or other surfaces and supports the discrimination between microorganisms, inorganic material or other foulants. The potential of the diffuse reflexion (DRIFT) is emphasized. With the DRIFT method it is possible to investigate rough surfaces or pulverized material and to detect biomass or other surface contaminants. The examples demonstrate that the FTIR spectroscopy holds a powerful potential for biofilm analysis and can be applied in manyfold ways.
    Notes: Um Fragestellungen der Entwicklung und Eigenschaften von Biofilmen zu bearbeiten, gibt es in der klassischen Mikrobiologie außer der mikroskopischen Betrachtung keine zerstörungsfreien Methoden. In dieser Arbeit werden einige Varianten der FTIR-Spektroskopie als Möglichkeit zur Untersuchung von Mikroorganismen und Biofilmen vorgestellt. In Ergänzung zu taxonomischen und gentechnischen Verfahren zur Identifikation von Mikroorganismen kann auch ausgenutzt werden, daß die FTIR-Spektren von Reinkulturen hinreichend charakteristisch sind, um eine rasche Zuordnung zu ermöglichen. Auf dieser Basis wird derzeit eine Spektrenbibliothek für Umweltbakterien aufgebaut. Die FTIR-ATR Technik erlaubt speziell die Beobachtung von Biofilmen, die sich auf dem ATR-Kristall bilden. Spektren können zerstörungsfrei, in situ und in Echtzeit gewonnen werden. Die Methode eignet sich für Grundlagen-Untersuchungen und zum Monitoring der Biofilm-Bildung, z. B. in hochreinen Wassersystemen. Mit ihr können auch Beläge - z. B. auf Filtrationsmembranen oder anderen Oberflächen - hinsichtlich ihrer Zusammensetzung innerhalb kurzer Zeit analysiert werden. Damit kann zwischen der Belagsbildung durch Mikroorganismen, anorganischen Kristallen o.a. unterschieden werden. Es wird auch noch auf die Anwendungsmöglichkeit der diffusen Reflexion (DRIFT) hingewiesen, mit der es gelingt, organische Beläge auf rauhen, anorganischen Oberflächen zu erkennen. Die Anwendungsbeispiele zeigen, daß die FTIR-Spektroskopie ein großes Potential für die Biofilm-Analytik enthält und in vielfältiger Weise eingesetzt werden kann.
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  • 105
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 203-205 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Microbial deterioration of materials - case histories and countermeasures: Legal aspects of environmental protectionBiofouling is a natural process. Usually, it does not cause too much harm if taken care of properly. If biofouling is fought by special means, problems may arise. The waste water does not meet the due standards. Sometimes the recipe of the treatment agent is not known. If the treatment causes more problems than it can solve help is needed quickly. Yet, it is advisable to keep one's mind clear. Wrong help can become very expensive. In addition, legal punishment will follow, if environmental legislation is hurt. Damages of the environment will be payed by an insurance company only, if the risk is covered by the insurance contract in advance.The best way to be sure is to have a good lawyer, a good expert in environmental techniques and environmental legislation, a good insurance, and to anticipate possible risks.
    Notes: Biofouling ist etwas Alltägliches. Normalerweise verursacht es keine unvorhersehbaren Probleme, wenn man stets ein Auge darauf hat. Wenn Biofouling aber mit Spezialmitteln bekämpft wird, können plötzlich Probleme auftauchen. Das Abwasser hält nicht mehr die im Bescheid geforderten Werte ein. Manchmal ist die Zusammensetzung des Behandlungsmittels nicht bekannt. Wenn die Behandlung mehr Probleme aufwirft, als sie löst, ist rasche Hilfe gefragt. Trotzdem heißt es, einen klaren Kopf zu behalten. Falsche Hilfe kann teuer werden. Zusätzlich drohen Bußgelder und Strafen bei Verstößen gegen die Umweltschutzbestimmungen. Umweltschäden werden von der Versicherung nur getragen, wenn das Risiko im Vertrag auch abgedeckt ist. Um sicher zu gehen, braucht man einen guten Rechtsanwalt, einen guten Fachmann für Umweltschutztechniken und Umweltschutzrechtsfragen in einer Person, eine gute Versicherung und eine weise Vorsicht.
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  • 106
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 107
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 137-142 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 108
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 146-146 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 109
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R21 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 110
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R25 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 111
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R25 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 112
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 113
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R31 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 114
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R32 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 115
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R33 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 116
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R34 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 117
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 215-221 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Metal dusting bei niedriglegierten StählenDas metal dusting zweier niedriglegierter Stähle wurde bei 475°C in strömenden CO-H2-H2O-Gemischen bei atmosphärischem Druck und aC 〉 1 untersucht. Die Reaktionsfolge läuft ab wie folgt: 1. Übersättigung mit C, Bildung von Cementit und dessen Zerfall zu Metallpartikeln und Kohlenstoff und 2. zusätzliche Kohlenstoffabscheidung aus der Atmosphäre auf den Metallteilchen. Die Geschwindigkeit der Metallabtragung r1 wurde durch Analyse des Korrosionsproduktes nach den Auslagerungen bestimmt, diese Geschwindigkeit ist zeitunabhängig und praktisch unabhängig von der Umgebung. Die Kohlenstoffabscheidung aus der Atmosphäre wurde mittels Thermogravimetrie bestimmt, die Geschwindigkeit der Abscheidung nimmt linear mit der Zeit zu, dies kann erklärt werden durch die katalytische Wirkung der Metallpartikel, weiterhin sind periodische Änderungen überlagert. Die Geschwindigkeit der Kohlenstoffabscheidung r2 ist proportional zu der Kohlenstoffaktivität in der Atmosphere. Das metal dusting konnte nicht durch eine Erhöhung der Sauerstoffaktivität unterdrückt werden oder durch Voroxidation, selbst unter Bedingungen, bei denen Magnetit stabil sein sollte. Zusätze von H2S jedoch unterdrücken wirksam den Angriff.
    Notes: The metal dusting of two low alloy steels was investigated at 475°C in flowing CO-H2-H2O mixtures at atmospheric pressure and aC 〉 1. The reaction sequence comprises: (1) oversaturation with C, formation of cementite und its decomposition to metal particles and carbon, and (2) additional carbon deposition on the metal particles from the atmosphere. The metal wastage rate r1 was determined by analysis of the corrosion product after exposures, this rate is constant with time und virtually independent of the environment. The carbon deposition from the atmosphere was determined by thermogravimetry, its rate r2 increases linearly with time, which can be explained by the catalytic action of the metal particles - periodic changes are superposed. The rate of carbon deposition r2 is proportional to the carbon activity in the atmosphere. The metal dusting could not be suppressed by increasing the oxygen activity or preoxidation, even if magnetite should be stable. Addition of H2S, however, effectively suppresses the attack.
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  • 118
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 119
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 120
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 278-286 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Korrosionsinhibierung in einer industriellen Kristallisationsanlage: Verfahrensoptimierung mittels StatistikDie vorliegende Arbeit handelt von einer experimentellen statistischen Vorgehensweise zur Lösung von Korrosionsproblemen in einer industriellen Anlage. Die Anlage, die den Produktionszyklus für Caprolactam abschließt, besteht aus einem mehrstufigen Entspannungsverdampfer, der ausschließlich aus AISI 316L (X2CrNiMo 17 12 2) gefertigt ist. Vorversuche haben ergeben, daß die Nitrate Oder der durch Schwefelsäure bedingte Säuregehalt keinen Einfluß auf die Korrosion haben und bestätigten die vorteilhafte, wenn auch kostspielige Wirkung der Zugabe von Hydroxilamin sulfat (SI) in die Versorgungsleitungen des Verdampfers. Zur Senkung der Kosten und zur Verringerung der SI-Zugabe wurde eine experimentelle Versuchsreihe ausgearbeitet, deren statistische Behandlung es ermöglichte, mit einer minimalen Anzahl von Versuchen das System schnell und ausreichend einzustellen und die erforderliche SI-Menge zu optimieren.Die Auswertung der Daten aus zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Versuchsreihen zeigte einen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Logarithmus des kritischen Korrosionsstroms (icr) und der Zusammensetzung einiger Komponenten in der Versorgung der Verdampfer. Diese Beziehung ermöglichte die Klärung einiger Korrosionsvorgänge und die Verminderung der SI-Zugabe bis auf 1,4 g/l, wodurch das chemische System optimiert und die Instandhaltungskosten erheblich gesenkt werden konnten. Es wurde auch versucht, eine plausible Erklärung für die damit verbundenen Effekte einiger der Speisekomponenten zu geben.
    Notes: An experimental statistical plan is utilized to solve corrosion problems of a section of an industrial plant for the production of caprolactam, consisting of a multistage flash evaporator entirely constructed in AISI 316L (X2CrNiMo 17 12 2). Preliminary tests show that the nitrates or acidity due to the sulfuric acid do not influence the corrosive phenomena and confirmed the positive, though costly, effect of adding hydroxylamine sulfate (SI) in the evaporator feed. An experimental plan was prepared to diminish the cost and dosage of SI in the system: the experimental statistical approach has allowed us to minimize the number of tests required in order to define the system rapidly and adequately, and to optimize the required amount of SI.The data processed have been obtained in a two-step experimental plan that allowed us to establish a relationship between the logarithm of critical corrosion current (icr) and the concentrations of some evaporator feeding components. In addition, it has been possible to clarify certain corrosion effects and to reduce the SI addition up to 1.4 g/l, thereby optimizing the chemical system and considerably reducing maintenance costs. A plausible explanation of the related effects of some of the feeding components is also proposed.
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  • 121
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 322-323 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 122
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 123
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 323-323 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 124
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 170-171 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Microbial deterioration of materials - case histories and countermeasures for plastics and natural materials: Biodeterioration of silicone elastomers
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  • 125
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 178-179 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Microbial deterioration of materials - case histories and countermeasures for plastics and natural materials: Antifouling coating. Film formation, structure, antifouling effect
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  • 126
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 325-330 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion tests of selected metallic materials in the system acetic acid/acetic anhydrideThe corrosion behaviour of the ferritic austenitic stainless steels X2 CrNiMoN 22 5 (UNS S31803) and X2 CrNiMoN 25 7 4 (UNS S32750), the nickel base alloy NiMo16Cr16Ti (alloy C-4) and the titanium grades Ti2 (Grade 2) and Ti2Pd (Grade 7) was investigated by immersion tests in boiling mixtures of acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of air. All materials tested were corrosion resistant in acetic acid and acetic anhydride but were corroded rapidly by the mixtures with a corrosion loss up to 1 mm/a, except the nickel base alloy (alloy C-4). It was corrosion resistant in all solutions with a corrosion loss not exceeding 0.01 mm/a. Electrochemical tests show that all materials tested exhibit stable passivity in glacial acetic acid and active corrosion in the presence of 10% acetic anhydride.
    Notes: Es wurde das Korrosionsverhalten der nichtrostenden ferritisch austenitischen Stähle X2 CrNiMoN 22 5 (W.-Nr. 1.4462) und X2 CrNiMoN 25 7 4 (SAF 2507) der Nickelbasislegierung NiMo16Cr16Ti (W.-Nr. 2.4610) sowie der Titansorten Ti2 (W-Nr. 3.7035) und Ti2Pd (W.-Nr. 3.7235) durch Tauchversuche in siedenden Gemischen aus Essigsäure und Essigsäureanhydrid in Gegenwart von Luft ermittelt. Die getesteten Werkstoffe waren gegenüber reiner Essigsäure bzw. Essigsäureanhydrid korrosionsbeständig. Von den Gemischen wurden sie, mit Ausnahme der Nickelbasislegierung W. -Nr. 2.4610, z. T. erheblich angegriffen. Die dabei festgestellten Abtragungsraten erreichten Werte bis zu 1 mm/a. Die Nickelbasislegierung war korrosionsbeständig. Die Abtragungsraten des Werkstoffes lagen in allen untersuchten Medien im Bereich von 0,01 mm/a. Elektrochemische Untersuchungen zeigten, daß alle Testwerkstoffe in Eisessig stabil passiv sind und bei Anwesenheit von 10% Essigsäureanhydrid aktiv korrodieren.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 341-348 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Einfluß des Schwefeldrucks auf das Sulfidisierungsverhalten von NiCoCrAl(Y)-Legierungen bei hohen TemperaturenDie Sulfidisierung einer Legierung mit der Nennzusammensetzung Ni-23Co-19Cr-12A1 (Mas.-%) mit und ohne Zugabe von 0,6% Yttrium wurde bei Temperaturen von 1073-1272 K in Schwefeldampf bei atmosphärischem Druck und in H2/H2S-Gasgemischen bei Schwefeldrücken von 10-3 und 10-1,5 Pa untersucht. Die Sulfidisierung wurde thermogravimetrisch verfolgt. Die Phasen und die chemische Zusammensetzung des Sulfidzunders und die Zundermorphologie wurden mit Hilfe von XRD, EDX, EPM urid SEM bestimmt. Nach einer gewissen Anfangsphase verläuft die Sulfidisierung für beide Werkstoffe ungefähr nach einem parabolischen Geschwindigkeitsgesetz. Die ermittelten Sulfidisierungsgeschwindigkeiten erhöhen sich für beide Legierungen mit steigendem Schwefeldruck und steigender Temperatur. Der Sulfidzunder auf beiden Werkstoffen zeigte komplexe Gefügestrukturen und Zusammensetzungen, die abhängig von den Sulfidisierungsbedingungen mehrere Sulfide und Sulfospinellphasen, wie (Ni,Co)S, (Ni,Co)3S4, (Ni,Co)Cr2S4, (Cr,Ni,Co)Al2S4 oder (Cr,Ni,Co)S und (Cr,Ni,Co)3S4, enthalten. Weder in den Korngrenzenbereichen im Zunder noch auf der Grenzfläche Legierung/Zunder gab es Anzeichen für Yttrium-Ausscheidungen. Yttrium löst sich in den Sulfidphasen und beschleunigt den Sulfidisierungsprozeß. Dieses Verhalten wird dem Dotierungseffekt zugeschrieben.
    Notes: Sulfidation of alloy having nominal composition Ni-23Co-19Cr-12Al (wt%) with and without the addition of 0.6% yttrium was studied at temperatures 1073-1273 K in sulfur vapor at atmospheric pressure and in H2/H2S gas mixtures at sulfur pressure of 10-3 and 10-1.5 Pa. Sulfidation runs were followed thermogravimetrically. Phase and chemical composition of sulfide scales and scale morphologies were determined by means of XRD, EDX, EPM and SEM analyses. After certain initial period sulfidation of both materials followed approximately a parabolic rate law. The estimated sulfidation rates for each alloy increased with sulfur pressure and temperature. The sulfide scales on both materials showed complex microstructures and compositions, depending on sulfidation conditions, with several sulfide and sulfospinel phases present, such as (Ni,Co)S, (Ni,Co)3S4, (Ni,Co)Cr2S4, (Cr,Ni,Co)Al2S4 or (Cr,Ni,Co)S and (Cr,Ni,Co)3S4. There was no evidence of yttrium segregation either to the grain boundary regions in the scale or to the alloy/scale interface. Yttrium dissolved in the sulfide phases and accelerated the sulfidation process. This behaviour was ascribed to the doping effect.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 319-322 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 319-319 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R63 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R76 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R85 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 378-386 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of notch geometrie on the fatigue and corrosion fatigue behaviour of duplex stainless steel X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 3The fatigue behaviour of the ferritic-austenitic steel X 2 CrNi MoN 22 5 3 (German number of materials 1.4462) is investigated under cyclic tension load with a frequency of 25 Hz. Four different notch shapes with stress concentration factors varying from αk = 1. 0 to 3.9 are researched. The experiments are carried out in laboratory air and in 3% NaCl-solution with pH = 7, both at room temperature.In air the fatigue limit of smooth specimens amounts to 490 N/mm2. An increase of the stress concentration factor causes a reduction of the fatigue limit to 285 N/mm2 for αk = 3.9. The corrosion fatigue limits in 3% NaCl-solution for N = 107 are 20% lower than the corresponding values in air. The calculated fatigue stress concentration factors for air and corrosive environments reveal nearly identical results.The recordings of the free corrosion potential show characteristic results. For all specimens, which do not fail under the mechanical-corrosive load, the potential remains in the passive state during the whole test duration. Higher mechanical loaded specimens announce their rupture by a sudden decrease of the potential to negative values. For equal fatigue life the remaining time until rupture of the specimen is considerable longer for higher stress concentration factors.
    Notes: Das dynamische Verhalten des stickstofflegierten ferritischaustenitischen Stahles X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 3 wird durch Variation der Probengeometrie in einem weiten Bereich des Kerbfaktors (αk = 1,0 bis 3,9) eingehend untersucht. Dazu werden für vier unterschiedliche Kerbformen jeweils reine Zug-Schwell-Versuche mit einer Prüffrequenz von 25 Hz an Luft und in neutraler 3%iger NaCl-Lösung bei Raumtemperatur durchgeführt.An Luft beträgt die Dauerschwingfestigkeit ungekerbter Proben 490 N/mm2. Mit steigendem Kerbfaktor nimmt der Wert um maximal 42% bei αk = 3,9 ab. Bei zusätzlichem Korrosionsangriff liegen die für eine Grenzschwingspielzahl von 107 ermittelten Korrosionszeitschwingfestigkeiten nahezu unabhängig von der Probengeometrie jeweils um etwa 20% niedriger. Die berechneten Kerbwirkungszahlen für Versuche an Luft und in NaCl-Lösung sind annähernd identisch. Versuchsbegleitende elektrochemische Messungen zeigen bei allen oberhalb der jeweiligen Korrosionsfestigkeit beanspruchten Proben einen dem Versagen vorausgehenden Steilabfall des freien Korrosionspotentials. Dieses typische Verhalten stellt ein Indiz für die Rißentstehung dar und kann zur Bruchvorankündigung genutzt werden. Die quantitative Auswertung der Potentialverläufe ergibt bei vergleichbarer Gesamtlebensdauer der Proben für höhere Kerbfaktoren deutlich längere Vorwarnzeiten.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 387-391 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Beschreibung der Korrosionsprodukte auf Kupferstichplatten nach 200jähriger Exposition in AußenatmosphäreDie vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Korrosionsprodukte auf sechs chalkographischen Platten des 18. Jahrhunderts aus dem staatlichen Kupferstichkabinett der Königlichen Akademie für Schöne Künste von San Fernando in Madrid. Als Untersuchungsverfahren wurden die Röntgenbeugung, die Infrarotspektroskopie, die Augerspektroskopie und die Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie eingesetzt.Als Hauptbestandteile wurden Malachit CuCO3 · Cu(OH)2, Atakamit CuCl2 · 3Cu(OH)2, Nantochit CuCl, Tenorit CuO und Cuprit Cu2O nachgewiesen. Letzteres ist Hauptbestandteil in den glatten Bereichen der Kupfeiplatten mit Anlauffilmen. Die Stärke dieser Anlauffilme beträgt rund 10-15 Å.
    Notes: This work studies the characterization of corrosion products formed on six eighteenth century chalcographic copper plates preserved in the National Chalcography Collection in the San Fernando Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Madrid. The experimental methods used were X-ray diffraction analysis (XRDA), Infrared spectroscopy (IRS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).The main compounds found were malachite CuCO3 · Cu(OH)2, atacamite CuCl2· 3Cu(OH)2, nantokite CuCl, tenorite CuO, and cuprite Cu2O. Cuprite is the main compound found on the smooth areas of chalcographic plates, forming tarnish films. The thickness of the tarnish films is approximately 10-15 Å.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 401-401 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 430-431 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 431-431 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R128 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R130 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 435-443 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Werkstoffe für HF-haltige Atmosphären in einer Pyrohydrolyseanlage zur Wiederaufarbeitung von Elektrolysezellenausbruch der AluminiumherstellungFür die Planung einer Pyrohydrolyseanlage zur Wiederaufarbeitung von Elektrolysezellenausbruch der Aluminiumherstellung werden Daten zur Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Werkstoffen in HF-haltigen Umgebungen bei Temperaturen bis 1180°C benötigt. Eine durchgeführte Literaturrecherche lieferte nur begrenzte Informationen, so daß Korrosionsuntersuchungen in einer Umgebung vergleichbar der des o.g. Prozesses bei 1100°C durchgeführt werden mußten. Insgesamt wurden 22 verschiedene Werkstoffe untersucht, unter ihnen auch pulvermetallurgisch hergestellte Legierungen sowie keramische Werkstoffe. Der größte Teil dieser Werkstoffe versagte durch massive Korrosion bereits nach der relativ kurzen Versuchsdauer von 68 h. Zwei Werkstoffe zeigten Korrosionsraten in einem mehr oder weniger akzeptablen Bereich: Die Nickelbasis-Legierung Haynes no. 242 und der keramische Werkstoff SSiC. Da die Versuchsbedingungen für den denkbar ungünstigsten Fall des Anlagebetriebs stehen (Störfall durch Zusammenbruch der Primärluftversorgung), wird angenommen, daß these beiden Werkstoffe für einen längerzeitigen Einsatz im Normalbetrieb geeignet sind.
    Notes: Information was needed on materials behaviour in HF-containing atmospheres of a fluidized bed for reprocessing spent pot lining from aluminium production at temperatures of up to 1180°C. A literature search was performed but, since it was only a limited success, corrosion experiments were started at 1100°C in an environment relevant to the above-mentioned conditions. 22 different materials were tested, including powder metallurgically produced alloys and ceramic materials. Most of the materials failed after the relatively short testing time of 68 h. It was mainly two materials which showed corrosion rates of a more or less acceptable order of magnitude. These were the nickel base alloy Haynes no. 242 and the ceramic material SSiC. Since the conditions of the experiments represent the most extreme case conceivable for the plant under consideration (event of malfunction), it is assumed that these materials are suitable for longer-term operation under regular conditions.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Effect of electrochemical potential on the corrosion fatigue behaviour of duplex stainless steel X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 3 in NaCl-solutionThe influence of the electrochemical potential on the corrosion fatigue behaviour of the nitrogen-alloyed ferritic-austenitic steel X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 3 (german material-number 1.4462) is investigated in 3% NaCl-solution with pH = 7 at room temperature. Smooth and notched (αk = 2,0) specimens are tested under cyclic tension load (σμ/σ0 = 0) with a frequency of 25 Hz up to 107 cycles. The fatigue limits for both specimen geometries in corrosive environment at free corrosion potential reach only about 78% of the according values in air.In potentiostatic controlled corrosion fatigue tests the fatigue life respectively the fatigue limit is higher than under free corrosion. The chosen cathodic (-300 mVSHE) and anodic (+ 700 mVSHE) protection potentials cause important improvement to 500 N/mm2 or 510 N/mm2 for smooth specimens (fatigue limit in air: 490 N/mm2). For notched specimens there is an improvement to values of 98% respectively 91% of the air fatigue limit.The recordings of the polarisation current show a sudden increase of the current at the fatigue crack initiation and a further increase during crack propagation. ESCA-analytical results of the passive films for different potentials verify the better corrosion fatigue behaviour for the tested potentials.
    Notes: Die Potentialabhängigkeit der Schwingungsrißkorrosion (SwRK) wird am stickstofflegierten ferritisch-austenitischen Stahl X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 3 (Werkstoff-Nr. 1.4462) in neutraler 3%iger NaCl-Lösung bei Raumtemperatur untersucht. Geprüft werden dabei sowohl ungekerbte als auch gekerbte (αk = 2,0) Proben unter Zug-Schwell-Beanspruchung mit einer Belastungsfrequenz von 25 Hz bis zu einer Grenzschwingspielzahl von 107.Durch eine potentiostatische Versuchsführung läßt sich die Lebensdauer bzw. der ertragbare Spannungsausschlag deutlich erhöhen. Dabei wird sowohl für geeignete kathodische (-300 mVSHE) als auch anodische (+ 700 mVSHE) Polarisierung der Proben der korrosionsbedingte Festigkeitsverlust von etwa 22% gegenüber Luft nahezu kompensiert. Für glatte Proben kann mit ermittelten Schwingfestigkeitswerten von 500 N/mm2, bzw. 510 N/mm2 sogar die Luft-Dauerfestigkeit von 490 N/mm2 geringfügig übertroffen werden.Begleitende elektrochemische Messungen des Polarisationsstromes liefern in Form eines ausgeprägten Stromanstieges ein eindeutiges Indiz für die Entstehung und den Fortschritt des Ermüdungsrisses. Die günstigeren SwRK-Eigenschaften bei den ausgewählten Schutzpotentialen werden durch ESCA-Analysen der vorliegenden Passivschichten bestätigt. Diese zeigen erhöhte Gehalte an bestimmten Legierungselementen sowie eine unterschiedliche Schichtdicke in Abhängigkeit vom Probenpotential.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 479-485 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 467-473 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Aminomethylenephosphonic acids as corrosion inhibitors for aluminum pigments in aqueous mediaFlakelike aluminum pigments (aluminum content 〉99.5%) are corroded in aqueous alkaline mixtures of water and butyl glycol. Aminomethylenephosphonic acids inhibit this corrosion reaction. The temporal progress of the corrosion is determined by volumetric analysis of the evolved hydrogen. Direct comparison of aminomethylenephosphonic acids with analogous aminomethylenecarboxylic acids shows that the phosphonic acid group inhibits the corrosion significantly better than the carboxylic group. The actual corrosion inhibitors are in both cases (soluble) aluminum(III)-chelates, which are formed by a chemical reaction of the aminomethylenphosphonic resp.-carboxylic acids with the aluminum surface. This is proved by measuring the concentration of dissolved aluminum(III) in the corrosion medium with the help of atomic absorption spectroscopy and by using aluminum(III)chelates as corrosion inhibitors.
    Notes: Blättchenförmige Aluminiumpigmente (Aluminiumgehalt 〉99,5%) werden in alkalischen Gemischen aus Wasser und Butylglykol korrodiert. Durch Aminomethylenphosphonsäuren wird these Korrosionsreaktion inhibiert. Der zeitliche Verlauf der Korrosion wird durch gasvolumetrische; Bestimmung des entstehenden Wasserstoffs ermittelt. Der direkte Vergleich von Aminomethylenphosphonsäuren mit strukturanalogen Aminomethylencarbonsäuren ergibt, daß die Phosphonsäuregruppe deutlich besser korrosionsinhibierend wirkt als die Carbonsäuregruppe. In beiden Fällen sind die eigentlichen Korrosionsinhibitoren relativ leicht lösliche Aluminium(III)-Chelatkomplexe, die sich durch chemische Reaktion der Aminomethylenphosphon- bzw. -carbonsäuren mit der Aluminiumoberfläche bilden. Dies wird durch Messung der Konzentration von gelöstem Aluminium(III) im Korrosionsmedium durch Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie und durch den Einsatz von Aluminium(III)-Chelatkomplexen als Korrosionsinhibitoren nachgewiesen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 485-486 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 485-485 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 487-488 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R136 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R151 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R159 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R164 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 489-497 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion of low-alloyed steels in liquid ammoniaCorrosion behaviour and stress corrosion cracking of the base material, the welding and the heat affected zone in liquid ammonia at room temperature of the low-alloyed steels 13 Cr Mo 4 4 (W. Nr. 1.7335) and 15 Mo 3 (W. Nr. 1.5415), as well as the un-alloyed steel StE 460 (W. Nr. 1.8905) for comparison were investigated. According to polarization curves, the corrosion current density in the passive state usually was lower for the welding than for the base steel. In the active state the welding of the low-alloyed steel corroded faster than the weldings of the unalloyed steel. In the region between the welding and the heat affected zone of the base steel corrosion was nonuniform.CERT-experiments revealed susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking in the orders StE 460 〈 15 Mo 3 〈 13 Cr Mo 4 4, and base steel 〈 welding 〈 transition zone. The highest susceptibility was observed at electrode potentials in the middle of the passive region. Additions of water exceeding about 100 ppm favoured stress corrosion cracking. The susceptibility decreased again at concentrations ≥ 1000 ppm. Oxygen increased the susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking only at high concentrations not occurring in practice. The presently investigated low-alloyed steels are not superior to the unalloyed steel from the viewpoint of stress corrosion cracking.
    Notes: Das Korrosionsverhalten und die Spannungsrißkorrosion von Grundwerkstoff, Schweißgut und Mischlage der niedrig legierten Stähle 13 Cr Mo 4 4 (W Nr. 1.7335) und 15 Mo 3 (W. Nr. 1.5415) und zum Vergleich des unlegierten Stahls StE 460 (W. Nr. 1.8905) wurden in flüssigem Ammoniak bei 22°C untersucht. Aus Stromspannungskurven ergaben sich Korrosionsstromdichten, die im passiven Zustand am Schweißgut regelmäßig geringer als am Grundwerkstoff waren. Im aktiven Zustand korrodierte das Schweißgut der niedrig legierten Stähle schneller als das Schweißgut des unlegierten Stahls. In der Mischlage von Schweißgut und wärmebeeinflußter Zone war die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit örtlich ungleichmäßig.CERT-Versuche ergaben eine Anfälligkeit für Spannungsrißkorrosion in den Reihenfolgen StE 460 〈 15 Mo 3 〈 13 Cr Mo 4 4 und Grundwerkstoff 〈 Schweißgut 〈 Mischlage. Die höchste Anfälligkeit wurde bei Elektrodenpotentialen in der Mitte des Passivbereichs beobachtet. Zusätze von Wasser begünstigten ab etwa 100 ppm die Spannungsrißkorrosion. Ab 1000 ppm nahm die Anfälligkeit wieder ab. Sauerstoff erhöhte erst bei in der Praxis nicht zugänglichen hohen Konzentrationen die Anfälligkeit für Spannungsrißkorrosion. Die untersuchten niedrig legierten Stähle sind vom Standpunkt der Spannungsrißkorrosion dem unlegierten Stahl nicht überlegen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 508-516 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: The influence of copper on corrosion and passiviation of iron-chromium-alloys Part I: Electrochemical behavior in sulfuric acid solutionsThe kinetic of dissolution and passivation of alloys type FeCrXCuY (X = 5; 7; 9; 11%; Y = 0; 0.5; 1%) was investigated in 1N H2SO4 (pH 0.3) and 0.5 M Na2SO4 (pH 3), using rotating disc electrodes (RDE) and hydrodynamically modulated rotating ring disc electrodes (HMRRDE).Instationary current density-potential curves (10 mV/s) were measured. For both types of electrodes the transients of current density after pulse polarisation into the passive range were investigated.The selfactivation of one hour prepassivated electrodes (open circuit breakdown) was investigated by potential scans.The dissolution of Cu bearing samples led to the formation of a visible film of copper lowering the current densities in the active and prepassive range as well as the critical current and charge densities of passiviation. Copper accelerates similar to chromium the decline of current transients after pulse passivation, whereas the partial current for film formation was increased as deduced from studies with the HMRRDE, leading to the conclusion of a larger film thickness. However, according to the accelerated open circuit breakdown of copper bearing samples, films on these alloys are less stable than expected, which is related to a faster removal of the oxide film.The results demonstrate an ambivalent effect of copper in the passive state of these alloys.
    Notes: Die Kinetik der Auflösung und der Passivierung von Legierungen des Typs FeCrXCuY (X = 5; 7; 9; 11%; Y = 0; 0,5; 1%) wurde an rotierenden Scheibenelektroden (RDE) sowie an hydrodynamisch modulierten rotierenden Ring-Scheiben-Elektroden (HMRRDE) in 1 N H2SO4 (pH 0,3) bzw. 0,5 M Na2SO4 (pH 3) untersucht.Neben potentiodynamischen Stromdichte-Potential- Kurven (10 mV/s) wurden Stromtransienten der Passivierung nach Sprungpolarisation auf Potentiale im Passivbereich mit RDE und HMRRDE ermittelt. Die Ausschaltaktivierung nach einstündiger Passivierung wurde anhand der Potentialänderung verfolgt.Bei der Auflösung kupferhaltiger Proben tritt eine Bedeckung mit sichtbaren Kupferschichten auf. Bei sonst unveränderten kinetischen Daten werden dadurch die Stromdichten im Aktiv und im Vorpassivierungsbereich sowie die Passivierungsstrom- und Ladungsdichten verringert. Der Abfall der Stromdichte nach Sprungpolarisation auf bestimmte Potentiale im Passivbereich wird durch Kupfer wie auch durch Chrom beschleunigt. An kupferhaltigen Proben wurden mit HMRRDE höhere Schichtbildungsströme gemessen, was als Zunahme der Passivschichtdicke interpretiert wird. Bei Ausschaltaktivierung tritt an diesen Legierungen jedoch ein beschleunigter Schichtabbau auf.Daraus ergibt sich ein ambivalenter Einfluß des Kupfers auf den passiven Zustand dieser Legierungen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 474-479 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 486-486 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R131 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R138 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 517-522 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Einfluß der Wärmebehandlung auf die Korrosionsbeständigkeit nichtrostender martensitischer StähleDie Änderung des Gefüges, verursacht durch Wärmebehandlung, macht sich nennenswert auf die Korrosionsbeständigkeit nichtrostender Stähle bemerkbar. Wärmebehandlung verursacht eine Veränderung der im Stahl enthaltenen Karbide. Veränderungen in der Konstante B (B = Rp · iCOR) wurden für diese Stähle im abgeschreckten, getemperten und geglühten Zustand festgestellt. Die Lochkorrosionsbeständigkeit von nichtrostenden martensitischen Stählen im abgeschreckten und getemperten Zustand wurde in chloridhaltiger 0,1M H2SO4 untersucht.
    Notes: The changes in microstructure, caused by different heat treatments, have considerable influence on the corrosion resistance of stainless steels. The heat treatment causes an alteration of carbide contained in steels. Changes in the constant B for these steels, (B = Rp · iCOR) have been observed in quenched, tempered and annealed conditions. Pitting corrosion resistance of martensitic stainless steels in quenched and tempered conditions in 0.1M H2SO4 by adding Cl- ions has been investigated.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 498-507 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Das Verhalten mehrerer unlegierter Stähle in heißen, inhibierten HCl-Lösungen bei verschiedenen GeschwindigkeitenEinige allgemeine Überlegungen zu Korrosionsinhibitoren und dem Grundkonzept hinsichtlich Beizen und Säubern mit Säure von Eisenlegierungen werden dargestellt. Die thermische Stabilität eines handelsüblichen Inhibitors, der einer 5%igen HCl-Lösung zugesetzt war, wurde an drei unlegierten Stählen bei Temperaturen von 65, 75 und 85°C unter dynamischen Bedingungen untersucht. Die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit der Lösung betrug 0,5, 1,0 und 1,5 ms-1. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, daß die Stähle SA 106, Güteklasse B und SA 213, Güteklasse T22 zu örtlichen Angriffen bei Temperaturen von 85°C neigen, wobei dieses ungewöhnliche Verhalten nicht auf Zersetzungsprodukte des Inhibitors zurückzuführen ist. Der Stahl SA 213, Güteklasse T11 zeigt bei derselben Temperatur gleichmäßige Flächenkorrosion. Elektrochemische Messungen, die im wesentlichen auf Stromtransienten basieren, erwiesen sich als nützlich für eine qualitative Auswertung der Korrosionskinetik, wobei zur Zeit das Problem einer genauen Darstellung noch offen ist. Die elektrochemische Bestimmung der Korrosionsstromdichte durch numerische Analyse der Polarisationskurven, die um den Betrag des Ohmschen Spannungsabfalls korrigiert wurden, ergab andere Werte als die aus den Massenverlustmessungen ermittelten Korrosionsgeschwindigkeiten. Auf Wechselstrom basierende Verfahren liefern ein zuverlässiges Werkzeug für die Bestimmung des Widerstandes der Lösung und der Grenzflächenkapazität und können für die qualitative Kontrolle der Korrosionskinetik im niedrigfrequenten Bereich benutzt werden. Die Abhängigkeit der Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit von der Temperatur wurde mit Hilfe des Arrhenius-Gesetzes bestimmt. Zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse ergaben sich nur für den Stahl SA 213, Güteklasse T11.
    Notes: Some general considerations on corrosion inhibitors and the basic concepts concerning pickling and acid cleaning of iron alloys are exposed. The thermal stability of a commercial inhibitor, added to 5% by weight HC1 solutions, has been investigated by examining the behaviour of three carbon steels at the temperatures of 65, 75 and 85°C under dynamic conditions, the solution velocities being 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ms-1. Experimental results pointed out that SA 106 grade B and SA 213 grade T22 steels were prone to localised attacks at a temperature of about 85°C, but this unusual behaviour cannot be attributed to decay products of the inhibitor. In fact, SA 213 grade T11 steel exhibited at the same temperature corrosion of the uniform type. Electrochemical measurements, based mainly on current transients, proved very useful for a qualitative evaluation of the corrosion kinetics, but at present the problem of a faithful representation is still open. The electrochemical determination of the corrosion current density through numerical analysis of polarisation curves, corrected to remove the contribution of the ohmic drop to the electrode potential, was quite different from the mean corrosion rate obtained from the weight loss. Techniques based on alternating current provide a valid tool for evaluating the solution resistance and interphase capacitance and can be used for a qualitative monitoring of corrosion kinetics in the low-frequency region. The dependence of corrosion rate on temperature was determined using the Arrhenius law. Satisfactory results were obtained only for SA 213 grade T11 steel.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 527-534 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 534-534 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 535-535 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 604-607 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Stahlguß in HydroxilaminsulfatlösungIn Hydroxilaminsulfatproduktionsprozessen versagten Einbauteile aus Stahlguß 18Cr-10Ni innerhalb kurzer Betriebszeit infolge ungenügender Korrosionsbeständigkeit. Mit Hilfe von Massenverlustmessungen in kalter Hydroxilaminsulfatlösung vor der Hydrolyse und in heißer Lösung nach der zweiten Prozeßstufe wurden verschiedene austenitische und austenitisch-ferritische Stahlgußsorten mit höherem Legierungsgehalt untersucht. Die Stahlgußsorten des Typs 20Cr-25Ni und 25Cr-6Ni zeigten die beste Korrosionsbeständigkeit. Die Laborergebnisse wurden durch Praxisversuche überprüft, bei denen Absperrschieber aus Stahlguß des Typs 20Cr-25Ni nach 4jähriger Betriebszeit immer noch in gutem Zustand sind.
    Notes: In hydroxylamine sulphate production processes fittings made from cast steel 18Cr-10Ni failed after short working periods due to inadequate corrosion resistance. By means of weight loss measurements different austenitic and austenitic-ferritic grades of cast steel with higher amount of alloying elements were tested in cold hydroxylamine sulphate solution before hydrolysis and in hot solution after second reactor. Cast steel types 20Cr-25Ni and 25Cr-6Ni have shown the highest corrosion resistance. The laboratory results were verified by industrial tests where gate valves made from cast steel type 20Cr-25Ni after 4 years of working period are still in a good state.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 620-622 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 623-625 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 635-636 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R171 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 70-72 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R1 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 69-70 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 68-68 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Microbial deterioration of materials - biofilm and biofouling: Requisition to biocorrosion resistant pumps
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. R20 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 84-86 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Microbial deterioration of materials - simulation, case histories and countermeasures for metallic materials: Corrosion analysis at the inner wall of a biogas container
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  • 194
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Microbial deterioration of materials - simulation, case histories and countermeasures for metallic materials: Manganese oxidizing bacteria and pitting of turbine components made of CrNi steel in a hydroelectric power plantIn a hydroelectric power plant pitting corrosion of the turbine runner blades (material G-X 5 CrNi 13 4) and the discharge ring (X 3 CrNi 13 4) ocurred at chloride levels of 170 mg/l maximum. Both, potentiostatic stepwise experiments and immersion tests gave no indication for susceptibility to pitting or crevice corrosion of this material in such water. Analysis of calcareous deposits found on the metal surface revealed high amounts of manganese dioxide. It is shown experimentally, that the CrNi-steel can undergo chloride induced pitting corrosion if polarized by manganese dioxide. Manganese oxidizing bacteria and possibly fungi were found to form the deposits. This case may be considered as microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) under aerobic conditions.
    Notes: In einem Wasserkraftwerk trat Lochkorrosion am Turbinenlaufrad (Werkstoff G-X 5 CrNi 13 4) und am Laufradring (X 3 CrNi 13 4) bei Chloridgehalten von maximal 170 mg/l auf. Sowohl potentiostatisch-schrittweise Experimente als auch Auslagerungsversuche gaben keinen Hinweis auf eine Anfälligkeit dieser Werkstoffe gegen Loch- oder Spaltkorrusion in derartigem Wasser. Die Analyse kalkartiger Beläge, die. an der Metalloberfläche gefunden wurden, zeigten hohe Gehalte an Mangandioxid. Experimentell konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß der CrNiStahl bei Polarisation durch Mangandioxid chloridinduzierter Lochkorrosion unterliegen kann. Es zeigte sich, daß manganoxidierende Bakterien und möglicherweise auch Pilze die Beläge bilden, wodurch dies als ein Fall mikrobiologisch induzierter Korrosion (MIC) unter aeroben Bedingungen angesehen werden kann.
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  • 195
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 73-78 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Microbial deterioration of materials - simulation, case histories and countermeasures: Metallic materials OverviewMicrobially induced deterioration of construction metals has been encountered in many industrial processes and installations. Corrosion failures of technical equipment often occur under operational conditions which do not appear to be conducive to microbial growth. Although, many different types of microorganisms can be implicated in corrosion processes, most widespread and distinctive is the corrosion resulting from the activities of the sulfate-reducing bacteria, further sulfur-oxidizing and various acid-producing bacteria.This paper deals mainly with case histories which occurred in energy producing installations and industrial waste-water treatment plants. An attempt was made to describe in detail the investigations which had hen performed in order to elucidate the cause of corrosion failures. Relatively simple diagnostic procedures can be helpful in explaining such cases; the condition is that microbial activity is included in considerations concerning potential contributors to the failure mechanism.Discussion of remedial measures includes methods based on the use of biocides as well as alternative procedures.
    Notes: Mikrobiologisch induzierte Schäden an metallischen Werkstoffen werden in zahlreichen Prozessen und Anlagen beobachtet. Schäden treten nicht selten unter Betriebsbedingungen auf, bei denen eine mikrobiologische Aktivität kaum vermutet wird. für die mikrobiologisch induzierte Korrosion sind insbesondere sulfatreduzierende, schwefeloxidierende sowie verschiedene säurebildende Bakterien verantwortlich.Die beschriebenen Korrosionsschäden stammen vorwiegend aus den Bereichen Energieerzeugung und industrielle Abwasserbehandlung. Die verhältnismäßig ausführliche Beschreibung der vorgenommenen Abklärungen sollen zeigen, daß derartige Schäden mit relativ einfachen Untersuchungsmethoden aufgeklärt werden können, unter der Voraussetzung, daß die Mikrobiologie als potentielle Schadensursache von vornherein mitberücksichtigt wird.Gegenmaßnahmen - an Stelle oder in Ergänzung zu den Bioziden - werden erörtert.
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  • 196
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Microbial deterioration of materials - simulation, case histories and countermeasures for metallic materials: Pitting corrosion caused by microbiological activity at austenitic stainless steel pipes used for river waterRhine River water used for cooling purposes increasingly causes pitting at circumferential welds in type 321 and 316Ti stainless steel piping. Type 321 is attacked even at ambient temperature, type 316Ti at 35 to 55°C. At these temperatures both materials did not show pitting in the past. Failure analysis and corrosion tests, both in the laboratory and in a pilot, plant (river water circuit), showed that the open circuit potential of stainless steels is shifted into a region of instable pitting resistance by a microbiological effect. Thus, pit nuclei are able to grow even at circumferential joints welded without any visible annealing colours. The actual concept to select cooling water pipe materials, therefore, has to be reconsidered.
    Notes: Mit Flußwasser aus dem Rhein für Kühlzwecke beaufschlagte Rohrleitungen aus hochlegierten austenitischen Stählen (Werkstoff Nr. 1.4541, aber auch 1.4571) werden neuerdings im Bereich der Rundschweißnähte verstärkt durch Lochfraß geschädigt. Diese Korrosion tritt schon bei Umgebungstemperatur, bzw. in einem Bereich von 35-55°C auf, Temperaturen, bei denen die Werkstoffe bislang als beständig galten. Die Schadensuntersuchungen und insbesondere die daran anschließenden Labor- und Technikumsversuche in einem FIußwasserkreislauf ergaben, daß die Werkstoffe infolge einer mikrobiologisch induzierten Potentialveränderung in einen Bereich „labiler Lochfraßbeständigkeit“ polarisiert werden. Selbst an anlauffarbenfrei geschweißten Rundnähten können daher Keimstellen der Lokalkorrosion weiterwachsen. Das bislang für die Kühlwasserleitungen gültige Werkstoffkonzept muß deshalb neu überdacht werden.
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Microbial deterioration of materials - simulation, case histories, and countermeasures for inorganic nonmetallic materials: Microbial activities in weathered stone: Biomass, structure and nutrients
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 117-118 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Microbial deterioration of materials - simulation, case histories and countermeasures for inorganic nonmetallic materials: Attack of mortar by bacteria and fungi
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 96-104 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Microbial deterioration of materials - simulation, case histories and countermeasures: Testing of the resistance of ceramic materialsTesting of microbiologically influenced corrosion of ceramic materials by biogenic sulphuric and nitric acid corrosion is well described and applied for constantly moist buildings like sewage pipelines and cooling towers. The complex situation on historical buildings of natural sandstones has not yet been investigated in the laboratory.A double-chamber cabinet and a test system for the simulation of chemically (gaseous pollutants), combined chemically and microbiologically (gaseous pollutants plus nitrifying bacteria) and solely micro biologically (nitrifying bacteria) influenced corrosion of natural sandstone is presented.A high stone moisture was essential for the growth of nitrifying bacteria on test stones. Under optimum conditions a nitrifying biofilm developed on the calcareous Ihrlersteiner green sandstone, reducing the evaporation from the stone surface. Biofilm cells adapted well to high concentrations of gaseous pollutants (1,065 μg/m3 sulphur dioxide, 850 μg/m3 nitric oxide, and about 450 μg/m3 nitrogen dioxide): in the simulated smog atmosphere. The mean metabolic activities of ammonia oxidizers were 11 times and those of nitrite oxidizers 30 times higher than mean values of samples from historical buildings.The microbiologically, influenced nitric acid corrosion alone was 8 times stronger than the chemically influenced corrosion by the simulated smog atmosphere.If sulphur dioxide was added, the microbiologically produced nitrite was removed by chemodenitrification. Thus, the combined attack of nitrifying bacteria and gaseous pollutants did not result in an increased corrosion, but the nitrifying biofilm promoted the formation of gypsum.
    Notes: Testverfahren zur Messung der Zerstörung zementgebundener Werkstoffe durch biogene Schwefel- sowie Salpetersäurekorrosion sind für dauerfeuchte Bauwerke, wie Abwasserleitungen und Kühltürme gut beschrieben und werden in der Praxis eingesetzt. Die komplexe Situation an Hochbauten aus Naturstein wurde im Labor bisher nicht untersucht.Eine Doppelkammer-Simulationsanlage und ein Testsystem zur vergleichenden Untersuchung eines kombiniert chemisch und mikrobiologisch (Schadgase plus Nitrifikanten), rein chemisch (Schadgase) sowie rein mikrobiologisch (Nitrifikanten) verursachten Angriffs auf Naturstein werden vorgestellt.Eine hohe Gesteinsfeuchte war essentiell für die Besiedlung mit Nitrifikanten. Unter optimalen Bedingungen bildete sich auf den Prüfkörpern aus Ihrlersteiner Grünsandstein ein nitrifizierender Biofilm aus, der die Evaporation von der Gesteinsoberfläche stark verminderte. Die Nitrifikanten im Biofilm wurden durch eine simulierte Smogatmosphäre mit 1065 μg/m3 Schwefeldioxid, 850 μg/m3 Stickstoffmonoxid und etwa 450 μg/m3 Stickstoffoxid nur vorübergehend gehemmt. Die mittleren Nitrifikationsaktivitäten für Ammoniakoxidanten waren 11fach und jene für Nitritoxidanten 30fach höher als mittlere, für Gebäudeproben ermittelte Werte.Bei Abwesenheit von Schadgasen war die durch biogene Salpetersäurebildung verursachte Korrosion um den Faktor 8 stärker als der rein chemische Angriff durch eine Smogatmosphäre. In Gegenwart von Schwefeldioxid wurde das bei der Nitrifikation gebildete Nitrit durch Chemodenitrifkation entbunden. Infolgedessen wurde der biologische Angriff aufgehoben, und es dominierte der chemische Angriff durch Schwefeldioxid. Indirekt kam es jedoch zu einer Festschreibung der durch Schwefeldioxid verursachten Korrosion, indem der nitrifizierende Biofilm die Gipsbildung förderte.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Microbial deterioration of materials - simulation, case histories, and countermeasures for inorganic nonmetallic materials: Biodeterioration processes on inorganic materials and means of countermeasuresBiodeterioration processes on inorganic materials such as natural stone, concrete, or glass can be subdivided into biogeochemical and biogeophysiological mechanisms according to their damage characteristics. In connection with the partial acidification and dissolving of components, biocorrosion as a result of biogenic release of inorganic and organic acids, as well as the biogenic oxidation of mineral forming cations, a certain weakening in the structure of the respective material can occur. The formation of biofilms on the surfaces of the inorganic materials impairs not only the aesthetical appearance of an object but also causes alterations in its humidity and temperature behaviour. In addition, due to the shrinking and swelling effects of biofilms, mechanical pressure to the mineral unit can occur (bioerosion, bioabrasion). Location and environmental factors which could lead to specific, biogenically determined weathering phenomena on these materials will be presented and elucidated. For controlling biodeterioration processes, the development and selection of environmentally-friendly, yet effective, inorganic and organic biocidal additives for stoneprotection agents as well as the use of gas (e.g. ethylene oxide) in their far-reaching significance for future material research will be presented here.
    Notes: Biodeteriorationsprozesse an anorganischen Werkstoffen wie Naturstein, Beton oder Glas können in ihren Schädigungsweisen nach biogeochemischen und biogeophysikalischen Mechanismen unterteilt werden. Im Zusammenhang mit der partiellen Ätzung und Lösung von Bestandteilen, hervorgerufen durch die biogene Freisetzung anorganischer bzw. organischer Säuren (Biokorrosion) sowie der biogenen Oxidation mineralbildender Kationen (Biooxidation), kommt es zur Schwächung, des Gefüges im jeweiligen Werkstoff. Durch den Aufwuchs von Biofilmen auf den Oberflächen anorganischer Materialien kommt es neben ästhetischen Beeinträchtigungen auch zu Veränderungen im Feuchte- und Temperaturverhalten des Werkstoffes sowie aufgrund von Schrumpfungs- und Quellungsprozessen von Biofilmen zu mechanischer Druckbelastung auf den Mineralverband (Bioerosion, Bioabrasion). Standort- und Umweltfaktoren, die zu entsprechend biogenen Verwitterungsphänomenen an anorganischen Werkstoffen führen, werden vorgestellt und erläutert. für die Bekämpfung der Biodeteriorationsprozesse werden die Entwicklung und Auswahl umweltgerechter, aber dennoch wirksamer anorganischer bzw. organischer biozider Zuschlagstoffe für Gesteinsschutzstoffe sowie Begasungen (z. B. Ethylenoxid) in ihrer weitreichenden Bedeutung für die zukünftige Materialforschung vorgestellt.
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