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  • GEOPHYSICS  (2,228)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1,658)
  • Weizen
  • 1975-1979  (3,716)
  • 1925-1929  (198)
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Year
  • 101
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    The evolution and variability of atmospheric ozone over geological time (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The rise of atmospheric O3 as a function of the evolution of O2 has been investigated using a one-dimensional steady-state photochemical model based on the chemistry and photochemistry of Ox(O3, O, O(1D)), N2O, NOx(NO, NO2, HNO3), H2O, and HOx(H, OH, HO2, H2O2) including the effect of vertical eddy transport on the species distribution. The total O3 column density was found to maximize for an O2 level of 0.1 present atmospheric level (PAL) and exceeded the present total O3 column by about 40%. For that level of O2, surface and tropospheric O3 densities exceeded those of the present atmosphere by about an order of magnitude. Surface and tropospheric OH densities of the paleoatmosphere exceeded those of the present atmosphere by orders of magnitude. It was also found that in the O2-deficient paleoatmosphere, N2O (even at present atmospheric levels) produces much less NOx than it does in the present atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 39; Aug. 197
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  • 102
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    The electric field and global electrodynamics of the magnetosphere (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The conception of the electrodynamics of the quiet-time magnetosphere obtained during the last four years of magnetospheric study is presented. Current understandings of the open magnetosphere, convective plasma flows in the plasma sheet, the shielding of the inner magnetosphere from the convective magnetospheric electric field, the space charge produced when injected electrons drift towards dawn and injected ions drift towards dusk, the disruption of the flow of the Birkeland current by plasma instabilities and the shielding of the convective electric field by the dayside magnetopause are discussed. Attention is also given to changes of magnetic field line topology magnetic storms and substorms. Unresolved questions and new tools which may play a role in the further understanding of magnetospheric electrodynamics and the role of the magnetospheric electric field are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 17; June 197
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  • 103
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    Minor constituents in the stratosphere and mesosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A review of the research in minor constituents in the stratosphere and mesosphere, carried out between 1975 and 1978, is presented. Much of the theoretical research was done with the aid of one-dimensional models. Different aspects of these models are discussed. Measurements of the chlorofluoromethanes, hydrochloric acid, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, and hydrogen oxide were conducted. It is noted that the hydrogen oxides are now assuming a larger role in stratospheric photochemistry than have been postulated before. The effect of water vapor and the hydrogen oxides on the overall chemistry of the stratosphere was investigated theoretically, along with the possible relationship between solar activity and atmospheric ozone. The mesosphere study included ozone, water vapor, nitric oxide, and odd nitrogen investigations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 17; June 197
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  • 104
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    Geomagnetic Sq variation at satellite altitudes - Is Sq correction important in Magsat data analysis (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: By a spherical harmonic expansion of the magnetic potential the geomagnetic Sq variation is shown to have peak-to-peak amplitudes of a few tens of nanotesla at 400 km altitude. It is shown, in particular, that for harmonics of degree n up to about 4, with which Sq can be well represented, the vertical component of the magnetic field at altitudes to about 400 km is virtually the same as on the ground. Even though the NASA's Magnetic Field Satellite (Magsat), scheduled for launch in September 1979, is planned to be placed in a twilight sun-synchronous orbit, Sq over certain areas of the earth can be of comparable magnitude as magnetic anomalies of geological origin sought in the data. Due consideration should be given to Sq as well as to the effects from magnetospheric sources in analyzing the Magsat data. The Sq effect is expected to be large during the period of Magsat operation which is near the predicted solar maximum.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; May 1979
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  • 105
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    Parameterization of the thermal relaxation rate in the stratosphere (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The thermal relaxation rate of large vertical scale disturbances in the stratosphere is parameterized in terms of the Newtonian cooling rate, the heating rate, and a transmission function that represents opacity effects. The parameterization is based on Strobel's photochemical model for ozone (1978).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; May 20
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  • 106
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    Latitudinal variations of stratospheric aerosols (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: We have obtained stratospheric aerosols from tropical to northern latitudes using special collectors on U-2 aircraft during 1976 and 1977. Aerosols characterized by large numbers of small particles are found in the tropical zone suggesting this is a region of particle growth; whereas aerosols containing mostly larger particles are distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere indicating a well-mixed, mature population. We find the aerosol layer extends from higher altitudes near the equator to lower ones toward the pole. Although this gradient suggests mature aerosols may leave the stratosphere at high latitudes, the data are, as yet, inconclusive. Comparisons of our data with those of other investigators using different instruments are generally encouraging, suggesting that if similar populations were sampled, the results would be similar. When our calculated sulfate mass mixing ratios are compared with those measured directly by others, we find better agreement is achieved if we assume more dilute sulfate and water mixtures than previously proposed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Feb. 20
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  • 107
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    The role of O-type neutral lines in magnetic merging during substorms and solar flares (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A model has been constructed for the magnetic field configuration of a combination of X- and O-type neutral lines in the middle of the geomagnetic tail. The main feature is a bubble centered on the O-type line, the field lines of which are not connected to the main geomagnetic field. An analytical model of the motion of charged particles in the vicinity of an O-type neutral line, with an electric field aligned parallel to it, has been constructed and analyzed. Finally it is found that two distinct mechanisms of particle acceleration may exist if a substorm is powered by the inductive emf generated when the tail's magnetic field returns to a more dipolelike configuration by flowing through a pair of X- and O-type neutral lines.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Jan. 1
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  • 108
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    Theory of flux anisotropies in a guiding center plasma (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Assuming time stationarity of the one-particle distribution function f on the scale of the bounce motion of particles in a magnetic field, the paper expands the Vlasov equation through O(epsilon) in the adiabatic parameter epsilon, which is the ratio of particle gyroradius to scale length of the magnetic field. Since f is directly proportional to particle flux differential in kinetic energy and solid angle, f is in principle measurable in space experiments, and the present analysis is tailored to be explicitly applicable to space problems. It is shown that the usual expression for the electric field which produces plasma corotation in an axisymmetric system such as a dipole also holds for any nonaxisymmetric but rigidly rotating magnetic field pattern, provided the observed magnetic field is used in place of the dipole field. The analysis is applied to the electric field in a rigidly corotating magnetosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Jan. 1
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  • 109
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    Global model of longitude/UT variations in thermospheric composition and temperature based on mass spectrometer data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of N2, O, He, and Ar densities from neutral gas mass spectrometers on four satellites and inferred O2 and H densities from an ion mass spectrometer have been combined to produce a model of longitude/UT variations in thermospheric neutral composition and temperature. The longitude/UT model is an extension of the mass spectrometer-incoherent scatter thermospheric model (Hedin et al., 1977) and uses spherical harmonic terms dependent on geographic latitude, longitude, and UT. The combined longitude and UT variations reflect the influence of the geomagnetic field but indicate that the variations may not simply be represented in magnetic coordinates.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Jan. 1
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  • 110
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    Identification of the V3 vibration-rotation band of CF4 in balloon-borne infrared solar spectra (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Infrared solar spectra in the 850 to 1350/cm region, at 0.02/cm resolution, were obtained during a balloon flight made on 27 October 1978 from Alamogordo, New Mexico. Analysis of the 1275-1290/cm region indicates that the atmospheric absorption lines of CH4, N2O, H2O, HNO3 and CO2 near 1283/cm are super-imposed on a broader absorption feature which we interpret as due to the V3 band of CF4. Fine structure of CF4 is also identified. Preliminary estimates from the sunset spectra show approximately 75 pptv CF4 near 25 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; July 197
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  • 111
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    Utilization of 100 mb midlatitude height fields as an indicator of sampling effects on total ozone variations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Midlatitude 100-mb height fields are employed to determine the effects of ground based sampling locations on measurements of variations in the total ozone content of the atmosphere. The precision of the zonal average heights computed by the technique of Angell and Korshover (1978) from data over ozone sampling areas at 50 deg N is compared to the zonal average computed from the entire data set. Linear regressions of ozone contents determined by an analysis of backscatter UV satellite data with respect to 100 mb heights are utilized to transform zonal differences in height to ozone levels. The zonal average total ozone sampling error is found to be on the order of 2% for midlatitudes of the Northern hemisphere, indicating that the general shape of ozone trends determined by ground-based observations appears to be real and the increase of ozone from the mid-1960's to the early 1970's may be greater than previously suggested.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 107; June 197
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  • 112
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    Comparison of seasonal variations of upper stratospheric ozone concentrations revealed by Umkehr and Nimbus 4 BUV observations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper reports the results of a comparison between upper stratospheric ozone concentration profiles in the region between 22 and 1.4 mbar, as determined from surface-based Umkehr observations and satellite Nimbus 4 BUV observations. The Umkehr data, consisting of monthly averages of observations extending over several years or longer, were obtained at three stations located in the Northern Hemisphere and two in the Southern Hemisphere. The BUV data were obtained during the period from May 1970 to March 1971. Aside from some bias in the magnitudes of the Umkehr and BUV data, marked annual cycles of ozone concentration in the upper stratosphere are clearly revealed. Above 4 mbar the profiles show a summer minimum and a winter maximum, while below 4 mbar the annual variation is reversed from this pattern. In the Northern Hemisphere the winter maximum is accompanied by a secondary minimum of 1- to 2-month duration near 3 mbar. This short-term minimum is much less obvious in the Southern Hemisphere data. Some of the problem of attempting to monitor long-term changes in the upper stratosphere are discussed briefly.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; July 20
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  • 113
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    Structure of the magnetopause - Observations and implications for reconnection (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The earth's magnetopause is the boundary between a hot tenuous plasma in the magnetosphere and a cooler denser plasma in the magnetosheath. Both of these plasmas contain magnetic fields whose directions are usually different but whose magnitudes are often comparable. Efforts to understand the structure of the magnetosphere have been hampered by the variability and complexity of this boundary. Waves on the magnetopause surface propagate toward the magnetotail and produce the multiple boundary crossings frequently seen by spacecraft. Boundary velocities are poorly known and range anywhere within an order of magnitude of 10 km/s. Typical thicknesses are probably of the order of a few hundred km, which is a few times the gyroradius of a thermal proton. Although conclusive direct evidence for a field component, Bn, across the magnetopause has not been found; this lack of evidence may reflect the difficulty in determining Bn in the presence of magnetopause waves rather than the real absence of this component. Considerable indirect evidence exists for an open magnetosphere, but the importance of the reconnection process thought to produce open field lines has recently been questioned.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 114
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    Upper limits on production rate of NO per ion pair (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The maximum production rate of NO per ion pair during a solar proton event has been calculated using an approach described by Porter et al. (1976). For altitudes between 80 and 120 km the calculation yields a limit of 2.68 NO per ion pair for 10 keV electrons, a value which is consistent with the rates implied by the measurements of Arnold (1978) as quoted by Fabian et al. (1979). For altitudes below 80 km the maximum rate of NO production is calculated to be 1.46 to 1.53 NO per ion pair.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 280; July 12
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  • 115
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    First results from the six-axis electron spectrometer on ISEE-1 (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A survey, using results from the first 25 orbits of ISEE-1, has been made of some aspects of electrons in the dawn magnetosheath. There are indications that the flow of plasma is not uniformly turbulent over this region. The electron heat flux is observed to be directed away from the shock and to have an average value of about twice the interplanetary heat flux. Many magnetopause crossings were observed and usually resemble abrupt transitions from one well-defined plasma state to another. The ejection of plasma from flux tubes convected up against the magnetopause is observed for about half the time, and its thickness and dependence on the solar wind Mach number agree with theoretical predictions. A full traversal of the whole forward hemisphere of the magnetosheath is required to fully confirm these deductions
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 116
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    Stratospheric sounding by infrared heterodyne spectroscopy (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Intensity profiles of infrared spectral lines of stratospheric constituents can be fully resolved with a heterodyne spectrometer of sufficiently high resolution (approximately 5 MHz = 0.000167 kaysers at 10 microns). The constituents' vertical distributions can then be evaluated accurately by analytic inversion of the measured line profiles. Estimates of the detection sensitivity of a heterodyne receiver are given in terms of minimum detectable volume mixing ratios of stratospheric constituents, indicating a large number of minor constituents which can be studied. Stratospheric spectral line shapes and the resolution required to measure them are discussed in light of calculated synthetic line profiles for some stratospheric molecules in a model atmosphere. The inversion technique for evaluation of gas concentration profiles is briefly described, and applications to synthetic lines of O3, CO2, CH4, and N2O are given. Some recent heterodyne measurements of CO2 and O3 absorption lines are analytically inverted, and the vertical distributions of the two gases are determined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; June 1
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  • 117
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    Scattering of terrestrial kilometric radiation at very high altitudes (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: On a number of occasions during the 3.5-yr operating lifetime of Rae 2, strong terrestrial kilometric radiation has been observed when the spacecraft was over the far side of the moon and when the low-altitude terrestrial magnetosphere was completely obscured from view. If these deep lunar occultation events are used to infer radio source locations, then it is found that the apparent source must sometimes be situated at geocentric distances of 10-40 earth-radii or more. From an analysis of these events, it is shown that they are probably due to propagation effects rather than the actual generation of the emission at such large distances. The kilometric radiation can be generated near the earth at auroral latitudes and subsequently strongly scattered in the magnetosheath and nearby solar wind to produce the large apparent distances. The most likely scatterers are density inhomogeneities in the magnetosheath plasma and ion plasma waves in the magnetosheath and the upstream solar wind.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; June 1
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  • 118
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    Comparison of atmospheric density data from mass spectrometers and atmospheric drag on the Aeros satellites (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The comparison of perigee density data near 230 km for satellite Aeros-A has been extended to the complete mission time. The average ratio between orbital drag derived density and mass spectrometer measurements is very near to 1 with a large scatter reflected by a standard deviation of the order of 20%. A method of comparison was developed and tested which uses the observed rate of change of orbital period in comparison with the orbital decay computed from the actual mass spectrometer data measured at discrete positions along the orbit. This method proves that deviations from the average ratio of 1 between perigee densities from drag and mass spectrometers are due to the smoothing and poor resolution of the orbital drag technique.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 119
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    The behavior of tropical ozone during the stratospheric warming of March-April 1976 (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The backscatter ultraviolet spectrometer on the Atmosphere Explorer-E satellite obtained ozone data for the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere from an equatorial orbit near the time of the March-April 1976 stratospheric warming. A simple inversion technique allows the extraction of information on the absolute ozone abundance and its longitudinal variation from the measured radiances. Between altitudes of 35 and 60 km tropical O3 in constant pressure layers exhibits increased spatial variations on length scales of 20 to 30 deg in longitude after the onset of the polar warming, indicating enhanced wave activity. One week after the polar vortex breakdown, upper stratospheric O3 begins a relaxation toward the unperturbed state, while that in the lower mesosphere continues to show maximum variations near + or 10% of the longitudinally averaged value. Although the degree of horizontal structure increases during the warming, the absolute O3 amounts averaged over longitude between 35 and 60 km in altitude remain nearly constant in time. The observed behavior is consistent with that expected from enhanced vertical transport of O3 in the tropics with accompanying adiabatic temperature changes which alter the chemical loss rate.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Mar. 197
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  • 120
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    Inversion of stratospheric aerosol and gaseous constituents from spacecraft solar extinction data in the 0.38-1.0-micron wavelength region (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper discusses a possible data retrieval technique for the spaceborne Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE). The SAGE instrument has four radiometric channels located at selected intervals in the 0.38-1.0-micron wavelength range. A data reduction procedure is described for minimization of experimental errors on the basis of a detailed simulation of the measurement sequence. An efficient and accurate inversion method is then used for the retrieval of all the constituent vertical profiles. Also, the effects of horizontally inhomogeneous distributions of the constituent vertical profiles are studied based on available data of their global distributions. A simple horizontally inhomogeneous model of stratospheric aerosol and ozone is employed to estimate the perturbation on the retrieval accuracies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; May 1
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  • 121
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    Characteristics of the inverted-V event (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An attempt is made to determine the origin of the inverted-V precipitating electrons and mechanisms that could create the inverted-V structure. The energy and pitch angle structures are compared with predictions from several theories that have been proposed to explain the origin of inverted-V events. Data from the AE-D satellite indicate that the origin of the inverted-V precipitating electrons is in the magnetosphere, the most probable regions being the plasma sheet and the neutral sheet. The energy and pitch angle distributions show that electrons are trapped between the mirror points and the electric field potential. The observations suggest that field-aligned precipitating electrons have been heated, probably when they were accelerated by the parallel electric field. Qualitatively, the detailed structures of the inverted-V events favor the theory of anomalous resistivity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Apr. 1
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  • 122
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    Neutral atmospheric waves determined from Atmospheric Explorer measurements (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A description is presented of the first observations of neutral gravity waves in which a sufficient number of wave parameters are detected to allow a specification of the neutral wave characteristics. In situ measurements of neutral wind, temperature, and composition from Atmospheric Explorer are used to obtain wave amplitudes and phases for N2 temperature and wind, and N2, O, and He densities. These amplitudes and phases along with the Doppler shifted wave frequency provide sufficient information to evaluate the wave frequency and the wave vector.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; Mar. 197
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  • 123
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    Postseismic surface deformations due to lithospheric and asthenospheric viscoelasticity (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper proposes a model for postseismic surface deformations by attributing them to lithospheric and asthenospheric viscoelasticity. The model predicts that the deformations due to lithospheric viscoelasticity depend on the decrease in the effective shear modulus acting long after the lithospheric relaxation compared to that acting immediately following the earthquake. While such deformations are generally smaller than those associated with asthenospheric viscoelasticity, they occur on a shorter time scale and may be in opposite direction to both the motion occurring at the time of the earthquake and that occurring as the asthenospheric relaxation occurs.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; Mar. 197
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  • 124
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    Magnetosheath electrostatic turbulence (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectrum of electrostatic wave turbulence in the terrestrial magnetosheath is investigated. Measurements of electric and magnetic field fluctuations in the range 20 Hz to 200 kHz were made by two 16-channel spectrum analyzers on board the IMP 6 satellite. It is found that the electrostatic wave spectra generally consist of three components, which may occur in any combination: a low frequency component which shows a decrease in spectral density with increasing frequency and which is associated with the bow shock wave, a high frequency component identified with electron plasma oscillations and an intermediate frequency component. The minimum wavelength of electrostatic waves is found to be about 0.1 km, with intensity of from 0.01 to 1.0 mV/m. Electric field polarization has been found to be parallel to the local magnetic field direction, implying the presence of longitudinal electrostatic wave modes, electron plasma oscillations and ion sound waves.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Mar. 1
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  • 125
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    X-band atmospheric noise temperature data and statistics at Goldstone, DSS 13, 1977 - 1978 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Sample data and cumulative distributions of atmospheric noise temperature increase above the quiescent baseline for the calendar years 1977 and 1978 are presented. Comparison is made with the existing Deep Space Network noise temperature statistics.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 108-116
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  • 126
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    Gravitational field models for study of Earth mantle dynamics (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The tectonic forces or stresses due to the small scale mantle flow under the South American plate are detected and determined by utilizing the harmonics of the geopotential field model. The high degree harmonics are assumed to describe the small scale mantle convection patterns. The input data used in the derivation of this model is made up of 840,000 optical, electronic, and laser observations and 1,656 5 deg x 5 deg mean free air anomalies. Although there remain some statistically questionable aspects of the high degree harmonics, it seems appropriate now to explore their implications for the tectonic forces or stress field under the crust.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-160083 , NO-R-SAP-8-79-01
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  • 127
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    Ion and electron temperatures in the topside ionosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Experimental and theoretical ion and electron temperatures in the topside ionosphere were investigated. Experimental results came from an analysis of incoherent scatter data taken at Arecibo, Puerto Rico. Consideration of the energy balance equations gave the theoretical ion and electron temperatures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-163670 , UILU-ENG-79-2505 , AERONOMY-86
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  • 128
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    The damping of seismic waves and its determination from reflection seismograms (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The damping in theoretical waveforms is described phenomenologically and a classification is proposed. A method for studying the Earth's crust was developed which includes this damping as derived from reflection seismograms. Seismic wave propagation by absorption, attenuation of seismic waves by scattering, and dispersion relations are considered. Absorption of seismic waves within the Earth as well as reflection and transmission of elastic waves seen through boundary layer absorption are also discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: TUBS/GAMMA-36
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  • 129
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    Advanced development of atmospheric models (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A set of atmospheric analysis and prediction models was developed in support of the SEASAT Program existing objective analysis models which utilize a 125x125 polar stereographic grid of the Northern Hemisphere, which were modified in order to incorporate and assess the impact of (real or simulated) satellite data in the analysis of a two-day meteorological scenario in January 1979. Program/procedural changes included: (1) a provision to utilize winds in the sea level pressure and multi-level height analyses (1000-100 MBS); (2) The capability to perform a pre-analysis at two control levels (1000 MBS and 250 MBS); (3) a greater degree of wind- and mass-field coupling, especially at these controls levels; (4) an improved facility to bogus the analyses based on results of the preanalysis; and (5) a provision to utilize (SIRS) satellite thickness values and cloud motion vectors in the multi-level height analysis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-166630
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    Two-dimensional zonal mean flow model (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The interactions of dynamics, photochemistry and radiation in the stratosphere can be described by the continuity, momentum, and energy equations. A more comprehensive model for stratospheric transport theory was developed for the purpose of aiding predictions of changes in the stratospheric ozone content as a consequence of natural and anthropogenic processes. This model is time dependent and the dependent variables are zonal means of the relevant meteorological quantities which are functions of latitude and height. The detailed formulation of a numerical model both in physics and mathematics is given. A set of fundamental dynamical equations, and the numerical method used in the integration are described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-160071 , R-SAN-27901
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  • 131
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    Initial ISEE observations of the bow shock (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: ISEE 1 and 2 magnetic-field profiles across three terrestrial bow shock crossings are shown to illustrate the control of the bow shock structure and upstream waves by solar-wind conditions, especially by the direction of the interplanetary field. The quasi-perpendicular shocks examined have thicknesses of the order of a ion inertial length. Upstream waves observed for field directions of about 45 deg to the shock normal are observed to be carried back towards the bow shock by the solar wind, while propagating upstream at what appears to be the magnetosonic velocity. These studies are continuing.
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  • 132
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    The equatorial total electron content and shape factor (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The diurnal variations of electron content and shape factor observed at an equatorial station during sunspot minimum are shown to be consistent with the electron density profiles observed at Jicamarca during sunspot minimum. The rapid increase in electron content and the shape factor at sunrise results from the EUV production of ionization in the E and F regions. Day-to-day variations in daytime electron content are observed to be quite small at the equator. The evening decrease in the shape factor results from an upward drift of the F region at sunset and the evening decay of the E and bottomside F regions. The nighttime peak or plateau in the shape factor is produced by the slow downward drift of the electron density profile. The deep predawn dip in the shape factor is caused by the main peak of the F layer reaching low altitudes where high loss rates cause a large reduction in ionization below 300 km and very flat electron density profile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 1
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  • 133
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    A quasi-static model of global atmospheric electricity. II - Electrical coupling between the upper and lower atmosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper presents a model of global atmospheric electricity used to examine the effect of upper atmospheric generators on the global electrical circuit. The model represents thunderstorms as dipole current generators randomly distributed in areas of known thunderstorm frequency; the electrical conductivity in the model increases with altitude, and electrical effects are coupled with a passive magnetosphere along geomagnetic field lines. The large horizontal-scale potential differences at ionospheric heights map downward into the lower atmosphere where the perturbations in the ground electric field are superimposed on the diurnal variation. Finally, changes in the upper atmospheric conductivity due to solar flares, polar cap absorptions, and Forbush decreases are shown to alter the downward mapping of the high-latitude potential pattern and the global distribution of fields and currents.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 1
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  • 134
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    Height dependence of spread F bubble drift velocities (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Vertical bubble velocities in equatorial spread F have been investigated analytically by Ott (1978), Osakow and Chaturvedi (1978), all of whom found a proportionality of the vertical velocity to bubble depletion density. The paper presents radar data from two equatorial sites which support theoretical predictions that vertical drift velocities of spread F bubbles increase with height on the bottomside of the F layer. This increase is shown to result from the proportionality of bubble drift velocity to density depletion amplitude, which itself increases with height. The measured rate of increase is found to be dU/dh equals about 2 m/s km. It is concluded that this is consistent with numerical simulation results within a factor of 2.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 1
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  • 135
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    Digital processing of ionospheric electron content data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Ionospheric electron content data contain periodicities that are produced by a diversity of sources including hydromagnetic waves, gravity waves, and lunar tides. Often these periodicities are masked by the strong daily variation in the data. Digital filtering can be used to isolate the weaker components. The filtered data can then be further processed to provide estimates of the source properties. In addition, homomorphic filtering may be used to identify nonlinear interactions in the ionosphere.
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  • 136
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    Ultraviolet absorption spectrum of methylhydroperoxide vapor (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The ultraviolet absorption cross sections of methylhydroperoxide, CH3OOH, have been measured over the wavelength range 210 nm to 350 nm at 294 K. It was concluded that solar photolysis is a dominant sink for tropospheric CH3OOH. For midlatitudes the photodissociation rate was estimated for 0 deg, for 30 deg, and for 70 deg zenith angles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; Dec. 197
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  • 137
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    Counterstreaming of O+ and H+ ions in the plasmasphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Although the ion flux along plasmaspheric flux tubes has been both measured and numerically modeled for many years, it is only recently that H(+)-O(+) counterstreaming, with O(+) upwards, has been studied. The theoretical studies indicate that counterstreaming occurs under special conditions primarily near twilight. It is shown that such counterstreaming arises not only from a combination of particular conditions but is a more fundamental characteristic of the flow of plasma in the closed field-line magnetosphere. The causes of counterstreaming are analyzed showing that it must occur under steady state conditions; it is also shown how diurnal variations modify the steady state pattern.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; Dec. 197
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  • 138
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    Field-aligned current sources in the high-latitude ionosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper determines the electric potential in a plane which is fed current from a pair of field-aligned current sheets. The ionospheric conductivity is modelled as a constant with an enhanced conductivity annular ring. It is shown that field-aligned current distributions are arbitrary functions of azimuth angle (MLT) and thus allow for asymmetric potential configurations over the pole cap. In addition, ionospheric surface currents are computed by means of stream functions. Finally, the discussion relates these methods to the electrical characteristics of the magnetosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Annales de Geophysique; 35; July-Sep
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  • 139
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    Release adiabat measurements on minerals - The effect of viscosity (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper examines the effect of viscosity in the release adiabat measurements on minerals. The current inversion of pressure-particle velocity data for release from a high-pressure shock state to a pressure-density path usually depends critically upon the assumption that the release process is isentropic. It has been shown that the effective viscosity for geological materials below stresses of 150 GPa must be at least 1000 kg/m/s so that viscous work in the shock state remains small compared to mechanical work recovered upon adiabatic rarefaction. The magnitude of the shear stress in the shock state in minerals and viscosities of engineering materials shocked to pressures below 150 GPa show effective viscosities of about 1000 kg/m/s or less indicating that the conditions for isentropic release of materials from shock states are achieved and that the Riemann integral can be applied to obtain pressure-density states along the release adiabats of minerals.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 10
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  • 140
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    Acoustic fluidization - A new geologic process (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A number of geologic processes, particularly seismic faulting, impact crater slumping, and long runout landslides, require the failure of geologic materials under differential stresses much smaller than expected on the basis of conventional rock mechanics. This paper proposes that the low strengths apparent in these phenomena are due to a state of 'acoustic fluidization' induced by a transient strong acoustic wave field. The strain rates possible in such a field are evaluated, and it is shown that acoustically fluidized debris behaves as a newtonian fluid with a viscosity in the range 100,000 to 10,000,000 P for plausible conditions. Energy gains and losses in the acoustic field are discussed, and the mechanism is shown to be effective if internal dissipation in the field gives a Q approximately greater than 100. Whether such values for Q are realized is not known at present. However, acoustic fluidization provides a qualitatively correct description of the failure of rock debris under low differential stresses in the processes of faulting, crater slumping, and long runout landslides. Acoustic fluidization thus deserves serious consideration as a possible explanation of these phenomena.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 10
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  • 141
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    The mean age of mantle and crustal reservoirs (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An analysis of two transport models for trace elements in mantle and crust evolution and related to the observed abundance patterns. In model I, continents are derived by melt extraction over the earth history from undepleted mantle, and the residue forms a depleted mantle which is the current source of mid-ocean ridge basalts. In model II, new additions to continents are derived from a mantle reservoir 2, which becomes more depleted by repeated extraction of melts. The isotopic composition and concentrations of trace elements are shown to reduce to simple mathematical expressions which permit calculations of basic evolutionary parameters. The mean age of the crust mass and isotopic data for the continental crust and the mantle are discussed, concluding with a consideration of their difference in compositions of newly derived crust.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 10
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  • 142
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    Shape integral method for magnetospheric shapes (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A method is developed for calculating the shape of any magnetopause to arbitrarily high precision. The method uses an integral equation which is evaluated for a trial shape. The resulting values of the integral equation as a function of auxiliary variables indicate how close one is to the desired solution. A variational method can then be used to improve the trial shape. Some potential applications are briefly mentioned.
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  • 143
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    Global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the two-dimensional magnetosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic interaction of the solar wind with a two-dimensional dipole magnetic field has been simulated using a novel Lagrangian particle type of MHD code that can treat local low density or vacuum regions without numerical instability. This enables one to simulate the time-dependent magnetic tail. When the solar wind field is southward, a magnetic field line topology consistent with Dungey's model emerges in steady state. The tail, however, is short, and the x-points are only slightly shifted from their vacuum locations, because of strong numerical resistivity. Different configurations resulting from different relative orientations of the solar wind magnetic field and dipole axis are also presented. While the magnetic field is relatively steady, the density and flow in the magnetosheath are turbulent, as are the bow shock and magnetopause; the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability may account for these phenomena. We also model a 'substorm' as the passage of a rotational discontinuity in the solar wind over the dipole. Both 90 and 180 deg shifts to a southward solar wind field cause a violent readjustment of the magnetic tail which eventually settles down to the Dungey configuration.
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    Computer modeling of events in the inner magnetosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The first effort at computer simulating the behavior of the inner magnetosphere during a substorm-type event on 19 September 1976 was completed. The computer model simulates many aspects of the behavior of the closed-field-line portion of the earth's magnetosphere, and the auroral and subauroral ionosphere. For these regions, the program self-consistently computes electric fields, electric currents, hot-plasma densities, plasma flow velocities and other parameters. Highlights of the results of our event simulation are presented. Predicted electric fields for several times during the event agree reasonably well with corresponding data from satellite S3-2. Detailed discussion is presented for a case of rapid subauroral flow that was observed on one S3-2 pass and is predicted by the computer runs. The computed global distribution of Birkeland current agrees reasonably well with the observations of Iijima and Potemra.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 145
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    A kinetic approach to magnetospheric modeling (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The earth's magnetosphere is caused by the interaction between the flowing solar wind and the earth's magnetic dipole, with the distorted magnetic field in the outer parts of the magnetosphere due to the current systems resulting from this interaction. It is surprising that even the conceptually simple problem of the collisionless interaction of a flowing plasma with a dipole magnetic field has not been solved. A kinetic approach is essential if one is to take into account the dispersion of particles with different energies and pitch angles and the fact that particles on different trajectories have different histories and may come from different sources. Solving the interaction problem involves finding the various types of possible trajectories, populating them with particles appropriately, and then treating the electric and magnetic fields self-consistently with the resulting particle densities and currents. This approach is illustrated by formulating a procedure for solving the collisionless interaction problem on open field lines in the case of a slowly flowing magnetized plasma interacting with a magnetic dipole.
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  • 146
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    Empirical relationships between interplanetary conditions, magnetospheric flux transfer, and the AL index (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Holzer and Slavin (1978) have found that the transfer of magnetic flux to and from the dayside magnetosphere as inferred from observed displacements of the magnetopause surface is correlated with both the magnitude of the auroral zone magnetic index AL and the incident flux of southward IMF. Empirical expressions specifying the rate at which magnetic flux is eroded in terms of interplanetary parameters and the rate of magnetic flux return as a function of AL have been developed. These relations are then used to predict magnetotail magnetic field enhancements from interplanetary and ground based data during an interval of substorm activity. The total magnetic flux in the tail is increased during intervals when the amount of flux transferred into its volume by dayside erosion exceeds the flux lost to the dayside by magnetospheric convection. Using Ogo-5 tail observations it is found for the sample events considered that these magnetic field enhancements can be described by empirical expressions for the magnetic flux transfer rates.
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  • 147
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    Generation of the magnetospheric electric field (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The potential electric field in the magnetosphere satisfies two boundary conditions, the outer boundary being the magnetosphere/solar-wind interface (magnetopause) and the inner boundary being the magnetosphere/atmosphere interface (ionosphere). The distribution of the imposed potential between the two boundaries affects, and is affected by, the configuration and motion of plasma in the magnetosphere. The paper surveys various mechanisms that are suspected of playing a role in the establishment of the boundary conditions on the magnetospheric electric field.
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  • 148
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    Effects of the solar wind on magnetospheric dynamics - Energetic electrons at the synchronous orbit (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data on energetic electron fluxes at the synchronous orbit, covering the 1967-1978 time interval, obtained by experiments flown on the ATS-1, ATS-5 and ATS-6 spacecraft, have been analyzed. Long term (year) and short term (days) electron flux averages are found to correlate positively with corresponding averages of the solar wind velocity.
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  • 149
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    The synchronous orbit magnetic field data set (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The magnetic field at synchronous orbit is the result of superposition of fields from many sources such as the earth, the magnetopause, the geomagnetic tail, the ring current and field-aligned currents. In addition, seasonal changes in the orientation of the earth's dipole axis causes significant changes in each of the external sources. Main reasons for which the synchronous orbit magnetic field data set is a potentially valuable resource are outlined. The primary reason why synchronous magnetic field data have not been used more extensively in magnetic field modeling is the presence of absolute errors in the measured fields. Nevertheless, there exists a reasonably large collection of synchronous orbit magnetic field data. Some of these data can be useful in quantitative modeling of the earth's magnetic field. A brief description is given of the spacecraft, the magnetometers, the standard graphical data displays, and the digital data files.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    Prediction of the occurrence and intensity of magnetospheric substorms (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The solar wind and IMF data obtained by the Venus probe Mariner 5 (at a distance of 460 earth radii) and by the earthbound Explorer 34 satellite, on June 24, 25, and 26, 1967 were examined. It is demonstrated that the occurrence and intensity of magnetospheric substorms can be predicted about 1-3 hours prior to their onsets by monitoring the energy coupling function at a distance of a few hundred earth radii upstream of the solar wind. It appears that the 'epsilon signal' propagates with different speeds, perhaps depending on the propagation time of disturbances which increase epsilon.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A087362 , AFGL-TR-80-0224 , Geophysical Research Letters; 6; Nov. 197
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    Satellite observations of the spatial extent and structure of Pc 3, 4, 5 pulsations near the magnetospheric equator (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Simultaneous observations of Pc 3, 4, 5 pulsations by five satellites in the pre-noon local time sector at and near synchronous orbit are examined. The periods of these simultaneous pulsations are not the same at the different observation points. This difference is attributed to site dependent resonant conditions. The spatial properties of the temporal phenomenon are demonstrated with observations by ISEE-1 and -2 as they pass through oscillations in a spatially limited region. Fundamental and second harmonic standing Alfven waves are observed simultaneously on the same field line. The periods are consistent with model predictions when the measured plasma composition, which by mass consists mainly of singly ionized oxygen, is taken into account.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; Nov. 197
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  • 152
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    The OI/1S/ state - Its quenching by O2 and formation by the dissociative recombination of vibrationally excited O2/+/ ions (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The rate coefficient for the quenching of metastable O(1S) atoms by O2 was measured as a function of temperature from 250 to 550 K. The resulting Arrhenius expression correlates well with previous laboratory work. It is suggested that the much larger value of the rate coefficient inferred from an analysis of artificial auroral experiment, Precede, may be explained by overestimation of the contribution of O(1S) production from O2(+) dissociative recombination. The possibility that O(1S) atoms are produced only by the dissociative recombination of vibrationally excited O2(+) ions is examined; such excited ions would not exist in the Precede experiment because of the rapid cooling of the ions by resonant charge transfer processes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; Nov. 197
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    Solar activity and total atmospheric ozone (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Analyses are presented of the association between two parameters of solar activity (Lyman-alpha and 10.7 cm flux) and global total ozone as determined from Nimbus observations for the period April-December 1970 (IRIS observations), and April 1970-April 1972 (BUV observations); and between Lyman-alpha and global total ozone as observed at ground stations and the ozone concentration in the lower and middle stratosphere in the subtropics for the period 1969-1972. It is shown that the high correlations discussed in other published studies between these solar paramters and nine months of IRIS data resulted from the use of a very limited, seasonally unfiltered data set.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; Nov. 197
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  • 154
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    The concentration of atomic oxygen in the auroral lower thermosphere (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A method is described to determine the concentration of atomic oxygen in the altitude range 100 to 160 km in an aurora from the ratio of the volume emission rates of the O(1S) 5577 A to N2(+) in 3914 A emissions. Applying the technique to previously published measurements it is found that the O density at 100 km is typically about 1 x 10 to the 11th per cu cm. The occurrence of densities in excess of 2 x 10 to the 11th per cu cm in the aurora at 100 km is rare.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; Nov. 197
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  • 155
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    Latitudinal distribution of the sources of carbon monoxide in the troposphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A vertically and zonally averaged model of the troposphere has been constructed which calculates photochemical interactions and diffusive North-South transport of trace species. The model can be used to calculate the latitudinal distribution of the source function of a species if its concentration distribution is known. This procedure has been applied to carbon monoxide and large sources have been found outside the industrialized belt in the Northern Hemisphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; Nov. 197
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  • 156
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    Actinometric measurements and theoretical calculations of j/O3/, the rate of photolysis of ozone to O/1D/ (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper presents an experimental technique which measures j/O3-O(1-D)/, the rate of solar photolysis of ozone to singlet oxygen atoms. It is shown that a flow actinometer carries dilute O3 in N2O into direct sunlight where the O(1D) formed reacts with N2O to form NO which chemiluminescence detects, with a time resolution of about one minute. Measurements indicate a photolysis rate of 1.2 (+ or - .2) x 10 to the -5/s for a cloudless sky, 45 deg zenith angle, 0.345 cm ozone column and zero albedo. Finally, ground level results compare with theoretical calculations based on the UV actinic flux as a function of ozone column and solar zenith angle.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; Nov. 197
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  • 157
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    Relationships between auroral particle distributions and magnetic field perturbations associated with field-aligned currents (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 1
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  • 158
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    Fluctuations of inverted V electron fluxes (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Fluctuations of low-energy electron fluxes during an inverted V event on Nov. 5, 1975 were detected by fixed-energy electrostatic analyzers used in the LEE (low-energy electron) experiment onboard the AE-D satellite. The flux fluctuations were observed at energies of 0.78, 1.38, and 2.62 keV, when these energies were below that of the monoenergetic beam. This suggests that the fluctuations might occur over a wide range of energies. The fluctuations were confined within a pitch angle of 15 degrees, the amplitude increasing with decreasing pitch angle. The oscillation frequencies centered around 1.75 Hz. Fluctuations at two energies were generally correlated. The heating of secondary electrons, deduced from an analysis of the distribution function, is attributed to anomalous heating by electron plasma wave turbulence, whose intensity was modulated by a low-frequency wave. The results are consistent with a model, according to which auroral precipitating electron beams enhance the anomalous resistivity at the topside ionosphere through parametric instabilities.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 1
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    A parametric study of electron multiharmonic instabilities in the magnetosphere (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This paper presents numerical calculations of spatial growth rates of multiharmonic electron-cyclotron instabilities driven by a loss-cone energetic distribution, in the presence of colder electrons. When the cold electron density is comparable to the hot, nonconvective instability is possible in harmonic bands below or including the cold upper-hybrid frequency. When the cold electron density is larger than the hot, nonconvective instability is possible only in that band containing the cold upper-hybrid frequency. Increasing the cold electron temperature in relation to the hot eventually removes all nonconvective behavior. Convective instability is still possible above the cold upper-hybrid frequency.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 1
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  • 160
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    Auroral kilometric radiation - Time-averaged source location (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In the present paper, the location of the average generation region of auroral kilometric radiation is determined from an analysis of average electric field strengths as a function of spacecraft position in narrow frequency bands centered at 178, 100, and 56.2 kHz. Intense sources of power radiating at kilometric wavelengths are found near 65 degrees invariant latitude in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, from 22 to 24 hours MLT, and between 2 and 4 earth radii. These dominant sources of power produce the electromagnetic radiation described by Kurth et al. (1975) as auroral kilometric radiation. Each Northern and Southern Hemisphere auroral kilometric radiation source is well confined and emits radiation into solid angles of about 4.1 sr at 178 kHz, 2.2 sr at 100 kHz, and 1.5 sr at 56.2 kHz.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 1
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  • 161
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    Sunlit cleft and polar cap ionospheric currents determined from rocket-borne magnetic field, plasma, and electric field observations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 1
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  • 162
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    Measurements of plasma flow at the dawn magnetopause by Voyager 1 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Measurements are presented showing strong tailward flow of ions along the dawn magnetopause as the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed the earth's magnetosphere boundary following launch on September 5, 1977. With one exception all of the observed flows occur outside the magnetopause. The particle flux measurements at energies of at least about 30 keV, together with the observed magnetic-field signatures of the boundary crossing, are consistent with a minimum tailward ion energy flow of about (2-7) x 10 to the 17th erg/s at the time of observation. High-time-resolution particle data indicate that the ion flow can vary on a time scale of about 400 ms. These results, together with recent results from several other spacecraft, show conclusively that a source of energetic particles exists sunward of the dawn-dusk meridian
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 1
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  • 163
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    ISEE 1 and 2 particle observations of outer plasma sheet boundary (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations of particle structures by a medium-energy particle experiment on the ISEE 1 and 2 spacecraft at a distance of about 20 earth radii in the geomagnetic tail are presented. Comparison of these data with plasma data indicates the existence of a layer of energetic electrons and ions just outside the plasma sheet. The region outside the plasma sheet in the high-latitude lobe is permeated with low-intensity low-energy (about 1.5 KeV) ions. These particle structures have velocities of a few kilometers per second to at least about 60 km/s. Large-scale motions are observed with onset and recovery of substorms. The dimensions of the particle structures are estimated to range from about 200 to 10,000 km at 20 earth radii. The particle structures are dependent upon the energy as well as the species of the particles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 1
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  • 164
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    Distribution of energetic positive ion species above a diffuse midnight aurora (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The present paper deals with species-identifying distribution function measurements of auroral primary particles, made during a magnetically quiet presubstorm period above a hydrogen-associated diffuse aurora. Only ions identified as H(+) and He(++) were detected. In the mass spectrum data, the He(++) was not clearly above background. At energies between 2.5 and 12 keV, the He(++)/H(+) intensity ratio had an upper limit of 2 to 4 percent. The same upper limit applies to all other ions, such as He(+) and O(+). Though this would suggest a solar wind source for these ions, an admixture including an appreciable fraction of polar wind protons is not precluded. This situation contrasts sharply with a number of recently reported observations of large intensities of precipitating O(+) ions during magnetic storms, and may be characteristic of undisturbed periods.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 1
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  • 165
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    An equipotential model for auroral arcs - The theory of two-dimensional laminar electrostatic shocks (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The two-dimensional current-driven shock theory of Swift (1976) is reformulated in a way that removes previous restrictions on the shock thickness in relation to an ion gyrodiameter and also makes it possible to include effects of finite gyrational energy of the ions. The theory is applied to a shock model consisting of cold streaming electrons of magnetospheric origin and streaming ions of ionospheric origin, and it is shown that shock widths will be slightly less than the gyrodiameter of an ion whose energy is equal to the maximum potential difference across the shock. It is also shown that ions in passing through the shock may gain gyrational energy on the order of 10% of the parallel and the E x B energy gain. The theory also requires that the electron beam flux be largest on field lines where the precipitating electron experiences the largest energy gain.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 1
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  • 166
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    A unified kinetic model of the tangential magnetopause structure (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In the self-consistent model of the tangential magnetopause, formulated in the present paper on the basis of the Vlasov-Maxwell equations, the plasmas on both sides are magnetized and the magnetic field is everywhere parallel to the magnetopause (i.e., the normal field component is zero) and rotates through an arbitrary angle across the magnetopause. It is shown that the thickness of the magnetopause is greater than the gyroradius of the plasma ions. The presence of a trapped particle population within the magnetopause is shown to be required to allow the magnetic field to rotate more than a certain critical angle (-90 degrees). The model proposed can reproduce the observed features of the tangential magnetopause structure by specifying boundary conditions on both sides of the magnetopause.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 1
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  • 167
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    HF-induced parametric decay in presence of field-aligned irregularities (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A nonlinear theory for the saturation of the HF-induced parametric decay instability is formulated in terms of the normal modes of a field-aligned plasma wave duct. Coupling coefficients between modes are derived, and a saturation spectrum is computed numerically for a typical irregularity. The computed spectrum shows that unstable waves may propagate at larger angles to the magnetic field than would be the case in a regular medium. The relevance of this work to the experiment of Muldrew and Showen (1977), concerning the height of the HF-induced plasma line at Arecibo, is discussed. A possible explanation is also found for the 'decay line' feature in comparison with the 'broad bump' in the observed backscatter spectrum.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 1
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  • 168
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    Evolution of ion cyclotron instability in the plasma convection system of the magnetosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In the present paper, Liouville's theorem is used in combination with approximate, but extremely accurate, expressions which reflect the invariance of the magnetic moment and the longitudinal invariant to determine analytically the evolution of an adiabatically convecting energetic particle distribution. Features of the convecting distribution, reproduced by this model, include positive pitch angle anisotropy, regions in velocity space where the nonmonotonic perpendicular energy distribution is greater than zero, and the energy dependence of the degree of particle injection. The energy dependence of the injection yields upper and lower cutoffs to the distribution within the plasmasphere, and only an upper cutoff outside. This approach is used to study the evolution of ion cyclotron waves in a convecting particle distribution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 1
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  • 169
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    A comparison between radio meteor and airglow winds (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A comparison between the winds near an altitude of 97 kilometers has been made from observations of the 17,924-K (5577-A) O I emission line at Fritz Peak Observatory (39.8 deg N, 195.5 deg W) and with a meteor radar facility at Atlanta (34 deg N, 84 deg W), from August 1974 to November 1975. Since the optical emission measurements are made only at night, the nighttime meteor radar measurements have been used, weighted by an airglow emission-rate profile. The results show general agreement in both the zonal and meridional wind vectors, but with the variations in the amplitude of the meridional winds at the northernmost station (Fritz Peak Observatory) larger than those at Atlanta. This is a result of the smoothing inherent in producing the meteor winds.
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  • 170
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    Drift boundary approximations in simple magnetospheric convection models (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper analyzes features of particle behavior in magnetospheric convection using simple analytic forms for the electrostatic potential. It is shown that analytic approximations for the shape and position of surfaces delimiting closed and open particle orbits can be derived. These approximations are good for any pitch angle and at most energies. They break down only for the medium-energy protons that are predicted by such models to penetrate far inside the plasmapause. The derived expressions allow rapid tests of a variety of electric field models when analyzing particle data, and this is illustrated by intercomparing field models with several observations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Oct. 1
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  • 171
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    Plagiogranites as late-stage immiscible liquids in ophiolite and mid-ocean ridge suites - An experimental study (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A study of relationships between basic and acidic rocks was made by fractionating primitive basalt at low pressure anhydrous conditions at various fugacities. Fractionally crystallized basalt became increasingly enriched in iron which became silicate liquid immiscible, producing Fe-enriched basaltic and granitic liquids. The latter is similar to plagiogranites found in mid-oceanic rift (MOR) regions, showing that silicate liquid immiscibility could be the petrogenic process which produces plagiogranites in some MOR regions and ophiolites. The major problem in considering plagiogranites as products of silicate liquid immiscibility is absence of any description of the Fe-enriched conjugate liquid in the ophiolite or MOR literature, and the identification of this magma is essential for a definite case of silicate liquid immiscibility.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 45; 1, Oc; Oct. 197
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  • 172
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    NASA plan for international crustal dynamics studies (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The international activities being planned as part of the NASA geodynamics program are described. Methods of studying the Earth's crustal movements and deformation characteristics are discussed. The significance of the eventual formalations of earthquake predictions methods is also discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-82214
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  • 173
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    Sulfur Isotropic Studies of Archean Slate and Graywacke from Northern Minnesota: Evidence for the Existence of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Sulfur isotopic studies of pyrite from metasediments in the 2.6 b.y. old Deer Lake greenstone sequence, Minnesota, were conducted in order to evaluate the possible importance of sulfate reducing bacteria in sulfide formation. Pyrite occurs as ovules up to 2 cm in diameter within graphitic slates, and as fine disseminations in metagraywacke units. SEM studies indicate the pyrite is framboidal in morphology. Delta notation values of pyrite from the Deer Lake sediments range from -2.3 to 11.1 0/00, with a peak at approximately +2 o/oo. Isotopic data is consistent with either high temperature inorganic reduction of circulating seawater sulfate, or low temperature bacterial reduction. However, the lack of sulfide bands or massive occurrences in the sediments, the restriction of pyrite mineralization to the sediments, and the absence of evidence for hot spring activity suggest that a diagenetic origin of pyrite is more feasible. Sulfide in such an environment would be produced principally by the action of sulfate reducing bacteria.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-163286
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  • 174
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    System for near real-time crustal deformation monitoring (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A system is described for use in detecting earth crustal deformation using an RF interferometer technique for such purposes as earthquake predictive research and eventual operational predictions. A lunar based RF transmission or transmissions from earth orbiting satellites are received at two locations on Earth, and a precise time dependent phase measurement is made of the RF signal as received at the two locations to determine two or three spatial parameters of the antenna relative positions. The received data are precisely time tagged and land-line routed to a central station for real-time phase comparison and analysis. By monitoring the antenna relative positions over an extended period of months or years, crustal deformation of the Earth can be detected.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 175
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    Substorm warnings - An ISEE-3 real time data system (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The use of solar wind measurements made by ISEE-3 in its halo orbit around the L1 libration point to predict the onsets of magnetospheric substorms and geomagnetic storms is discussed. Consideration is given to the limitations on the predictive ability of the satellite measurements set by the bulk solar wind velocity, the elliptical orbit of the satellite and the correlation lengths of the magnetic field and the solar wind plasma. The ISEE-3 real-time data system is presented, with attention given to the ground receiving stations, the NASCOM communications system, the Multisatellite Operations Control Center and Information Processing Division at the Goddard Space Flight Center, the link between Goddard and the NOAA Space Environmental Services Center, and the NOAA Space Environment Laboratory data acquisition and display data system, which includes displays allowing storm forecasts. It is noted that the entire system should be operational by March, 1980.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: EOS; 60; 41, 1; 1979
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  • 176
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    Possible generation mechanisms of low-frequency waves /less than about 50 Hz/ with application to the bow shock plasma (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Generation mechanisms of waves observed at the earth's bow shock or in its vicinity within the frequency range extending up to about 50 Hz are reviewed. Observations and theories regarding waves in the solar wind upstream of the bow shock (both low-frequency 0.01-0.05 Hz and high-frequency 0.5-4 Hz waves), waves in the bow shock itself and magnetosheath waves arising from processes of generation or amplification in the bow shock are considered. Hydromagnetic, ion-acoustic and whistler type waves are discussed.
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  • 177
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    Circumpolar measurements of ozone, particles, and carbon monoxide from a commercial airliner (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Trace constituent data are presented from the unique flight of an airliner around the world over both poles. Relatively high resolution and simultaneous measurements of ozone, carbon monoxide, light-scattering particles, condensation nuclei, and meteorological parameters were obtained. The mutual variations of the data in the polar stratospheres, and in the tropical upper troposphere, are discussed in their meteorological setting. The data from the Arctic lower stratosphere are consistent with a tropospheric source of condensation nuclei, but not of carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide mixing ratios in the Antarctic stratosphere averaged 44 ppbv. In the tropical troposphere they averaged 66 ppbv over the Pacific versus 89 ppbv over Africa. A local area of higher concentration (115 ppbv) was encountered over tropical Africa; its possible relation to carbon monoxide production by vegetation and deep convection is discussed. Evidence was found in the tropical upper troposphere of distinct boundaries between air masses of different temperature, ozone content, and particle content.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 20
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  • 178
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    Bouncing ion clusters in the earth's magnetosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Mirroring clusters of ions have been observed by the UCSD auroral particles experiment on ATS 6. The dayside clusters are confined to the equatorial region, while the nightside events are low pitch angle and presumably associated with auroral processes. The bounce period of the clusters allows determination of the ion mass, and heavy ions have been observed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 1
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  • 179
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    The latitudinal structure of Pc 5 waves in space - Magnetic and electric field observations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The occurrence frequency and spatial structure of Pc 5 magnetic pulsations in the dawnside of the plasma trough have been studied using data from the Ogo 5 satellite. The wave magnetic fields were obtained from the University of California, Los Angeles, flux-gate magnetometer measurements, and one component of the wave electric field was inferred from oscillations of the ion flux measured by the Lockheed light ion mass spectrometer. During portions of seven of the 19 passes comprising the survey, Pc 5 oscillations were observed in the ion flux but not in the magnetic field, and in each case the satellite was within 10 deg of the geomagnetic equator. Above 10 deg latitude, transverse magnetic and electric oscillations were both observed. The results are consistent with the model of a standing Alfven wave along a resonant field line with the geomagnetic equator as a node of the magnetic perturbation, that is, an odd mode.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 1
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  • 180
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    Observations of warm plasma in the dayside plasma trough at geosynchronous orbit (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Positive ions in the energy range E = 3-50 eV have been measured on the dayside at geosynchronous orbit with the University of California at San Diego auroral particles experiment on ATS 6. It is found that the near-equatorial plasma trough contains a warm plasma component with a relatively stable temperature 11 eV and a low 'isotropic component' of density typically in the range 0.1-0.4 ion/cc. The pitch angle distributions of these warm ions are typically field-aligned, indicating an ionospheric origin, and have pitch angle half widths in the range 20-40 deg. Pancake and conical distributions are also observed. Abrupt enhancements of the plasma density to 1-10 ions/cc, or more, are seen in the late afternoon and last from several minutes to a few hours.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 1
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  • 181
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    Plasma wave turbulence at the magnetopause - Observations from ISEE 1 and 2 (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An investigation of plasma wave electric and magnetic fields in the vicinity of the magnetopause using measurements from the ISEE 1 and 2 spacecraft is presented. Strong electric and magnetic field turbulence is often observed at the magnetopause; the electric field spectrum of this turbulence extends from less than a few hertz to over 100 kHz, and the magnetic field from a few hertz to about 1 kHz. Similar turbulence spectra are observed in association with flux transfer events and possible 'inclusions' of boundary layer plasma in the magnetosphere. Two possible plasma instabilities, the electrostatic ion-cyclotron and the lower-hybrid-drift instability, should explain the broad-band electric field turbulence; the narrow-band electrostatic emissions near the local electron plasma frequency are believed to be plasma oscillations or electrostatic waves near the upper-hybrid-resonance frequency.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 1
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  • 182
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    Observational and theoretical evidence in support of a significant in-situ photochemical source of tropospheric ozone (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The latitudinal and seasonal variation of ozone in the troposphere is discussed. Of particular interest is the asymmetrical behavior of this gas with respect to the two hemispheres. These asymmetries, when coupled with a diagnostic photochemical model of the troposphere, lends support to the view that ozone cannot be viewed as an inert tracer of stratospheric origin. In the calculations it is noted that it is likely that the budgets of carbon monoxide and tropospheric ozone may be quite dependent on each other and the calculations are discussed in light of the uncertainty which currently exists about representative global tropospheric background concentrations of the nitrogen oxides. In addition, the seasonal variation of excess (C-14)O2 (a stratospheric tracer) is examined and compared with the seasonal ozone variation during the same period of observations at the same location and altitudes. The distinct maxima for ozone found during the summer in the lower troposphere are not present for the (C-14)O2 data. This finding likewise suggests that photochemical processes taking place in the troposphere are an important source term for tropospheric ozone.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Tellus; 13; Oct. 197
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  • 183
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    Airglow events visible to the naked eye (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: During IR photographic airglow observations covering several years, three naked-eye events have been recorded. Two of these are moving luminous acoustic-gravity-wave groups of some 10-15-km wavelength, which occur near high lunar tide in the atmosphere. The events appear quickly, endure 0.5-1 h, then fade. Visible photos of two events appear enhanced, while little enhancement is present in the IR photos, although the structures are well correlated. If these events are due to OH, it is suggested that some unrecognized mechanism, perhaps a gravity wave interaction, enhances the visible transitions of the OH over the IR transitions. If the events are due to an unrecognized continuum emitter, perhaps NO, its emission must occur at the same height as the OH. Spectra seem to be the only reasonable approach to solving this problem.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Oct. 15
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  • 184
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    Trigger, an active release experiment that stimulated auroral particle precipitation and wave emissions (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The experiment design, including a description of the diagnostic and chemical release payload, and the general results are given for an auroral process simulation experiment. A drastic increase of the field aligned charged particle flux was observed over the approximate energy range 10 eV to more than 300 keV, starting about 150 ms after the release and lasting about one second. The is evidence of a second particle burst, starting one second after the release and lasting for tens of seconds, and evidence for a periodic train of particle bursts occurring with a 7.7 second period from 40 to 130 seconds after the release. A transient electric field pulse of 200 mv/m appeared just before the particle flux increase started. Electrostatic wave emissions around 2 kHz, as well as a delayed perturbation of the E-region below the plasma cloud were also observed. Some of the particle observations are interpreted in terms of field aligned electrostatic acceleration a few hundred kilometers above the injected plasma cloud. It is suggested that the acceleration electric field was created by an instability driven by field aligned currents originating in the plasma cloud.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-163255 , UIO-SR-79-02
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  • 185
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    Hotspots and the evolution of the mantle (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Trace element patterns show that continental and ocean island basalts are complementary to mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). The relative sizes of the two source regions can be estimated from enrichment/depletion patterns. Their combined volume, computed from estimates of whole mantle abundances, occupies the entire upper mantle. The source regions appear to be the result of an early differentiation of the mantle. The MORB source evolved from the melt fraction which lost its late stage enriched fluids to the overlying plume source. The MORB source is primarily garnet and clinopyroxene, consistent with it being an eclogite cumulate.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-162906 , CONTRIB-3432
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  • 186
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    Atmospheric water vapor absorption at 12 CO2 laser frequencies (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Measurements of the absorption of CO2 laser radiation in the 9.4 micron band by pressure broadened water vapor samples are summarized. The water vapor temperatures used were 25, 30, and 35 C.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-162850 , REPT-711934-1
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  • 187
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    Processing of multispectral thermal IR data for geologic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Multispectral thermal IR data were acquired with a 24-channel scanner flown in an aircraft over the E. Tintic Utah mining district. These digital image data required extensive computer processing in order to put the information into a format useful for a geologic photointerpreter. Simple enhancement procedures were not sufficient to reveal the total information content because the data were highly correlated in all channels. The data were shown to be dominated by temperature variations across the scene, while the much more subtle spectral variations between the different rock types were of interest. The image processing techniques employed to analyze these data are described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-162682 , JPL-PUB-79-89
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    Potential utilization of the NASA/George C. Marshall Space Flight Center in earthquake engineering research (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Earthquake engineering research capabilities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) facilities at George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Alabama, were evaluated. The results indicate that the NASA/MSFC facilities and supporting capabilities offer unique opportunities for conducting earthquake engineering research. Specific features that are particularly attractive for large scale static and dynamic testing of natural and man-made structures include the following: large physical dimensions of buildings and test bays; high loading capacity; wide range and large number of test equipment and instrumentation devices; multichannel data acquisition and processing systems; technical expertise for conducting large-scale static and dynamic testing; sophisticated techniques for systems dynamics analysis, simulation, and control; and capability for managing large-size and technologically complex programs. Potential uses of the facilities for near and long term test programs to supplement current earthquake research activities are suggested.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-161371
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  • 189
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    A perturbative treatment of aerosol scattering of infrared radiation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Calculations of long-wave atmospheric heating and cooling rates using the rate equations of Rodgers and Walshaw (1966) with the Malkmus (1967) random band model are presented. A perturbation scheme is developed for the inclusion of aerosol scattering effects in the numerical calculation. Unlike the flux differencing method for calculating long-wave heating and cooling rates, this scheme allows aerosol effects to be included in a simple manner with only a small additional use of computer time. The calculations indicate good agreement with those of previous investigators and demonstrate the expected equivalence of the flux-differencing method and the flux-divergence equation of Rodgers and Walshaw (1966), even at stratospheric altitudes. It is found that aerosols lead to a net heating in the lower troposphere due to infrared scattering and absorption.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Oct. 197
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  • 190
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    Auroral magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling: A brief topical review (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Auroral arcs result from the acceleration and precipitation of magnetospheric plasma in narrow regions characterized by strong electric fields both perpendicular and parallel to the Earth's magnetic field. The various mechanisms proposed for the origin of such strong electric fields include electrostatic double layers, double reverse shocks, anomalous resistivity, magnetic mirroring of hot plasma, mapping of the magnetospheric convection electric field through an auroral discontinuity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 494-512
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  • 191
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    A real-time ISEE data system (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A real time International Sun Earth Explorer (ISEE) data system directed toward the prediction of geomagnetic substorms and storms is discussed in detail. Such a system may allow up to 60 minutes or more, advance warning of magnetospheric substorms and up to 30 minute warnings of geomagnetic storms induced by high speed streams and solar flares. The proposed system utilizes existing capabilities of several agencies thereby minimizing costs.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 464-475
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  • 192
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    Review of selected geomagnetic activity indices (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Magnetic activity indexes are reviewed. Classifications of magnetograms from single observatories and the global range of potential associated with the equivalent currents which could have produced the variations monitored at a large array of recording sides are addressed. Principal magnetic activity indexes discussed include: the auroral electrojet index and its associated indexes (AU, AL and AO) useful for auroral zone studies; the Kp, ap, aa and am indexes which are measures of midlatitude geomagnetic activity; and the Dst index of magnetic activity recorded at low latitudes. It is concluded that geomagnetic activity indexes are useful in studies of the interaction between solar activity, the interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind, the magnetosphere, ring current, field aligned currents, and ionospheric currents.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 385-398
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  • 193
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    On the prediction of magnetospheric configuration (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A simple model of magnetic flux transfer is reviewed along with empirical expressions for flux transfer rates based upon the auroral AL index and the eastward component of the interplanetary electric field. It is shown that the magnitude of the time integral of the AL index over isolated intervals of geomagnetic disturbance can be predicted from the the observed flux of southward interplanetary magnetic field lines incident on the front of the magnetosphere. Difficulties in the quantitative prediction of substorm onset time and intensity are discussed and magnetospheric stress index on both solar wind and ground based observations is proposed for this purpose. Finally, caveats concerning the use of both the AL index and interplanetary medium data in predicting the response of the magnetosphere to solar wind conditions are considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 365-374
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  • 194
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    Investigations on the hierarchy of reference frames in geodesy and geodynamics (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Problems related to reference directions were investigated. Space and time variant angular parameters are illustrated in hierarchic structures or towers. Using least squares techniques, model towers of triads are presented which allow the formation of linear observation equations. Translational and rotational degrees of freedom (origin and orientation) are discussed along with and the notion of length and scale degrees of freedom. According to the notion of scale parallelism, scale factors with respect to a unit length are given. Three-dimensional geodesy was constructed from the set of three base vectors (gravity, earth-rotation and the ecliptic normal vector). Space and time variations are given with respect to a polar and singular value decomposition or in terms of changes in translation, rotation, deformation (shear, dilatation or angular and scale distortions).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-162499 , REPT-289
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 195
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    An asymptotic expansion approach to the inverse radiative transfer problem (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An iterative technique which recovers density profiles in a nonhomogeneous absorbing atmosphere is derived. The technique is based on the concept of factoring a function of the density profile into the product of a known term and a term which is not known, but whose power series expansion can be found. This series converges rapidly under a wide range of conditions. A demonstration example of simulated data from a high resolution infrared heterodyne instrument is inverted. For the examples studied, the technique is shown to be capable of extracting features of ozone profiles in the troposphere and to be particularly stable.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TP-1587 , L-13165
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  • 196
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    Electromagnetic structure of the magnetopause and boundary layer (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: After a review of the properties and predictions of the closed and open models of the magnetopause, OGO-5 magnetometer data are used to illustrate various observed signatures of the magnetopause current layer and the adjacent plasma boundary layer. Among the topics touched upon are: fluctuations, diamagnetic effects, and field aligned currents in the boundary layer; one dimensionality of the magnetopause; presence and absence of a magnetic field component perpendicular to the magnetopause; finite ion gyroradius effects. A brief summary is given of existing Vlasov theory for the description of tangential, rotational, and contact discontinuities. Special attention is paid to the tangential momentum balance and the jump conditions at a rotational discontinuity. Low frequency fluctuations are discussed with emphasis on the signatures of the tearing mode.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA Magnetospheric Boundary Layers; p 401-410
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  • 197
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    Impulsive penetration and viscous interaction (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: How the magnetosheath plasma enters the entry layer and low latitude boundary layers, with the particle energy spectra almost unchanged is investigated. It was proposed by Lemaire that this is accomplished by impulsive penetration of plasma clouds of plasmoids. Once inside the magnetosphere, a plasmoid with its own momentum will polarize, to create its own electric field for continued motion. This voltage generator charges up the sides of the boundary layers, in the process creating the internal magnetospheric electric field. The entry layer particles will gradient and curvature drift, constituting still another generator, a current generator, to power magnetospheric plasma processes. This may be the explanation for the viscous interaction first proposed by Axford and Hines.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA Magnetospheric Boundary Layers; p 375-380
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  • 198
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    Magnetopause Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability as it applies to the dayside magnetopause is reviewed. Simple theory suggests the boundary should generally be unstable to waves moving at a large angle to the Earth's field. Nonlinear effects, how amplitudes might be limited, and what dynamic role the instability could have in boundary regions in stimulating mass and momentum transfer are discussed. Examination of data from a particular ISEE spacecraft pass shows relatively small amplitude (750 km) waves present on the boundary. Corresponding wavelength estimates show wave momentum is not significant at the time of the pass.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA Magnetospheric Boundary Layers; p 357-364
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  • 199
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    Rates of mass, momentum, and energy transfer at the magnetopause (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Empirical estimates of the global rates of transfer of solar wind mass, tangential momentum, and energy at the Earth's magnetopause are presented for comparison against model estimates based on the four principal mechanisms that have been proposed to explain such transfer. The comparisons, although not quite conclusive, strongly favor a model that incorporates some combination of direct magnetic connection and anomalous cross field diffusion. An additional global constraint, the rate at which magnetic flux is cycled through the magnetospheric convection system, strongly suggests that direct magnetic connection plays a significant if not dominant role in the solar wind/magnetosphere interaction.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA Magnetospheric Boundary Layers; p 325-332
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  • 200
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    Ionospheric convection at high latitudes (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The characteristics of the high latitude ionospheric convection pattern that results from the transmission of electric fields from the magnetosphere was examined by gathering data from ground based and in situ measurements. The Atmosphere Explorer C satellite measurements of the motion of the high latitude ionosphere show that the dayside and nightside convection patterns are influenced by the interplanetary magnetic field and that the relationships between the energetic particle precipitation and the convection reversal boundaries are very complex. The existence of a magnetospheric boundary layer is consistent with the satellite observations, but its relationship to open and closed field lines cannot be determined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA Magnetospheric Boundary Layers; p 175-181
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