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  • Chemistry  (38,641)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (5,390)
  • 1975-1979  (29,418)
  • 1950-1954  (9,223)
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  • 101
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 102
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 609-615 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sparse linear systems in bordered block-triangular form can be efficiently solved by block-triangular splitting, a new technique that provides a drastic reduction in the fill-in (loss of sparsity) that occurs in the direct solution of such systems. This technique is applicable in the iterative solution of the large systems of nonlinear equations that arise in the equation oriented approach to process simulation and design calculations.
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  • 103
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical and experimental investigation of a water jet impinging on a melting solid surface has been carried out. Ice, octane, p-xylene, and olive oil served as the meltable solid materials, comprising a Prandtl number range of 5 to 2 800. An available laminar stagnation flow model was utilized to describe melting heat transfer in the jet impingement region. Melting rate measurements were found to agree quite well with the values predicted with this model.
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  • 104
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 653-663 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new correlation has been developed for the densities of saturated liquids and their mixtures. The correlation is relatively easy to use and is applicable to a wide variety of liquids. The saturated liquid density correlation is flexible and consistent and requires only reduced temperature, acentric factor, and a characteristic volume for each pure compound. Mixing rules are given. When tested against a data base of 2 657 points of pure compound liquid density data for 97 hydrocarbons and 1 851 points for 103 other compounds, the new correlation gave an average absolute error of 0.37% compared to 2.14% for the Yen-Woods correlation and 0.50% for the SDR equation as modified by Spencer and Danner. For 2 994 points of liquid mixture density data for 167 mixtures, the new correlation gave an average absolute error of 1.40% compared to 5.64% for the Yen-Woods correlation and 2.95% for the SDR equation. Characteristic volumes are listed for 200 compounds; they are generalized as functions of acentric factor for various types of compounds and are compared to critical volumes.
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  • 105
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 686-697 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper considers the transfer of mass or heat between a fluid and a small amplitude solid wavy surface. A periodic variation of the transfer rate can occur because of wave induced variations of the normal convective flow and of the properties of the turbulence. Solutions of the mass balance equations are presented for the laminar flow at a large Schmidt number or Prandtl number and for turbulent flow at large and small wave numbers. For turbulent flows at intermediate wave numbers, the prediction is limited by inadequacies of present theories that model the wave induced variation in the turbulent diffusion of heat or mass. In order to provide guidance for this modeling, new measurements on the variation of the mass transfer rate along a solid wavy surface are presented for a Schmidt number of 729. An analogy between momentum and mass transfer is explored as a means for evaluating the turbulent diffusion terms.The amplitude of the function describing the mass transfer variation is found to decrease with decreasing wave number and the phase to increase with decreasing wave number. The phase angle and the amplitude of the variation in the mass transfer rate relative to the average mass transfer rate are insensitive to changes in Schmidt number or Prandtl number. For turbulent flows, the phase change can be large enough that the maximum in the mass transfer rate can exist somewhere in the trough of the wave. This result is of considerable significance in interpreting wavelike dissolution patterns.
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  • 106
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 723-725 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 107
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 730-732 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 108
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 109
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 763-773 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical and experimental analysis of self-inducting turbo aerator performance was carried out based on the theory of water jet injector operation. It was shown that the aerator's injection coefficient is completely determined by only two dimensionless groups, CH and EuG, between which there is a single valued dependence on whose basis generalization of experimental data is possible. An analytical expression for the optimality criterion or aerator performance index, accounting for aerator gas capacity, power consumption, and submergence, has been obtained in terms of CH and EuG with only one adjustable parameter. From the above two dependencies, a methodology was developed for determining optimal operating conditions, by means of which all the data necessary for the optimal design can be obtained from the results of bench scale experiment.
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  • 110
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 793-800 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rates of absorption of pure carbon dioxide into aqueous monoethanolamine solutions with a surface active agent were measured at 15°, 25°, 35°, and 45°C in a liquid jet column and a wetted wall column. Experimental results were analyzed with the chemical absorption theory based on the penetration model. Physical solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous monoethanolamine solutions was determined from the absorption rates measured in a near pseudo first-order reaction regime and was shown to be considerably larger than the physical solubility in water. The measured absorption rates were in good agreement with the theoretical predictions for gas absorption with an irreversible second-order reaction, when the variation of the physical solubility of carbon dioxide due to the change in the composition of the solution during the absorption process was taken into account.
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  • 111
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 725-730 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 112
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 733-733 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 113
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 734-735 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 114
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 781-793 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis of consecutive electrochemical reactions is presented with some emphasis on organic electrocatalytic sequences. The effect of potential and electrode kinetic parameters on reaction selectivity and on current and rate distribution is examined in two model electrochemical reactors with channel flow or with complete mixing. Results and some examples demonstrate that the electrolyte potential is the most significant parameter for selectivity control of complex series reactions in electrochemical processing or energy generation. Criteria developed for selectivity and current or rate variation provide the basis for the design of electrochemical reactors and for optimal operation considerations with multiple electrode reactions. Such criteria and analyses apply to a number of working electrode configurations operating with ionic as well as molecular reactants.
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  • 115
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 811-819 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study has been conducted on the utilization of calcium silicates and the silica supported lime as regenerative sorbents for desulfurization of hot combustion gases. Except for γ-Ca2SiO4 and Ca3SiO5, all the calcium silicates and the silica supported calcium oxide are equally or more reactive than calcium oxide, and the regeneration rates of these sorbents are substantially higher than that of calcium oxide. There was no tendency of decaying of the reactivity after eight cycles of sorption and regeneration.
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  • 116
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 839-843 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Carbon dioxide and hydrogen will react over iron at 800° to 1 000°K and 1 bar pressure yielding water, carbon monoxide, methane, and carbon. In addition, iron oxides and carbides form during reaction. Phase diagrams are used to analyze this complex reaction system. Data are presented which suggest that the formation of magnetite (Fe3O4) or wustite (FexO) inhibits carbon formation. The water yield thus observed is limited by the time dependent iron-iron oxide-gas equilibrium. Preliminary data also suggest that the formation of carbides has little effect on water yield.
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  • 117
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 638-645 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An iteration technique has been developed to solve the equations of motion for flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid through a circular tube with a radius which varies sinusoidally in the axial direction. The iteration is essentially geometric; one proceeds from a solution for flow through a tube in which the wavelength of diameter change in the axial direction is arbitrarily large to a solution for the wavelength and amplitude of interest. Theoretical predictions of inception of secondary flow are in good agreement with experiments.
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  • 118
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 931-938 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An empirical correlation for calculating third virial coefficients of nonpolar gases is developed in agreement with the corresponding states theorem. This equation requires the use of a third parameter which can be estimated from molecular parameters. The method is reliable, even for systems where no experimental data are available. The extension to mixtures involves one interaction constant for all possible binary sets.
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  • 119
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 701-708 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An equation of state has been developed for convex nonspherical particles with nonpolar and multipolar forces. The effects of nonsphericity and multipolarity on phase behavior are characterized by a geometric shape parameter and an energy fluctuation parameter, respectively. The equation performs for real fluids better than the Van der Waals equation and as well as the Redlich-Kwong and Peng-Robinson equations.
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  • 120
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 697-701 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a previous paper, we have examined the variation of the mass transfer rate along a small amplitude wavy surface which is exchanging mass with a turbulently flowing fluid. We now use these results to show that a soluble flat surface is unstable in the presence of a turbulent flow. The wavelength of the most rapidly growing surface disturbance, made dimensionless with respect to the friction velocity and the kinematic viscosity, is found to be a very weak function of the Schmidt number. These results provide a possible explanation for wavelike dissolution patterns observed in caves and on the underside of river ice. The analysis predicts that deposition patterns should be quite different from dissolution patterns in that the most rapidly growing wave for deposition has a length of zero.
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  • 121
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 709-716 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 122
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 716-717 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 123
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 720-723 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 124
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 1025-1035 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The degree of radial dispersion of medium size particles (ηK 〈 dp 〈 lf) emanating from a point source, is measured photographically in the turbulent core of a fully developed vertical pipe flow of water. From the classical theoretical results of G. Taylor, it was then possible to calculate statistical parameters which characterize the turbulent particle motion. A comparison is made between a tracer and neutrally dense, buoyant and heavy particles. Results indicate that the effect of particle intertia is negligible, and that the crossing trajectories effect dominates the dispersion process. A “wake effect” causes a buoyant particle to disperse to a greater degree than an equivalent heavy particle. An exponential-cosine form of the Lagrangian autocorrelation coefficient provides a best fit for the dispersion data, although a purely exponential form is equally adequate for practical calculations.
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  • 125
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 1073-1077 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 126
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 1043-1057 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A multivariable, multidelay compensator, capable of handling general, linear time delay problems is derived in a form applicable both in continuous and discrete time. The controller developed is shown to have the same structure as the linear-quadratic optimal feedback controller for input delays and reduces to the Smith predictor (and the analytical predictor) for the special case of a single time delay. Some examples representative of engineering practice are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the controller.
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  • 127
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 1065-1072 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bead coating geometry is used in the continuous, high-speed coating of photographic and other films. However, bead coating suffers from instabilities occurring at maximum and minimum speeds which result in non-uniform films and unsatisfactory coating. This article describes an experimental study of these speeds for a range of flowrates, gaps, and viscosities. Results are compared with theory.
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  • 128
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 893-895 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 129
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 895-899 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 130
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 900-903 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study concerns the determination of stagnation point and minimum pressure point film thicknesses when a vertical flat plate is withdrawn from a reservoir containing non-Newtonian liquids. Upon consideration of three types of liquids, namely, Ellis, power law, and Bingham liquids, it has been found that stagnation point or minimum pressure point film thickness is a function of two parameters, one characterizing the liquid and the other representing parallel flow film thickness. It has also been shown that in the case of power law liquids, both the stagnation point and minimum pressure point exist, while in the case of Bingham liquids, the existence of one or both the points for a given nondimensional parallel flow film thickness depends upon the value of the Bingham number. Furthermore, it has been found that there may be situations when both the points can coincide; for example, in the case of Newtonian liquids, the two points coincide if the parallel flow film thickness is \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sqrt {2 - \sqrt 3 } $\end{document}.
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  • 131
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 132
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 948-958 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Secondary nucleation kinetics for potash alum in draft-tube baffled crystallizers have been determined from steady state crystal size distributions measured down to about 5 μm. Differences in nucleation rates were found for crystallizers of similar geometry but different capacity. Models relating the frequency of crystal/propeller collisions to crystallizer geometry and operating parameters were compared. In general, these successfully accounted for the observed differences in nucleation rates.
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  • 133
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 984-991 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is developed for a fluidized bed reactor with the dense phase region treated by conventional two-phase models. Conversion in the freeboard is obtained based on particle trajectories predicted from drag considerations. The model is applied to an industrial-scale catalytic cracking regenerator. It is shown that the freeboard region can have an important influence on the overall conversion in the unit.
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  • 134
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solubilities of ethane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide have been measured in propylene carbonate, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and tetramethylene sulfone (sulfolane); and in mixtures of these physical solvents with monoethanolamine and diglycolamine, in the range -10 to 100°C. Thermodynamically consistent equations are given for gas absorption with chemical reaction at equilibrium. Henry's law describes physical equilibrium between the acidic gas in the vapor phase and free acid solute in the liquid phase. Equilibrium constants describe chemical equilibria for the absorbed gas and the chemical solvent.Preliminary design calculations for sweetening natural gases by absorption with mixed solvents suggest that, under some circumstances, mixed-solvent absorption may be more economical than using conventional aqueous alkanolamine.
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  • 135
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 999-1006 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A phase-splitting algorithm is coupled with the Rand method to improve its efficiency and reliability when the phase distribution is unknown at equilibrium. The coupled algorithm works well to give phase-splits in the metastable region where most stability tests fail. Exhaustive tests show fine performance in the region near liquid-liquid phase envelopes for systems with at least one partially miscible binary pair.
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  • 136
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 1057-1064 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The overall heat transfer rates to stationary spheres of highly-polished molybdenum (2 to 5.6 mm in diameter) in a confined argon plasma jet were experimentally measured. The effects of large temperature differences and large variations of the fluid property on the heat transfer process are investigated. The sphere Reynolds number range between 10 and 80, and the sphere temperature between 1,200 K and 2,400 K, with temperature differences between the gas and the sphere in excess of 2,000 K. These conditions are within the range commonly encountered in industrial plasma processing. The experimental values of the heat transfer coefficients are in reasonably good agreement with the predictions of a theoretical analysis of variable-property flow and heat transfer previously reported by the authors.
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  • 137
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 1077-1080 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Calculations for the high Peclet number, entrance region (Lévêquelike) packed bed, mass transfer coefficient using a sinusoidal periodically constricted tube model for the void structure of the bed are presented. An inverse cube root dependence of the mass transfer coefficient on the bed depth is predicted. This length dependence is anticipated only at very low Reynolds numbers. Calculations which assume a mixing region between successive periods are also presented. No bed length dependence is anticipated in these coefficients.
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  • 138
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 41-47 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a Lagrangian frame of reference based on lamina (fluid filament) thickness and in a warped time scale based on a single, flow dependent quantity, mixing, diffusion, and reaction can be described in a relatively simple way. Applications are presented for stretch and fold in taffy pull, egg beater and static mixer, shear stretch, stretch of laminae in a vortex, mixing with diffusion, reaction rate controlled by diffusion of reactant through a product layer, and very fast reactions in a turbulent flow.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 32-41 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A constitutive equation has been developed to relate surface stresses to the deformational history of an interface. To verify the applicability of the equation to real surface films, experimental studies involving spread and adsorbed monolayers have been conducted using the deep-channel surface rheometer operated both under the conditions of oscillatory and constant floor motion. The results reported here are the first obtained using an oscillatory system.Experimental results indicate that both spread and adsorbed monolayers can exhibit viscoelastic behavior which may be represented by the model. Furthermore, it has been found that for three long chain, fatty acid films, spread on a pH 6.1 aqueous substrate, surface shear viscosity and surface elasticity increase with film pressure and molecular weight. The observed rheological behavior was found to be strongly pH dependent.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 65-80 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The chemical reactions and mass transfer processes occurring within a single coal particle during high temperature hydropyrolysis are described mathematically and the model is tested using extant experimental data. A significant feature of the model is the treatment of bulk flow due to the evolution of volatiles and the resulting balance between diffusion, bulk flow, and chemical reaction. Predictions of the variations in conversion due to changes in total pressure, hydrogen partial pressure, and particle size agree quantitatively with experimental data.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 80-87 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study enables the extension of a recent design procedure for perforated plate extraction columns to include operation under jetting conditions. Correlations of experimental data are given for jet length, jet contraction, drop size, and mass transfer rates in continuous phase controlled liquid-liquid systems. Systems exhibiting very low mass transfer rates were used, and this gave significantly different results from those obtained earlier with moderate rates of mass transfer.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 100-108 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper examines the effect of flow maldistribution on the predicted conversion and selectivity in a radial flow fixed-bed reactor. A simple model was developed to relate gas maldistribution to the catalyst bed to the conversion with first- and second-order reactions and to selectivity for first-order reactions in series and parallel. For the cases considered, the conversion debit due to maldistribution of the gas phase was as much as 11%. The model was extended to cover adiabatic conditions for simple first-order reactions. For an exothermic reaction, maldistributions can enhance conversion over that obtained with a uniformly distributed gas phase.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 289-297 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical methods employed recently in a theoretical study by Uppal et al. (1974) are applied to the second-order homogeneous reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrogen peroxide and are combined with experimental investigations of that reaction using a nonadiabatic continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). A complete portrayal of the expected behavior of that reaction system is presented in parameter space. Some new experimental studies of reactor instabilities are presented and linked to that portrayal. Close agreement is shown between theoretical predictions and experimental data.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 312-319 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Infinite dilution volatility data have been correlated for alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones, and sulfur containing hydrocarbon solutes in aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents over a wide temperature range using a temperature dependent energy parameter for the pure solute.When a polar solute molecule is surrounded entirely by nonpolar molecules, polar molecular interactions such as hydrogen bonding do not play an important role. Therefore, a single, pure solute parameter is sufficient for correlation.Calculated heats of solution at infinite dilution agree well with published calorimetric data.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 332-338 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen and carbon dioxide were absorbed by aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions in an agitated vessel, and the experimental results were interpreted in terms of the surface renewal theory in order to deduce effective interfacial areas. The simultaneous physical and chemical absorption experiments permitted a determination of the enhancement factor under identical physicochemical and hydrodynamic conditions. It was found that for the unbroken interface case, the effective areas for physical and chemical absorption are equal when the Danckwerts parameter γ is approximately unity. γ is defined as the ratio of the increase in absorption capacity of the liquid to the enhancement factor. For the case where the gas is sparged through the liquid, it was found that the effective interfacial area is a strong function of agitator speed (above a critical speed) and gas flow rate, whereas the mass transfer coefficient was found to be nearly independent of agitator speed and gas sparge rate.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 345-351 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Residence time distribution measurements in a twin screw extruder are compared with a model based on ideally mixed chambers. Special attention is given to the tail of the distribution. These measurements are compared with the residence time distributions in single screw extruders and an empty pipe.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 362-365 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 359-362 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 447-455 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of ethylene hydrogenation to ethane are studied in a 7.0 cm diameter fluidized packed-bed reactor. The fixed packing, 1.27 cm nickel on alumina catalyst, is used in conjunction with both -48/+100 mesh alumina and -50/+170 mesh glass inert fluidized particles. Reactant mixture is passed through the reactor at velocities sufficient to fluidize the inerts. Conversions from 0 to 91% are observed over the temperature range 56° to 261°C and flow rate range 10 to 800 cm3/s.The mass transfer coefficient and reaction rate constant are simultaneously evaluated from integral conversion data. The mass transfer coefficient between the interstitially fluidized bed and the catalyst surface is correlated in dimensionless form asNsh = 0.77 NRe0.418 NSc1/3The correlation is significant at the 95% confidence level that is, r = 0.59, p′ 〉 0.Predictions of conversion using both the mass transfer coefficient correlation and a Langmuir-Rideal reaction expression are in good agreement with experimental data. The effects of contact time and catalyst diameter on conversion are also presented. Film diffusion influences become limiting at temperatures above 100°C at the velocities studied. Diffusional resistances were found to be important at Reynolds numbers below 100, at 186°C. No significant difference in reaction rate was found between fluidized alumina and glass inert particles under comparable operating conditions.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 469-478 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Coupled diffusion generated countergradient transport through membranes is analyzed by experimental and theoretical means. Membrane wedge interferometer experiments on an ethanol—water-cellophane membrane system show that net countergradient mass transfer of the less permeable component ethanol may be generated over a wide concentration range. A theoretical analysis of an idealized membrane separating two binary bulk solutions is developed to display further the major features of diffusional coupling effects, and good agreement between observed and predicted countergradient transport characteristics is shown.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 493-502 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equations describing phase volumes in multicomponent, multiphase systems in the neighborhood of critical points are derived to aid in the location of such critical points. The theory is in good agreement with experiments for three ternary systems and four surfactant systems of the type used for tertiary oil recovery.
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    Notes: Of necessity, the mixing process is sometimes restricted to the laminar regime, although turbulent mixing is generally more desirable. Common examples of laminar mixing are found when the fluid has a very high viscosity, or when one of the mixture components is shear sensitive. It has been pointed out that the helical ribbon agitator (HRA) is admirably suited to the low Reynolds number mixing process. This work derives a model to predict the power consumption of the HRA. The model has been developed with the aid of experimental data and tested extensively using literature data. For a wide range of mixer geometries and sizes, it predicts power consumption with an average deviation of 13%.The concept of relative efficiency of mixers is also described as an aid to comparing different HRA mixer geometries. Finally, the problem of scale-up of different HRA configurations is discussed.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 538-542 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 547-548 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 478-487 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Navier-Stokes equation in stream function-vorticity form and the energy equation are solved numerically for a fully developed flow of a Newtonian fluid in coiled circular sectors having zero pitch. Two heat transfer cases are studied: axially uniform heat flux with uniform peripheral temperature and axially uniform temperature with mixed conditions along the periphery. Solutions are presented for curvature ratios in the range of 5 to 30, Prandtl numbers in the range of 0.7 to 100, and Dean numbers up to 300. In all cases studied, the heat transfer performance for the curved tubes was superior to that of a straight tube geometry.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 502-508 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Periodic feed switching between carbon monoxide/argon and oxygen/argon mixtures to a gradientless reactor has been found to significantly increase the average reaction rate as compared to the steady state rate, when the time averaged feed concentrations in both cases are stoichiometric. The rate enhancement achieved during periodic reactor operation is attributed to the attainment of more desirable surface concentrations on the platinum catalyst which dramatically increase the surface rate processes leading to carbon dioxide production.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 535-538 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 542-544 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 545-547 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 552-554 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 557-557 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 559-560 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 561-582 
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    Notes: This paper reviews some important aspects of the analysis of solid-solid reactions which include: fundamental considerations, experimental techniques, analysis of pellet-pellet reactions, analysis of mixed powder reactions, role of the gas phase, and reactor design. Illustrations are given wherever necessary. Examples of industrial applications, important systems studied, and the models used are tabulated.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 600-609 
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    Notes: Mathematical modeling of a periodically cycled plate column has been completed by using a liquid bypass model to describe nonideal liquid draining. A numerical solution over a wide range of parameters provides a closed envelope of feasible solutions. A region of this envelope encloses favorable operating values of the parameters, while the other region is unfavorable. Measurements of the parameters for nonideal liquid draining in a 600 mm diameter column fitted with sieve plates lead to predictions of only small improvements in separation performance. Modifications to the column intervals are required to move the parameters into a more favorable position in the solution envelope.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 623-630 
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    Notes: A similarity law is proposed to provide effective jet penetration and mixing of a tracer in turbulent tube flow. The scaling law is derived from approximate solutions to the equations of motion for the case of a single, fully developed turbulent jet issuing normally to the flow. Jet properties are correlated with experimental measurements on a methane tracer.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 645-653 
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    Notes: A general treatment of fugacities of liquid mixtures yields the proper thermodynamic functions for dealing with nonidealities of liquid phases in equilibrium with vapor mixtures for systems containing supercritical components. The activity coefficients of the supercritical components may be based on standard state fugacities for the hypothetical pure liquids or on Henry's constants. A comparison of the rigorous thermodynamic equations which apply to the liquid phase for the two alternatives shows that they are equivalent.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 676-685 
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    Notes: This study presents the data of turbulence properties in the two-plane parallel air jets which merge as they issue into still surroundings. These turbulent properties (time averaged and root mean square velocities, Eulerian auto and cross correlation coefficients, various scales of turbulence, energy spectra, and probability density functions of fluctuating velocities) were measured in both the converging and combined regions of the jets by using the X array, hot wire anemometers.The negative high shear stress existed in the merging region. Strictly speaking, the turbulent flow in this region is not isotropic. In the combined region, the turbulent mechanics of these jets are essentially the same as that of the single plane jet. All of the spectra in these jets had a slope of 5/3 over about one decade of the wave number space. The probability density functions were Gaussian except for the boundary to the surrounding air.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 718-720 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: The semi-empirical Pitzer equation for modeling equilibrium in aqueous electrolyte systems has been extended in a thermodynamically consistent manner to allow for molecular as well as ionic solutes. Under limiting conditions, the extended model reduces to the well-known Setschenow equation for the salting out effect of molecular solutes. To test the validity of the model, correlations of vapor-liquid equilibrium data were carried out for three systems: the hydrochloric acid aqueous solution at 298.15°K and concentrations up to 18 molal; the NH3-CO2 aqueous solution studied by Van Krevelen et al. (1949) at 293.15°K; and the K2CO3-CO2 aqueous solution of the Hot Carbonate Process with temperatures from 343.15°K to 413.15°K and concentrations up to 40 weight percent equivalent potassium carbonate. The success of the correlations suggests the validity of the model for aqueous electrolyte systems of industrial interest.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 843-855 
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    Notes: Drag coefficient and relative motion correlations for dispersed two-phase flows of bubbles, drops, and particles were developed from simple similarity criteria and a mixture viscosity model. The results are compared with a number of experimental data, and satisfactory agreements are obtained at wide ranges of the particle concentration and Reynolds number. Characteristics differences between fluid particle systems and solid particle systems at higher Reynolds numbers or at higher concentration regimes were successfully predicted by the model. Results showed that the drag law in various dispersed two-phase flows could be put on a general and unified base by the present method.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 883-885 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 890-892 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 903-905 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 906-906 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 907-908 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 663-676 
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    Notes: A theory for predicting the effective axial and radial thermal conductivities and the apparent wall heat transfer coefficient for fluid flow through packed beds is derived from a two-phase continuum model containing the essential underlying and independently measurable heat transfer processes. The theory is shown to explain much of the confused literature and pinpoints the remaining major areas of uncertainty, further investigation of which is needed before secure prediction is possible.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 913-930 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Three modes or types of sedimentation are recognized in flocculent suspensions: Clarification, in which floccules are separated and settle independently; zone settling, in which floccules are incorporated into some solids structure so that all are constrained to subside at more or less the same rate; and compression or compaction, in which the solids structure is strong enough to exhibit a compressive yield value. Current models for sedimentation in the three modes are reviewed, with particular emphasis on their use and reliability (or lack of it) for sedimentation basin design. Most models of thickening presented in the literature derive from a basic partial differential equation for force balance. Models differ in which terms of the equation are disregarded. Several of the theories of compaction are essentially equivalent solutions for the same model, but with different sets of independent variables.
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  • 179
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 958-966 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article presents a method for predicting local Nusselt numbers for heat transfer to a stratified gas-liquid flow for turbulent liquid/turbulent gas conditions. A mathematical model based on the analogy between momentum transfer and heat transfer is developed and tested, using heat transfer and fluid mechanics data taken for air/water flow in a 63.5 mm I.D. tube. The fluid mechanics parameters required for the prediction of the heat transfer characteristics are obtained in the manner outlined elsewhere. Liquid phase Nusselt numbers predicted by the analogy are shown to be in agreement with experimental results for large and small amplitude wavy interfacial conditions. The circumferential average gas phase Nusselt numbers are in rough agreement with the Dittus-Boelter equation for single phase flow based on flow through a conduit of irregular shape. There is a tendency for the average gas phase Nusselt numbers to scatter about predicted values because of the effects of splashing and droplet deposition on the tube wall in the vicinity of the gas-liquid interface.
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  • 180
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 966-975 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gas-phase diffusivities for high boiling point organics in common gases are determined by evaporating a single submicron aerosol droplet of the organic species, while it is suspended in an electric field in the path of a polarized laser beam. The droplet size is measured as a function of time by using Mie theory to determine the size from the light scattering data of intensity versus angle. In addition to diffusivities, the Lennard-Jones molecular interaction potential parameter, ∊ii, and the collision diameter σii, are found, by applying the molecular theory of gases to interpret the evaporation rate data. Results are compared with available empirical and semi-theoretical correlations for diffusivities and Lennard-Jones parameters. The low vapor pressure organics used here are dioctyl phthalate (DOP), dibutyl sebacate (DBS) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and the carrier gases are helium, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
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  • 181
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 991-999 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Several methods are reviewed for determining compositions in multiphase, reacting mixtures at equilibrium. Wolfe's quadratic programming algorithm is applied and results compared with the Rand method (Dluzniewski and Adler 1972), NASA method (Gordon and McBride 1971) and the George et al. (1976) implementation of Powell's method. For poor guesses in compositions, local and constrained minima in Gibbs free energy may arise, giving incorrect phase distributions.
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  • 182
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 1015-1024 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is proposed for mass transfer of gases across surface-active films and into an aqueous phase. The interfacial region (1) obeys local equilibrium conditions, (2) has a capacity for the dissolved gases greater than the solubility in water, and (3) has a diffusion coefficient three orders of magnitude less than for that in water. The model is solved for and compared with three different experiments: the transient diffusion through monomolecular films into quiescent liquids studied by Plevan and Quinn (1966), the gas absorption through surfactant films into falling liquid films investigated by Emmert and Pigford (1954), and the frequency response of concentration pulses in surfactant films reported by Whitaker and Pigford (1966). The model consistently describes these experiments previously explained by three different models that either ignored the capacitance of the film or assumed local non-equilibrium.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 1081-1082 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 184
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 185
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 910-911 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 186
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 187
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The morphology of dried Candida lipolytica yeast suspended in aqueous solutions (H2O, 0.4% NaOH, 2N HCl, and 6N HCl) and organic solvents (95% alcohol and acetone) was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an optical microscope. The effect of high-pressure homogenization on cell-wall structure and cell clumps was also determined. The protein extractability, sedimentation property, and viscosity of cells subjected to different mechanical and chemical treatments were also investigaged. The dried yeast cells were in a spherical agglomeration consisting of 100s of closely bound cells. The clump was resistant to water, aqueous 2N HCl solution at 25°C, 95% alcohol and acetone, but vulnerable to 6N HCl, aqueous 0.4% NaOH solution, and homogenization. The homogenization of the cell suspension not only broke the clump but also cracked the cell-wall structure. The aqueous alkaline solution could have weakened the cell wall and increased the solubility of the protein released through the cracks in the cell wall. The destruction of the agglomeration and the cell-wall structure increased the hydration of the cell and thereby increased the stability of the suspension. The sedimentation and the viscosity of the cell suspension corresponded to the morphological changes and the extractability of protein in the cell suspensions with different treatments.
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  • 188
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 49-58 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The relationship between the dimensions of a microbe and the accumulation of that microbe in porous, inorganic structures has been determined. That relationship is dependent upon the cell dimensions, the mode of reproduction, and the pore diameter of the material. In order to achieve high accumulation of microbes that reproduce by fission, at least 70% of the pores of an inorganic carrier should have pore diameters in the range of one times the smallest major dimension through five times the largest major dimension of the cell. To achieve the highest accumulation of microbes that reproduce by budding, at least 70% of the pores should have pore diameters in the range of one times the smallest dimension of the cell and less than four times the largest cell dimension. These relationships were established by varying the physical parameters of the carriers as well as their chemical composition.
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  • 189
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A two-stage aerobic continuous process is suggested for the conversion of poultry waste into a single-cell protein (SCP) product. The technical feasibility of the process is examined in this paper. Using bench-scale apparatus the approximate growth kinetics have been discovered. Possible modes of product recovery have been examined. The product consists primarily of a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens which has a lysine-rich (∼9.3%) amino acid profile that could make this product an attractive feed ingredient for poultry diets.
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  • 190
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 39-48 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: β-HSDH, 20β-HSDH, and 3α-HSDH, were immobilized on CNBr-activated Sepharose. The effect of various immobilization conditions on the activity recovery and stability were examined. The presence of cofactor during the immobilization reaction increased the activity recovery (40-60% of the total) and also led to materials highly stable in the presence of organic solvents. For example, β-HSDH maintained 60% of its original activity two months after continuous use in the water-ethyl-acetate system. Kinetic experiments showed that the increase of the apparent Km values is poor and demonstrated that the organic solvent behaves as a weak inhibitor (ki 〉 0.2M) for the substrate. The immobilized enzymes lyophilized in the presence of sucrose had full activity restored even after several months storage at room temperature. Immobilized hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases were shown to be suitable for preparative transformation of steroids in water-organic solvent systems.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 59-67 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The relationship between the dimensions of a spore and the accumulation of that microbe in a porous, inorganic structure has been determined. In order to achieve high accumulation of mycelial growth, at least 70% of the pores of an inorganic carrier should have pore diameters in the range of one times the smallest dimension of the fungal spore but less than about 16 times the largest dimension of that spore. This relationship was established by varying the physical parameters of the carriers as well as their chemical composition.
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  • 192
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 69-88 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The primary consideration in fermentor design is the supply of oxygen to the growing microorganisms. The oxygen-transfer characteristics of a two-stage splitcylinder airlift tower were compared to those of a similar single-stage airlift tower of equal liquid volume using a sodium sulfite-air system. At superficial gas velocities, from 720 to 1200 cm/min, no difference in KLa was apparent. The KLa was significantly larger in the two-stage tower for a gas velocity between 1200 and 2728 cm/min. At 2728 cm/min a KLa of 25.2 min-1 was achieved in the two-stage system, and at 2262 cm/min the two-stage tower had a 54% larger KLa than the single stage. A comparison of dispersion-volume based KLa showed a 27% larger value at a gas velocity of 2262 cm/min. The performance ratios for the two-stage tower were larger than those for the single-stage tower at oxygen-transfer rates greater than 180 mmol/liter hr. A comparison of the data with literature values is presented.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 89-109 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Glucose oxidase containing catalase was immobilized with a copolymer of phenylenediamine and glutaraldehyde on pumice and titania carrier to study the enzymatic oxidation of glucose in a differential-bed loop reactor. The reaction rate was found to be first order with respect to the concentration of limiting oxygen substrate, suggesting a strong external mass-transfer resistance for all the flow rates used. The partial pressure of oxygen was varied from 21.3 up to 202.6 kPa. The use of a differential-bed loop reactor for the determination of the active enzyme concentration in the catalyst with negligible internal pore diffusion resistance is shown. Catalyst deactivation was studied, especially with respect to the presence of catalase. It is believed that the hydrogen peroxide formed in the oxidation reaction deactivates catalase first; if an excess of catalase is present, the deactivation of glucose oxidase remains small. The mathematical model subsequently developed adequately describes the experimental results.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 111-129 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A time-optimal strategy for start-up of a chemostat has been established by applying Miele's extremization method based on Green's theorem. The start-up time is always minimized by traveling along the uppermost boundary of the set of admissible domains on the (vx, μ) phase plane. The solutions are batch culture for monotone increasing growth kinetics and exponentially fed-batch culture followed by batch culture for substrate-inhibition kinetics. A time-suboptimal start-up strategy, exponentially fed-batch culture operated the same μ as that of chemostate, is proposed as more feasible than and physiologically preferable to the time-optimal strategies. The complete set of equations of operations necessary for performing each of the optimal and suboptimal start-ups is formulated. Numerical comparisons on the basis of continuous operation giving maximum productivities of cell-mass outputs show that differences in times required for start-up between optimal and suboptimal strategies are small.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 147-151 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 153-156 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 131-146 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Most cellulosic substances contain appreciable amounts of cellulose and hemicellulose, which on enzymatic hydrolysis mainly yield a mixture of glucose, cellobiose, and xylose. In this paper, studies on the mechanisms of hydrolysis of bagasse (a complex native cellulosic waste left after extraction of juice from can sugar) by the cellulase enzyme components are described in light of their adsorption characteristics. Simultaneous adsorption of exo- and endoglucanases on hydrolyzable cellulosics is the causative factor of the hydrolysis that follows immediately after. It supports the postulate of synergistic enzyme action proposed by Eriksson. Xylanase Pretreatment enhanced the hydrolysis of bagasse owing to the creation of more accessible cellulosic regions that are readily acted upon by exo- and endoglucanases. The synergistic action of the purified exoglucanase, endoglucanase, and xylanase has been found to be most effective for hydrolysis of bagasse but not for pure cellulose. Significant quantities of glucose are produced in β-glucosidase-free cellulase action on bagasse. Individual and combined action of the purified cellulase components on hydrolysis of native and delignified bagasse are discussed in respect to the release of sugars in the hydrolysate.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 159-165 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on the hypothesis that discharge mechanisms are induced in highly illuminated thylakoid, we analyze an applied model, which overcomes the damage induced by outdoor solar radiation, partially shaded, air-bubbled, or stirred blue-green algae cultures. The blue-green alga, Oscillatoria sp., exhibits a maximum growth rate at a radiation intensity of 50 J/m2sec. The introduction of 0.1 sec dark periods shifts this peak up to 75 J/m2sec. The radiationless nature of the discharge mechanisms is discussed in accord with the low growth rates of both the experimental and control cultures at 40°C.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 167-171 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Endoglucanase (Cx cellulase) and cellobiase are often cross-contaminated in separation procedures by ion-exchange chromatography such as DEAE-cellulose. By using concanavalin A (Con A)-agarose chromatography, Cx cellulase and cellobiase from Trichoderma viride can be separated. Cx cellulase showed affinity toward Con A, indicating a glycoprotein containing α-D-mannopyransyl and α-D-glucopyranosyl end groups or internal 2-O-D-mannopyranosyl residues in sugar moieties. This method provides a way to estimate the quantities of Cx enzyme produced by T. viride and possibly by other organisms.
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