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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (643)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (643)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1980  (643)
Collection
Keywords
Years
  • 2010-2014
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (643)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 101
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    Application of satellite data for snow mapping in Norway (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. A close quantitative relationship was found between snow covered areas and subsequent runoff for different parts of the country despite climate differences. Digital LANDSAT data can be used for areas down to approximately 10 sq km to 20 sq km for accurate measurement of snow cover extent. On large watersheds (more than 500 sq km), digital NOAA/TIROS imagery can be used for snow mapping if the area/runoff relationship is determined by using observations from previous years.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Operational Appl. of Satellite Snowcover Observations; p 93-106
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  • 102
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    The evolution of satellite snow mapping with emphasis on the use of LANDSAT in the snow ASUT study areas (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Operational Appl. of Satellite Snowcover Observations; p 1-19
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  • 103
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    The Deep Space Network capabilities for radio interferometry (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The very long baseline interferometry capability as well as the planned capability of the deep space network (DSN) are described. Major emphasis is placed on the following: VLBI development; operational VLBI for DSN calibration; and VLBI for spacecraft navigation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Radio Interferometry; p 447-450
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  • 104
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    Phase delay astrometry and its geodetic applications (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The accuracy inherent in the fringe phase in the determination of source positions was calculated. It is shown that accuracy can be utilized by applying differencing techniques in order to circumvent such systematic effects as clock drift and delay due to the propagation media.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Radio Interferometry; p 399-402
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  • 105
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    Phase versus delay in geodetic VLBI (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The conditions for the applicability of the phase observable in very long baseline interferometry are discussed and examples of adequate observation programs are given. These considerations apply in particular to the Mark 2 system, which is already in operation at many observatories.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Radio Interferometry; p 385-397
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  • 106
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    Mark 3 interactive data analysis system (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The interactive data analysis system, a major subset of the total Mark 3 very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) software system is described. The system consists of two major and a number of small programs. These programs provide for the scientific analysis of the observed values of delay and delay rate generated by the VLBI data reduction programs and product the geophysical and astrometric parameters which are among the ultimate products of VLBI. The two major programs are CALC and SOLVE. CALC generates the theoretical values of VLBI delay rate as well as partial derivatives based on apriori values of the geophysical and astronometric parameters. SOLVE is a least squares parameters estimation program which yields the geophysical and astrometric parameters using the observed values by the data processing system and theoretical values and partial derivatives provided by CALC. SOLVE is a highly interactive program in which the user selects the exact form of the recovered parameters and the data to be accepted into the solution.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Radio Interferometry; p 347-353
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  • 107
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    Correlator computer interface and module implementation: Mark 3 processor (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Two hardware aspects of the Mark 3 correlator are briefly described. The first area concerns the choice of interface to the controlling minicomputer and the second area concerns the implementation of the correlator module. Multiple computer automated measurement and control (CAMAC) modules and a single large CAMAC module were considered as possible packaging forms for the correlator. The large CAMAC module approach was chosen because of the difficulty in partitioning the correlator with minimum interconnections, the fabrication economy of a single large planar assembly, and the desire to minimize the number of modules.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Radio Interferometry; p 327-328
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  • 108
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    Mark 3 wideband digital recorder in perspective (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The tape recorder used for the Mark 3 data acquisition and processing system is compared with earlier very long baseline interferometry recorders. Wideband 33-1/3 kbpi digital channel characteristics of instrumentation recorders and of a modern video cassette recorder are illustrated. Factors which influenced selection of the three major commercial components (transport, heads, and tape) are discussed. A brief functional description and the reasons for development of efficient signal electronics and necessary auxiliary control electronics are given. The design and operation of a digital bit synchronizer is illustrated as an example of the high degree of simplicity achieved.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Radio Interferometry; p 305-316
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  • 109
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    Long baseline vector determinations and intercomparisons (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The East Coast very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) group has performed about 60 experiments over the last 10 years in the process of developing and exploiting advanced VLBI techniques. Of those, the most recent 14 experiments are briefly described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Radio Interferometry; p 23-26
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  • 110
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    Crustal deformation at very long baseline interferometry sites due to seasonal air-mass and ground water variations (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The seasonal deformation normal to the Earth's surface was calculated at stations involved or interested in very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) geodesy and at hypothetical sites in Australia and Brazil using global atmospheric pressure data, values for groundwater storage, and load Love numbers deduced from current Earth models. It was found that the annual range of deformation approached the centimeter level measuring potential of the VLBI technqiue at Greenbank, Haystack, and the Brazil site.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Radio Interferometry; p 145-151
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  • 111
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    The measurement of Earth rotation on a deformable Earth (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Until recently, the methods of geodetic positioning on the Earth were limited to a precision of roughly one part in 10 to the 6th power. At this level of precision, the Earth can be regarded as a rigid body since the largest departure of the Earth from rigidity is manifested in the strains of the Earth tides which are of the order of one part in 10 to the 7th power. Long baseline interferometry is expected to routinely provide global positioning to a precision of one part in 10 to the 8th power or better. At this level of precision, all parts of the Earth's surface must be regarded as being, at least potentially, in continual motion relative to the geocenter as a result of a variety of geophysical effects. The general implications of this phenomenon for the theory of the Earth's rotation is discussed. Particular attention is given to the question of the measurement of the 'Earth's rotation vector' on a deformable Earth.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Radio Interferometry; p 109-144
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  • 112
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    The USNO/NRL Green Bank interferometer program (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Application of the connected-element radio interferometer of the National Radio Astronomy Observation in Green Bank, West Virginia to the determination of improved source coordinates, astronomical constants, and variations in Earth rotation parameters is discussed. It is concluded that because of the brevity and discontinuity of the data so far no reliable conclusions regarding the accuracy of the data can be drawn.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Radio Interferometry; p 63-70
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  • 113
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    NOS/NGS activities to support development of radio interferometric surveying techniques (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: National Geodetic Survey activities towards the development of operational geodetic survey systems based on radio interferometry are reviewed. Information about the field procedures, data reduction and analysis, and the results obtained to date is presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Radio Interferometry; p 9-22
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  • 114
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    Differential radio astronomy of galactic objects (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A differential astrometry technique is discussed. An improved proper motion and a parallax limit for pulsar 1929 + 10 is presented as well as a limit on the space velocity of the enigmatic object in SgrA.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Radio Interferometry; p 187-192
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  • 115
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    Discharge forecasts in mountain basins based on satellite snow cover mapping (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. A snow runoff model developed for European mountain basins was used with LANDSAT imagery and air temperature data to simulate runoff in the Rocky Mountains under conditions of large elevation range and moderate cloud cover (cloud cover of 40% or less during LANDSAT passes 70% of the time during a snowmelt season). Favorable results were obtained for basins with area not exceeding serval hundred square kilometers and with a significant component of subsurface runoff.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Operational Appl. of Satellite Snowcover Observations; p 223-238
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  • 116
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    Digital mapping of mountain snowcover under European conditions (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. A method for monitoring the snow cover in high mountain terrain such as the Swiss Alps includes the rapid classification of multitemporal data for small watersheds with very high accuracy. In addition to LANDSAT channels 4,5,6 and 7 an artificial channel was created containing the average altitude information of each pixel and allowing a subdivision of the watershed in accordance to the requirements of the runoff model. Even in very small watersheds of about 40 sq km the results achieved from LANDSAT data are at least as accurate as the ones gained from measurements of orthophotographs.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Operational Appl. of Satellite Snowcover Observations; p 73-91
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  • 117
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    The NOAA/NESS program for operational snowcover mapping: Preparing for the 1980's (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Operational Appl. of Satellite Snowcover Observations; p 21-39
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  • 118
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    New goals for snow monitoring by satellite (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: There are not author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Operational Appl. of Satellite Snowcover Observations; p 41-51
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  • 119
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    Measurement of suspended solids in lakes and oceans using satellite remote sensing data (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Using satellite remote sensing data to measure low concentrations of suspended solids in lakes and oceans requires careful evaluation of background signals from the atmosphere and the water surface. Typical background corrections for Lake Superior are presented and the spectral distribution of the residual radiance from three major categories of turbidity in the lake are determined. The results indicate that for large bodies of water, some general information on atmospheric scattering, water clarity, and the optical properties of suspended solids allows estimates of concentrations of suspended solids to within + or - 0.5 mg/L without using real time ground truth data. Under calibrated conditions the threshold detection level is 0.3 mg/L for the fine particulates dispersed throughout the lake and 1 mg/L for the highly light absorbing effluent from rivers. Comparisons of the minimum reflectance over the open lake areas with reflection from the highly absorbing tannin water from rivers provides a check on the clarity of the atmosphere and the excessive background scatter from the water surface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Minnesota Univ. A Study of Minn. Land and Water Resources Using Remote Sensing, Vol. 13; p 107-137
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  • 120
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    Seasat orbital radar imagery for geologic mapping - Tennessee-Kentucky-Virginia (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The purpose of the reported study is to analyze Seasat SAR imagery of a heavily vegetated mountainous land surface and to determine the potential of this microwave imaging system for geologic mapping. It is found that geologic mapping using orbital Seasat SAR imagery is feasible in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge province, where the radar system is highly sensitive to change of surface slope. Image tones and textures correlate with distinctive topography, from which generalized lithologic and structural interpretations are derived. Major and minor linear topographic features are easily mapped from the SAR images. The SAR sensor suppresses subdued geomorphic lineaments that strike parallel with or near to the radar look direction. This deficiency is partly compensated by the dual directions of radar illumination obtainable from the Seasat imaging system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Association of Petroleum Geologists; vol. 64
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  • 121
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    Resolving the percentage of component terrains within single resolution elements (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An approximate maximum likelihood technique employing a widely available discriminant analysis program is discussed that has been developed for resolving the percentage of component terrains within single resolution elements. The method uses all four channels of Landsat data simultaneously and does not require prior knowledge of the percentage of components in mixed pixels. It was tested in five cases that were chosen to represent mixtures of outcrop, soil and vegetation which would typically be encountered in geologic studies with Landsat data. For all five cases, the method proved to be superior to single band weighted average and linear regression techniques and permitted an estimate of the total area occupied by component terrains to within plus or minus 6% of the true area covered. Its major drawback is a consistent overestimation of the pixel component percent of the darker materials (vegetation) and an underestimation of the pixel component percent of the brighter materials (sand).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Aug. 198
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  • 122
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    Development of an information data base for watershed monitoring (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Landsat multispectral scanner data, Defense Mapping Agency digital terrain data, conventional maps, and ground data were integrated to create a comprehensive information data base (the Image Based Information System), to monitor the water quality of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Landsat imagery was used as the planimetric base to which all other data were registered. A georeference image plane, which provided an interface between all data planes for the Lake Tahoe Basin data base, was created from the drainage basin map. The data base was used to extract each drainage basin for separate display. The Defense Mapping Agency-created elevation image was processed with VICAR software to produce a component representing slope magnitude, which was cross-tabulated with the drainage basin georeference table. Future applications of the data base include the development of precipitation modeling, surface runoff models, and classification of drainage basin cover types.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Aug. 198
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  • 123
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    A comparative analysis of GPS range, Doppler and interferometric observations for geodetic positioning (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Geodetic positioning accuracies obtained from range, integrated Doppler and double differenced interferometric phase observations from a constellation of twenty-four Global Positioning System satellites are presented. It is demonstrated the GPS range and Doppler observations will provide sufficient accuracy for the estimation of geodetic coordinates. However the instability of the receiver atomic oscillator will limit the usefulness of these observations in providing rapid first-order baseline determination. Interferometric phase measurements twice differenced to eliminate clock error appear as an alternate procedure for providing such accuracies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Bulletin Geodesique; 54; 4, 19; 1980
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  • 124
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    Melt density and the average composition of basalt (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Densities of residual liquids produced by low pressure fractionation of olivine-rich melts pass through a minimum when pyroxene and plagioclase joint the crystallization sequence. The observation that erupted basalt compositions cluster around the degree of fractionation from picritic liquids corresponding to the density minimum in the liquid line of descent may thus suggest that the earth's crust imposes a density fiber on the liquids that pass through it, favoring the eruption of the light liquids at the density minimum over the eruption of denser more fractionated and less fractionated liquids.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology; 74; 1980
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  • 125
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    The development of a spectral-spatial classifier for earth observational data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Over the last several years a classifier for earth observational image data has been under development intended to achieve improved performance by utilizing spatial characteristics of the data as an adjunct to multispectral properties. The paper provides an overview of the conception, development, evaluation and documentation of this spectral-spatial classifier. The research program leading to this classifier is described, the algorithms of the current implementation called ECHO are outlined, and results on its performance are summarized. These results show improved accuracy, with greater computation efficiency, and only slightly increased operator complexity.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Pattern Recognition; 12; 1980
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  • 126
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    L-band radar sensing of soil moisture (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The objectives of the experiment were to assess the performance of an L-band, 25-cm wavelength imaging synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for soil moisture determination, and to study the temporal variability of radar returns from a number of agricultural fields. A series of overflights was accomplished during March 1977 over an agricultural test site in Kern County, Calif. Soil moisture samples were collected from bare fields at nine sites at depths of 0-2, 2-5, 5-15, and 15-30 cm. These gravimetric measurements were converted to percent of field capacity for correlation to the radar return signal. The initial signal film was optically correlated and scanned to produce image data numbers. These numbers were then converted to relative return power by linear interpolation of the noise power wedge which was introduced in 5-dB steps into the original signal film before and after each data run. Results of correlations between the relative return power and percent of field capacity demonstrate that the relative return power from this imaging radar system is responsive to the amount of soil moisture in bare fields. The signal returned from dry and wet fields where furrowing is parallel to the radar beam differs by about 15 dB. Before this technique can be operationally employed, adequate calibration of the radar system is required to insure comparability of data both from area to area within a single flight and between different flights.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-18; Oct. 198
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  • 127
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    ICAP: An Interactive Cluster Analysis Procedure for analyzing remotely sensed data (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An Interactive Cluster Analysis Procedure (ICAP) was developed to derive classifier training statistics from remotely sensed data. The algorithm interfaces the rapid numerical processing capacity of a computer with the human ability to integrate qualitative information. Control of the clustering process alternates between the algorithm, which creates new centroids and forms clusters and the analyst, who evaluate and elect to modify the cluster structure. Clusters can be deleted or lumped pairwise, or new centroids can be added. A summary of the cluster statistics can be requested to facilitate cluster manipulation. The ICAP was implemented in APL (A Programming Language), an interactive computer language. The flexibility of the algorithm was evaluated using data from different LANDSAT scenes to simulate two situations: one in which the analyst is assumed to have no prior knowledge about the data and wishes to have the clusters formed more or less automatically; and the other in which the analyst is assumed to have some knowledge about the data structure and wishes to use that information to closely supervise the clustering process. For comparison, an existing clustering method was also applied to the two data sets.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-80732
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  • 128
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    Preliminary evidence for the influence of physiography and scale upon the autocorrelation function of remotely sensed data (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Previously established results demonstrate that LANDSAT data are autocorrelated and can be described by a univariate linear stochastic process known as auto-regressive-integrated-moving-average model of degree 1, 0, 1 or ARIMA (1, 0, 1). This model has two coefficients of interest for interpretation phi(1) and theta(1). In a comparison of LANDSAT thematic mapper simulator (TMS) data and LANDSAT MSS data several results were established: (1) The form of the relatedness as described by this model is not dependent upon system look angle or pixel size. (2) The phi(1) coefficient increases with decreasing pixel size and increasing topographic complexity. (3) Changes in topography have a greater influence upon phi(1) than changes in land cover class. (4) The theta(1) seems to vary with the amount of atmospheric haze. These patterns of variation in phi(1) and theta(1) are potentially exploitable by the remote sensing community to yield stochastically independent sets of observations, characterize topography, and reduce the number of bytes needed to store remotely sensed data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-82064
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  • 129
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    Measurement of liquid water content in a melting snowpack using cold calorimeter techniques (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Liquid water in a snowpack is a quantifiable parameter of hydrological significance. It is also important in the interpretation of snowpack remote sensing data using microwave techniques. One acceptable approach to measuring liquid water content of a snowpack (by weight) is the cold calorimeter. This technique is presented from theory through application. Silicon oil was used successfully as the freezing agent. Consistent results can be obtained even when using operators with a minimum of training. Data can be obtained approximately every 15 minutes by using two calorimeters and three operators. Accuracy within one to two percent can be achieved under reasonable field conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 41-67
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  • 130
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    Radar observation of snowpacks (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Radar observations of snowpacks were made at test sites in Kansas, South Dakota, and Colorado using truck mounted scatterometers covering the 1 to 18 GHz frequency range and the atmospheric window frequency of 35 GHz. Experiments were conducted as a function of snow depth, wetness, and surface roughness. The acquired data were used to model the backscattering coefficient in terms of snow and underlying soil parameters. The results indicate that the radar return (1) increase with increasing water equivalent; (2) decrease with increasing wetness; (3) is sensitive to the snow surface roughness only when the snow is wet;(4) is sensitive to the state (frozen or thawed) of the underlying soil if the snow is dry; and (5) is repetitive from one site to another and from one season to the next. Additionally, the measurements indicate the multifrequency observation or day-night observations may potentially provide the means for monitoring snow water equivalent, snow wetness, and the soil state.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 131-146
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  • 131
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    Microwave radiometric observations of snowpacks (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Models for the microwave emission from snowpacks were generated on the basis of radiometric observations made at 10.7 GHz, 37 HGz, and 94 GHz at a test site near Steamboat Springs, Colorado. In addition to conducting measurements on an approximately daily basis over a six week observation period, measurements were made over several diurnal cycles during which the change in snow wetness was tracked by the microwave radiometers. Also, the variation in emissivity with snow water equivalent was examined, as was the sensitivity to changes in snow surface geometry. The microwave emissivity was observed to (1) decrease exponentially with snow water equivalent and (2) increase with snow wetness. Thus, the emission behavior is the reverse of the backscattering behavior observed by the radar. By fitting the models to the measured data, the variation of the optical depth with snow wetness was estimated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 187-201
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    Theoretical models for microwave snow response and applications to remote sensing (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Two theoretical models were developed to characterize snowpacks: (1) a random medium with a variance, a horizontal correlation length, and a vertical correlation length; and (2) a homogeneous dielectric containing discrete scatters. Theoretical results were matched with experimental data collected from snow ice fields. For snow ice fields the horizontal correlation length is no less than the vertical correlation length signifying a more laminar structure. The correspondence between the continuum random medium and the discrete spherical scatter model can be verified when the vertical correlation length is equal to the horizontal correlation length. The vertically polarized backscattering cross section sigma (sub vv) is always greater than the horizontally polarized backscattering cross section sigma (sub hh) for half space scattering media and may become smaller for a two layer model. In order to account for diurnal change exhibited by snow fields in both the active and passive remote sensing cases, a three layer model with a thin top layer caused by solar illumination must be used.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 147-167
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    Regional price targets appropriate for advanced coal extraction (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A methodology is presented for predicting coal prices in regional markets for the target time frames 1985 and 2000 that could subsequently be used to guide the development of an advanced coal extraction system. The model constructed is a supply and demand model that focuses on underground mining since the advanced technology is expected to be developed for these reserves by the target years. Coal reserve data and the cost of operating a mine are used to obtain the minimum acceptable selling price that would induce the producer to bring the mine into production. Based on this information, market supply curves can be generated. Demand by region is calculated based on an EEA methodology that emphasizes demand by electric utilities and demand by industry. The demand and supply curves are then used to obtain the price targets. The results show a growth in the size of the markets for compliance and low sulphur coal regions. A significant rise in the real price of coal is not expected even by the year 2000. The model predicts heavy reliance on mines with thick seams, larger block size and deep overburden.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-163896 , JPL-PUB-80-91
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    Concepts for on-board satellite image registration, volume 1 (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The NASA-NEEDS program goals present a requirement for on-board signal processing to achieve user-compatible, information-adaptive data acquisition. One very specific area of interest is the preprocessing required to register imaging sensor data which have been distorted by anomalies in subsatellite-point position and/or attitude control. The concepts and considerations involved in using state-of-the-art positioning systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) in concert with state-of-the-art attitude stabilization and/or determination systems to provide the required registration accuracy are discussed with emphasis on assessing the accuracy to which a given image picture element can be located and identified, determining those algorithms required to augment the registration procedure and evaluating the technology impact on performing these procedures on-board the satellite.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-159287 , RTI/1796/00-01F-VOL-1
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  • 135
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    Method for observing the features characterizing the surface of a land mass (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A method is described where a propeller driven, hydrazine powered aircraft is remotely piloted through rarefied atmosphere of a selected planet, including the planet Earth. It is employed as a communication platform for a telemetry system provided for relaying information relating to features characterizing the surface of the planet.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 136
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    Remote Sensing For Water Resources And Hydrology. Recommended research emphasis for the 1980's (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The problems and the areas of activity that the Panel believes should be emphasized in work on remote sensing for water resources and hydrology in the 1980's are set forth. The Panel deals only with those activities and problems in water resources and hydrology that the Panel considers important, and where, in the Panel's opinion, application of current remote sensing capability or advancements in remote sensing capability can help meet urgent problems and provide large returns in practical benefits.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-163791
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  • 137
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    Inverting x,y grid coordinates to obtain latitude and longitude in the vanderGrinten projection (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The latitude and longitude of a point on the Earth's surface are found from its x,y grid coordinates in the vanderGrinten projection. The latitude is a solution of a cubic equation and the longitude a solution of a quadratic equation. Also, the x,y grid coordinates of a point on the Earth's surface can be found if its latitude and longitude are known by solving two simultaneous quadratic equations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-81998
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  • 138
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    Magsat vector magnetometer calibration using Magsat geomagnetic field measurements (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: From the time of its launch on Oct. 30, 1979 into a nearly polar, Sun synchronous orbit, until it reentered the Earth's atmosphere on June 11, 1980, Magsat measured and transmitted more than three complete sets of global magnetic field data. The data obtained from the mission will be used primarily to compute a currently accurate model of the Earth's main magnetic field, to update and refine world and regional magnetic charts, and to develop a global scalar and vector crustal magnetic anomaly map. The in-flight calibration procecure used for 39 vector magnetometer system parameters is described as well as results obtained from some data sets and the numerical studies designed to evaluate the results.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-82046
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  • 139
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    A physical basis for remote rock mapping of igneous rocks using spectral variations in thermal infrared emittance (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Results of a theoretical investigation of the relation between spectral features in the 8-12 micrometer region and rock type are presented. Data on compositions of a suite of rocks and measurements of their spectral intensities in 8.2-10.9 and 9.4-12.1 micrometer bands published by Vincent (1973) were subjected to various quantitative procedures. There was no consistent direct relationship between rock group names and the relative spectral intensities. However, there is such a relationship between the Thornton-Tuttle (1960) Differentiation Index and the relative spectral intensities. This relationship is explicable on the basis of the change in average Si-O bond length which is a function of the degree of polymerization of the SiO4 tetrahedra of the silicate minerals in the igneous rocks.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-82019
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  • 140
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    Coal thickness guage using RRAS techniques, parts 2 and 3 (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Electron magnetic resonance was investigated as a sensing technique for use in measuring the thickness of the layer of coal overlying the rock substrate. The goal is development of a thickness gauge which will be usable for control of mining machinery to maintain the coal thickness within selected bounds. A sensor must be noncontracting, have a measurement range of 6 inches or more, and an accuracy of 1/2 inch or better. The sensor should be insensitive to variations in spacing between the sensor and the surface, the response speed should be adequate to permit use on continuous mining equipment, and the device should be rugged and otherwise suited for operation under conditions of high vibration, moisture, and dust. Finally, the sensor measurement must not be adversely affected by the natural effects occurring in coal such as impurities, voids, cracks, layering, high moisture level, and other conditions that are likely to be encountered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-161607
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  • 141
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    Overall requirements for an advanced underground coal extraction system (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Underground mining systems suitable for coal seams expoitable in the year 2000 are examined with particular relevance to the resources of Central Appalachia. Requirements for such systems may be summarized as follows: (1) production cost; (2)miner safety; (3) miner health; (4) environmental impact; and (5) coal conservation. No significant trade offs between production cost and other performance indices were found.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-163748 , JPL-PUB-80-39 , DOE/ET-12548/1
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  • 142
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    Contextual classification of multispectral image data: Approximate algorithm (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An approximation to a classification algorithm incorporating spatial context information in a general, statistical manner is presented which is computationally less intensive. Classifications that are nearly as accurate are produced.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10038 , NASA-CR-161002 , SR-PO-00491 , LARS-TR-081580
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  • 143
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    A study of radiometric surface temperatures: Their fluctuations, distribution and meaning (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A consecutive night and day flight and measurements on the ground, were made in the region of Voves, south of Chartres. The statistical analysis of the thermal scanner data permitted the establishment of criteria for the homogeneity of surfaces. These criteria were used in defining the surface temperature values which are most representative for use in an energy balance approach to evapotranspiration (day) and heat balance (night). For a number of maize fields that airborne thermal scanner data permitted a detailed energy analysis of different fields of a same crop to be carried out. Such a detailed analysis was not necessary for a calculation of crop evapotranspiration which could be evaluated from the mean temperature of the crop surface. A differential analysis day night is of interest for enhancing the contrast between types of surfaces, as well as for a better definition of the daily energy balance. It should be stressed that, for a homogeneous region, a study such as the present one, could be carried out on a relatively small part of the total surface, as the results for a surface of 2.5 x 2 sq km were not significantly different from those obtained from a surface three times larger.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10040 , NASA-CR-163544 , NEWSLETTER-13
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  • 144
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    The evaluation of evaporation by infrared thermography: A critical analysis of the measurements on the Crau test site (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Evapotranspiration was calculated for both the dry and irrigated zone by four methods which were compared with the energy balance method serving as a reference. Two methods did not involve the surface temperature. They are ETR(n) = R(n), liable to be valid under wet conditions and ET(eq) = (delta/delta + gamma) R(n) i.e, the first term of Penman's equation, adapted to moderately dry conditions. The methods using surface temperature were the combined energy balance aerodynamic approach and a simplified approach proposed by Jackson et al. Tests show the surface temperature methods give relatively satisfactory results both in the dry and wet zone, with a precision of 10% to 15% compared with the reference method. As was to be expected, ET(eq) gave satisfactory results only in the dry zone and ET(Rn) in the irrigated zone. Thermography increased the precision in the estimate of ET relative to the most suitable classical method by 5% to 8% and is equally suitable for both dry and wet conditions. The Jackson method does not require extensive ground measurements and the evaluation of the surface roughness.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10039 , NASA-CR-163546 , NEWSLETTER-16
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  • 145
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    Minimum variance geographic sampling (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Resource inventories require samples with geographical scatter, sometimes not as widely spaced as would be hoped. A simple model of correlation over distances is used to create a minimum variance unbiased estimate population means. The fitting procedure is illustrated from data used to estimate Missouri corn acreage.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10033 , NASA-CR-163556 , SR-LO-00467 , LEMSCO-15179 , JSC-16370
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  • 146
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    Stratum variance estimation for sample allocation in crop surveys (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The problem of determining stratum variances needed in achieving an optimum sample allocation for crop surveys by remote sensing is investigated by considering an approach based on the concept of stratum variance as a function of the sampling unit size. A methodology using the existing and easily available information of historical crop statistics is developed for obtaining initial estimates of tratum variances. The procedure is applied to estimate stratum variances for wheat in the U.S. Great Plains and is evaluated based on the numerical results thus obtained. It is shown that the proposed technique is viable and performs satisfactorily, with the use of a conservative value for the field size and the crop statistics from the small political subdivision level, when the estimated stratum variances were compared to those obtained using the LANDSAT data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10035 , NASA-CR-163552 , FC-JO-00468 , JSC-16371
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  • 147
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    Estimation of within-stratum variance for sample allocation: Foreign commodity production forecasting (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The problem of determining the stratum variances required for an optimum sample allocation for remotely sensed crop surveys is investigated with emphasis on an approach based on the concept of stratum variance as a function of the sampling unit size. A methodology using the existing and easily available information of historical statistics is developed for obtaining initial estimates of stratum variances. The procedure is applied to variance for wheat in the U.S. Great Plains and is evaluated based on the numerical results obtained. It is shown that the proposed technique is viable and performs satisfactorily with the use of a conservative value (smaller than the expected value) for the field size and with the use of crop statistics from the small political division level.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10034 , NASA-CR-163554 , FC-LO-00428 , LEMSCO-14067 , JSC-16343
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  • 148
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    Illustration of year-to-year variation in wheat spectral profile crop growth curves (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data previously compiled on the year to year variability of spectral profile crop growth parameters for spring and winter wheat in Kansas, Oklahoma, and the Dakotas were used with a profile model to develop graphs illustrating spectral profile crop growth curves for a number of years and a number of spring and winter wheat segments. These curves show the apparent variability in spectral profiles for wheat from one year to another within the same segment and from one segment to another within the same year.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10032 , NASA-TM-82199 , SR-J0-00489 , JSC-16817
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  • 149
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    Supplemental US/Canada wheat and barley exploratory experiment implementation plan: Evaluation of a procedure 1A technology (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A plan is presented for a supplemental experiment to evaluate a sample allocation technique for selecting picture elements from remotely sensed multispectral imagery for labeling in connection with a new crop proportion estimation technique. The method of evaluating an improved allocation and proportion estimation technique is also provided.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10031 , NASA-CR-160777 , FC-LO-00609 , LEMSCO-15042 , JSC-16364
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    Applications of HCMM satellite data to the study of urban heating patterns (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The first analyses of the Washington, D.C. area was completed in which a method was employed to determine the surface energy balance, moisture availability, and thermal inertia. Further analyses of the Clarksville, Tennessee area during project STATE were completed. To test a newly operational interactive system, a temperature study of the Central Pennsylvania Barrens was performed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10025 , NASA-CR-163503 , QR-11
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  • 151
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    Sea surface temperature of the coastal zones of France (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The various thermal gradients in the coastal zones of France were mapped with regard to natural phenomena and man made thermal effluents. The mesoscale thermal features of the English Channel, the Bay of Biscay, and the northwestern Mediterranean Sea were also studied. The evolution of the thermal gradients generated by the main estuaries of the French coastal zones was investigated along with the modeling of diurnal heating of the sea surface and its influence on the oceanic surface layers.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10024 , NASA-CR-163441 , PR-3
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  • 152
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    HCMM/soil moisture experiment (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Progress in the compilation and analysis of airborne and ground data to determine the relationship between the maximum surface minus maximum air temperature differential (delta Tsa) and available water (PAW) is reported. Also, results of an analysis of HCMM images to determine the effect of cloud cover on the availability of HCMM-type data are presented. An inverse relationship between delta Tsa and PAW is indicated along with stable delta Tsa vs. PAW distributions for fully developed canopies. Large variations, both geographical and diurnal, in the cloud cover images are reported. The average monthly daytime cloud cover fluctuated between 40 and 60 percent.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10022 , NASA-CR-163504
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  • 153
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    Effects of management practices on reflectance of spring wheat canopies (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of available soil moisture, planting date, nitrogen fertilization, and cultivar on reflectance of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) canopies were investigated. Spectral measurements were acquired on eight dates throughout the growing season, along with measurements of crop maturity stage, leaf area index, biomass, plant height, percent soil cover, and soil moisture. Planting date and available soil moisture were the primary agronomic factors which affected reflectance of spring wheat canopies from tillering to maturity. Comparisons of treatments indicated that during the seedling and tillering stages planting date was associated with 36 percent and 85 percent of variation in red and near infrared reflectances, respectively. As the wheat headed and matured, less of the variation in reflectance was associated with planting date and more with available soil moisture. By mid July, soil moisture accounted for 73 percent and 69 percent of the variation in reflectance in red and near infrared bands, respectively. Differences in spectral reflectance among treatments were attributed to changes in leaf area index, biomass, and percent soil cover. Cultivar and N fertilization rate were associated with very little of the variation in the reflectance of these canopies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10019 , NASA-CR-161003 , SR-PO-00458 , LARS-TR-051580
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  • 154
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    The application of remotely sensed data in support of emergency rehabilitation of wildfire-damage areas (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The depth, texture, and water holding capacity of the soil before the fire in the Bridge Creek area of Deschutes National Forest (1979) were determined from available aerial photography and LANDSAT MSS digital data. Three days after the fire was out, complete coverage of the burned area was acquired on 35 mm color infrared film from a near vertical or low oblique perspective. These photographs were used in assessing the condition of vegetation, and in predicting the likelihood of survival. Negatives from vertical natural photography obtained during the same flight were used to produce 3R prints from which large scale mosaics of the entire burned area were obtained. LANDSAT MSS data obtained on the day the fire was under control were used to evaluate vegetative vigor (by calculating a band 7/band 5 ratio value for each spectral class) and to determine the boundary between altered and unaltered land.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10014 , NASA-CR-163534 , ERSAL-80-1
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  • 155
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    Crop calendars for the US, USSR, and Canada in support of the early warning project (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: New crop calendars are produced for U.S. regions where several years of periodic growth stage observations are available on a CRD basis. Preexisting crop calendars from the LACIE are also collected as are U.S. crop calendars currently being created for the Foreign Commodities Production Forecast project. For the U.S.S.R. and Canada, no new crop calendars are created because no new data are available. Instead, LACIE crop calendars are compared against simulated normal daily temperatures and against the Robertson wheat and Williams barley phenology models run on the simulated normal temperatures. Severe inconsistencies are noted and discussed. For the U.S.S.R., spring and fall planting dates can probably be estimated accurately from satellite or meteorological data. For the starter model problem, the Feyerherm spring wheat model is recommended for spring planted small grains, and the results of an analysis are presented. For fall planted small grains, use of normal planting dates supplemented by spectral observation of an early stage is recommended. The importance of nonmeteorological factors as they pertain to meteorological factors in determining fall planting is discussed. Crop calendar data available at the Johnson Space Center for the U.S., U.S.S.R., Canada, and other countries are inventoried.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10012 , NASA-CR-163555 , SR-LO-00450 , LEMSCO-14673 , JSC-16359
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    As-built design specification for P1A software system modified display subsystem (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This document contains the design of the proportional estimate processor which was written to satisfy the software requirement of Part A of the P1A experiment. The purposes of the project are: (1) to select the dots to be labelled; (2) to create tables of green numbers and brightness values for all selected dots per acquisition; (3) to create scatter plots of green numbers vs brightness for each acquisition for all selected dots. If labels have been provided then scatter plots of only categories of interest can be optionally produced; and (4) to produce trajectory plots of green number vs brightness at differing acquisition times for each dot. These plots need to be in the same order as the list of selected dots. When labels are provided only plots of dots of categories of interest are to be produced.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10011 , NASA-CR-163561 , LEMSCO-15151 , JSC-16750
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  • 157
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    Earth Observations Division version of the Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing System (EOD-LARSYS) user guide for the IBM 370/148. Volume 2: User reference manual (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This document presents instructions for analysts who use the EOD-LARSYS as programmed on the Purdue University IBM 370/148 (recently replaced by the IBM 3031) computer. It presents sample applications, control cards, and error messages for all processors in the system and gives detailed descriptions of the mathematical procedures and information needed to execute the system and obtain the desired output. EOD-LARSYS is the JSC version of an integrated batch system for analysis of multispectral scanner imagery data. The data included is designed for use with the as built documentation (volume 3) and the program listings (volume 4). The system is operational from remote terminals at Johnson Space Center under the virtual machine/conversational monitor system environment.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10010 , NASA-CR-163562 , LEMSCO-12564-VOL-2-REV-A , JSC-13821-VOL-2-REV-A
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  • 158
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    Trophic classification of Tennessee Valley area reservoirs derived from LANDSAT multispectral scanner data (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: LANDSAT MSS data from four different dates were extracted from computer tapes using a semiautomated digital data handling and analysis system. Reservoirs were extracted from the surrounding land matrix by using a Band 7 density level slice of 3; and descriptive statistics to include mean, variance, and ratio between bands for each of the four bands were calculated. Significant correlations ( 0.80) were identified between the MSS statistics and many trophic indicators from ground truth water quality data collected at 35 reservoirs in the greater Tennessee Valley region. Regression models were developed which gave significant estimates of each reservoir's trophic state as defined by its trophic state index and explained in all four LANDSAT frames at least 85 percent of the variability in the data. To illustrate the spatial variations within reservoirs as well as the relative variations between reservoirs, a table look up elliptical classification was used in conjunction with each reservoir's trophic state index to classify each reservoir on a pixel by pixel basis and produce color coded thematic representations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10008 , NASA-CR-163528
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  • 159
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    Proportion estimation using prior cluster purities (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The prior distribution of CLASSY component purities is studied, and this information incorporated into maximum likelihood crop proportion estimators. The method is tested on Transition Year spring small grain segments.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10006 , NASA-CR-160776 , SR-LO-00465 , LEMSCO-15163 , JSC-16754
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  • 160
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    Image processing of HCMM-satellite thermal images for superposition with other satellite imagery and topographic and thematic maps (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The southwestern part of Central Europe between Basal and Frankfurt was used in a study to determine the accuracy with which a regionally bounded HCMM scene could be rectified with respect to a preassigned coordinate system. The scale to which excerpts from HCMM data can be sensibly enlarged and the question of how large natural structures must be in order to be identified in a satellite thermal image with the given resolution were also examined. Relief and forest and population distribution maps and a land use map derived from LANDSAT data were digitalized and adapted to a common reference system and then combined in a single multichannel data system. The control points for geometrical rectification were determined using the coordinates of the reference system. The multichannel scene was evaluated in several different manners such as the correlation of surface temperature and relief, surface temperature and land use, or surface temperature and built up areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10005 , NASA-CR-163545
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  • 161
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    Houston area multicrop inspection trips (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The phenology of crops such as corn, cotton, soybeans, sorghum, sunflowers, and rice and their observed signatures on LANDSAT imagery was studied. This was accomplished by photographing the various crops in segments 275 and 276 located in Wharton County, Texas and comparing those photographs with LANDSAT imagery of the same dates. These comparisons gave insight as to why a particular crop growth stage appeared as a definite signature on LANDSAT and how the percentage of ground cover of various crops affected the signatures on LANDSAT imagery. Numerous crop growth stages could not be directly compared due to cloud cover during several LANDSAT overpasses.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10003 , NASA-CR-163557 , FC-LO-00437 , LEMSCO-14584 , JSC-16351
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  • 162
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    As-built design specification for proportion estimate software subsystem (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Proportion Estimate Processor evaluates four estimation techniques in order to get an improved estimate of the proportion of a scene that is planted in a selected crop. The four techniques to be evaluated were provided by the techniques development section and are: (1) random sampling; (2) proportional allocation, relative count estimate; (3) proportional allocation, Bayesian estimate; and (4) sequential Bayesian allocation. The user is given two options for computation of the estimated mean square error. These are referred to as the cluster calculation option and the segment calculation option. The software for the Proportion Estimate Processor is operational on the IBM 3031 computer.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10002 , NASA-CR-163560 , LEMSCO-15353 , JSC-16807
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  • 163
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    Canadian crop calendars in support of the early warning project (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Canadian crop calendars for LACIE are presented. Long term monthly averages of daily maximum and daily minimum temperatures for subregions of provinces were used to simulate normal daily maximum and minimum temperatures. The Robertson (1968) spring wheat and Williams (1974) spring barley phenology models were run using the simulated daily temperatures and daylengths for appropriate latitudes. Simulated daily temperatures and phenology model outputs for spring wheat and spring barley are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10001 , NASA-CR-163558 , SR-LO-00475 , LEMSCO-14676 , JSC-16376
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  • 164
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    NASA Wallops Flight Center GEOS-3 altimeter data processing report (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The procedures used to process the GEOS-3 radar altimeter data from raw telemetry data to a final user data product are described. In addition, the radar altimeter hardware design and operating parameters are presented to aid the altimeter user in understanding the altimeter data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-RP-1066
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  • 165
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    The software system development for the TAMU real-time fan beam scatterometer data processors (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A software package was designed and written to process in real-time any one quadrature channel pair of radar scatterometer signals form the NASA L- or C-Band radar scatterometer systems. The software was successfully tested in the C-Band processor breadboard hardware using recorded radar and NERDAS (NASA Earth Resources Data Annotation System) signals as the input data sources. The processor development program and the overall processor theory of operation and design are described. The real-time processor software system is documented and the results of the laboratory software tests, and recommendations for the efficient application of the data processing capabilities are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-160880 , RSC-3556-2
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  • 166
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    Feasibility study consisting of a review of contour generation methods from stereograms (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A review of techniques for obtaining contour information from stereo pairs is given. Photogrammetric principles including a description of stereoscopic vision are presented. The use of conventional contour generation methods, such as the photogrammetric plotting technique, electronic correlator, and digital correlator are described. Coherent optical techniques for contour generation are discussed and compared to the electronic correlator. The optical techniques are divided into two categories: (1) image plane operation and (2) frequency plane operation. The description of image plane correlators are further divided into three categories: (1) image to image correlator, (2) interferometric correlator, and (3) positive negative transparencies. The frequency plane correlators are divided into two categories: (1) correlation of Fourier transforms, and (2) filtering techniques.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-163716
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  • 167
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    Evaluation of aircraft microwave data for locating zones for well stimulation and enhanced gas recovery (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Imaging radar was evaluated as an adjunct to conventional petroleum exploration techniques, especially linear mapping. Linear features were mapped from several remote sensor data sources including stereo photography, enhanced LANDSAT imagery, SLAR radar imagery, enhanced SAR radar imagery, and SAR radar/LANDSAT combinations. Linear feature maps were compared with surface joint data, subsurface and geophysical data, and gas production in the Arkansas part of the Arkoma basin. The best LANDSAT enhanced product for linear detection was found to be a winter scene, band 7, uniform distribution stretch. Of the individual SAR data products, the VH (cross polarized) SAR radar mosaic provides for detection of most linears; however, none of the SAR enhancements is significantly better than the others. Radar/LANDSAT merges may provide better linear detection than a single sensor mapping mode, but because of operator variability, the results are inconclusive. Radar/LANDSAT combinations appear promising as an optimum linear mapping technique, if the advantages and disadvantages of each remote sensor are considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-163710
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  • 168
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    Terrain-analysis procedures for modeling radar backscatter (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Procedures developed to obtain both raw measured and surface roughness statistics for radar backscatter modeling are described. A comprehensive and highly flexible software package for terrain analysis is introduced.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 168-199
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  • 169
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    Infrared spectra of olivine polymorphs - Alpha, beta phase and spinel (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The infrared absorption spectra of several olivines (alpha phase) and their corresponding beta phase (modified spinel) and spinel (gamma) high-pressure polymorphs are determined. Spectra were measured for ground and pressed samples of alpha and gamma A2SiO4, where A = Fe, Ni, Co; alpha and gamma Mg2GeO4; alpha Mg2SiO4; and beta Co2SiO4. The spectra are interpreted in terms of internal, tetrahedral and octagonal, and lattice vibration modes, and the spinel results are used to predict the spectrum of gamma Mg2SiO4. Analysis of spectra obtained from samples of gamma Mg2GeO4 heated to 730 and 1000 C provides evidence that partial inversion could occur in silicate spinels at elevated temperatures and pressures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Physics and Chemistry of Minerals; 5; 1980
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  • 170
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    Radiative transfer theory for passive microwave remote sensing of a two-layer random medium with cylindrical structures (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A model of the vegetation layer as a two-layer random medium with a small correlation length l sub rho in the horizontal direction, and a large correlation length l sub z in the vertical direction, is presented for fields with cylindrical structures. As l sub z approaches infinity, closed form solutions are derived for the brightness temperatures; the kernels in the scattering terms of the radiative transfer equations result in delta functions showing that forward scattering is dominant over all other directions. The results are compared with the Gaussian quadrature method data for numerical solution of the radiative transfer equations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 51; Nov. 198
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  • 171
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    Landsat for practical forest type mapping - A test case (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Computer classified Landsat maps are compared with a recent conventional inventory of forest lands in northern Maine. Over the 196,000 hectare area mapped, estimates of the areas of softwood, mixed wood and hardwood forest obtained by a supervised classification of the Landsat data and a standard inventory based on aerial photointerpretation, probability proportional to prediction, field sampling and a standard forest measurement program are found to agree to within 5%. The cost of the Landsat maps is estimated to be $0.065/hectare. It is concluded that satellite techniques are worth developing for forest inventories, although they are not yet refined enough to be incorporated into current practical inventories.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Dec. 198
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  • 172
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    Vegetation reflectance measurements as a function of solar zenith angle (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An understanding of the behavior of vegetation canopy reflectance as a function of solar zenith angle is important to several remote sensing applications. Spectral hemispherical-conical reflectances of a nadir looking sensor were taken throughout the day of a lodgepole pine and two grass canopies. Mathematical simulations of both a spectral hemispherical-conical reflectance factor and a spectral bi-hemispherical reflectance were performed for two theoretical canopies of contrasting geometric structure. These results and results from literature studies showed a great amount of variability of vegetation canopy reflectances as a function of solar zenith angle. Explanations for this variability are discussed and recommendations for future measurements are proposed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Dec. 198
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  • 173
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    Evaluation of several schemes for classification of remotely sensed data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Various numerical analysis schemes for the classification of remotely sensed data are evaluated with respect to their capabilities for crop identification. A per point Gaussian maximum likelihood classifier, per point sum-of-normal-densities classifier, per point linear classifier, per point Gaussian maximum likelihood decision tree classifier and a texture-sensitive per field Gaussian maximum likelihood classifier were applied to seven sets of Landsat MSS data on several crop types and regions. The results of the implementation of the classifiers indicate that, given a representative set of training statistics, the choice of classification algorithm of the differentiation of corn and soybeans from one another and from other crop types made relatively little difference in accuracy, whereas the use of a different training method affected the accuracy significantly. In addition, the linear classifier is found to be the easiest for the analyst to use and to cost least in computer time per classification.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Dec. 198
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  • 174
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    Evaluation of multispectral middle infrared aircraft images for lithologic mapping in the East Tintic Mountains, Utah (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Six channels of multispectral middle infrared (8 to 14 micron) aircraft scanner data were acquired over the East Tintic mining district, Utah. This area has high relief and moderate vegetation and consists mainly of Tertiary silicic igneous rocks and Paleozoic quartzite and carbonate rocks that have been locally hydrothermally altered. These digital-image data were computer processed to create a color-composite image based on principal component transformations. Color differences in this image are related to the spectral differences in the surface material and allow discrimination of several rock types, depending primarily on their silica content. When combined with a visible and near infrared color-composite image from a previous flight, with limited field checking, it is possible to discriminate quartzite, carbonate rocks, quartz latitic and quartz monzonitic rocks, latitic and monzonitic rocks, silicified altered rocks, argillized altered rocks, and vegetation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geology; 8; May 1980
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  • 175
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    Petrology and geochemistry of composite ultramafic xenoliths in alkalic basalts and implications for magmatic processes within the mantle (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Journal of Science; 280-A; 1980
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  • 176
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    Tectonic setting and trace element geochemistry of mesozoic ophiolitic rocks in western Washington (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Journal of Science; 280-A; 1980
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  • 177
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    Genesis of the Smartville arc-ophiolite, Sierra Nevada foothills, California (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Rare earth element analyses of metavolcanic rocks from the Smartville, Calif. ophiolite divide the uniform suite of pillowed and massive lavas into the lower part consisting of massive, brecciated tholeiites, an intrusive dike-sill complex, and part of a plutonic suite. The tholeiites are light REE depleted with a (Ce)N range of 6.5 to 26.0 and (Yb)N of 6.0 to 30.0; it is suggested that the tholeiites were produced by partial melting of a LREE depleted source similar to MORB. The upper part of the volcanic pile is comprised of basaltic-andesitic flows and interbedded coarse to fine volcanic sediments; these 'calc-alkaline' rocks are light REE enriched with the (Ce)N range of 17.0-28.0 and (Yb)N of 8.0 to 12.0. Finally, petrographic investigations of volcanic sediments and sulfide ore deposits in the lava show that the ophiolite formed near a group of active submarine and subareal volcanoes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Journal of Science; 280-A; 1980
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  • 178
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    Classification of wheat: Badhwar profile similarity technique (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Badwar profile similarity classification technique used successfully for classification of corn was applied to spring wheat classifications. The software programs and the procedures used to generate full-scene classifications are presented, and numerical results of the acreage estimations are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10207 , NASA-CR-160970 , SR-LO-00499 , LEMSCO-15305 , JSC-16826
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  • 179
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    Weather analysis and interpretation procedures developed for the US/Canada wheat and barley exploratory experiment (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Procedures and techniques for providing analyses of meteorological conditions at segments during the growing season were developed for the U.S./Canada Wheat and Barley Exploratory Experiment. The main product and analysis tool is the segment-level climagraph which depicts temporally meteorological variables for the current year compared with climatological normals. The variable values for the segment are estimates derived through objective analysis of values obtained at first-order station in the region. The procedures and products documented represent a baseline for future Foreign Commodity Production Forecasting experiments.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10208 , NASA-CR-160971 , FC-LO-04014 , LEMSCO-15612 , JSC-16840
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  • 180
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    Computer program documentation user information for the RSO-tape print program (RSOPRNT) (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A user's guide for the RSOPRNT, a TRASYS Master Restart Output Tape (RSO) reader is presented. Background information and sample runstreams, as well as, references, input requirements and options, are included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10198 , NASA-CR-161000 , JSC-17015 , LEMSCO-15903
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  • 181
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    Conversion of SPU-Universal disk file to JSC-Universal tape storage: CONVRT user's guide (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The CONVRT, program which runs on a DEC PDP 11/70 computer, reads data files on disk in the SPU-Universal format and reformats the data to JSC Universal and output on tape.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10185 , NASA-CR-160938 , EW-LO-00706 , LEMSCO-15608 , JSC-16821
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  • 182
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    The multicategory case of the sequential Bayesian pixel selection and estimation procedure (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A Bayesian technique for stratified proportion estimation and a sampling based on minimizing the mean squared error of this estimator were developed and tested on LANDSAT multispectral scanner data using the beta density function to model the prior distribution in the two-class case. An extention of this procedure to the k-class case is considered. A generalization of the beta function is shown to be a density function for the general case which allows the procedure to be extended.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10182 , NASA-CR-160965 , SR-LO-00478 , LEMSCO-14807 , JSC-16378
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  • 183
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    Evaluation of gravimetric ground truth soil moisture data collected for the agricultural soil moisture experiment, 1978 Colby, Kansas, aircraft mission (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Soil moisture data acquired to support the development of algorithms for estimating surface soil moisture from remotely sensed backscattering of microwaves from ground surfaces are presented. Aspects of field uniformity and variability of gravimetric soil moisture measurements are discussed. Moisture distribution patterns are illustrated by frequency distributions and contour plots. Standard deviations and coefficients of variation relative to degree of wetness and agronomic features of the fields are examined. Influence of sampling depth on observed moisture content an variability are indicated. For the various sets of measurements, soil moisture values that appear as outliers are flagged. The distribution and legal descriptions of the test fields are included along with examinations of soil types, agronomic features, and sampling plan. Bulk density data for experimental fields are appended, should analyses involving volumetric moisture content be of interest to the users of data in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10114 , NASA-CR-160966 , SM-L0-00441 , LEMSCO-14600 , JSC-16357
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  • 184
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    Improved definition of crustal anomalies for Magsat data (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Final editing and reduction of the equatorial ground observatory data set was completed. Plots of delineation, and the vertical and horizontal components of the time varying field were generated from these data. Appropriate baselines were derived and deviations from these levels can be used as a continuous measure of the external variations at ground level in the sub-auroral zones. They may also be useful as quantitative measures of the intensity of external field activity. Other data sets assembled for dissemination include (1) Kp and Ap - the planetary magnetic indexes; (2) the international magnetic character indexes-Cp; (3) compilations of magnetic storm sudden commencements; (4) time of interplanetary magnetic sector changes; and (5) Dst - the storm disturbance measure. Fine attitude component data with its increased pointing resolution is reducing residuals by an order of magnitude.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10116 , NASA-CR-164110 , QR-5
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  • 185
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    On the existence, uniqueness, and asymptotic normality of a consistent solution of the likelihood equations for nonidentically distributed observations: Applications to missing data problems (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A general theorem is given which establishes the existence and uniqueness of a consistent solution of the likelihood equations given a sequence of independent random vectors whose distributions are not identical but have the same parameter set. In addition, it is shown that the consistent solution is a MLE and that it is asymptotically normal and efficient. Two applications are discussed: one in which independent observations of a normal random vector have missing components, and the other in which the parameters in a mixture from an exponential family are estimated using independent homogeneous sample blocks of different sizes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10099 , NASA-CR-160931 , SR-H0-00492 , REPT-76
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  • 186
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    Understanding the LANDSAT market in developing countries (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The constraints on the growth of the market which stem from the development process itself and from a country's technical, political, and institutional attributes were examined. Four competing factors guide the development of policy regarding an operational land remote sensing system and are summarized. The factors are: there is a need to boost U.S. experts in areas where the U.S. holds a technological lead; the need to develop user applications in developing countries on their terms coincides with foreign policy; developing countries desire to take control of their own development; and the U.S. government wants to enlist the participation of major companies in the management, operation, and ownership of the operational system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-164171 , REPT-30
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  • 187
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    A user need study and system plan for an Arizona Natural Resources Information System report to the Arizona state legislature (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A survey instrument was developed and implemented in order to evaluate the current needs for natural resource information in Arizona and to determine which state agencies have information systems capable of coordinating, accessing and analyzing the data. Data and format requirements were determined for the following categories: air quality, animals, cultural resources, geology, land use, soils, water, vegetation, ownership, and social and economic aspects. Hardware and software capabilities were assessed and a data processing plan was developed. Possible future applications with the next generation LANDSAT were also identified.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-164131 , REPT-80-1.2
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  • 188
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    Use of LANDSAT data for automatic classification and area estimation of sugarcane plantation in Sao Paulo state, Brazil (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Ten segments of the size 20 x 10 km were aerially photographed and used as training areas for automatic classifications. The study areas was covered by four LANDSAT paths: 235, 236, 237, and 238. The percentages of overall correct classification for these paths range from 79.56 percent for path 238 to 95.59 percent for path 237.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10125 , NASA-CR-164117 , INPE-1929-RPE/254
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  • 189
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    PATCH image processor user's manual (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The patch image processor extracts patches in various size (32 x 32, 64 x 64, 128 x 128, and 256 x 256 pixels) from full frame LANDSAT imagery data. With the patches that are extracted, a patch image mosaic is created in the image processing system, IMDACS, format.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10101 , NASA-CR-160930 , EW-LO-00707 , LEMSCO-15692 , JSC-16833
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 190
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    Seasat views North America, the Caribbean, and Western Europe with imaging radar (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Forty-one digitally correlated Seasat synthetic-aperture radar images of land areas in North America, the Caribbean, and Western Europe are presented to demonstrate this microwave orbital imagery. The characteristics of the radar images, the types of information that can be extracted from them, and certain of their inherent distortions are briefly described. Each atlas scene covers an area of 90 X 90 kilometers, with the exception of the one that is the Nation's Capital. The scenes are grouped according to salient features of geology, hydrology and water resources, urban landcover, or agriculture. Each radar image is accompanied by a corresponding image in the optical or near-infrared range, or by a simple sketch map to illustrate features of interest. Characteristics of the Seasat radar imaging system are outlined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-163825 , JPL-PUB-80-67
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 191
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    Limited Area Coverage/High Resolution Picture Transmission (LAC/HRPT) data vegetative index calculation processor user's manual (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The program, LACVIN, calculates vegetative indexes numbers on limited area coverage/high resolution picture transmission data for selected IJ grid sections. The IJ grid sections were previously extracted from the full resolution data tapes and stored on disk files.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10073 , NASA-CR-160870 , EW-LO-00703 , LEMSCO-15327 , JSC-16375
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  • 192
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    Normal crop calendars. Volume 2: The spring wheat states of Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The state crop calendars for the principal spring wheat producing states within the United States are presented. These crop calendars are an update of those produced for the large area crop inventory experiment multilabeling task during 1978and are compiled for the foreign commodity production forecasting (FCPF) project of the agriculture and resources inventory surveys through aerospace remote sensing program.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10070 , NASA-CR-160867 , SR-LO-00485 , LEMSCO-15034 , JSC-16814
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  • 193
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    Preliminary evaluation of the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan crop calendar shift algorithm for estimation of spring wheat development stage (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An algorithm for estimating spectral crop calendar shifts of spring small grains was applied to 1978 spring wheat fields. The algorithm provides estimates of the date of peak spectral response by maximizing the cross correlation between a reference profile and the observed multitemporal pattern of Kauth-Thomas greenness for a field. A methodology was developed for estimation of crop development stage from the date of peak spectral response. Evaluation studies showed that the algorithm provided stable estimates with no geographical bias. Crop development stage estimates had a root mean square error near 10 days. The algorithm was recommended for comparative testing against other models which are candidates for use in AgRISTARS experiments.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10071 , NASA-CR-160865 , SR-LO-00476 , LEMSCO-15115 , JSC-16377
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 194
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    An application example of the LANDSAT data to the study of the relationship between the topography and pasture quality in areas of Paragominas (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The relationship between pasture quality and geomorphology was verified by applying visual and automatic interpretation techniques to LANDSAT data. The results show that LANDSAT data is useful to point out better areas to settle pastures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10059 , NASA-CR-163767 , INPE-1756-RPE/145
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  • 195
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    Application of remote sensing techniques to hydrography with emphasis on bathymetry (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Remote sensing techniques are utilized for the determination of hydrographic characteristics, with emphasis in bathymetry. Two sensor systems were utilized: the Metric Camera Wild RC-10 and the Multispectral Scanner of LANDSAT Satellite (MSS-LANDSAT). From photographs of the metric camera, data of photographic density of points with known depth are obtained. A correlation between the variables density x depth is calculated through a regression straight line. From this line, the depth of points with known photographic density is determined. The LANDSAT MSS images are interpreted automatically in the Iterative Multispectral Analysis System (I-100) with the obtention of point subareas with the same gray level. With some simplifications done, it is assumed that the depth of a point is directly related with its gray level. Subareas with points of the same depth are then determined and isobathymetric curves are drawn. The coast line is obtained through the sensor systems already mentioned. Advantages and limitations of the techniques and of the sensor systems utilized are discussed and the results are compared with ground truth.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10052 , NASA-CR-163762 , INPE-1673-TDL/013
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  • 196
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    A simulation model of temperature transitory on rocks having different thermal inertia. Analysis of the theoretical capacity of rock discrimination by remote sensing data (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The possibility of identifying ground surface material by measuring the surface temperature at two different and significant times of the day was investigated for the case of hypothetical island whose rocky surface contained no vegetation and consisted of dolomite, clay, and granite. The thermal dynamics of the soil surface during a day in which atmospheric conditions were average for a latitude of about 40 deg to 50 deg were numerically simulated. The line of separation between zones of different materials was delineated by the range of temperature variation. Results show that the difference between maximum and minimum value of the temperature of ground surface during the day is linked to the thermal inertia value of the material of which the rock is formed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10042 , NASA-CR-163752 , PR-3
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  • 197
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    Shock effects in olivine and implications for Hugoniot data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: New observations of shock deformation in single-crystal olivine are presented for the range in peak pressures from about 16 to 75 GPa. A nonequilibrium model is suggested for the behavior of olivine under shock which explains the densification associated with a mixed-phase region and which is consistent with all available observations, yet which bears little similarity to the equilibrium behavior of olivine at high pressure.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; June 10
    Format: text
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  • 198
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    A seasonal verification of the Suits spectral reflectance model for wheat (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Variables that characterize wheat canopies for the Suits Model and spectral bidirectional reflectance measurements in the 450 to 1350 nm interval were determined approximately weekly throughout the growing season for two cultivars of wheat that achieved maximum leaf area index of 5.3 and 10.8. The Suits Model plant variables were tabulated and experimental reflectance measurements were compared with the model predictions in the wavelength interval from 500 to 1150 nm at 50 nm increments for 17 measurement dates. The seasonal average coefficient of determination, r squared, was 0.88 between the Suits spectral bidirectional reflectance model and field-measured reflectance data. Poorest agreement was found very early and very late in the growing season, possibly due to low green plant biomass and incomplete ground cover.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Jan. 198
    Format: text
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  • 199
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    On extracting brightness temperature maps from scanning radiometer data (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The extraction of brightness temperature maps from scanning radiometer data is described as a typical linear inverse problem. Spatial quantization and parameter estimation is described and is suggested as an advantageous approach to a solution. Since this approach takes into explicit account the multivariate nature of the problem, it permits an accurate determination of the most detailed resolution extractable from the data as well as explicitly defining the possible compromises between accuracy and resolution. To illustrate the usefulness of the method described for algorithm design and accuracy prediction, it was applied to the problem of providing brightness temperature maps during the NOSS flight segment. The most detained possible resolution was determined and a curve which displays the possible compromises between accuracy and resolution was provided.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-81989
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  • 200
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    Stereosat: A proposed private sector/government joint venture in remote sensing from space (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Stereosat, a free flying Sun synchronous satellite whose purpose is to obtain worldwide cloud-free stereoscopic images of the Earth's land masses, is proposed as a joint private sector/government venture. A number of potential organization models are identified. The legal, economic, and institutional issues which could impact the continuum of potential joint private sector/government institutional structures are examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-163569 , JPL-PUB-80-70
    Format: application/pdf
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