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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (500)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1980-1984  (500)
  • 1983  (500)
  • 101
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    Determination of the utility of remote sensing data for land use/cover analysis in the lower Appalachia region: Assessing the utility of remote sensing data for archeological site recognition (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) data were gathered by NASA/ERL over a portion of the lower Ohio River and the middle Mississippi River valleys on April 11, 1982. CIR imagery accompanied the 10 and 30 meter resolution TMS data sets. This area is somewhat unique archeologically as there exists a concentration of sites with major features such as mounds, earthworks, and villages. It was the primary purpose of this study to determine the utility of TMS data in identifying signatures which are distinctly archeological. TMS data were processed using the NASA/ERL software package ELAS. No signatures that were distinctly archeological were detected, due in large part to the complexity of the land cover and land use practices. However, as more sophisticated classification techniques were employed, the classes which were related to archeological features were narrowed. TMS data could certainly be of assistance to a trained archeologist/interpreter in narrowing an area which has to be field-surveyed as anomalous features can be recognized within a particular environmental context.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E86-10021 , NASA-CR-176435 , NAS 1.26:176435
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  • 102
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    Commercialization of the land remote sensing system: An examination of mechanisms and issues (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In September 1982 the Secretary of Commerce was authorized (by Title II of H.R. 5890 of the 97th Congress) to plan and provide for the management and operation of the civil land remote sensing satellite systems, to provide for user fees, and to plan for the transfer of the ownership and operation of future civil operational land remote sensing satellite systems to the private sector. As part of the planning for transfer, a number of approaches were to be compared including wholly private ownership and operation of the system by an entity competitively selected, mixed government/private ownership and operation, and a legislatively-chartered privately-owned corporation. The results of an analysis and comparison of a limited number of financial and organizational approaches for either transfer of the ownership and operation of the civil operational land remote sensing program to the private sector or government retention are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E86-10008 , NASA-CR-176337 , NAS 1.26:176337 , ECON-82-175
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  • 103
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    Simulation Aspects in the Study of Rectification of Satellite Scanner Data (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: Complete sensor/platform modelling is derived and used for the generation of synthetic data and for rectification studies of satellite scanner data. All satellite position and sensor attitude parameters are recovered. Rectification accuracy improves marginally when using more than 25 control points, and is highly sensitive to errors in image point identification.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis; p 413-484
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  • 104
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    Repeated-Measures Analysis of Image Data (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: It is suggested that using a modified analysis of variance procedure on data sampled systematically from a rectangular array of image data can provide a measure of homogeneity of means over that array in single directions and how variation in perpendicular directions interact. The modification of analysis of variance required to account for spatial correlation is described theoretically and numerically on simulated data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of the NASA Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis; p 277-194
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  • 105
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    Autoregressive Models for Use in Scene Segmentation (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: A scene segmentation approach is presented which is based on generating autoregressive field models for each scene component (class) from its a priori spatial statistics. A methodology is also described for using these models in achieving optimal segmentation of a scene. The derivations are presented for the case of single band imagery, however, the method is believed to be extendable to multispectral data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis; p 93-122
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  • 106
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    Multivariate Density Estimation and Remote Sensing (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: Current efforts to develop methods and computer algorithms to effectively represent multivariate data commonly encountered in remote sensing applications are described. While this may involve scatter diagrams, multivariate representations of nonparametric probability density estimates are emphasized. The density function provides a useful graphical tool for looking at data and a useful theoretical tool for classification. This approach is called a thunderstorm data analysis.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis; p 77-92
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  • 107
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    Progress In The Scene-To-Map Registration Investigation (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: The geometric accuracy of the scene-to-map registration process for P-format LANDSAT MSS data for scenes from Kansas and Louisiana/Mississippi is discussed. Large scale row and column bias values and row and column standard deviation values were measured for the P-format data sets indicating a poor georegistration accuracy for these geometrically corrected LANDSAT MSS scenes. Experimental work is underway with A-format LANDSAT MSS scenes from the same locations to examine the influence of the number of ground control points and the spatial distribution of ground control points on geometric registration accuracy. An early conclusion from this work is that the root mean square approach for assessing how well the ground control points fit the mapping equations measures a different aspect of georegistration accuracy than does the approach of evaluating the bias (offset) and standard deviation using independently chosen ground reference points.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis; p 485-506
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  • 108
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    Results of the Australian geodetic VLBI experiment (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The 250-2500 km baseline vectors between radio telescopes located at Tidbinbilla (DSS43) near Canberra, Parkes, Fleurs (X3) near Sydney, Hobart and Alice Springs were determined from radio interferometric observations of extragalactic sources. The observations were made during two 24-hour sessions on 26 April and 3 May 1982, and one 12-hour night-time session on 28 April 1982. The 275 km Tidbinbilla - Parkes baseline was measured with an accuracy of plus or minus 6 cm. The remaining baselines were measured with accuracies ranging from 15 cm to 6 m. The higher accuracies were achieved for the better instrumented sites of Tidbinbilla, Parkes and Fleurs. The data reduction technique and results of the experiment are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 140-146
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  • 109
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    Radar and infrared remote sensing of terrain, water resources, arctic sea ice, and agriculture (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: Radar range measurements, basic waveforms of radar systems, and radar displays are initially described. These are followed by backscatter from several types of terrain and vegetation as a function of frequency and grazing angle. Analytical models for this backscatter include the facet models of radar return, with range-angle, velocity-range, velocity-angle, range, velocity, and angular only discriminations. Several side-looking airborne radar geometries are presented. Radar images of Arctic sea ice, fresh water lake ice, cloud-covered terrain, and related areas are presented to identify applications of radar imagery. Volume scatter models are applied to radar imagery from alpine snowfields. Short pulse ice thickness radar for subsurface probes is discussed in fresh-water ice and sea ice detection. Infrared scanners, including multispectral, are described. Diffusion of cold water into a river, Arctic sea ice, power plant discharges, volcanic heat, and related areas are presented in thermal imagery. Multispectral radar and infrared imagery are discussed, with comparisons of photographic, infrared, and radar imagery of the same terrain or subjects.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: AGARD Propagation Factors Affecting Remote Sensing by Radio Waves; 22 p
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  • 110
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    Shuttle imaging radar-A (SIR-A) data analysis (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The utility of shuttle imaging radar (SIR-A) data was evaluated in several geological and environmental contexts. For the Ozark Plateau of southern Missouri, SIR-A data were of little use in mapping structural features, because of generally uniform returns. For western Illinois, little was to be gained in terms of identifying land use categories by examining differences between overlapping passes. For southern Australia (Koonamore Station), information ion vegetation types that was not obtainable from LANDSAT MSS data alone was obtained. Specifically, high SIR-A returns in the Australian site were found to correlate with locations where shrubs increase surface roughness appreciably. The Australian study site results demonstrate the synergy of acquiring spectral reflectance and radar data over the same location and time. Such data are especially important in that region, since grazing animals have substantially altered and are continuing to alter the distribution of shrublands, grasslands, and soil exposures. Periodic, synoptic acquisition of MSS and SAR data would be of use in monitoring the dynamics of land-cover change in this environment.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-175785 , NAS 1.26:175785
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  • 111
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    MAGSAT anomaly field data of the crustal properties of Australia (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Progress is reported in producing maps of Australia showing; crustal magnetic anomalies at constant elevation; bulk surface magnetization; and the geomagnetic field intensity, inclination and declination for the Australian region from global models of the geomagnetic field derived from MAGSAT data. The development of a data base management system is also considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E85-10100 , NASA-CR-175615 , NAS 1.26:175615
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  • 112
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    Monolithic short wave infrared (SWIR) detector array (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A monolithic self-scanned linear detector array was developed for remote sensing in the 1.1- 2.4-micron spectral region. A high-density IRCCD test chip was fabricated to verify new design approaches required for the detector array. The driving factors in the Schottky barrier IRCCD (Pdsub2Si) process development are the attainment of detector yield, uniformity, adequate quantum efficiency, and lowest possible dark current consistent with radiometric accuracy. A dual-band module was designed that consists of two linear detector arrays. The sensor architecture places the floating diffusion output structure in the middle of the chip, away from the butt edges. A focal plane package was conceptualized and includes a polycrystalline silicon substrate carrying a two-layer, thick-film interconnecting conductor pattern and five epoxy-mounted modules. A polycrystalline silicon cover encloses the modules and bond wires, and serves as a radiation and EMI shield, thermal conductor, and contamination seal.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-175284 , NAS 1.26:175284
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  • 113
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    The information content of synthetic aperture radar images of terrain (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A statistical model is developed that portrays an imaging radar as a noisy communication channel with multiplicative noise, and the model is used to evaluate the average amount of information that can be extracted about a target from its radar image. The average information content is also used to define a measure of radiometric resolution for radar images. It is shown that the information content and the resolution capabilities of an imaging radar reach a limit beyond which an increase in scene dynamic range does not improve the information content or the resolution. This limitation results from the multiplicative nature of the noise introduced in the imaging process.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems (ISSN 0018-9251); AES-19; 768-774
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  • 114
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    Evaluation of the effects of the seasonal variation of solar elevation angle and azimuth on the processes of digital filtering and thematic classification of relief units (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of the seasonal variation of illumination over digital processing of LANDSAT images are evaluated. Two sets of LANDSAT data referring to the orbit 150 and row 28 were selected with illumination parameters varying from 43 deg to 64 deg for azimuth and from 30 deg to 36 deg for solar elevation respectively. IMAGE-100 system permitted the digital processing of LANDSAT data. Original images were transformed by means of digital filtering so as to enhance their spatial features. The resulting images were used to obtain an unsupervised classification of relief units. Topographic variables (declivity, altitude, relief range and slope length) were used to identify the true relief units existing on the ground. The LANDSAT over pass data show that digital processing is highly affected by illumination geometry, and there is no correspondence between relief units as defined by spectral features and those resulting from topographic features.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10121 , NASA-CR-172796 , NAS 1.26:172796 , INPE-2858-RPE/440
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  • 115
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    Riparian habitat on the Humboldt River, Deeth to Elko, Nevada (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A map inventory of the major habitat types existing along the Humbolt River riparian zone in Nevada is described. Through aerialphotography, 16 riparian habitats are mapped that describe the ecological relationships between soil and vegetation types, flooding and soil erosion, and the various management practices employed to date. The specific land and water management techniques and their impact on the environment are considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10116 , NASA-CR-173486 , NAS 1.26:173486 , CRSC-83-3
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  • 116
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    The Pennsylvania defoliation application pilot test (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Satellite imagery for the State of Pennsylvania was digitally mosaicked to provide the seed data base for monitoring defoliation of hardwood trees by the gypsy moth. Two separate mosaics for the state were prepared, one before defoliation and one after defoliation, to determine the extent, direction, and impact of gypsy moth activity in the state. The digital mosaic technology used to construct the data base was transferred to Pennsylvania State University to permit periodic updates to the data base and to assist in planning and abatement activities. Participating agencies or institutions included Goddard Space Flight Center and the Pennsylvania State University Office for Remote Sensing of Earth Resources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10111 , NASA-CR-173481 , JPL-PUB-83-65 , NAS 1.26:173481
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  • 117
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    LANDSAT-4 horizon scanner full orbit data averages (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Averages taken over full orbit data spans of the pitch and roll residual measurement errors of the two conical Earth sensors operating on the LANDSAT 4 spacecraft are described. The variability of these full orbit averages over representative data throughtout the year is analyzed to demonstrate the long term stability of the sensor measurements. The data analyzed consist of 23 segments of sensor measurements made at 2 to 4 week intervals. Each segment is roughly 24 hours in length. The variation of full orbit average as a function of orbit within a day as a function of day of year is examined. The dependence on day of year is based on association the start date of each segment with the mean full orbit average for the segment. The peak-to-peak and standard deviation values of the averages for each data segment are computed and their variation with day of year are also examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10080 , NASA-CR-173230 , NAS 1.26:173230
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  • 118
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    Application of Heat Capacity Mapping Mission data to regional geologic analysis for mineral and energy resource evaluation (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Heat Capacity Mapping Mission thermal-inertia images of a diversity of terrains and geologic settings were examined in conjunction with topographic, geologic, geophysical, and LANDSAT data. The images were found to have attributes similar to bedrock maps. In the Cascades region, two new features were identified and a method was developed to characterize regional terranes using linear feature data. Two northeast-trending Lineaments were discovered in the Overthrust Belt of Montana and Idaho. The longer of the two extends from the Idaho-Oregon border, through the Idaho batholith and across the Lewis thrust. It coincides, along segments, with mapped faults and an aeromagnetic pattern change. A major lineament crossing the Colorado Plateau and the Southern Rocky Mountians was detected on several thermal-inertial images and evidence was found for the existence of a geologic discontinuity. Vegetation-covered areas in Richfield and the Silver City quadrangle (Arizona and New Mexico) displayed thermal-inertia differences within heavily vegetation areas although no apreciable correlation was found between vegetation cover and thermal inertia. Resistant ridges and knolls have high thermal inertias and thermal-inertia contrasts occurred at lithologic and fault contacts. In the heavy vegetated Pinaleno Mountains, Arizona, a Lithologic unit obscured on LANDSAT MSS data due to the vegetation cover, exhibited a thermal-inertia contrast with its surroundings.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10078 , NASA-CR-173228 , NAS 1.26:173228
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  • 119
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    Analysis of data acquired by synthetic aperture radar over Dade County, Florida, and Acadia Parish, Louisiana (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Results of digital processing of airborne X-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data acquired over Dade County, Florida, and Acadia Parish, Louisiana are presented. The goal was to investigate the utility of SAR data for land cover mapping and area estimation under the AgRISTARS Domestic Crops and Land Cover Project. In the case of the Acadia Paris study area, LANDSAT multispectral scanner (MSS) data were also used to form a combined SAR and MSS data set. The results of accuracy evaluation for the SAR, MSS, and SAR/MSS data using supervised classification show that the combined SAR/MSS data set results in an improved classification accuracy of the five land cover classes as compared with SAR-only and MSS-only data sets. In the case of the Dade County study area, the results indicate that both HH and VV polarization data are highly responsive to the row orientation of the row crop but not to the specific vegetation which forms the row structure. On the other hand, the HV polarization data are relatively insensitive to the orientation of row crop. Therefore, the HV polarization data may be used to discriminate the specific vegetation that forms the row structure.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10067 , NASA-TM-85517 , NSTL/ERL-218 , DE-Y2-04396 , NAS 1.15:85517
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  • 120
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    Investigation of antarctic crust and upper mantle using MAGSAT and other geophysical data (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data selection and reduction procedures are described by which scalar and vector magnetic anomaly maps are constructed. The scalar and vertical magnetic anomalies are believed to be generated mainly in the Earth's crust. The horizontal anomalies are believed to be mainly due to short-period field-aligned currents. The correlation of scalar magnetic anomalies with known oceanic structure is remarkable -- magnetic highs are associated with oceanic ridges and magnetic lows with abyssal plains. The correlation between anomalies and continental geology is not so clear.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10055 , NASA-CR-173136 , NAS 1.26:173136
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  • 121
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    LANDSAT 4 band 6 data evaluation (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Satellite data collected over Lake Ontario were processed to observed surface temperature values. This involved computing apparent radiance values for each point where surface temperatures were known from averaged digital count values. These radiance values were then converted by using the LOWTRAN 5A atmospheric propagation model. This model was modified by incorporating a spectral response function for the LANDSAT band 6 sensors. A downwelled radiance term derived from LOWTRAN was included to account for reflected sky radiance. A blackbody equivalent source radiance was computed. Measured temperatures were plotted against the predicted temperature. The RMS error between the data sets is 0.51K.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10054 , NASA-CR-174582 , NAS 1.26:174582 , QR-5
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  • 122
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    Structure of the Saint Francois Mountains and surrounding lead belt, south east Missouri: Inferences from thermal IR and other data sets (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Several digital data sets were registered to a common base map for southern Missouri. These registered data sets were examined in an attempt to improve our understanding of the crustal structure and the relationships between structure and Pb-Zn-Cu, Fe, Mn, and Ba ores in the area. Data included land station reading of gravity, geologic data, and Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) images. The HCMM day infrared (IR) images of Missouri displayed linear features, which parallel a newly discovered NW-SE trending Bouguer gravity low. The structural pattern over the gravity low suggests vertical uplift of the low density crust via isostatic readjustment and consequent fracturing of the Paleozoic sedimentary cover. The presence of a gravity low is interesting because rifts are often sites of extensive mineralization. The HCMM thermal data were also examined in conjunction with digital topography, land use, and LANDSAT MSS data to understand the phenomena that produce linears on the HCMM day IR images. Finally, the kinds of information that can be extracted from day-night IR pairs are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10027 , NASA-CR-170591 , NAS 1.26:170591
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  • 123
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    Radar remote sensing for crop classification and canopy condition assessment: Ground-data documentation (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A vegetation and soil-moisture experiment was conducted in order to examine the microwave emission and backscattering from vegetation canopies and soils. The data-acquisition methodology used in conjunction with the mobile radar scatterometer (MRS) systems is described and associated ground-truth data are documented. Test fields were located in the Kansas River floodplain north of Lawrence, Kansas. Ten fields each of wheat, corn, and soybeans were monitored over the greater part of their growing seasons. The tabulated data summarize measurements made by the sensor systems and represent target characteristics. Target parameters describing the vegetation and soil characteristics include plant moisture, density, height, and growth stage, as well as soil moisture and soil-bulk density. Complete listings of pertinent crop-canopy and soil measurements are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10020 , NASA-CR-171702 , SR-K3-04424 , NAS 1.26:171702 , RLS-TR-580-2
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  • 124
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    An analysis of spectral discrimination between corn and soybeans using a row crop reflectance model (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Reflectance calculations of soybeans and corn crops at two times during the growing season indicate that the high sensitivity of the thematic mapper mid-infrared band to exposed bare soil between soybean rows is most likely responsible for early season spectral discrimination of corn and soybean crops by this band.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10008 , NASA-CR-174523 , NAS 1.26:174523 , ERIM-166500-1-L
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  • 125
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    Red edge measurements for remotely sensing plant chlorophyll content (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The feasibility of using the wavelength of the maximum slope of the red edge of leaf reflectance spectra, Lambda(re), as an indication of plant chlorophyll status was examined in the laboratory for single leaves of several species. Lambda(re) for each sample was determined by derivative reflectance spectroscopy. A high positive correlation was found between Lambda(re) and leaf chlorophyll content for all species, although there were some differences in the quantitative nature of the relationship for plants of different types. The position of the red edge was found to be unaffected by simulated change in ground cover, but multiple leaf layers produced a shift in its position. Appropriate spectral measurements and processing for obtaining useful information from the red edge are discussed, and the potential of the red edge in relation to other spectral measurements is considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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  • 126
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    Geology, structure, and tectonics of the Pajarito fault zone in the Espanola basin of the Rio Grande rift, New Mexico (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geological Society of America, Bulletin (ISSN 0016-7606); 94; Feb. 198
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  • 127
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    Autonomous earth feature classification - Shuttle and aircraft flight test results (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Feature Identification and Location Experiment (FILE) flown on the Shuttle STS-2 mission November 12-14, 1981, tested a technique for autonomous real-time classification of selected earth features, i.e., water; bare land; vegetation; and clouds, snow, and ice. A second instrument, designed for aircraft flights, flew over regions of the west and east coasts of the United States and across the country. In each instrument, two bore-sighted CCD cameras image earth scenes in two spectral bands. Each camera includes a 100-element by 100-element detector array, and classification circuits. A simple algorithm and logic circuit provides classification decisions within a few microseconds. The experiment records the number of picture elements (pixels) representing each feature and the reflected solar radiation for each band. After flight, pixel-by-pixel classification images are constructed and compared with 70-mm color photographs taken simultaneously with the CCD-camera data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: AIAA PAPER 83-0417
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    Urban land use classification using synthetic aperture radar (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Several approaches to the use of radar imagery for land use classification of urban and near-urban areas are presented. The use of L band, horizontal transmit, and horizontal receive data is emphasized because of their general availability. For urban area studies using imaging radar, the effects of processing in an off-zero Doppler or squint mode, of the presence of large diffuse scatters, and of the possibility of height measurements are discussed. Data from the Los Angeles area are illustratively used.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 4; Apr
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  • 129
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    The red edge of plant leaf reflectance (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A detailed study of the red edge spectral feature of green vegetation based on laboratory reflectance spectrophotometry is presented. A parameter lambda is defined as the wavelength is defined as the wavelength of maximum slope and found to be dependent on chlorophyll concentration. Species, development stage, leaf layering, and leaf water content of vegetation also influences lambda. The maximum slope parameter is found to be independent of simulated ground area coverage. The results are interpreted in terms of Beer's Law and Kubelka-Munk theory. The chlorophyll concentration dependence of lambda seems to be explained in terms of a pure absorption effect, and it is suggested that the existence of two lambda components arises from leaf scattering properties. The results indicate that red edge measurements will be valuable for assessment of vegetative chlorophyll status and leaf area index independently of ground cover variations, and will be particularly suitable for early stress detection.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 4; Apr
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  • 130
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    The geometric correction of Landsat-type imagery using perturbation techniques (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A method for geometric correction data calculation is based on decomposition of image distortions into nominal distortions and perturbations, caused by deviations from the nominal spacecraft motion and sensor pointing. The maximal errors of the method are of the order of 5 m, and the average errors are less than 0.6 m (sigma).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-21; April 19
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    Digital enhancement of SAR imagery as an aid in geologic data extraction (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The geological data content of Seasat A SAR imagery was assessed by correlating images of the Southern Appalachians with optical and digital techniques using a digital enhancement algorithm. The evaluation was performed in terms of lithology, lineaments, and geological structure. Digital correlation of the images was found to be more effective than optical correlation as a geological mapping instrument when considered in the light of ground truth data. The digital enhancement algorithm consists of a mean square error analysis which preserves the edge structure in the SAR imagery and decreases the noise content. Additionally, digital correlations allowed for faster computer processing of the imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 49; Mar. 198
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  • 132
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    Forestry inventory based on multistage sampling with probability proportional to size (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A multistage sampling technique, with probability proportional to size, is developed for a forest volume inventory using remote sensing data. The LANDSAT data, Panchromatic aerial photographs, and field data are collected. Based on age and homogeneity, pine and eucalyptus classes are identified. Selection of tertiary sampling units is made through aerial photographs to minimize field work. The sampling errors for eucalyptus and pine ranged from 8.34 to 21.89 percent and from 7.18 to 8.60 percent, respectively.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NAS 1.26:173947 , NASA-CR-173947 , INPE-2869-RPE/441
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  • 133
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    Scattering from a random layer with applications to snow, vegetation and sea ice (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Two approaches for computing scattering from a random layer with an irregular interface are shown using the radiative-transfer principle. One approach is applied to a random layer to develop a scattering model for snow and sea ice, while the other is used to generate a scattering model for vegetation. It is noted that to model the scattering characteristics of a special medium, it is necessary to relate the electromagnetic parameters to the measurable parameters of the scatterers in the medium. Such relations are given and used to calculate theoretical estimates to compare with measurements acquired by microwave scatterometers.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEE Proceedings, Part F - Communications, Radar and Signal Processing (ISSN 0143-7070); 130; 7 De
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  • 134
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    Identification and estimation of the area planted with irrigated rice based on the visual interpretation of LANDSAT MSS data (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The objective was to test the feasibility of the application of MSS-LANDSAT data to irrigated rice crop identification and area evaluation, within four rice growing regions of the Rio Grande do Sul state, in order to extend the methodology for the whole state. The applied methodology was visual interpretation of the following LANDSAT products: channels 5 and 7 black and white imageries and color infrared composite imageries all at the scale of 1:250.000. For crop identification and evaluation, the multispectral criterion and the seasonal variation were utilized. Based on the results it was possible to conclude that: (1) the satellite data were efficient for crop area identification and evaluation; (2) the utilization of the multispectral criterion, allied to the seasonal variation of the rice crop areas from the other crops and, (3) the large cloud cover percentage found in the satellite data made it impossible to realize a rice crop spectral monitoring and, therefore, to define the best dates for such data acquisition for rice crop assessment.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10164 , NASA-CR-173640 , NAS 1.26:173640 , INPE-2991-NTE/212
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  • 135
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    Remote sensing of agricultural crops and soils (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Research in the correlative and noncorrelative approaches to image registration and the spectral estimation of corn canopy phytomass and water content is reported. Scene radiation research results discussed include: corn and soybean LANDSAT MSS classification performance as a function of scene characteristics; estimating crop development stages from MSS data; the interception of photosynthetically active radiation in corn and soybean canopies; costs of measuring leaf area index of corn; LANDSAT spectral inputs to crop models including the use of the greenness index to assess crop stress and the evaluation of MSS data for estimating corn and soybean development stages; field research experiment design data acquisition and preprocessing; and Sun-view angles studies of corn and soybean canopies in support of vegetation canopy reflection modeling.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10107 , NASA-CR-171768 , SR-P3-04399 , NAS 1.26:171768 , LARS-022183
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  • 136
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    Review and synthesis of problems and directions for large scale geographic information system development (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Problems and directions for large scale geographic information system development were reviewed and the general problems associated with automated geographic information systems and spatial data handling were addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-166563 , NAS 1.26:166563
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  • 137
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    The special effort processing of FGGE data (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The basic FGGE level IIb data set was enhanced. It focused on removing deficiencies in the objective methods of quality assurance, removing efficiencies in certain types of operationally produced satellite soundings, and removing deficiencies in certain types of operationally produced cloud tracked winds. The Special Effort was a joint NASA-NOAA-University of Wisconsin effort. The University of Wisconsin installed an interactive McIDAS capability on the Amdahl computer at the Goddard Laboratory of Atmospheric Sciences (GLAS) with one interactive video terminal at Goddard and the other at the World Weather Building. With this interactive capability a joint processing effort was undertaken to reprocess certain FGGE data sets. NOAA produced a specially edited data set for the special observing periods (SOPs) of FGGE. NASA produced an enhanced satellite sounding data set for the SOPs while the University of Wisconsin produced an enhanced cloud tracked wind set from the Japanese geostationary satellite images.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-175214 , NAS 1.26:175214
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  • 138
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    An analysis of new techniqes for radiometric correction of LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper images (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The utility of methods for generating TM RLUTS which can improve the quality of the resultant images was investigated. The TM-CCT-ADDS tape was changed to account for a different collection window for the calibration data. Several scenes of Terrebonne Bay, Louisiana and the Grand Bahamas were analyzed to evaluate the radiometric corrections operationally applied to the image data and to investigate several techniques for reducing striping in the images. Printer plots for the TM shutter data were produced and detector statistics were compiled and plotted. These statistics included various combinations of the average shutter counts for each scan before and after DC restore for forward and reverse scans. Results show that striping is caused by the detectors becoming saturated when they view a bright cloud and depress the DC restore level.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10086 , NASA-CR-175179 , NAS 1.26:175179
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  • 139
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    Focusing the parabolic antenna (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The focused parabolic antenna has far field pattern characteristics in the radiating near field region. Therefore, it can provide fine resolutions in the across range dimensions. The technique of focusing the parabolic antenna is discussed and applied to a 2-1/2 foot parabolic antenna at X-band. The results of the pattern measurements at various ranges from 2.8 m to 5 m are provided.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-173304 , NAS 1.26:173304 , RSL-TM-587-1
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  • 140
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    Oceanographic and meteorological research based on the data products of SEASAT (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: De-aliased SEASAT SASS vector winds obtained during the GOASEX (Gulf of Alaska SEASAT Experiment) program were processed to obtain superobservations centered on a one degree by one degree grid. The results provide values for the combined effects of mesoscale variability and communication noise on the individual SASS winds. Each grid point of the synoptic field provides the mean synoptic east-west and north-south wind components plus estimates of the standard deviations of these means. These superobservations winds are then processed further to obtain synoptic scale vector winds stress fiels, the horizontal divergence of the wind, the curl of the wind stress and the vertical velocity at 200 m above the sea surface, each with appropriate standard deviations for each grid point value. The resulting fields appear to be consistant over large distances and to agree with, for example, geostationary cloud images obtained concurrently. Their quality is far superior to that of analyses based on conventional data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10077 , NASA-CR-173227 , NAS 1.26:173227
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  • 141
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    LANDSAT 4 investigation of thematic mapper and multispectral scanner applications (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Six different band combinations of TM data were selected for evaluation by four experienced photointerpreters who were asked to rank the band combinations according to the ease with which the category of image feature designated for each set of combinations could be distinguished. There were four sets of combinations selected for each category of image feature. Scenes of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and of the Sacramento Valley, California area were enlarged to 1:250,000 and 2 cm circular chips were cut from each print. A nonparametric rank order test was carried out on the data to determine if the interpreters found no difference among the band combinations in ranking for the designated categories. Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W) was calculated and the significance of the W value was determined by a chi-square test. A table summarizes the results of the evaluation and shows the rank order of band combinations indicated as valid by rejection of the null hypothesis.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10075 , NASA-CR-173225 , NAS 1.26:173225
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  • 142
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    Multiseasonal and geobotanical approach in remote detection of greisenization areas in the Serra da Pedra Branca Granite, Goias State, Brazil (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Multiseasonal analysis of LANDSAT multispectral images in CCT format permitted the mapping of lithologic facies in the Pedra Branca Granite, using geobotanical associations, which occur in the form of variations in the density of cerrado vegetation, as well as the predominance of certain distinctive vegetation species. Dry season images did not show very good results in lithological differentiation due to anomalous illumination conditions related to the low solar elevation and the homogeneity in the vegetation cover, specially the grasses that become dry during this season. Rainy season image, on the other hand, allowed the separation of the lithological types, a fact that can be attributed to a greater differentiation among the geobotanical associations. As a result of this study, the muscovite-granite facies with greisenization zones, which are lithological indicators of important tin mineralization within the Serra da Pedra Branca Granite, were mapped. This methodology can be sucessfully applied to similar known granite bodies elsewhere in the Tin Province of Goias.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10070 , NASA-CR-173220 , NAS 1.26:173220 , INPE-2990-PRE/445
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    Crop identification of SAR data using digital textural analysis (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: After preprocessing SEASAT SAR data which included slant to ground range transformation, registration to LANDSAT MSS data and appropriate filtering of the raw SAR data to minimize coherent speckle, textural features were developed based upon the spatial gray level dependence method (SGLDM) to compute entropy and inertia as textural measures. It is indicated that the consideration of texture features are very important in SAR data analysis. The SEASAT SAR data are useful for the improvement of field boundary definitions and for an earlier season estimate of corn and soybean area location than is supported by LANDSAT alone.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symp.; p 79-82
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  • 144
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    Thematic mapper radiomtric variability on ostensibly uniform agricultural scenes (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of the interaction of the sensor point spread function with a heterogeneous scene consisting of elements giving rise to different spectral radiant intensities cause errors in multitemporal signatures due to fractional pixel repositioning errors. In the case of a heterogeneous scene, the repositioning accuracy between acquisitions could affect the radiometric output in any band and could affect the spectral distribution of radiance between bands. Error caused by within-band and between-band variations in radiance with time could be compounded by resampling along and between scan lines during processing. The magnitude of both error sources depends on the degree of heterogeneity of the scene.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10035 , NASA-CR-174587 , NAS 1.26:174587
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  • 145
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    Evaluation of radiometric and geometric characteristics of LANDSAT-D imaging system (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: With vegetation masked and noise sources eliminated or minimized, different carbonate facies could be discriminated in a south Florida scene. Laboratory spectra of grab samples indicate that a 20% change in depth of the carbonate absorption band was detected despite the effects of atmospheric absorption. Both bright and dark hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks can be discriminated from their unaltered equivalents. A previously unrecognized altered area was identified on the basis of the TM images. The ability to map desert varnish in semi-arid terrains has economic significance as it defines areas that are less susceptible desert erosional process and suitable for construction development.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10050 , NASA-CR-174616 , NAS 1.26:174616 , QR-2
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  • 146
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    Seasonal soybean crop reflectance (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data are presented from field measurements of 1980 including 5 acquisitions of handheld radiometer reflectance measurements, 7 complete sets of parameters for implementing the Suits mode, and other biophysical parameters to characterize the soybean canopy. LANDSAT calculations on the simulated Brazilian soybean reflectance are included along with data collected during the summer and fall on 1981 on soybean single leaf optical parameters for three irrigation treatments. Tests of the Suits vegetative canopy reflectance model for the full hemisphere of observer directions as well as the nadir direction show moderate agreement for the visible channels of the MSS and poor agreement in the near infrared channel. Temporal changes in the spectral characteristics of the single leaves were seen to occur as a function of maturity which demonstrates that the absorptance of a soybean single leaf is more a function of thetransmittancee characteristics than the seasonally consistent single leaf reflectance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10049 , NASA-CR-174617 , NAS 1.26:174617
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  • 147
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    Photo interpretation key to Michigan land cover/use (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A set of photo interpretation keys is presented to provide a structured approach to the identification of land cover/use categories as specified in the Michigan Resource Inventory Act. The designated categories are urban and; built up lands; agricultural lands; forest land; nonforested land; water bodies; wetlands; and barren land. The keys were developed for use with medium scale (1:20,000 to 1:24,000) color infrared aerial photography. Although each key is generalized in that it relies only upon the most distinguishing photo characteristics in separating the various land cover/use categories, additional interpretation characteristics, distinguishing features and background material are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10048 , NASA-CR-174615 , NAS 1.26:174615
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  • 148
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    Rise in the frequency of cloud cover in LANDSAT data for the period 1973 to 1981 (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Percentages of cloud cover in LANDSAT imagery were used to calculate the cloud cover monthly average statistic for each LANDSAT scene in Brazil, during the period of 1973 to 1981. The average monthly cloud cover and the monthly minimum cloud cover were also calculated for the regions of north, northeast, central west, southeast and south, separately.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10047 , NASA-CR-174614 , NAS 1.26:174614 , INPE-2882-RPE/443
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  • 149
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    In-flight absolute radiometric calibration of the thematic mapper (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The TM multispectral scanner system was calibrated in an absolute manner before launch. To determine the temporal changes of the absolute radiometric calibration of the entire system, spectroradiometric measurements of the ground and the atmosphere were made simultaneously with TM collections over White Sands, New Mexico. By entering the measured values in an atmospheric radiative transfer program, the radiance levels of the in four of the spectral bands of the TM were determined. Tables show values for the reflectance of snow at White Sands measured by a modular 8 channel radiometer, and values for exoatmospheric irradiance within the TM passbands, calculated for the Earth-Sun distance using a solar radiometer.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10044 , NASA-CR-174611 , NAS 1.26:174611
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    A simulation study of scene confusion factors in sensing soil moisture from orbital radar (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Simulated C-band radar imagery for a 124-km by 108-km test site in eastern Kansas is used to classify soil moisture. Simulated radar resolutions are 100 m by 100 m, 1 km by 1km, and 3 km by 3 km. Distributions of actual near-surface soil moisture are established daily for a 23-day accounting period using a water budget model. Within the 23-day period, three orbital radar overpasses are simulated roughly corresponding to generally moist, wet, and dry soil moisture conditions. The radar simulations are performed by a target/sensor interaction model dependent upon a terrain model, land-use classification, and near-surface soil moisture distribution. The accuracy of soil-moisture classification is evaluated for each single-date radar observation and also for multi-date detection of relative soil moisture change. In general, the results for single-date moisture detection show that 70% to 90% of cropland can be correctly classified to within +/- 20% of the true percent of field capacity. For a given radar resolution, the expected classification accuracy is shown to be dependent upon both the general soil moisture condition and also the geographical distribution of land-use and topographic relief. An analysis of cropland, urban, pasture/rangeland, and woodland subregions within the test site indicates that multi-temporal detection of relative soil moisture change is least sensitive to classification error resulting from scene complexity and topographic effects.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10042 , NASA-CR-171715 , SR-K3-04438 , NAS 1.26:171715 , RSL-601-1
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  • 151
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    Geologic survey in the south-central region of Mato Grosso (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The field observations made in the Cuiaba Project area are described. Many geologic cross-sections were done in which the stratigraphic units and the geologic structures defined in the literature and observed in the LANDSAT MSS imagery were recognized.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10039 , NASA-CR-174591 , NAS 1.26:174591
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  • 152
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    Comparative assessment of LANDSAT-4 MSS and TM data quality for mapping applications in the southeast (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The initial objectives of analyses of the MSS data are two-fold: (1) to evaluate the geodetic accuracy of CCT-P data of the test sites; and (2) to improve the geodetic accuracy by additional processing if the original data either do not meet pre-launch specifications or mapping requirements. The location of 45 ground control points (GCP) digitized from 35 U.S. Geological Survey 1:24,000 scale quadrangles (UTM coordinates) were identified in terms of pixel and scan line values. These 46 points are used to establish UTM position error vector distributions in the scene. As an initial check on the geometric reliability of the MSS data, 28 well-distributed GCPs were input to a program which compares the scaled image distances between all possible point pairs with the corresponding map distances and computes the distance differences; that is, the relative positional errors. The relative errors obtained from initial computations averaged about +/- 200 m. These errors could result from a number of sources, including misidentification of GCP locations, UTM coordinate errors introduced by the map digitizing process or errors resulting from data acquisition and geometric processing.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10040 , NASA-CR-174592 , NAS 1.26:174592
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  • 153
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    The use of linear feature detection to investigate thematic mapper data performance and processing (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The geometric and radiometric characteristics of thematic mapper data through analysis of linear features in the data are investigated. The particular aspects considered are: (1) thematic mapper ground IFOV; (2) radiometric contrast between linear features and background; (3) precision of system geometric correction; (4) band-to-band registration; and (5) potential utility of TM data for linear feature detection especially as compared to MSS data. It is shown that TM data may be used to estimate TM pixel size and to illustrate band-band mis-registration. Further, the geometry and radiometry of the data are sufficiently precise to allow accurate estimation of the widths of linear features. In optimum conditions features one quarter of a pixel in width may be accurately measured. These results have considerable potential for applications for hydrological and topographic mapping.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10037 , NASA-CR-174589 , NAS 1.26:174589
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  • 154
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    Information content of data from the LANDSAT 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) and multispectral scanner (MSS) (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Simultaneous data acquisition by the LANDSAT 4 thematic mapper and the multispectral scanner permits the comparison of the two types of image data with respect to engineering performance and data applications. Progress in the evaluation of information content of matching scenes in agricultural areas is briefly reported.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10034 , NASA-CR-174586 , NAS 1.26:174586 , PR-4
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  • 155
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    The use of thematic mapper data for land cover discrimination: Preliminary results from the UK SATMaP programme (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The principal objectives of the UK SATMaP program are to determine thematic mapper (TM) performance with particular reference to spatial resolution properties and geometric characteristics of the data. So far, analysis is restricted to images from the U.S. and concentrates on spectra and radiometric properties. The results indicate that the data are inherently three dimensional compared with the two dimensional character of MSS data. Preliminary classification results indicate the importance of the near infrared band (TM 4), at least one middle infrared band (TM 5 or TM 6) and at least one of the visible bands (preferably either TM 3 or TM 1). The thermal infrared also appears to have discriminatory ability despite its coarser spatial resolution. For band 4 the forward and reverse scans show somewhat different spectral responses in one scene but this effect is absent in the other analyzed. From examination of the histograms it would appear that the full 8-bit quantization is not being effectively utilized for all the bands.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10038 , NASA-CR-174590 , NAS 1.26:174590
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  • 156
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    The United Kingdom SATMaP program (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data from test tapes from the United States (specifically the August Arkansas scene) and the first tape of the UK test site which came from ESRIN are analyzed. Methods for estimating spatial resolution are discussed and some preliminary results are included. The characteristics of the ESRIN data are examined and the utility of the various spectral bands of the thematic mapper for land cover mapping are outlined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10002 , NASA-CR-174517 , NAS 1.26:174517
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  • 157
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    Shape from Shading: An Assessment (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Previous efforts to recover surface shape from image irradiance are reviewed in order to assess what can and cannot be accomplished. The informational requirements and restrictions of these approaches are considered. In dealing with the question of what surface parameters can be recovered locally from image shading, it is shown that, at most, shading determines relative surface curvature, i.e., the ratio of surface curvature measured in orthogonal image directions. The relationship between relative surface curvature and the second derivatives of image irradiance is independent of other scene parameters, but insufficient to determine surface shape. This result places in perspective the difficulty encountered in previous attempts to recover surface orientation from image shading.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis; p 543-576
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  • 158
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    LANDSAT 4 investigations of thematic mapper and multispectral scanner applications (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Progress in the investigation of the quality and performance of LANDSAT 4 TM data is reported. Average mean brightness values were computed for each band and a look-up table was designed to place the values at about 1.0 density on the straight line portion of the film's H and D curve. Manual interpretation of bands 5 and 7 indicated these data to be good sources for determining locations of dugouts and small ponds as water sources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10006 , NASA-CR-174521 , NAS 1.26:174521
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  • 159
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    Identifying environmental features for land management decisions (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Pairs of HCMM day-night thermal infrared (IR) data were selected to examine patterns of surface temperature and thermal inertia (TI) of peninsular Florida. GOES and NOAA-6 thermal IR, as well as National Climatic Center temperatures and rainfall, were also used. The HCMM apparent thermal inertia (ATI) images closely correspond to the General Soil Map of Florida, based on soil drainage classes. Areas with low ATI overlay well-drained soils, such as deep sands and drained organic soils. Areas with high ATI overlay areas with wetlands and bodies of water. The HCMM ATI images also correspond well with GOES-detected winter nocturnal cold-prone areas. Use of HCMM data with Carlson's energy balance model shows both high moisture availability (MA) and high thermal inertia (TI) of wetland-type surfaces and low MA and low TI of upland, well-drained soils. Since soil areas with low TI develop higher temperatures during the day, then antecedent patterns of highest maximum daytime surface temperature can also be used to predict nocturnal cold-prone areas in Florida.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10016 , NASA-CR-174543 , NAS 1.26:174543
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  • 160
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    Snowpack ground-truth manual (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: As remote sensing increasingly becomes more of an operational tool in the field of snow management and snow hydrology, there is need for some degree of standardization of ""snowpack ground truth'' techniques. This manual provides a first step in standardizing these procedures and was prepared to meet the needs of remote sensing researchers in planning missions requiring ground truth as well as those providing the ground truth. Focus is on ground truth for remote sensors primarily operating in the microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum; nevertheless, the manual should be of value to other types of sensor programs. This first edition of ground truth procedures must be updated as new or modified techniques are developed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-170584 , NAS 1.26:170584
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  • 161
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    Land cover change monitoring within the east central Louisiana study site: A case for large area surveys with LANDSAT multispectral scanner data (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Results established for four digital procedures developed for characterizing the radiometric changes between multidate LANDSAT spectral data sets into meaningful measures of land cover/use dynamics are documented. Each technique's performance was contrasted against digitized land use change maps, which were produced from contemporaneous, retrospective aerophoto coverage, in a cell by cell comparison over a one half by one degree area in east central Louisiana as a standard for comparison. The four techniques identify from 10.5 to 13.0% loss in area of forestland in a five year period; however, they differ more by how accurately this amount of change is distributed, the need for ancillary ground truth, and amount of usable information that is extractable. All require some method of digitally co-registering the two data sets. All are capable of providing tabular statistics as well as map products. Two are capable of detecting changes and identifying their locations. The other two, in addition to this, provide information to qualify land cover conditions at each end of the study interval.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10031 , NASA-TM-85469 , DC-Y3-04418 , NSTL/ERL-221 , NAS 1.15:85469
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  • 162
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    On gravity from SST, geoid from SEASAT, and plate age and fracture zones in the Pacific (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data from an additional 50 satellite-to-satellite tracking (SST) passes were combined with earlier measurements of the high degree and order (n, m, 12) gravity in the central Pacific. A composite map was produced which shows good agreement with conventional GEM models. Data from the SEASAT altimeter was reduced and found to agree well with both the SST and the GEM fields. The maps are dominated especially in the east, by a pattern of roughly east-west anomalies with a transverse wavelength of about 2000 km. Further comparison with regional bathymetric data shows a remarkably close correlation with plate age. Each anomaly band is framed by those major fracture zones having large offsets. The regular spacing of these fractures seems to account for the fabric in the gravity fields. Other anomalies are accounted for by hot spots. The source of part of these anomalies is in the lithosphere itself. The possible plume size and ascent velocity necessary to supply deep mantle material to the upper mantel without complete thermal equilibration is considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10025 , NASA-CR-170593 , NAS 1.26:170593
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  • 163
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    Contribution of LANDSAT-4 thematic mapper data to geologic exploration (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The increased number of carefully selected narrow spectral bands and the increased spatial resolution of thematic mapper data over previously available satellite data contribute greatly to geologic exploration, both by providing spectral information that permits lithologic differentiation and recognition of alteration and spatial information that reveals structure. As vegetation and soil cover increase, the value of spectral components of TM data decreases relative to the value of the spatial component of the data. However, even in vegetated areas, the greater spectral breadth and discrimination of TM data permits improved recognition and mapping of spatial elements of the terrain. As our understanding of the spectral manifestations of the responses of soils and vegetation to unusual chemical environments increases, the value of spectral components of TM data to exploration will greatly improve in covered areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10021 , NASA-CR-174551 , NAS 1.26:174551
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  • 164
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    LANDSAT 4 investigations of thematic mapper and multispectral scanner applications (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The utility of TM data natural resource assessment was evaluated with emphasis on manual interpretation and digital classification. The improved spatial resolution of TM data, as compared with MSS data, aided in the location of roads, small stock ponds, and many other land features, permitting positive identification of landmarks. With the TM, there was more efficient manual interpretation of land use, better identification of resource types, and improved assessment of the ecological status of natural vegetation. Band 5 and band 7 aided in defining water resources, wetland vegetation resources, and other terrain features. Results from TM and TM simulator data suggest that the coefficient of variation for major land cover types is less for TM data than for equivalent MSS data. Although the amount of information in bands 5 and 7 is small, it is unique since the same information cannot be derived from the MSS four-band spectral region.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10017 , NASA-CR-174544 , NAS 1.26:174544
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  • 165
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    Land use inventory of Salt Lake County, Utah from color infrared aerial photography 1982 (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The preparation of land use maps of Salt Lake County, Utah from high altitude color infrared photography is described. The primary purpose of the maps is to aid in the assessment of the effects of urban development on the agricultural land base and water resources. The first stage of map production was to determine the categories of land use/land cover and the mapping unit detail. The highest level of interpretive detail was given to the land use categories found in the agricultural or urbanized portions of the county; these areas are of primary interest with regard to the consumptive use of water from surface streams and wells. A slightly lower level of mapping detail was given to wetland environments; areas to which water is not purposely diverted by man but which have a high consumptive rate of water use. Photos were interpreted on the basis of color, tone, texture, and pattern, together with features of the topographic, hydrologic, and ecological context.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10015 , NASA-CR-174530 , NAS 1.26:174530 , CRSC-83-2
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  • 166
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    LANDSAT 4 band 6 data evaluation (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Multiple altitude TM thermal infrared images were analyzed and the observed radiance values were computed. The data obtained represent an experimental relation between preceived radiance and altitude. A LOWTRAB approach was tested which incorporates a modification to the path radiance model. This modification assumes that the scattering out of the optical path is equal in magnitude and direction to the scattering into the path. The radiance observed at altitude by an aircraft sensor was used as input to the model. Expected radiance as a function of altitude was then computed down to the ground. The results were not very satisfactory because of somewhat large errors in temperature and because of the difference in the shape of the modeled and experimental curves.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10012 , NASA-CR-174527 , NAS 1.26:174527 , QR-4
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  • 167
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    LANDSAT 4 band 6 data evaluation (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Computer modelled atmospheric transmittance and path radiance values were compared with empirical values derived from aircraft underflight data. Aircraft thermal infrared imagery and calibration data were available on two dates as were corresponding atmospheric radiosonde data. The radiosonde data were used as input to the LOWTRAN 5A code. The aircraft data were calibrated and utilized to generate analogous measurements. The results of the analysis indicate that there is a tendancy for the LOWTRAN model to underestimate atmospheric path radiance and overestimate atmospheric transmittance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10001 , NASA-CR-174516 , NAS 1.26:174516 , QR-3
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  • 168
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    The effect of irradiation and reflectance variability on vegetation condition assessment (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Surface reflectance and global irradiance variations across an imaged area determine the minimum signal difference from groups of pixels in different targets needed to discriminate them. The factors affecting such variations and their magnitudes are considered. The sensor output also depends upon the interaction of the spectral response of the sensor and the spectral upwelling radiance from the target. From a consideration of the spectral instrument responses of detectors in the Landsat multispectral scanners (MS), together with measured reflectance factors of a vegetative canopy stressed to different levels of severity, the feasibility of mapping and quantifying disease stress witlh Landsat vegetative indices (VINs) is demonstrated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: (ISSN 0143-1161)
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  • 169
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    Approaches to detection of geochemical stress in vegetation (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Work has been carried out to elucidate fundamental relationships between spectral properties of plants and geochemical stress, and a programme of field and laboratory work is in progress. The most significant results and conclusions at this stage are described and attention is focused on the new concepts for stress detection which have been generated. The applications of the research are relevant to the understanding of current remotely sensed data as well as relating to ideas for new instrumentation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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  • 170
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    Identification of corn fields using multidate radar data (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Airborne C- and L-band radar data acquired over a test site in western kansas were analyzed to determine corn-field identification accuracies obtainable using single-channel, multichannel, and multidate radar data. An automated pattern-recognition procedure was used to classify 144 fields into three categories: corn, pasture land, and bare soil (including wheat stubble and fallow). Corn fields were identified with accuracies ranging from 85 percent for single channel, single-date data to 100 percent for single-channel, multidate data. The effects of radar parameters such as frequency, polarization, and look angle as well as the effects of soil moisture on the classification accuracy are also presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 13; July 198
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  • 171
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    A semiempirical method for analysis of the reflectance spectra of binary mineral mixtures (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A simple semiempirical method is presented for determination of the spectral reflectance of a powdered binary mineral mixture. This technique uses a two-stream radiative transfer model (a modified Kubelka-Munk model) on a particulate medium of isotroic scatterers The particles are assumed to be much larger than the wavelength of light under consideration. This same method can be used to determine the relative proportion of components in a mixture for which the spectral reflectance is known. Binary mixtures of olivine, two pyroxenes, and magnetite are used to test this model. The theoretical and empirical results agree approximately within experimental errors.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; April 10
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  • 172
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    Landsat-derived land-cover classifications for locating potential Kestrel nesting habitat (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 49; Feb. 198
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  • 173
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    Geometric rectification of radar imagery using digital elevation models (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Geologic analysis of radar imagery requires accurate spatial rectification to allow rock type discrimination and meaningful exploitation of multisensor data files. A procedure is described which removes distortions produced by most sources including the heretofore elusive problem of terrain induced effects. Rectified imagery is presented which displays geologic features not apparent in the distorted data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 49; Feb. 198
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  • 174
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    Use of Landsat data to predict the trophic state of Minnesota lakes (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Near-concurrent Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) and ground data were obtained for 60 lakes distributed in two Landsat scene areas. The ground data included measurement of secchi disk depth, chlorophyll-a, total phosphorous, turbidity, color, and total nitrogen, as well as Carlson Trophic State Index (TSI) values derived from the first three parameters. The Landsat data best correlated with the TSI values. Prediction models were developed to classify some 100 'test' lakes appearing in the two analysis scenes on the basis of TSI estimates. Clouds, wind, poor image data, small lake size, and shallow lake depth caused some problems in lake TSI prediction. Overall, however, the Landsat-predicted TSI estimates were judged to be very reliable for the secchi-derived TSI estimation, moderately reliable for prediction of the chlorophyll-a TSI, and unreliable for the phosphorous value. Numerous Landsat data extraction procedures were compared, and the success of the Landsat TSI prediction models was a strong function of the procedure employed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 49; Feb. 198
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  • 175
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    Detecting agricultural to urban land use change from multi-temporal MSS digital data (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Conversion of agricultural land to a variety of urban uses is a major problem along the Wasatch Front, Utah. Although LANDSAT MSS data is a relatively coarse tool for discriminating categories of change in urban-size plots, its availability prompts a thorough test of its power to detect change. The procedures being applied to a test area in Salt Lake County, Utah, where the land conversion problem is acute are presented. The identity of land uses before and after conversion was determined and digital procedures for doing so were compared. Several algorithms were compared, utilizing both raw data and preprocessed data. Verification of results involved high quality color infrared photography and field observation. Two data sets were digitally registered, specific change categories internally identified in the software, results tabulated by computer, and change maps printed at 1:24,000 scale.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E85-10049 , NASA-CR-174225 , NAS 1.26:174225
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  • 176
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    Effective use of remote sensing products in litigation (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A boiled-down version of major legal principles affecting the admissibility of data and products from remote sensing devices is presented. It is suggested that enhancements or classifications of digital data (from scanning devices or from digitized aerial photography) be proffered as evidence in a fashion similar to the manner in which maps from photogrammetric techniques are introduced as evidence. Every effort should be made to illucidate the processes by which digital data are analytically treated or manipulated. Remote sensing expert witnesses should be practiced in providing concise and clear explanations of both data and methods. Special emphasis should be placed on being prepared to provide a detailed accounting of steps taken to calibrate and verify spectral characteristics with ground truth.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E85-10048 , NASA-CR-174224 , NAS 1.26:174224
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  • 177
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    Application of digital analysis of MSS to agro-environmental studies (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Topics of investigation include infrared analysis of vegetation canopies, urban/rural albedo studies, analysis of Field Spectrometer System (ESS) observations, geometric and radiometric processing techniques of aircraft MSS data, and the use of LANDSAT MSS observations to map wetlands and snow cover.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E85-10024 , NASA-CR-174047 , NAS 1.26:174047
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  • 178
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    Mapping land use changes in the carboniferous region of Santa Catarina, report 2 (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The techniques applied to MSS-LANDSAT data in the land-use mapping of Criciuma region (Santa Catarina state, Brazil) are presented along with the results of a classification accuracy estimate tested on the resulting map. The MSS-LANDSAT data digital processing involves noise suppression, features selection and a hybrid classifier. The accuracy test is made through comparisons with aerial photographs of sampled points. The utilization of digital processing to map the classes agricultural lands, forest lands and urban areas is recommended, while the coal refuse areas should be mapped visually.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E85-10017 , NASA-CR-168574 , NAS 1.26:168574 , INPE-2945-RPE/447
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  • 179
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    A report on the training course at Fortaleza (Ceara) (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The activities of the on the job training course Applications of the Remote Sensing Data, with Emphasis on LANDSAT Images, to Study the Natural Resources are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E85-10013 , NASA-CR-168570 , NAS 1.26:168570 , INPE-2989-RPE/453
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  • 180
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    Executive report: Results of the IRGA-CNPq/INPE experimental project (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A methodology for identifying and evaluating crop area with irrigated rice is described, using MSS-LANDSAT data. The maps of the spatial rice crop areas in the studied region are presented. The calculation of rice growing area from the LANDSAT images are included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E85-10011 , NASA-CR-168568 , NAS 1.26:168568 , INPE-2939-RPE/446
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  • 181
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    A sampling system for estimating the cultivation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) from LANDSAT data (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Using digitally processed MSS/LANDSAT data as auxiliary variable, a methodology to estimate wheat (Triticum aestivum L) area by means of sampling techniques was developed. To perform this research, aerial photographs covering 720 sq km in Cruz Alta test site at the NW of Rio Grande do Sul State, were visually analyzed. LANDSAT digital data were analyzed using non-supervised and supervised classification algorithms; as post-processing the classification was submitted to spatial filtering. To estimate wheat area, the regression estimation method was applied and different sample sizes and various sampling units (10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 sq km) were tested. Based on the four decision criteria established for this research, it was concluded that: (1) as the size of sampling units decreased the percentage of sampled area required to obtain similar estimation performance also decreased; (2) the lowest percentage of the area sampled for wheat estimation with relatively high precision and accuracy through regression estimation was 90% using 10 sq km s the sampling unit; and (3) wheat area estimation by direct expansion (using only aerial photographs) was less precise and accurate when compared to those obtained by means of regression estimation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10165 , NASA-CR-173638 , NAS 1.26:173638 , INPE-2941-TDL/150
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  • 182
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    Case studies using GOES infrared data and a planetary boundary layer model to infer regional scale variations in soil moisture (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Modeled temperature data from a one-dimensional, time-dependent, initial value, planetary boundary layer model for 16 separate model runs with varying initial values of moisture availability are applied, by the use of a regression equation, to longwave infrared GOES satellite data to infer moisture availability over a regional area in the central U.S. This was done for several days during the summers of 1978 and 1980 where a large gradient in the antecedent precipitation index (API) represented the boundary between a drought area and a region of near normal precipitation. Correlations between satellite derived moisture availability and API were found to exist. Errors from the presence of clouds, water vapor and other spatial inhomogeneities made the use of the measurement for anything except the relative degree of moisture availability dubious.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-173250 , NAS 1.26:173250
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  • 183
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    Extensions and applications of a second-order landsurface parameterization (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Extensions and applications of a second order land surface parameterization, proposed by Andreou and Eagleson are developed. Procedures for evaluating the near surface storage depth used in one cell land surface parameterizations are suggested and tested by using the model. Sensitivity analysis to the key soil parameters is performed. A case study involving comparison with an "exact" numerical model and another simplified parameterization, under very dry climatic conditions and for two different soil types, is also incorporated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-175144 , NAS 1.26:175144 , MIT-R83-8 , MIT-290
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  • 184
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    The effects of vegetation and soil hydraulic properties on passive microwave sensing of soil moisture: Data report for the 1982 fiels experiments (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Field experiments to (1) study the biomass and geometrical structure properties of vegetation canopies to determine their impact on microwave emission data, and (2) to verify whether time series microwave data can be related to soil hydrologic properties for use in soil type classification. Truck mounted radiometers at 1.4 GHz and 5 GHz were used to obtain microwave brightness temperatures of bare vegetated test plots under different conditions of soil wetness, plant water content and canopy structure. Observations of soil moisture, soil temperature, vegetation biomass and other soil and canopy parameters were made concurrently with the microwave measurements. The experimental design and data collection procedures for both experiments are documented and the reduced data are presented in tabular form.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-85106 , NAS 1.15:85106
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  • 185
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    Investigation of several aspects of LANDSAT-4 data quality (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Preliminary analysis of band-to-band registration in a TM scene of San Francisco, California by flickering different band pairs on the display showed no major problems. The power spectra of individual lines in each band on the A-tape of a Washington, D.C. scene, which represented data from individual detectors, was calculated. The power spectra for each detector were averaged and the peak-to-peak amplitudes were calculated as a function of frequency. Estimated system modulation transfer functions were calculated for bands 3 and 4 for a 128 x 128 pixel area of the San Francisco Bay containing the San Matteo Bridge. The shape and width of the modulation transfer functions appear reasonable, but further study is required to establish confidence in the results which yield an effective-instantaneous field of view of 33.6 meters and 40.8 meters in bands 3 and 4, respectively.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10076 , NASA-CR-173226 , NAS 1.26:173226
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  • 186
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    Urban land use of the Sao Paulo metropolitan area by automatic analysis of LANDSAT data (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The separability of urban land use classes in the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo was studied by means of automatic analysis of MSS/LANDSAT digital data. The data were analyzed using the media K and MAXVER classification algorithms. The land use classes obtained were: CBD/vertical growth area, residential area, mixed area, industrial area, embankment area type 1, embankment area type 2, dense vegetation area and sparse vegetation area. The spectral analysis of representative samples of urban land use classes was done using the "Single Cell" analysis option. The classes CBD/vertical growth area, residential area and embankment area type 2 showed better spectral separability when compared to the other classes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10069 , NASA-CR-173219 , NAS 1.26:173219 , INPE-2788-RPE/437
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  • 187
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    Classification and area estimation of land covers in Kansas using ground-gathered and LANDSAT digital data (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Ground-gathered data and LANDSAT multispectral scanner (MSS) digital data from 1981 were analyzed to produce a classification of Kansas land areas into specific types called land covers. The land covers included rangeland, forest, residential, commercial/industrial, and various types of water. The analysis produced two outputs: acreage estimates with measures of precision, and map-type or photo products of the classification which can be overlaid on maps at specific scales. State-level acreage estimates were obtained and substate-level land cover classification overlays and estimates were generated for selected geographical areas. These products were found to be of potential use in managing land and water resources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10068 , NASA-TM-85518 , NSTL/ERL-225 , DC-Y3-04441 , NAS 1.15:85518
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  • 188
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    A correlation analysis of percent canopy closure versus TMS spectral response for selected forest sites in the San Juan National Forest, Colorado (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The correlation of canopy closure with the signal response of individual thematic mapper simulator (TMS) bands for selected forest sites in the San Juan National Forest, Colorado was investigated. Ground truth consisted of a photointerpreted determination of percent canopy closure of 0 to 100 percent for 32 sites. The sites selected were situated on plateaus at an elevation of approximately 3 km with slope or = 10 percent. The predominant tree species were ponderosa pine and aspen. The mean TMS response per band per site was calculated from data acquired by aircraft during mid-September, 1981. A correlation analysis of TMS response vs. canopy closure resulted in the following correlation coefficients for bands 1 through 7, respectively: -0.757, -0.663, -0.666, -0.088, -0.797, -0.763. Two model regressions were applied to the TMS data set to create a map of predicted percent forest canopy closure for the study area. Results indicated percent predictive accuracies of 71, 74, and 57 for percent canopy closure classes of 0-25, 25-75, and 75-100, respectively.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10066 , NASA-TM-85516 , NSTL/ERL-212 , DC-Y3-04440 , NAS 1.15:85516
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  • 189
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    Remote sensing with spaceborne synthetic aperture imaging radars: A review (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A review is given of remote sensing with Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR's). In 1978, a spaceborne SA was flown on the SEASAT satellite. It acquired high resulution images over many regions in North America and the North Pacific. The acquired data clearly demonstrate the capability of spaceborne SARs to: image and track polar ice floes; image ocean surface patterns including swells, internal waves, current boundaries, weather boundaries and vessels; and image land features which are used to acquire information about the surface geology and land cover. In 1981, another SAR was flown on the second shuttle flight. This Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A) acquired land and ocean images over many areas around the world. The emphasis of the SIR-A experiment was mainly toward geologic mapping. Some of the key results of the SIR-A experiment are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: AGARD Propagation Factors Affecting Remote Sensing by Radio Waves; 16 p
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  • 190
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    Spatial reasoning to determine stream network from LANDSAT imagery (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In LANDSAT imagery, spectral and spatial information can be used to detect the drainage network as well as the relative elevation model in mountainous terrain. To do this, mixed information of material reflectance in the original LANDSAT imagery must be separated. From the material reflectance information, big visible rivers can be detected. From the topographic modulation information, ridges and valleys can be detected and assigned relative elevations. A complete elevation model can be generated by interpolating values for nonridge and non-valley pixels. The small streams not detectable from material reflectance information can be located in the valleys with flow direction known from the elevation model. Finally, the flow directions of big visible rivers can be inferred by solving a consistent labeling problem based on a set of spatial reasoning constraints.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10063 , NASA-CR-175123 , NAS 1.26:175123
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  • 191
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    AgRISTARS documents tracking list report (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A quarterly listing of documents issued and placed in the AgRISTARS tracking system is provided. The technical publications are arranged by type of documents. The reference AgRISTARS document number, title and date of publication, the issuing organization, and the National Technical Information Service reference number is given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10030 , NASA-CR-171704 , AP-L3-04416 , JSC-18887 , NAS 1.26:171704 , LEMSCO-19557
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  • 192
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    Update and review of accuracy assessment techniques for remotely sensed data (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Research performed in the accuracy assessment of remotely sensed data is updated and reviewed. The use of discrete multivariate analysis techniques for the assessment of error matrices, the use of computer simulation for assessing various sampling strategies, and an investigation of spatial autocorrelation techniques are examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10029 , NASA-CR-171703 , RR-U3-04435 , NAS 1.26:171703 , USDAES-83-NFAP-327 , RRR-83-1
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  • 193
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    Evaluation of LANDSAT-4 TM and MSS ground geometry performance without ground control (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: LANDSAT thematic mapper P-data of Washington, D.C., Harrisburg, PA, and Salton Sea, CA were analyzed to determine magnitudes and causes of error in the geometric conformity of the data to known earth-surface geometry. Several tests of data geometry were performed. Intra-band and inter-band correlation and registration were investigated, exclusive of map-based ground truth. Specifically, the magnitudes and statistical trends of pixel offsets between a single band's mirror scans (due to processing procedures) were computed, and the inter-band integrity of registration was analyzed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10022 , NASA-CR-174546 , NAS 1.26:174546
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  • 194
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    Scattering from randomly oriented circular discs with application to vegetation (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A vegetation layer is modeled by a collection of randomly oriented circular discs over a half space. The backscattering coefficient from such a half space is computed using the radiative transfer theory. It is shown that significantly different results are obtained from this theory as compared with some earlier investigations using the same modeling approach but with restricted disc orientations. In particular, the backscattered cross-polarized returns cannot have a fast increasing angular trend which is inconsistent with measurements. By setting the appropriate angle of orientation to zero the theory reduces to previously published results. Comparisons are shown with measurements taken from milo, corn and wheat and good agreements are obtained for both polarized and cross-polarized returns.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Radio Science (ISSN 0048-6604); 18; July-Aug
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  • 195
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    Ambiguities in spaceborne synthetic aperture radar systems (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An examination of aspects of spaceborne SAR time delay and Doppler ambiguities has led to the formulation of an accurate method for the evaluation of the ratio of ambiguity intensities to that of the signal, which has been applied to the nominal SAR system on Seasat. After discussing the variation of this ratio as a function of orbital latitude and attitude control error, it is shown that the detailed range migration-azimuth phase history of an ambiguity is different from that of a signal, so that the images of ambiguities are dispersed. Seasat SAR dispersed images are presented, and their dispersions are eliminated through an adjustment of the processing parameters. A method is also presented which uses a set of multiple pulse repetition sequences to determine the Doppler centroid frequency absolute values for SARs with high carrier frequencies and poor attitude measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems (ISSN 0018-9251); 19; May 1983
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  • 196
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    The interpretation of digital recordings of SIR-A, Seasat, and Landsat data of the Algerian salt deposits (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Seasat and SIR-A SAR and Landsat MSS imagery of the salt beds of western Algeria are compared. The Landsat image was made 5 yr before the Seasat image, which was taken nearly 9 yr before the Shuttle radar image. The latter was processed in the visible channel. Differences in the backscatter in the radar imagery are attributed to the viewing angle and the characteristics of each salt deposit. The imagery allowed a determination of the changes in the shapes and areal extent of the salt pools over time, as well as alterations in nearby vegetation cover and the evolution of aeolian formations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Comptes Rendus, Serie II - Mecanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de la Terre et de l'Univers (ISSN 0249-6305); 296; 1 Ja; Jan. 10
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  • 197
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    A noninteractive procedure for land-use determination (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A complete operational procedure designed for use by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for the determination of land-use information for hydrologic planning purposes is reported. The procedure combines photo interpretation techniques and the batch-mode computer analysis of Landsat digital data. Since the operational constraints preclude the use of dedicated, interactive image processing facilities, several novel approaches to geometric correction, classification, and data input/output were developed. The procedure is summarized, and examples of the application of the procedure to urban watersheds are described. In spite of the constraints, the procedure provides results comparable in accuracy and lower in cost than those provided by commercial services using interactive techniques.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 13; Mar. 198
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  • 198
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    Shock temperatures of SiO2 and their geophysical implications (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: High pressure shock state temperatures of SiO2 were measured in specimens of single crystal alpha-quartz and fused quartz. Projectile impact and pyrometry techniques were employed to impart pressures in the 60-140 GPa range. Shock-induced phase transformations were observed near 70 and 50 GPa along the alpha- and fused-quartz Hugoniots. It is suggested that the transformation consists of melting of the shock-synthesized stishovite, with melting delayed by the superheating of the crystalline phase. Details of the stishovite-liquid phase boundaries have been determined, including stishovite melting at 4500 K under 70 GPa, with the melting accompanied by a relative volume change of about 2.7% and a latent heat of fusion of about 2.4 MJ/kg. At 100 GPa, an approximate limit of 3500 K for the melting of SiO2 is indicated for solid mantle mineral assemblages, such as the earth's mantle
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 88; Mar. 10
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  • 199
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    Seasat synthetic aperture radar /SAR/ response to lowland vegetation types in eastern Maryland and Virginia (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Examination of Seasat SAR images of eastern Maryland and Virginia reveals botanical distinctions between vegetated lowland areas and adjacent upland areas. Radar returns from the lowland areas can be either brighter or darker than returns from the upland forests. Scattering models and scatterometer measurements predict an increase of 6 dB in backscatter from vegetation over standing water. This agrees with the 30-digital number (DN) increase observed in the digital Seasat data. The brightest areas in the Chickahominy, Virginia, drainage, containing P. virginica about 0.4 m high, contrast with the brightest areas in the Blackwater, Maryland, marshes, which contain mature loblolly pine in standing water. The darkest vegetated area in the Chickahominy drainage contains a forest of Nyssa aquatica (water tupelo) about 18 m high, while the darkest vegetated area in the Blackwater marshes contains the marsh plant Spartina alterniflora, 0.3 m high. The density, morphology, and relative geometry of the lowland vegetation with respect to standing water can all affect the strength of the return L band signal.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 88; Feb. 28
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  • 200
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    Mudrocks examined by backscattered electron microscopy (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A method of studying mudrocks is developed using backscattered electrons (BSE) in scanning electron microscopy. Commercially available detectors are utilized to mix the BSE and secondary electron signals in order to obtain the optimum image for a particular material. Thin sections or polished rock chip surfaces are examined with BSE which provides both the atomic number contrast and topographic contrast. This technique provides very detailed information about the form and composition of individual grains in the mudrock thin sections and can be used in studies of the source, mode of deposition, diagenesis, and tectonic deformational history of mudrocks.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Nature; 301; Feb. 3
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