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  • 1930-1934
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  • 11
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants vol. 1 no. 1, pp. 7-9
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Anl\xc3\xa4sslich der Centenarsfeier des \xe2\x80\x9eRijksherbarium\xe2\x80\x9d zu Leiden im Jahre 1930 schrieb Prof. Dr L. DIELS in Berlin-Dahlem einen Beitrag, betitelt \xe2\x80\x9eHerbarien und Sammler\xe2\x80\x9d, f\xc3\xbcr die \xe2\x80\x9eHerdenkingsuitgave\xe2\x80\x9d der \xe2\x80\x9eMededeelingen van \xe2\x80\x99s Rijks Herbarium\xe2\x80\x9d (No. 62\xe2\x80\x9469, Leiden, 1931). In diesem Beitrag wurde Wert und Bestimmung von Herbarien und die Aufgabe des Sammlers gekennzeichnet. Durch das Sammeln ganzer Pflanzen und genauer Etikettierung k\xc3\xb6nnen, so f\xc3\xbchrte DIELS aus, die Sammler viel beitragen zur Vermehrung der botanischen Kenntnis, u. a. von den Verbreitungsgebieten der Pflanzen und der Pflanzen\xc3\xb6kologie. DIELS kommt zu dem Schluss: \xe2\x80\x9eSelbst in den alten Kulturl\xc3\xa4ndern liegen dankbare Aufgaben in dieser Richtung vor. Doch am gr\xc3\xb6ssten ist die Verantwortung der Anstalten, die ihre Arbeit in erster Linie auf die tropischen Floren wenden. Denn das Gesamtbild, das wir uns von der Pflanzenwelt machen, gewinnt seinen Umfang, seine Mannigfaltigkeit und viele besondere Farben aus den Floren der Tropen. Mit der fortschreitenden Vernichtung der urspr\xc3\xbcnglichen Zust\xc3\xa4nde in den, w\xc3\xa4rmeren L\xc3\xa4ndern droht dieses Bild zu verarmen und eint\xc3\xb6niger zu werden, ehe wir noch wirklich seinen Reichtum begriffen haben\xe2\x80\x9d.\nJava, das heutigentags gr\xc3\xb6sstenteils Kulturland geworden ist, best\xc3\xa4tigt die Wahrheit des zitierten Satzes \xc3\xbcberdeutlich. So sind, um ein spezielles Beispiel herauszugreifen, die Urw\xc3\xa4lder der Niederung, welche fr\xc3\xbcher grosse Fl\xc3\xa4chen bedeckten, bis auf kleine Resten Opfer der Kultivierung geworden, lange bevor man die urspr\xc3\xbcngliche Vegetation in ihren Elementen gut kennen gelernt hatte. M\xc3\xb6ge die Entdeckung von Relikten heute auch interessant sein, vom pflanzengeographischen Standpunkt aus muss man sehr bedauern, dass die systematische Erforschung der Vegetation nicht vor der Vernichtung des Urzustandes zu gewisser Vollendung gebracht werden konnte.
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  • 12
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Mededelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht vol. 1 no. 1, pp. 1-17
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Der Zweck dieser Untersuchungen war an erster Stelle die Tatsachen zu vermehren, in denen sich die postglaziale Waldgeschichte in den Niederlanden allm\xc3\xa4hlig widerspiegeln wird. Demnach haben wir unsre Aufmerksamkeit besonders den Baumpollenk\xc3\xb6rnern gewidmet, ohne jedoch die anderen Fossilien zu vernachl\xc3\xa4ssigen.\nAllgemeine Schl\xc3\xbcsse aus den jetzt vorliegenden Ergebnissen zu ziehen, w\xc3\xa4re pr\xc3\xa4matur. Vergr\xc3\xb6sserung des Tatsachenmaterials ist vor allem notwendig. Wir hoffen auch weiter daran mitarbeiten zu k\xc3\xb6nnen.
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  • 13
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Leidse Geologische Mededelingen vol. 6 no. 1, pp. 51-58
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: The two paintings which we here reproduce in colour are the work of Raden Saleh, the first Javanese to receive a Western education as painter, and are dated 1865. They represent the Merapi, by day and by night, obviously during the eruption of 1865.\nRaden Saleh Sarief Bastaman was born about 1814 at Semarang. At an early age he gave signs of an unusual artistic talent, which draw the attention of Payen 1).
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  • 14
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    Unknown
    In:  Leidse Geologische Mededelingen vol. 5 no. 1, pp. 35-91
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: In his review of the palaeozoology of Java, K. Martin could in 1919, record 49 foraminifera from tertiary strata of Java, on the strength of a critical study of the existant literature, and especially on the strength of his own studies and knowledge of the above mentioned fossils (Bibl. 49).\nIn composing the following list of the Foraminifera I have only been able to perform such a critical study for a few families. For the greater part, however, I have had to restrict myself to recording the results obtained by others, and even therein I have been obliged to restrict myself.
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  • 15
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Leidse Geologische Mededelingen vol. 6 no. 1, pp. 231-386
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: In order to throw more light on the formation of submarine bars and offshore bars or barrier beaches and the minor shore forms beach cusps and ripple marks a series of experiments was made in the new laboratory for experimental geology of the Geological Institution of the University at Leiden. The experiments were carried out in a tank, measuring six by four meters and half a meter in depth in which waves could be produced artificially varying in height from two to about twelf centimeters. The effects of waves on sandy beaches running parallel to or approaching the beach at an angle of fifteen degrees were traced, the beach itself having a slope of two, four or six degrees.\nFinally especially to detect possible rules for the formation of beach cusps in relation to the slope of the beach and the height and period of the waves some experiments were carried out with valves and valvegrit, for the principal part derived from Macta subtruncata Dac., and with fine pumice-stone-gravel the so-called \xe2\x80\x9ebims\xe2\x80\x9d Lapilli (original from the vulcanic Laacher-See country in Germany) ranging in diameter from 0.2 to 2 centimeters in which the beach also had a varying slope. Neither of those last two series of experiments gave the results hoped for with regard to the problem mentioned.\nMany of the results of the effect of waves during the experiments may be found in the numerous photographs and figures in chapter III.\nThe development and the pushing backwards of the offshore bar by the waves are clearly visible in the figures 39, 40, and 41.\nIn all cases the offshore bar was formed by a gradual lateral growing of a number of subaquatic accumulations of sand which were at the same time slowly pushed higher up the slope of the beach.\nThe subaquatic bar and the channel at the back of it, the latter formed by the excavation through the breaking waves, both had a practically stationary position.\nAn almost horizontal terrace was formed between the channel and the foot of the front slope of the offshore bar, the latter being then pushed backwards to its final position and this taking the slope of a beach ridge. When the waves were running parallel to the beach this terrace was covered with somewhat irregular symmetric oscillation-marks and in case of experiments with waves obligue to the beach with slightly asymmetric combined current- and oscillation-ripples.\nA number of profils through the beach were taken at the end of most experiments. A careful examination of these profiles gave the following results. 1\xc2\xb0. The height of the submarine bar increases until the depth above it measured from the mean water-level is equal to half the height of the waves measured from trough to crest (diagram 1, fig. 85). 2\xc2\xb0. Only in the experiments with the beach sloping four and six degrees the submarine bar grows beyond the original profile. 3\xc2\xb0. The maximal depth of the channel at the back of the submarine bar is approximately equal to the height of the waves (diagram 3, fig. 87). 4\xc2\xb0. The height of the offshore bar, driven back to its ultimate position, above the mean water-level is proportional to one third of the height of the waves (diagram 4, fig. 88). 5\xc2\xb0. The actual height of the offshore bar, i.e. the height above the original slope of the beach, proved to be almost independent of the height of the waves (diagram 5, fig. 89).\nIt thus turned out that the offshore bar is pushed back more or less according to the height of the waves without any real increase in height and volume.\nThe number of profiles was not great enough to determine the influence of the slope of the beach though it may be established that indications tend to show a relatively small effect.\nThe transportation of sand from the offshore zone to the beach and in the reverse direction and the transport along the beach by oblique wave attack were discussed at much length.\nIn order to separate the zones in which the waves eroded the sea bottom from those in which sedimentation took place two neutral lines were introduced. The first, seaward one already introduced by Cornaglia where the land- and seaward components of the ground waves are supposed to be exactly balanced, inside of which the motion of debris is landward and out-side of which it is seaward.\nThe second, nearer to the beach, where the eroding force of the waves is changed into a constructive agency. The position of this last line giving at the same time the depth at which the waves will break. The diagram 7 in fig. 91 proves this depth below mean water-level to be equal to three quarters of the height of the waves.\nThe neutral line of Cornaglia was located at a maximal depth of two and a half times the height of the waves, a figure very well in accordance with those given by Cornaglia, Heiser and von Boschitsch for the Mediterranean, the Baltic and the Black Sea.\nIt is generally supposed that the material in the offshore zone, deposited on the abrasion platform, cannot be considered as definitely lost for the formation of shore forms though the transport of sand up the sea-bottom slope is still a quite uncontrolable factor in the development of shores. This supposition however is not directly based on the experimental research but for the greater part on a study of the literature and reports of facts, observed in nature.\nIt needs further experiments with coloured sand to prove the exactness of this opinion which are impossible to be carried out in nature on account of the big amounts of sand required.\nAs to the transportation of sand along the beach it was stated that while in nature the litoral drift is divided into beach drifting- and offshore drifting sand, the former due to the oblique advance of the waves, the latter due to wind-generated and tidal currents, in the experiments the beach drifting only is of prime importance. The principal part of the longshore transportation consequently took place in the zone landward from the surfline. The deflection of the outlets, intersecting the full, by the gradual growing of the windward ridge could be seen in the experiments (exp. XIV).\nThe experiments proved that all waves in the very first place tend to form a profile of equilibrium on the one hand by throwing much material on the beach and pushing this back on the other hand by pulling it down to greater depth.\nWhilst this is happening the transversal transportation of sand predominates strongly the alongshore transportation, the latter getting more importance when the profile of equilibrium approaches its completion.\nMuch attention was paid to the formation of the low and ball of a sandy shore. The conditions during the experiments resemble closely those of a shore line of emergency along which the formation of submarine- and offshore bars is typical.\nThe coast, the sea-bottom offshore over a varying distance from the coastline and the neighbouring coasts must be considered the sources of the material required for their upbuilding.\nThe results of the experiments and a study of the facts brought forth by other investigators lead the author to the conclusion that the submarine bars, parallel to the shore, are formed by the loss of transporting power of the waves at the surfline. The undertow being only a factor in the regulation of the position of this line and not a determinative factor in the formation of the bars.\nThe socalled \xe2\x80\x9eZuwachsriff\xe2\x80\x9d of Braun (lit. 3), a transitional form between the submarine bars and the offshore bar, must be formed by the uprush of the waves after the final breaking. The channel at the back of the submarine bar is in the experiments merely due to the excavating action of the surf but in reality tidal- and wind-generated currents will also have some influence on its formation. The changes in form and position of the three or four, sometimes even more parallel bars are believed to be greatest in the zones nearest to and farthest from the beach. The latter, exposed to the effect of all changes in the height of waves, protects the inner zones to a large extent against a stronger attack by an increasing height of the waves.\nThe former being exposed to the relatively greatest changes in depth and receiving much material eroded from the higher beach and the coast.\nAny submarine bar, build up to its maximum height by one series of waves will suffer erosion from a higher series and probably be driven landwards more or less.\nThe complex of bars in general is a stabile phenomenon with regard to the external form as to the material it is a dynamic and by no means a static equilibrium.\nThe submarine bars being considered fore runners of the offshore bars only a few remarks need be made about the formation of the latter.\nI wholly accept de Beaumont\xe2\x80\x99s theory according to which the longshore transportation of debris is a factor completely superfluous for the formation of the offshore bars.\nEven without the slightest litoral drift bars will be build up consisting of material eroded from sea-bottom farther offshore, the slope of the offshore itself and during periods of rough weather from the coast also. The formation of offshore bars as the \xe2\x80\x9eFlugelriffe\xe2\x80\x9d after von Cholnoky\xe2\x80\x99s theory is strongly rejected. \xe2\x80\x9eFl\xc3\xbcgelriffe\xe2\x80\x9d could be called \xe2\x80\x9edelta wing-bars\xe2\x80\x9d, a name expressing the connection with delta\xe2\x80\x99s to which the bars are attaced and of which they derive their material after the theory mentioned above.\nThe fifth chapter deals with the formation of beach cusps. Observations in the laboratory and along the Dutch shore show that conditions for their formation only are favourable when regular waves advance and retreat strikingly parallel to the beach.\nIt is thought that the backwash plays an important part in the formation of this minor shore form. Starting its course without any momentum it is more apt to be captured and divided into a number of small streams, running down the slope, by small irregularities and depressions in the surface of the beach. The uprush or swash, which swirls over the slope, will try to erase those irregularities as often could be observed in the experiments.\nBeach cusps are only formed when the eroding power of the backwash slightly exceeds the constructive power of the uprush. In this case an equilibrium will be attained after a small partial erosion of the slope of the beach concentrated in the bays intervening the beach cusps. Whenever the difference between the two agencies becomes greater the whole slope will be eroded. Along the Dutch shore the beach cusps are buid up out of sand, valves and valve grit of Mactra subtruncata Dac. and the little tubes of Pectinaria belgica Pall. and Terebella conchilega Pall. Those consisting of sand are only found in connection with beach ridges, the seaward slope of which is a subject to erosion in the manner described above.\nThe formation of ripple marks during the experiments did not have the authors special interest. It may only be stated that oscillationripples as well as current-ripples were formed.\nDuring the experiments with waves parallel to the beach, all oscillation-ripples formed were parallel to the beach. In the experiments with waves running oblique to the beach, the oscillation-ripples in the deeper zones trended parallel to the waves, in the higher zones parallel to the beach while on the terrace at the back of the channel combined current- and oscillation-ripples were formed at a considerable angle with the beach.\nTrue current-ripples appeared in the outlets where they were parallel to the beach and with a general trend at right angles to the beach at the back of the offshore bar.\nThe latter are quietly buried by the transgression of the offshore bar in a manner strictly comparable to the fosilization of ripple marks in delta deposits and by the wandering of banks.\nThe author hopes to have found a new ripple-mark, the \xe2\x80\x9ebackwash sand-wave\xe2\x80\x9d which being always parallel to the beach in a fossil state will give fairly good evidence of the position of the ancient beach. And if these sand-waves are found over some distance in a direction at right angles to their trend they clearly show changes in the water-level, which may be due to the pushing of water against a coast, but in sediments with a marine facies is the result of the tides.\nThese ripples, formed by the back wash, show a slightly arched form measuring some fourty to fifty centimeters in length and not more then one or two centimeters in height. They may cover the whole width of the beach after a period of stormy weather and high tide but under normal circumstances, they are formed on the seaward slope of the ridges lying at the front of the beach near to the low-tide line.
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  • 16
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    Unknown
    In:  Leidse Geologische Mededelingen vol. 4 no. 1, pp. 123-320
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Parmi toutes les zones non encore \xc3\xa9tudi\xc3\xa9es des Alpes Bergamasques, ce sont surtout les Valle del Bitto di Albaredo e di Gerola qui m\'ont attir\xc3\xa9, attendu qu\'ils pr\xc3\xa9sentent une r\xc3\xa9gion des Alpes Bergamasques encore compl\xc3\xa8tement n\xc3\xa9glig\xc3\xa9e jusqu\'\xc3\xa0 pr\xc3\xa9sent, \xc3\xa0 savoir: la zone cristallophyllienne de la Catena Orobica. Un autre attrait pour moi a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 le fait, que, avec la mise en carte de cette r\xc3\xa9gion la premi\xc3\xa8re section transversale des Alpes Bergamasques devenait une chose faite. Cette section transversale englobe du mord au sud les zones \xc3\xa9tudi\xc3\xa9es par Klomp\xc3\xa9 (72), Jong (71), Cosijn (28) et Hofsteenge (57). Cependant ces raisons-ci n\'\xc3\xa9taient pas les seules, \xc3\xa0 motiver la mise en carte de la zone cristallophyllienne nord. En effet, la situation du terrain \xc3\xa0 proximit\xc3\xa9 de la limite alpine-dinarique, pr\xc3\xa9sum\xc3\xa9e par divers auteurs, a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 un des motifs principaux pour mettre en carte justement un des terrains situ\xc3\xa9s le plus au nord \xc3\xa0 fin de trouver une solution possible \xc3\xa0 ce probl\xc3\xa8me. Non seulement le travail en valait la peine parce qu\'il m\'\xc3\xa9tait possible de contribuer \xc3\xa0 r\xc3\xa9soudre le probl\xc3\xa8me des Dinarides, mais encore par le fait, que beaucoup de structures dans le cristallophyllien des Alpes Bergamasques, encore inconnues jusqu\'\xc3\xa0 ce jour, purent \xc3\xaatre d\xc3\xa9couvertes, et aussi, par quelques trouvailles p\xc3\xa9trographiques qui remettaient au premier plan le probl\xc3\xa8me des pseudotachylites entre autres. N\xc3\xa9anmoins je ne nierai pas m\'\xc3\xaatre trouv\xc3\xa9 expos\xc3\xa9 \xc3\xa0 de multiples d\xc3\xa9ceptions, vu qu\'il me fut fr\xc3\xa9quemment impossible de p\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9trer plus avant dans la stratigraphie des couches pr\xc3\xa9-permiennes des Alpes Bergamasques, d\xc3\xa9ceptions d\'autant pins grandes en raison de la monotonie que comportent les travaux de la mise en carte dans la r\xc3\xa9gion cristallophyllienne. Le travail sur le terrain fut fait au cours des \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9s de 1930 et de 1931.\nDans le but de construire un sch\xc3\xa9ma de la tectonique des Alpes Bergamasques dans ses rapports avec le probl\xc3\xa8me des Dinarides, on fit plusieurs excursions dans les parties Est et ouest des Alpes Bergamasques au cours des \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9s de 1929, 1930 et 1931, alors qu\'une excursion g\xc3\xa9ologique g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9rale, organis\xc3\xa9e par l\'Universit\xc3\xa9 de Leyden en 1930 me fournit l\'occasion de faire plus amplement connaissance avec quelques r\xc3\xa9gions porphyriques, situ\xc3\xa9es entre le lac du C\xc3\xb4me et le Lac Majeur. Pendant l\'\xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 de 1931 mon attention fut attir\xc3\xa9 en outre plus sp\xc3\xa9cialement par la zone insubre de Cornelius. Les multiples localit\xc3\xa9s d\xc3\xa9crites par lui furent visit\xc3\xa9es, surtout entre Sondrio et le lac de C\xc3\xb4me, alors que plus \xc3\xa0 l\'Est il fallut se contenter de quelques excursions d\'orientation superficielle. A la fin de ce travail, dans l\'aper\xc3\xa7u tectonique des Alpes Lombardes on s\'est efforc\xc3\xa9 de donner un compte-rendu aussi complet que possible de ce qui est connu des Alpes Bergamasques par rapport \xc3\xa0 la tectonique alpine g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9rale.
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  • 17
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Leidse Geologische Mededelingen vol. 5 no. 1, pp. 156-163
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Phillipsia? parvula Beyrich. \xe2\x80\x94 Perm. Timor, lit. 1, p. 87, t. 2, fig. 17a, 17b; Perm. Timor et Rotti, lit. 3, p. 89.\nNeoproetus indicus Tesch. \xe2\x80\x94 Carbon. Sumatra, lit. 11, p. 1082; lit. 30, p. 6; lit. 37, p. 610; Perm. Timor, lit. 38, p. 128, t. 178 (1), fig. 1\xe2\x80\x945.
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  • 18
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    Unknown
    In:  Leidse Geologische Mededelingen vol. 4 no. 1, pp. 321-399
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Le terrain \xc3\xa9tudi\xc3\xa9 (fig. 1) est form\xc3\xa9 de roches m\xc3\xa9tamorphiques pour plus de la moiti\xc3\xa9; le reste est form\xc3\xa9 de s\xc3\xa9diments variant du Permien au Trias Inf\xc3\xa9rieur, et de roches appartenant \xc3\xa0 la culmination \xc3\xa9ruptivocristalline du Cimone di Margno. Le relief du paysage pr\xc3\xa9sente en g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9ral des pentes douces. Au point de vue morphologique on trouve comme endroits int\xc3\xa9ressants: la Valsassina, qui est une ancienne vall\xc3\xa9e \xc3\xa0 glacier en partie combl\xc3\xa9e d\'\xc3\xa9boulis; les restes des vall\xc3\xa9es \xc3\xa0 glacier dans la Val Marcia et dans la Val Muggiasca; les deltas de d\xc3\xa9jection tr\xc3\xa8s \xc3\xa9tendus pr\xc3\xa8s de Dervio et de Bellano; et enfin 1\xe2\x80\x99 \xe2\x80\x9dOrrido\xe2\x80\x9d pr\xc3\xa8s de ce dernier endroit. Pr\xc3\xa8s de Taceno on trouva un exemple de d\xc3\xa9placement de vall\xc3\xa9e. Sur le versant Sud du Margno le champ de blocs d\'\xc3\xa9boulis du Verrucano est remarquable par ses dimensions.\nQuelques lignes tectoniques apparaissent elairement dans la topographie du terrain: la vall\xc3\xa9e de la Varrone, entre Premana et Pagnona suit exactement la limite entre les gneiss-chiari et les roches de param\xc3\xa9tamorphisme.\nSur la culmination du Margno des fen\xc3\xaatres g\xc3\xa9ologiques se form\xc3\xa8rent par l\'emport de la couche s\xc3\xa9dimentaire par la Rossiga, le Biagio, et la Marcia.\nIl n\'y a pas de transition graduelle de la ligne de partage des eaux entre la Val Varrone et la Val Pioverna, qui passe par la Cima d\'Olino et le Cimone del-Margno, \xc3\xa0 celle du Monte di Muggio. L\'interruption, qui est sans aucun doute en corr\xc3\xa9lation avec la construction tectonique du terrain, est encore beaucoup plus nettement visible sur le versant Nord du groupe de la Grigna.\nLes modifications les plus importantes apport\xc3\xa9es par l\'auteur aux cartes g\xc3\xa9ologiques d\xc3\xa9j\xc3\xa0 existantes, consistent eu l\'indication de Servino sur le Cimone di Margno, en des modifications de la limite Permo-Werf\xc3\xa9nienne, en le relev\xc3\xa9 de nombreux charriages sur le versant Sud du Muggio, en la d\xc3\xa9limitation des gneiss-chiari, et en le r\xc3\xa9p\xc3\xa9rage d\'un syst\xc3\xa8me d\'imbrication dans la Val Marcia.\nLes roches m\xc3\xa9tamorphiques du terrain \xc3\xa9tudi\xc3\xa9 appartiennent pour la plupart aux roches de param\xc3\xa9tamorphisme. Celles-ci se subdivisent en: 1. Schistes et gneiss micac\xc3\xa9s \xc3\xa0 quartz et \xc3\xa0 feldspath; 2. Quartzites; et 3. Roches amphibolitiques.\nD\'une fa\xc3\xa7on g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9rale ces roches sont faciles \xc3\xa0 distinguer du groupe des gneiss-chiari, qui doit \xc3\xaatre consid\xc3\xa9r\xc3\xa9 comme faisant partie des roches d\'orthom\xc3\xa9tamorphisme. Au microscope, ces derni\xc3\xa8res se caract\xc3\xa9risent surtout par l\'absence presque compl\xc3\xa8te d\'ingr\xc3\xa9dients mafiques et par leur structure en reliquat hypidiomorphe. La teneur en biotite, en chlorite ou en amphibole donne aux roches de param\xc3\xa9tamorphisme une couleur plus fonc\xc3\xa9e, et leur richesse en mica les rend plus schisteuses. Leur granulation aussi est en g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9ral plus fine.\nLes formations cristallines de la culmination du Margno occupent une place sp\xc3\xa9ciale: elles se distinguent surtout par leurs structures en crible ou poecilitiques frappantes. L\'examen p\xc3\xa9trographique des gneisschiari a d\xc3\xa9montr\xc3\xa9 que l\'on se trouve souvent devant des proportions tr\xc3\xa8s variables de quartz, de feldspath et de muscovite.\nLes fen\xc3\xaatres de la Marcia, de la Rossiga et du Biagio pr\xc3\xa9sentent des roches \xc3\xa9ruptives. Elles sont du type abyssal et hyp-abyssal, dont font partie l\'aplite, le granit, la granodiorite, la quartzdiorite, la diorite, la (q\'uartz)porphyr(it)e et la kersantite amphibolique. Il ne se rencontra gu\xc3\xa8re de formes effusives.\nLes pseudo-tachylites trouv\xc3\xa9s sur un plan de charriage dans la Val Biagio sont tr\xc3\xa8s int\xc3\xa9ressants, de m\xc3\xaame que le granit en \xe2\x80\x9epeau de panth\xc3\xa8re"" de la Val Rossiga.\nL\'\xc3\xa2ge des roches \xc3\xa9ruptives est en tous cas Pr\xc3\xa9-Permien, quoiqu\'il soit impossible de d\xc3\xa9terminer exactement le laps de temps pendant lequel l\'intrusion a eu lieu. On vit d\'abord se former une diorite biotitique ou amphibolique dense, finement grenue, et de couleur grise fonc\xc3\xa9e, puis un magma quartzdioritique \xc3\xa0 granodioritique plus acide intruda, qui assimila en partie le premier, en absorbant \xc3\xa9galement des fragments de substratum.\nLa majeure partie des roches de coagulation affleurant dans les fen\xc3\xaatres d\xc3\xa9j\xc3\xa0 mentionn\xc3\xa9es sont des quartz- ou des granodiorites. Leur examen au moyen du microscope \xc3\xa0 polarisateur, fut compl\xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 par une d\xc3\xa9termination quantitative des min\xc3\xa9raux contenus au moyen de la platine d\'int\xc3\xa9gration de Leitz. Quelques-uns des r\xc3\xa9sultats obtenus furent ins\xc3\xa9r\xc3\xa9s dans la fig. 1 et dans le tableau 2. On peut en conclure que les roches doivent provenir d\'un magma riche en potassium et en silicium, caract\xc3\xa9ris\xc3\xa9 surtout par la teneur tr\xc3\xa8s faible en sodium.\nLe s\xc3\xa9diment le plus ancien que j\'aie trouv\xc3\xa9 dans mon terrain est le conglom\xc3\xa9rat bien connu de Verrucano rouge \xc3\xa0 gr\xc3\xa8s sernifitiques.\nIl faut insister sur le fait que, dans les Alpes Bergamasques, le diam\xc3\xa8tre des galets erratiques de quartz et de porphyre d\xc3\xa9passe rarement les 20 cm. Ceci plus sp\xc3\xa9cialement, pour \xc3\xa9viter des confusions avec les conglom\xc3\xa9rats du Collio.\nEn passant par de petits bancs de galets et des sables plus clairs, on quitte le Permien pour arriver dans le Werf\xc3\xa9nien Inf\xc3\xa9rieur. Au bout d\'une trentaine de m\xc3\xa8tres on passe aux marnes et aux sables bigarr\xc3\xa9s, avec par-ci par-l\xc3\xa0 des couches de dolomites calcaires, du Werf\xc3\xa9nien moyen (250 m). Dans le Werf\xc3\xa9nien Sup\xc3\xa9rieur je rencontrai une couche, \xc3\xa9paisse de 20 m, de conglom\xc3\xa9rats qui n\'ont encore jamais \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 d\xc3\xa9crits dans cet horizon. Les galets, qui peuvent atteindre jusqu\'\xc3\xa0 10 cm de longueur, sont surtout form\xc3\xa9s de quartz riche en tourmaline, mais on y trouve aussi du porphyre, quoique rare. Pour finir on rencontre une couche de \xc2\xb1 50 m de formations rouges et grises marneuses \xc3\xa0 quartzitiques, parmi lesquelles on voit appara\xc3\xaetre un \xe2\x80\x9eRauchwacke\xe2\x80\x9d. Le d\xc3\xa9lav\xc3\xa9 du gr\xc3\xa8s du Servino parait \xc3\xaatre d\'un blanc tr\xc3\xa8s pur, couleur au moins aussi frappante que le brunjaune caverneux du \xe2\x80\x9eRauchwacke\xe2\x80\x9d du Werf\xc3\xa9nien Sup\xc3\xa9rieur. Je ne trouvai point de fossiles dans les d\xc3\xa9p\xc3\xb4ts d\xc3\xa9crits ci-dessus.\nOn trouva de nombreuses formations diluviales, entr\'autres pr\xc3\xa8s de Portone et dans le bassin de la Maladiga. Cependant, elles font toutes l\'impression d\'avoir \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 transport\xc3\xa9es par l\'eau de fa\xc3\xa7on \xc3\xa0 ne plus \xc3\xaatre de v\xc3\xa9ritables moraines.\nOn trouve \xc3\xa9galement de nombreux galets erratiques, de m\xc3\xaame que des roches moutonn\xc3\xa9es et des stries glaciaires. Les mouvements de la glace au cours du Pleistoc\xc3\xa8ne eurent lieu dans la Val Varrone en sens Est\xe2\x80\x94Ouest, mais dans la Val Muggiasca et dans la Valsassina en sens inverse. Pr\xc3\xa8s de Taceno s\'y ajouta encore la partie qui, pr\xc3\xa8s de Pagnona s\'\xc3\xa9tait s\xc3\xa9par\xc3\xa9e du glacier de la Val Varrone. Les c\xc3\xb4nes d\'\xc3\xa9boulis et les deltas de d\xc3\xa9jection \xc3\xa0 l\'embouchure des torrents et des rivi\xc3\xa8res dans la Valsassina et dans le Lac de C\xc3\xb4me, doivent \xc3\xaatre compt\xc3\xa9s parmi les d\xc3\xa9p\xc3\xb4ts alluviaux.\nSur le versant SW de la Valsassina, entre Cortenova et Parlasco, on trouve de la br\xc3\xa8che d\'\xc3\xa9boulis r\xc3\xa9cemment ciment\xc3\xa9e, contenant des fragments de roche de couleur jaune, souvent caverneux, et atteignant parfois jusqu\'\xc3\xa0 un m\xc3\xa8tre de diam\xc3\xa8tre. Les min\xc3\xa9raux utiles ne se rencontrent qu\'en quantit\xc3\xa9s minimes. Seule la roche quartzique \xc3\xa0 feldspathique de Cava di Feldspato est exploit\xc3\xa9e \xc3\xa0 l\'usage de la verrerie et de la fa\xc3\xafencerie.\nEnfin les sources min\xc3\xa9rales de Tartavalle jouissent d\'une certaine r\xc3\xa9putation, gr\xc3\xa2ce \xc3\xa0 leur vertu m\xc3\xa9dicinale.\nAu point de vue de la construction, le terrain \xc3\xa9tudi\xc3\xa9 peut \xc3\xaatre subdivis\xc3\xa9 en trois parties, \xc3\xa0 savoir: 1. Le Monte di Muggio. form\xc3\xa9 presqu\'en entier de roches param\xc3\xa9tamorphiques \xc3\xa0 schistosit\xc3\xa9 plus ou moins verticale. Entre Inesio et Bellano ces roches charrient en un plan assez horizontal sur une large bande de gneiss-chiari. Vers le Sud, ces derniers disparaissent en plongeant sous le paquet des s\xc3\xa9diments du groupe de la Grigna. 2. Le Cimone di Margno, form\xc3\xa9 surtout d\'une culmination \xc3\xa9ruptivocristalline, recouverte au Sud par du Verrucano, au Nord par un surcharriage de gneiss-chiari et par des s\xc3\xa9diments tr\xc3\xa8s fractur\xc3\xa9s du Permien et du Trias-Inf\xc3\xa9rieur. 3. La zone situ\xc3\xa9e entre les deux sommets, caract\xc3\xa9ris\xc3\xa9e par une s\xc3\xa9rie de charriages dans le cristallin, charriages qui enserrent souvent des bandes de s\xc3\xa9diments.\nOn a l\'impression que la partie occidentale du terrain \xc3\xa9tudi\xc3\xa9 a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 d\xc3\xa9plac\xc3\xa9e de quelques centaines de m\xc3\xa8tres vers le Sud par rapport \xc3\xa0 la partie orientale. A l\'aide de la carte et des coupes il a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 fait une description g\xc3\xa9ologique et tectonique d\xc3\xa9taill\xc3\xa9e du terrain.\nNous voyons ainsi que dans la Val Marcia de nombreuses \xc3\xa9cailles affleurent, qui, tant \xc3\xa0 l\'Est qu\'\xc3\xa0 l\'Ouest sont surcharri\xc3\xa9es par des gneiss-chiari. La position des formations dans la fen\xc3\xaatre de Premana r\xc3\xa9v\xc3\xa8le que les forces tectoniques y ont agi en deux directions: du NE et du NW. Les gneiss-ehiari du Margno et du versant Est du Muggio doivent \xc3\xaatre consid\xc3\xa9r\xc3\xa9s comme formant un tout. Les diff\xc3\xa9rences d\'inclinaison et de direction trouvent leur origine en la contre-pression irr\xc3\xa9guli\xc3\xa8re de la culmination \xc3\xa9ruptivo-cristalline du Margno. Dans la fen\xc3\xaatre que forme le cours sup\xc3\xa9rieur de la Manda, on trouve des restes de Verrucano qui forment un tout avec les d\xc3\xa9p\xc3\xb4ts Permo-Werf\xc3\xa9niens des environs de Sasso dirotto, Alpe Ombrega et Alpe Dolcigo.\nCes d\xc3\xa9p\xc3\xb4ts sont s\xc3\xa9par\xc3\xa9s tectoniquement de ceux de l\'ar\xc3\xaate Margno\xe2\x80\x94Cima d\'Olino.\nLa culmination \xc3\xa9ruptivo-cristalline du Margno se poursuit vers l\'Est par le Monte Foppabona et par Ornica. Vers l\'Ouest elle plonge sous les roches m\xc3\xa9tamorphiques du Monte di Muggio. Pr\xc3\xa8s de la Bocchetta d\'Olino (sur la limite du terrain de Crommelin et du mien) seulement, je trouvai une continuation des fractures de la culmination dans la couche s\xc3\xa9dimentaire susjaeente. Au NE de Codesino, et au Sud d\'Indovero, on trouve des petites \xc3\xa9rosions torrentielles remontantes o\xc3\xb9 affleurent d\'int\xc3\xa9ressants microcharriages du cristallin et de s\xc3\xa9diments du Verrucano et du Trias Inf\xc3\xa9rieur. De la ligne Indovero\xe2\x80\x94Narro jusqu\'\xc3\xa0 Tartavalle on ne trouve que des charriages de gneiss-chiari et de s\xc3\xa9diments; l\'absence des roches param\xc3\xa9tamorphiques est marquante. Il est probable qu\'une d\xc3\xa9pression dans le substratum pr\xc3\xa8s de Tartavalle a rendu possible une p\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9tration des gneiss-chiari si avant vers le Sud. J\'ai intercal\xc3\xa9 une esquisse de cette r\xc3\xa9gion dans le texte, vu que la v\xc3\xa9g\xc3\xa9tation luxuriante en rend la mise en carte tr\xc3\xa8s difficile. Par contre, dans la r\xc3\xa9gion entre Taceno et Bellano, la grand\'route et la Pioverna fournissent de superbes affleurements. Des charriages nombreux et compliqu\xc3\xa9s y sont nettement d\xc3\xa9voil\xc3\xa9s.\nLa continuation de la faille Orobique vers l\'Ouest est particuli\xc3\xa8rement int\xc3\xa9ressante. On la suit ais\xc3\xa9ment jusqu\'au village de Margno, mais au-del\xc3\xa0 elle se d\xc3\xa9compose en un faisceau de petits charriages orient\xc3\xa9s en sens NE\xe2\x80\x94SW, qui continuent vers le SW entre Portone et Tartavalle. Entre Portone et Bellano ce n\'est plus un surcharriage qui constitue la transition entre le cristallin et les s\xc3\xa9diments. Ici en effet, du Permien recouvre des orthogneiss en contact anormal, vu les nombreuses surfaces de glissement. Dans cette zone, les orthogneiss forment un anticlinal peu prononc\xc3\xa9 dont l\'axe est parall\xc3\xa8le \xc3\xa0 la Val Muggiasca.\nLes diff\xc3\xa9rences d\'inclinaison et de direction des roches cristallines permirent une subdivision de mon terrain en cinq parties. Nous n\'insisterons pas l\xc3\xa0-dessus, mais nous attirons l\'attention sur le fait que le Servino de l\'ar\xc3\xaate Margno\xe2\x80\x94Cima d\'Olino forme un tout avec les d\xc3\xa9p\xc3\xb4ts peu fractur\xc3\xa9s sur le versant SW de la Valsassina.\nEn outre une \xc3\xa9tude sp\xc3\xa9ciale a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 faite de la nature des charriages et des \xc3\xa9cailles. Quant \xc3\xa0 ces derni\xc3\xa8res, une modification fut apport\xc3\xa9e aux constructions suivies jusqu\'\xc3\xa0 pr\xc3\xa9sent (cf. fig. 5).\nEn traitant du probl\xc3\xa8me du substratum, l\'attention est attir\xc3\xa9e sur le fait qu\'en projetant des tectonogrammes il faut tenir s\xc3\xa9rieusement compte de dislocations dans le substratum, de culminations porphyriques, etc.. Dans tous les cas, et partout o\xc3\xb9 le Servino fonctionne comme facteur de glissement, des plans de charriage se sont dessin\xc3\xa9s, tant sur la limite Verrucano-Werf\xc3\xa9nienne que de l\'autre c\xc3\xb4t\xc3\xa9.\nEn outre, j\'ai soulign\xc3\xa9 l\'importance de la pr\xc3\xa9sence de roches \xc3\xa9ruptives dans la culmination Orobique. En effet, elles consolid\xc3\xa8rent le substratum de telle mani\xc3\xa8re, que celui-ci put servir de tampon contre les s\xc3\xa9diments et les roches m\xc3\xa9tamorphis\xc3\xa9es venant du Nord.\nL\'imbrication des calcaires du groupe de la Grigna est suppos\xc3\xa9e avoir pris naissance au cours de l\'orogen\xc3\xa8se alpine par des glissements de s\xc3\xa9diments des terrains cristallins ascendants du Nord, mais encore avant que l\'\xc3\xa9rosion p\xc3\xbbt avoir lieu, et par cons\xc3\xa9quent juste apr\xc3\xa8s o\xc3\xb9 encore pendant la p\xc3\xa9riode d\'immersion.\nIl y eut des glissements primaires de d\xc3\xa9p\xc3\xb4ts m\xc3\xa9sozo\xc3\xafques sup\xc3\xa9rieurs et moyens qui se d\xc3\xa9plac\xc3\xa8rent tr\xc3\xa8s loin vers le Sud. Les s\xc3\xa9diments triasiques gliss\xc3\xa8rent en m\xc3\xaame temps ou plus tard. Au cours de ces p\xc3\xa9riodes d\'imbrication, il ne se forma gu\xc3\xa8re de zones de mylonites dans ces formations relativement molles. La pr\xc3\xa9sence de failles post-tertiaires, comme celle de zones de mylonites, doit \xc3\xaatre expliqu\xc3\xa9e par une phase ult\xc3\xa9rieure de l\'orogen\xc3\xa8se, au cours de laquelle les charriages eurent lieu de pr\xc3\xa9f\xc3\xa9rence en suivant d\'anciens plans de dislocation.\nLe paysage tel qu\'il s\'est finalement constitu\xc3\xa9, s\'est form\xc3\xa9 sous l\'influence de l\'orogen\xc3\xa8se agissant au cours de l\'\xc3\xa9poque tertiaire en combinaison avec une \xc3\xa9rosion violente et ininterrompue.
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  • 19
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    In:  Leidse Geologische Mededelingen vol. 4 no. 1, pp. 401-459
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Au printemps 1929, j\'entrepris de dresser la carte d\'une partie des Alpes Bergamasques, partie limit\xc3\xa9e \xc3\xa0 l\'Est par celle que Jong a trait\xc3\xa9e. La fronti\xc3\xa8re m\xc3\xa9ridionale est form\xc3\xa9e en partie par la Valsassina jusqu\'\xc3\xa0 Cortenova, en partie par la faille du Val Torta-Baiedo (Baiedo se trouve \xc3\xa0 1\xc2\xbd km au SSW d\'Introbio). De Cortenova \xc3\xa0 Premana le Val Rossiga et le Val Marcia s\xc3\xa9parent mon terrain de celui de mon coll\xc3\xa8gue Buning. Vers le Nord il s\'\xc3\xa9tend jusqu\'au Val Varrone et jusqu\'\xc3\xa0 la cr\xc3\xaate qui va vers la Bocchetta di Trona, en passant par le Pzo. Cavallo et le Pzo. Melasc.\nDiverses circonstances ne m\'ont permis de terminer mes travaux de mise en carte d\xc3\xa9finitive qu\'au cours de l\'\xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 1931.
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  • 20
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    Unknown
    In:  Leidse Geologische Mededelingen vol. 5 no. 1, pp. 164-205
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Following the example of Professor K. Martin I have as far as possible used the subdivision given by P. Fischer in his \xe2\x80\x9eManuel de Conchyliologie et de Pal\xc3\xa9ontologie Conchyliologique\xe2\x80\x9d.\nFor the stratigraphy I used the system of E. Haug: \xe2\x80\x9eTrait\xc3\xa9 de G\xc3\xa9ologie\xe2\x80\x9d. Following the general custom, however, the Rhaetian is counted to the Trias and the Berriasian as formation parting the Jurassic from the Cretaceous.
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