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Ultrahigh-precision noble gas isotope analyses reveal pervasive subsurface fractionation in hydrothermal systems (2024)

Bekaert, David V ; Barry, Peter H ; Broadley, Michael W ; [weitere]

American Association for the Advancement of Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-12

Beschreibung: Mantle-derived noble gases in volcanic gases are powerful tracers of terrestrial volatile evolution, as they contain mixtures of both primordial (from Earth's accretion) and secondary (e.g., radiogenic) isotope signals that characterize the composition of deep Earth. However, volcanic gases emitted through subaerial hydrothermal systems also contain contributions from shallow reservoirs (groundwater, crust, atmosphere). Deconvolving deep and shallow source signals is critical for robust interpretations of mantle-derived signals. Here, we use a novel dynamic mass spectrometry technique to measure argon, krypton, and xenon isotopes in volcanic gas with ultrahigh precision. Data from Iceland, Germany, United States (Yellowstone, Salton Sea), Costa Rica, and Chile show that subsurface isotope fractionation within hydrothermal systems is a globally pervasive and previously unrecognized process causing substantial nonradiogenic Ar-Kr-Xe isotope variations. Quantitatively accounting for this process is vital for accurately interpreting mantle-derived volatile (e.g., noble gas and nitrogen) signals, with profound implications for our understanding of terrestrial volatile evolution.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: eadg2566

Beschreibung: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Schlagwort(e): noble gases ; earth degassing

Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)

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Optimised use of data fusion and memory‐based learning with an Austrian soil library for predictions with infrared data (2023)

Ludwig, Bernard ; Greenberg, Isabel ; Vohland, Michael ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-12-12

Beschreibung: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Infrared spectroscopy in the visible to near‐infrared (vis–NIR) and mid‐infrared (MIR) regions is a well‐established approach for the prediction of soil properties. Different data fusion and training approaches exist, and the optimal procedures are yet undefined and may depend on the heterogeneity present in the set and on the considered scale. The objectives were to test the usefulness of partial least squares regressions (PLSRs) for soil organic carbon (SOC), total carbon (C〈sub〉t〈/sub〉), total nitrogen (N〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) and pH using vis–NIR and MIR spectroscopy for an independent validation after standard calibration (use of a general PLSR model) or using memory‐based learning (MBL) with and without spiking for a national spectral database. Data fusion approaches were simple concatenation of spectra, outer product analysis (OPA) and model averaging. In total, 481 soils from an Austrian forest soil archive were measured in the vis–NIR and MIR regions, and regressions were calculated. Fivefold calibration‐validation approaches were carried out with a region‐related split of spectra to implement independent validations with n ranging from 47 to 99 soils in different folds. MIR predictions were generally superior over vis–NIR predictions. For all properties, optimal predictions were obtained with data fusion, with OPA and spectra concatenation outperforming model averaging. The greatest robustness of performance was found for OPA and MBL with spiking with 〈italic toggle="no"〉R〈/italic〉〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 ≥ 0.77 (N), 0.85 (SOC), 0.86 (pH) and 0.88 (C〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) in the validations of all folds. Overall, the results indicate that the combination of OPA for vis–NIR and MIR spectra with MBL and spiking has a high potential to accurately estimate properties when using large‐scale soil spectral libraries as reference data. However, the reduction of cost‐effectiveness using two spectrometers needs to be weighed against the potential increase in accuracy compared to a single MIR spectroscopy approach.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4 ; data fusion ; independent validation ; infrared spectroscopy ; MBL ; nitrogen ; outer product analysis ; pH ; soil organic carbon ; spiking ; total carbon

Sprache: Englisch

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Importance of catchment hydrological processes and calibration of hydrological‐hydrodynamic rainfall‐runoff models in small rural catchments (2023)

David, Amrei ; Rodriguez, Ernesto Ruiz ; Schmalz, Britta ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-19

Beschreibung: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉In recent years, many two‐dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic models have been extended to include the direct rainfall method (DRM). This allows their application as a hydrological‐hydrodynamic model for the determination of floodplains in one model system. In previous studies on DRM, the role of catchment hydrological processes (CaHyPro) and its interaction with the calibration process was not investigated in detail. In the present, case‐oriented study, the influence of the spatiotemporal distribution of the processes precipitation and runoff formation in combination with the 2D model HEC‐RAS is investigated. In a further step, a conceptual approach for event‐based interflow is integrated. The study is performed on the basis of a single storm event in a small rural catchment (low mountain range, 38 km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉) in Hesse (Germany). The model results are evaluated against six quality criteria and compared to a simplified baseline model. Finally, the calibrated improved model is contrasted with a calibrated baseline model. The results show the enhancement of the model results due to the integration of the CaHyPro and highlight its interplay with the calibrated model parameters.〈/p〉

Schlagwort(e): ddc:551.48 ; 2D hydrodynamic modeling ; calibration ; direct rainfall modeling ; hydrological processes ; radar data ; runoff formation

Sprache: Englisch

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Redoxtrons – An experimental system to study redox processes within the capillary fringe (2023)

Dorau, Kristof ; Uteau, Daniel ; Maisch, Markus ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-11-18

Beschreibung: Spatiotemporal characterisation of the soil redox status within the capillary fringe (CF) is a challenging task. Air‐filled porosities (ε), oxygen concentration (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) and soil redox potential (EH) are interrelated soil variables within active biogeochemical domains such as the CF. We investigated the impact of water table (WT) rise and drainage in an undisturbed topsoil and subsoil sample taken from a Calcaric Gleysol for a period of 46 days. We merged 1D (EH and matric potential) and 2D (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) systems to monitor at high spatiotemporal resolution redox dynamics within self‐constructed redoxtron housings and complemented the data set by a 3D pore network characterization using X‐ray microtomography (X‐ray μCT). Depletion of O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 was faster in the organic matter‐ and clay‐rich aggregated topsoil and the CF extended 〉10 cm above the artificial WT. The homogeneous and less‐aggregated subsoil extended only 4 cm above the WT as indicated by ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–EH data during saturation. After drainage, 2D O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 imaging revealed a fast aeration towards the lower depths of the topsoil, which agrees with the connected ε derived by X‐ray μCT (ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉) of 14.9% of the total porosity. However, small‐scaled anoxic domains with O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation 〈5% were apparent even after lowering the WT (down to 0.25 cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in size) for 23 days. These domains remained a nucleus for reducing soil conditions (E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〈 −100 mV), which made it challenging to characterise the soil redox status in the CF. In contrast, the subsoil aeration reached O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation after 8 days for the complete soil volume. Values of ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉 around zero in the subsoil highlighted that soil aeration was independent of this parameter suggesting that other variables such as microbial activity must be considered when predicting the soil redox status from ε alone. The use of redoxtrons in combination with localised redox‐measurements and image based pore space analysis resulted in a better 2D/3D characterisation of the pore system and related O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 transport properties. This allowed us to analyse the distribution and activity of microbiological niches highly associated with the spatiotemporal variable redox dynamics in soil environments. Highlights: The time needed to turn from reducing to oxidising (period where all platinum electrodes feature E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〉 300 mV) condition differ for two samples with contrasting soil structure. The subsoil with presumably low O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 consumption rates aerated considerably faster than the topsoil and exclusively by O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 diffusion through medium‐ and fine‐sized pores. To derive the soil redox status based upon the triplet ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 is challenging at present in heterogeneous soil domains and larger soil volumes than 250 cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉. Undisturbed soil sampling along with 2D/3D redox measurement systems (e.g., redoxtrons) improve our understanding of redox dynamics within the capillary fringe.

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4 ; environmental monitoring ; incubation experiments ; redox processes ; soil reducing conditions ; undisturbed soil ; X‐ray microtomography

Sprache: Englisch

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The dilemma of analytical method changes for soil organic carbon in long‐term experiments (2023)

Grahmann, Kathrin ; Zwink, Mariam ; Barkusky, Dietmar ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-11-17

Beschreibung: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-1003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Long‐term experiments (LTEs) have provided data to modellers and agronomists to investigate changes and dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) under different cropping systems. As treatment changes have occurred due to agricultural advancements, so too have analytical soil methods. This may lead to method bias over time, which could affect the robust interpretation of data and conclusions drawn. This study aims to quantify differences in SOC due to changes in dry combustion methods over time, using soil samples of a LTE established in 1963 that focuses on mineral and organic fertilizer management in the temperate zone of Northeast Germany. For this purpose, 1059 soil samples, collected between 1976 and 2008, have been analysed twice, once with their historical laboratory method right after sampling, and a second time in 2016 when all samples were analysed using the same elementary analyser. In 9 of 11 soil sampling campaigns, a paired 〈italic toggle="no"〉t〈/italic〉‐test provided evidence for significant differences in the historical SOC values when compared with the re‐analysed concentrations of the same LTE sample. In the sampling years 1988 and 2004, the historical analysis obtained about 0.9 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 lower SOC compared with the re‐analysed one. For 1990 and 1998, this difference was about 0.4 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. Correction factors, an approach often used to correct for different analytical techniques, could only be applied for 5 of 11 sampling campaigns to account for constant and proportional systematic method error. For this particular LTE, the interpretation of SOC changes due to agronomic management (here fertilization) deviates depending on the analytical method used, which may weaken the explanatory power of the historical data. We demonstrate that analytical method changes over time present one of many challenges in the interpretation of time series data of SOC dynamics. Therefore, LTE site managers need to ensure providing all necessary protocols and data in order to retrace method changes and if necessary recalculate SOC.〈/p〉 〈/sec〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-0003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈title〉Highlights〈/title〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉〈list list-type="bullet" id="ejss13362-list-0001"〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0001"〉〈p〉A total of 1059 LTE soil samples taken between 1976 and 2008 were re‐analysed for SOC in 2016〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0002"〉〈p〉Several methodological changes for SOC determination led to significant different SOC concentration in the same sample〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0003"〉〈p〉Interpretation and time series of LTE soil data suffer from consideration of analytical method changes and poor documentation of the same〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0004"〉〈p〉Soil archive establishment, thorough method protocols and diligent proficiency testing after soil method changes ameliorate the dilemma〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉〈/p〉 〈/sec〉

Beschreibung: Brandenburger Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004581

Beschreibung: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004937

Beschreibung: https://doi.org/10.4228/zalf-acge-b683

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4 ; Bland–Altman ; carbon stocks ; data trueness ; Deming regression ; method bias ; soil archive ; soil survey

Sprache: Englisch

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Toward an adequate level of detail in flood risk assessments (2023)

Sieg, Tobias ; Kienzler, Sarah ; Rözer, Viktor ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-24

Beschreibung: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Flood risk assessments require different disciplines to understand and model the underlying components hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Many methods and data sets have been refined considerably to cover more details of spatial, temporal, or process information. We compile case studies indicating that refined methods and data have a considerable effect on the overall assessment of flood risk. But are these improvements worth the effort? The adequate level of detail is typically unknown and prioritization of improvements in a specific component is hampered by the lack of an overarching view on flood risk. Consequently, creating the dilemma of potentially being too greedy or too wasteful with the resources available for a risk assessment. A “sweet spot” between those two would use methods and data sets that cover all relevant known processes without using resources inefficiently. We provide three key questions as a qualitative guidance toward this “sweet spot.” For quantitative decision support, more overarching case studies in various contexts are needed to reveal the sensitivity of the overall flood risk to individual components. This could also support the anticipation of unforeseen events like the flood event in Germany and Belgium in 2021 and increase the reliability of flood risk assessments.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

Beschreibung: BMBF http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347

Beschreibung: Federal Environment Agency http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010809

Beschreibung: http://howas21.gfz-potsdam.de/howas21/

Beschreibung: https://www.umwelt.niedersachsen.de/startseite/themen/wasser/hochwasser_amp_kustenschutz/hochwasserrisikomanagement_richtlinie/hochwassergefahren_und_hochwasserrisikokarten/hochwasserkarten-121920.html

Beschreibung: https://download.geofabrik.de/europe/germany.html

Beschreibung: https://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSN024

Beschreibung: https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/collection/id-0054

Beschreibung: https://oasishub.co/dataset/surface-water-flooding-footprinthurricane-harvey-august-2017-jba

Beschreibung: https://www.wasser.sachsen.de/hochwassergefahrenkarte-11915.html

Schlagwort(e): ddc:551.48 ; decision support ; extreme events ; integrated flood risk management ; risk assessment

Sprache: Englisch

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BODIUM—A systemic approach to model the dynamics of soil functions (2023)

König, Sara ; Weller, Ulrich ; Betancur‐Corredor, Bibiana ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-26

Beschreibung: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The increasing demand for biomass for food, animal feed, fibre and bioenergy requires optimization of soil productivity, while at the same time, protecting other soil functions such as nutrient cycling and buffering, carbon storage, habitat for biological activity and water filter and storage. Therefore, one of the main challenges for sustainable agriculture is to produce high yields while maintaining all the other soil functions. Mechanistic simulation models are an essential tool to fully understand and predict the complex interactions between physical, biological and chemical processes of soils that generate those functions. We developed a soil model to simulate the impact of various agricultural management options and climate change on soil functions by integrating the relevant processes mechanistically and in a systemic way. As a special feature, we include the dynamics of soil structure induced by tillage and biological activity, which is especially relevant in arable soils. The model operates on a 1D soil profile consisting of a number of discrete layers with dynamic thickness. We demonstrate the model performance by simulating crop growth, root growth, nutrient and water uptake, nitrogen cycling, soil organic matter turnover, microbial activity, water distribution and soil structure dynamics in a long‐term field experiment including different crops and different types and levels of fertilization. The model is able to capture essential features that are measured regularly including crop yield, soil organic carbon, and soil nitrogen. In this way, the plausibility of the implemented processes and their interactions is confirmed. Furthermore, we present the results of explorative simulations comparing scenarios with and without tillage events to analyse the effect of soil structure on soil functions. Since the model is process‐based, we are confident that the model can also be used to predict quantities that have not been measured or to estimate the effect of management measures and climate states not yet been observed. The model thus has the potential to predict the site‐specific impact of management decisions on soil functions, which is of great importance for the development of a sustainable agriculture that is currently also on the agenda of the ‘Green Deal’ at the European level.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347

Beschreibung: https://git.ufz.de/bodium/bodium_v1.0

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4 ; agriculture ; computational model ; simulation ; soil microbiology ; soil structure ; sustainable soil

Sprache: Englisch

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Small lateral air pressure gradients generated by a large chamber system have a strong effect on CO2 transport in soil (2023)

Osterholt, Laurin ; Maier, Martin ; Schindler, Dirk ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-02-09

Beschreibung: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Gas transport in soils is usually assumed to be purely diffusive, although several studies have shown that non‐diffusive processes can significantly enhance soil gas transport. These processes include barometric air pressure changes, wind‐induced pressure pumping and static air pressure fields generated by wind interacting with obstacles. The associated pressure gradients in the soil can cause advective gas fluxes that are much larger than diffusive fluxes. However, the contributions of the respective transport processes are difficult to separate. We developed a large chamber system to simulate pressure fields and investigate their influence on soil gas transport. The chamber consists of four subspaces in which pressure is regulated by fans that blow air in or out of the chamber. With this setup, we conducted experiments with oscillating and static pressure fields. CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations were measured along two soil profiles beneath the chamber. We found a significant relationship between static lateral pressure gradients and the change in the CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 profiles (R〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 = 0.53; 〈italic toggle="no"〉p〈/italic〉‐value 〈2e‐16). Even small pressure gradients between −1 and 1 Pa relative to ambient pressure resulted in an increase or decrease in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations of 8% on average in the upper soil, indicating advective flow of air in the pore space. Positive pressure gradients resulted in decreasing, negative pressure gradients in increasing CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations. The concentration changes were probably caused by an advective flow field in the soil beneath the chamber generated by the pressure gradients. No effect of oscillating pressure fields was observed in this study. The results indicate that static lateral pressure gradients have a substantial impact on soil gas transport and therefore are an important driver of gas exchange between soil and atmosphere. Lateral pressure gradients in a comparable range can be induced under windy conditions when wind interacts with terrain features. They can also be caused by chambers used for flux measurements at high wind speed or by fans used for head‐space mixing within the chambers, which yields biased flux estimates.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4 ; advective flux ; chamber flux measurements ; static air pressure fields ; wind‐induced pressure pumping

Sprache: Englisch

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Temperature and soil moisture change microbial allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon (2023)

Wirsching, Johannes ; Rodriguez, Luciana Chavez ; Ditterich, Franziska ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-03-18

Beschreibung: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Temperature and soil moisture are known to control pesticide mineralization. Half‐life times (DT〈sub〉50〈/sub〉) derived from pesticide mineralization curves generally indicate longer residence times at low soil temperature and moisture but do not consider potential changes in the microbial allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon (C). We aimed to determine carbon use efficiency (CUE, formation of new biomass relative to total C uptake) to better understand microbial utilization of pesticide‐derived C under different environmental conditions and to support the conventional description of degradation dynamics based on mineralization. We performed a microcosm experiment at two MCPA (2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid) concentrations (1 and 20 mg kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) and defined 20°C/pF 1.8 as optimal and 10°C/pF 3.5 as limiting environmental conditions. After 4 weeks, 70% of the initially applied MCPA was mineralized under optimal conditions but MCPA mineralization reached less than 25% under limiting conditions. However, under limiting conditions, an increase in CUE was observed, indicating a shift towards anabolic utilization of MCPA‐derived C. In this case, increased C assimilation implied C storage or the formation of precursor compounds to support resistance mechanisms, rather than actual growth since we did not find an increase in the 〈italic toggle="no"〉tfdA〈/italic〉 gene relevant to MCPA degradation. We were able to confirm the assumption that under limiting conditions, C assimilation increases relative to mineralization and that C redistribution, may serve as an explanation for the difference between mineralization and MCPA dissipation‐derived degradation dynamics. In addition, by introducing CUE to the temperature‐ and moisture‐dependent degradation of pesticides, we can capture the underlying microbial constraints and adaptive mechanisms to changing environmental conditions.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Changing environmental conditions alter the MCPA degradation dynamics and the allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon to anabolic or catabolic metabolism.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="ejss13417-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:13510754:media:ejss13417:ejss13417-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: Collaborative Research Center 1253 CAMPOS (DFG)

Beschreibung: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

Beschreibung: DFG Priority Program 2322 “Soil System”

Beschreibung: Ellrichshausen Foundation

Beschreibung: Research Training Group “Integrated Hydrosystem modeling”

Beschreibung: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5081655

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4 ; anabolism ; carbon use efficiency ; catabolism ; effect of soil moisture and temperature ; gene‐centric process model ; MCPA biodegradation

Sprache: Englisch

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Vertical SOC distribution and aromatic carbon in centuries old charcoal‐rich Technosols (2022)

Bonhage, Alexander ; Raab, Thomas ; Schneider, Anna ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-01-21

Beschreibung: Charcoal‐rich Technosols on century‐old relict charcoal hearths (RCHs) are the subject of ongoing research regarding potential legacy effects that result from historic charcoal production and subsequent charcoal amendments on forest soil properties and forest ecosystems today. RCHs consist mostly of Auh horizons that are substantially enriched in soil organic carbon (SOC), of which the largest part seems to be of pyrogenic origin (PyC). However, the reported range of SOC and PyC contents in RCH soil also suggests that they are enriched in nonpyrogenic SOC. RCH soils are discussed as potential benchmarks for the long‐term influence of biochar amendment and the post‐wildfire influences on soil properties. In this study, we utilised a large soil sample dataset (n = 1245) from 52 RCH sites in north‐western Connecticut, USA, to quantify SOC contents by total element analysis. The contents of condensed highly aromatic carbon as a proxy for black carbon (BC) were predicted by using a modified benzene polycarboxylated acid (BPCA) marker method in combination with diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy‐based partial least square regression (r2 = 0.89). A high vertical spatial sampling resolution allowed the identification of soil organic matter (SOM) enrichment and translocation processes. The results show an average 75% and 1862% increase in TOC and BPCA‐derived carbon, respectively, for technogenic Auh horizons compared to reference soils. In addition to an increase in aromatic properties, increased carboxylic properties of the RCH SOC suggest self‐humification effects of degrading charcoal and thereby the continuing formation of leachable aromatic carbon compounds, which could have effects on pedogenic processes in buried soils. Indeed, we show BPCA‐derived carbon concentrations in intermediate technogenic Cu horizons and buried top/subsoils that suggest vertical translocation of highly aromatic carbon originating in RCH Auh horizons. Topmost Auh horizons showed a gradual decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) contents with increasing depth, suggesting accumulation of recent, non‐pyrogenic SOM. Lower aliphatic absorptions in RCH soil spectra suggest different SOM turnover dynamics compared to reference soils. Furthermore, studied RCH soils featured additional TOC enrichment, which cannot be fully explained now. Highlights BC to TOC ratio and high resolution vertical SOC distribution in 52 RCH sites were studied. RCH soils non‐BC pool was potentially different to reference soils. RCH soils feature TOC accumulation in the topmost horizon. There is BC translocation into buried soils on RCH sites.

Beschreibung: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4 ; benzene polycarboxylated acid marker (BPCA) ; black carbon ; charcoal degradation ; charcoal kiln ; pyrogenic carbon ; relict charcoal hearth ; biochar

Sprache: Englisch

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Archean cratonic mantle recycled at a mid-ocean ridge (2022)

Liu, Chuan-Zhou ; Dick, Henry J. B. ; Mitchell, Ross N. ; [weitere]

American Association for the Advancement of Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-09-13

Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Liu, C.-Z., Dick, H. J. B., Mitchell, R. N., Wei, W., Zhang, Z.-Y., Hofmann, A. W., Yang, J.-F., & Li, Y. Archean cratonic mantle recycled at a mid-ocean ridge. Science Advances, 8(22), (2022): eabn6749, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn6749.

Beschreibung: Basalts and mantle peridotites of mid-ocean ridges are thought to sample Earth’s upper mantle. Osmium isotopes of abyssal peridotites uniquely preserve melt extraction events throughout Earth history, but existing records only indicate ages up to ~2 billion years (Ga) ago. Thus, the memory of the suspected large volumes of mantle lithosphere that existed in Archean time (〉2.5 Ga) has apparently been lost somehow. We report abyssal peridotites with melt-depletion ages up to 2.8 Ga, documented by extremely unradiogenic 187Os/188Os ratios (to as low as 0.1095) and refractory major elements that compositionally resemble the deep keels of Archean cratons. These oceanic rocks were thus derived from the once-extensive Archean continental keels that have been dislodged and recycled back into the mantle, the feasibility of which we confirm with numerical modeling. This unexpected connection between young oceanic and ancient continental lithosphere indicates an underappreciated degree of compositional recycling over time.

Beschreibung: This study was financially supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars 42025201 (to C.-Z.L.), the National Key Research and Development Project of China 2020YFA0714801 (to C.-Z.L.), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences XDA13010106 (to C.-Z.L.), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences XDB42020301 (to C.-Z.L.), and NSF grants 2114652 and 1657983 (to H.J.B.D.).

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Serpentinite-derived slab fluids control the oxidation state of the subarc mantle (2022)

Zhang, Yuxiang ; Gazel, Esteban ; Gaetani, Glenn A. ; [weitere]

American Association for the Advancement of Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-27

Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Zhang, Y., Gazel, E., Gaetani, G. A., & Klein, F. Serpentinite-derived slab fluids control the oxidation state of the subarc mantle. Science Advances, 7(48), (2021): eabj2515, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj2515.

Beschreibung: Recent geochemical evidence confirms the oxidized nature of arc magmas, but the underlying processes that regulate the redox state of the subarc mantle remain yet to be determined. We established a link between deep subduction-related fluids derived from dehydration of serpentinite ± altered oceanic crust (AOC) using B isotopes and B/Nb as fluid proxies, and the oxidized nature of arc magmas as indicated by Cu enrichment during magma evolution and V/Yb. Our results suggest that arc magmas derived from source regions influenced by a greater serpentinite (±AOC) fluid component record higher oxygen fugacity. The incorporation of this component into the subarc mantle is controlled by the subduction system’s thermodynamic conditions and geometry. Our results suggest that the redox state of the subarc mantle is not homogeneous globally: Primitive arc magmas associated with flat, warm subduction are less oxidized overall than those generated in steep, cold subduction zones.

Beschreibung: Y.Z. acknowledges funding from the National Science Foundation of China (91958213), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB42020402), and the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (ZR2020QD068). This study was supported in part by the U.S. National Science Foundation NSF EAR 1826673 to E.G. and G.A.G. and OCE 1756349 to E.G.

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Inspecting the Reliability of Geochemical Facies Identified for the Waterworks' Capture Zone in Germany (2022)

Taie Semiromi, Majid ; Böttcher, Steven ; Merz, Christoph ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-09-27

Beschreibung: Little research attention has been given to validating clusters obtained from the groundwater geochemistry of the waterworks' capture zone with a prevailing lake‐groundwater exchange. To address this knowledge gap, we proposed a new scheme whereby Gaussian finite mixture modeling (GFMM) and Spike‐and‐Slab Bayesian (SSB) algorithms were utilized to cluster the groundwater geochemistry while quantifying the probability of the resulting cluster membership against each other. We applied GFMM and SSB to 13 geochemical parameters collected during different sampling periods at 13 observation points across the Barnim Highlands plateau located in the northeast of Berlin, Germany; this included 10 observation wells, two lakes, and a gallery of drinking production wells. The cluster analysis of GFMM yielded nine clusters, either with a probability ≥0.8, while the SSB produced three hierarchical clusters with a probability of cluster membership varying from 〈0.2 to 〉0.8. The findings demonstrated that the clustering results of GFMM were in good agreement with the classification as per the principal component analysis and Piper diagram. By superimposing the parameter clustering onto the observation clustering, we could identify discrepancies that exist among the parameters of a certain cluster. This enables the identification of different factors that may control the geochemistry of a certain cluster, although parameters of that cluster share a strong similarity. The GFMM results have shown that from 2002, there has been active groundwater inflow from the lakes towards the capture zone. This means that it is necessary to adopt appropriate measures to reverse the inflow towards the lakes.

Beschreibung: Article impact statement: The probability of cluster membership quantified using an algorithm should be validated against another probabilistic‐based classifier.

Beschreibung: Federal Ministry of Education and Research http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347

Schlagwort(e): ddc:551.9 ; ddc:551.49

Sprache: Englisch

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Application of mixed‐effects modelling and rule‐based models to explain copper variation in soil profiles of southern Germany (2022)

Ludwig, Bernard ; Wölfel, Petra ; Greenberg, Isabel ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-01

Beschreibung: Copper (Cu) is an essential element for plants and microorganisms and at larger concentrations a toxic pollutant. A number of factors controlling Cu dynamics have been reported, but information on quantitative relationships is scarce. We aimed to (i) quantitatively describe and predict soil Cu concentrations (CuAR) in aqua regia considering site‐specific effects and effects of pH, soil organic carbon (SOC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and (ii) study the suitability of mixed‐effects modelling and rule‐based models for the analysis of long‐term soil monitoring data. Thirteen uncontaminated long‐term monitoring soil profiles in southern Germany were analysed. Since there was no measurable trend of increasing CuAR concentrations with time in the respective depth ranges of the sites, data from different sampling dates were combined and horizon‐specific regression analyses including model simplifications were carried out for 10 horizons. Fixed‐ and mixed‐effects models with the site as a random effect were useful for the different horizons and significant contributions (either of main effects or interactions) of SOC, CEC and pH were present for 9, 8 and 7 horizons, respectively. Horizon‐specific rule‐based cubist models described the CuAR data similarly well. Validations of cubist models and mixed‐effects models for the CuAR concentrations in A horizons were successful for the given population after random splitting into calibration and validation samples, but not after independent validations with random splitting according to sites. Overall, site, CEC, SOC and pH provide important information for a description of CuAR concentrations using the different regression approaches. Highlights: Information on quantitative relationships for factors controlling Cu dynamics is scarce. Site, CEC, SOC and pH provide important information for a description of Cu concentrations. Validations of cubist models and mixed‐effects models for A horizons were successful for a closed population of sites.

Beschreibung: Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010219

Beschreibung: Ministry of Agriculture and Environment Mecklenburg‐Western Pomerania

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4

Sprache: Englisch

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Millimetre scale aeration of the rhizosphere and drilosphere (2022)

Uteau, Daniel ; Horn, Rainer ; Peth, Stephan ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-04

Beschreibung: Soil aeration is a critical factor for oxygen‐limited subsoil processes, as transport by diffusion and advection is restricted by the long distance to the free atmosphere. Oxygen transport into the soil matrix is highly dependent on its connectivity to larger pore channels like earthworm and root colonised biopores. Here we hypothesize that the soil matrix around biopores represents different connectivity depending on biopore genesis and actual coloniser. We analysed the soil pore system of undisturbed soil core samples around biopores generated or colonised by roots and earthworms and compared them with the pore system of soil, not in the immediacy of a biopore. Oxygen partial pressure profiles and gas relative diffusion was measured in the rhizosphere and drilosphere from the biopore wall into the bulk soil with microelectrodes. The measurements were linked with structural features such as porosity and connectivity obtained from X‐ray tomography and image analysis. Aeration was enhanced in the soil matrix surrounding biopores in comparison to the bulk soil, shown by higher oxygen concentrations and higher relative diffusion coefficients. Biopores colonised by roots presented more connected lateral pores than earthworm colonised ones, which resulted in enhanced aeration of the rhizosphere compared to the drilosphere. This has influenced biotic processes (microbial turnover/mineralization or root respiration) at biopore interfaces and highlights the importance of microstructural features for soil processes and their dependency on the biopore's coloniser.

Beschreibung: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4

Sprache: Englisch

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Sunlight-driven dissolution is a major fate of oil at sea (2022)

Freeman, Danielle Haas ; Ward, Collin P.

American Association for the Advancement of Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-06-09

Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Freeman, D. H., & Ward, C. P. Sunlight-driven dissolution is a major fate of oil at sea. Science Advances, 8(7), (2022): eabl7605, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl7605.

Beschreibung: Oxygenation reactions initiated by sunlight can transform insoluble components of crude oil at sea into water-soluble products, a process called photo-dissolution. First reported a half century ago, photo-dissolution has never been included in spill models because key parameters required for rate modeling were unknown, including the wavelength and photon dose dependence. Here, we experimentally quantified photo-dissolution as a function of wavelength and photon dose, making possible a sensitivity analysis of environmental variables in hypothetical spill scenarios and a mass balance assessment for the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DwH) spill. The sensitivity analysis revealed that rates were most sensitive to oil slick thickness, season/latitude, and wavelength and less sensitive to photon dose. We estimate that 3 to 17% (best estimate 8%) of DwH surface oil was subject to photo-dissolution, comparable in magnitude to other widely recognized fate processes. Our findings invite a critical reevaluation of surface oil budgets for both DwH and future spills at sea.

Beschreibung: This work was supported by the Fisheries and Oceans Canada Multi-Partner Research Initiative award to C.P.W. (project #1.06), the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship awarded to D.H.F. (award #174530), and NSF-OCE grant #1841092 to C.P.W.

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Surface warming-induced global acceleration of upper ocean currents (2022)

Peng, Qihua ; Xie, Shang-Ping ; Wang, Dongxiao ; [weitere]

American Association for the Advancement of Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-07-25

Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Peng, Q., Xie, S.-P., Wang, D., Huang, R. X., Chen, G., Shu, Y., Shi, J.-R., & Liu, W. Surface warming-induced global acceleration of upper ocean currents. Science Advances, 8(16), (2022): eabj8394, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj8394.

Beschreibung: How the ocean circulation changes in a warming climate is an important but poorly understood problem. Using a global ocean model, we decompose the problem into distinct responses to changes in sea surface temperature, salinity, and wind. Our results show that the surface warming effect, a robust feature of anthropogenic climate change, dominates and accelerates the upper ocean currents in 77% of the global ocean. Specifically, the increased vertical stratification intensifies the upper subtropical gyres and equatorial currents by shoaling these systems, while the differential warming between the Southern Ocean upwelling zone and the region to the north accelerates surface zonal currents in the Southern Ocean. In comparison, the wind stress and surface salinity changes affect regional current systems. Our study points a way forward for investigating ocean circulation change and evaluating the uncertainty.

Beschreibung: Q.P. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42005035), the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou (202102020935), and the Independent Research Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography (LTOZZ2102). D.W. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (92158204), and the Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) (311020004). S.-P.X. is supported by the National Science Foundation (AGS-1934392). Y.S. is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1401702). G.C. is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (41822602). The numerical simulation is supported by the High-Performance Computing Division and HPC managers of W. Zhou and D. Sui in the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology.

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Response of subsoil organic matter contents and physical properties to long‐term, high‐rate farmyard manure application (2022)

Leuther, Frederic ; Wolff, Maximilian ; Kaiser, Klaus ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-07-26

Beschreibung: Application of farmyard manure (FYM) is common practice to improve physical and chemical properties of arable soil and crop yields. However, studies on effects of FYM application mainly focussed on topsoils, whereas subsoils have rarely been addressed so far. We, therefore, investigated the effects of 36‐year FYM application with different rates of annual organic carbon (OC) addition (0, 469, 938 and 1875 g C m−2 a−1) on OC contents of a Chernozem in 0–30 cm (topsoil) and 35–45 cm (subsoil) depth. We also investigated its effects on soil structure and hydraulic properties in subsoil. X‐ray computed tomography was used to analyse the response of the subsoil macropore system (≥19 μm) and the distribution of particulate organic matter (POM) to different FYM applications, which were related to contents in total OC (TOC) and water‐extractable OC (WEOC). We show that FYM‐C application of 469 g C m−2 a−1 caused increases in TOC and WEOC contents only in the topsoil, whereas rates of ≥938 g C m−2 a−1 were necessary for TOC enrichment also in the subsoil. At this depth, the subdivision of TOC into different OC sources shows that most of the increase was due to fresh POM, likely by the stimulation of root growth and bioturbation. The increase in subsoil TOC went along with increases in macroporosity and macropore connectivity. We neither observed increases in plant‐available water capacity nor in unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. In conclusion, only very high application of FYM over long periods can increase OC content of subsoil at our study site, but this increase is largely based on fresh, easily degradable POM and likely accompanied by high C losses when considering the discrepancy between OC addition rate by FYM and TOC response in soil. Highlights A new image processing procedure to distinguish fresh and decomposed POM. The increase of subsoil C stock based to a large extend on fresh, labile POM. Potential of arable subsoils for long‐term C storage by large FYM application rates is limited. The increase in TOC has no effect on hydraulic properties of the subsoil.

Beschreibung: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4

Sprache: Englisch

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Potential erodibility of semi‐arid steppe soils derived from aggregate stability tests (2022)

Koza, Moritz ; Pöhlitz, Julia ; Prays, Aleksey ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-01-26

Beschreibung: Erosion is a severe threat to the sustainable use of agricultural soils. However, the structural resistance of soil against the disruptive forces steppe soils experience under field conditions has not been investigated. Therefore, 132 topsoils under grass‐ and cropland covering a large range of physico‐chemical soil properties (sand: 2–76%, silt: 18–80%, clay: 6–30%, organic carbon: 7.3–64.2 g kg−1, inorganic carbon: 0.0–8.5 g kg−1, pH: 4.8–9.5, electrical conductivity: 32–946 μS cm−1) from northern Kazakhstan were assessed for their potential erodibility using several tests. An adjusted drop‐shatter method (low energy input of 60 Joule on a 250‐cm3 soil block) was used to estimate the stability of dry soil against weak mechanical forces, such as saltating particles striking the surface causing wind erosion. Three wetting treatments with various conditions and energies (fast wetting, slow wetting, and wet shaking) were applied to simulate different disruptive effects of water. Results indicate that aggregate stability was higher for grassland than cropland soils and declined with decreasing soil organic carbon content. The results of the drop‐shatter test suggested that 29% of the soils under cropland were at risk of wind erosion, but only 6% were at high risk (i.e. erodible fraction 〉60%). In contrast, the fast wetting treatment revealed that 54% of the samples were prone to become “very unstable” and 44% “unstable” during heavy rain or snowmelt events. Even under conditions comparable to light rain events or raindrop impact, 53–59% of the samples were “unstable.” Overall, cropland soils under semi‐arid conditions seem much more susceptible to water than wind erosion. Considering future projections of increasing precipitation in Kazakhstan, we conclude that the risk of water erosion is potentially underestimated and needs to be taken into account when developing sustainable land use strategies. Highlights Organic matter is the important binding agent enhancing aggregation in steppe topsoils. Tillage always declines aggregate stability even without soil organic carbon changes. All croplands soil are prone to wind or water erosion independent of their soil properties. Despite the semi‐arid conditions, erosion risk by water seems higher than by wind.

Beschreibung: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4 ; climate change ; land use ; soil organic carbon ; soil texture ; water erosion ; wind erosion

Sprache: Englisch

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Non‐exchangeable stable hydrogen isotope ratios in clay minerals and soil clay fractions: A method test (2022)

Merseburger, Stefan ; Kessler, Arnim ; Oelmann, Yvonne ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2023-01-20

Beschreibung: Stable hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2H values) in structural hydroxyl groups of pedogenic clay minerals are inherited from the surrounding water at the time of their formation. Only non‐exchangeable H preserves the environmental forensic and paleoclimate information (δ2Hn value). To measure δ2Hn values in structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions, we adapted a steam equilibration method by accounting for high hygroscopicity. Our δ2Hn values for USGS57 biotite (−95.3 ± SD 0.9‰) and USGS58 muscovite (30.7 ± 1.4‰) differed slightly but significantly from the reported δ2H values (−91.5 ± 2.4‰ and −28.4 ± 1.6‰), because the minerals contained 1.1%–4.4% of exchangeable H. The low SD of replicate measurements (n = 3) confirmed a high precision. The clay separation method including destruction of Fe oxides, carbonates and soil organic matter, and dispersion did not significantly change the δ2Hn values of five different clay minerals. However, we were unable to remove all organic matter from the soil clay fractions resulting in an estimated bias of 1‰ in two samples and 15‰ in the carbon‐richest sample. Our results demonstrate that δ2Hn values of structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions can be reliably measured without interference from atmospheric water and the method used to separate the soil clay fraction. Highlights We tested steam equilibration to determine stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay. Gas‐tight capsule sealing in Ar atmosphere was necessary to avoid remoistening. Our steam equilibration method showed a high accuracy and precision. The clay separation method did not change stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay.

Beschreibung: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

Schlagwort(e): ddc:549 ; controlled isotope exchange technique ; deuterium ; montmorillonite ; soil clay separation ; soil organic matter removal ; steam equilibration ; structural H ; USGS57 biotite ; vermiculite ; δ2H

Sprache: Englisch

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Reducing tillage intensity benefits the soil micro‐ and mesofauna in a global meta‐analysis (2022)

Betancur‐Corredor, Bibiana ; Lang, Birgit ; Russell, David J. ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-03-22

Beschreibung: Soil fauna drives crucial processes of energy and nutrient cycling in agricultural systems, and influences the quality of crops and pest incidence. Soil tillage is the most influential agricultural manipulation of soil structure, and has a profound influence on soil biology and its provision of ecosystem services. The objective of this study was to quantify through meta‐analyses the effects of reducing tillage intensity on density and diversity of soil micro‐ and mesofaunal communities, and how these effects vary among different pedoclimatic conditions and interact with concurrent management practices. We present the results of a global meta‐analysis of available literature data on the effects of different tillage intensities on taxonomic and functional groups of soil micro‐ and mesofauna. We collected paired observations (conventional vs. reduced forms of tillage/no‐tillage) from 133 studies across 33 countries. Our results show that reduced tillage intensity or no‐tillage increases the total density of springtails (+35%), mites (+23%), and enchytraeids (+37%) compared to more intense tillage methods. The meta‐analyses for different nematode feeding groups, life‐forms of springtails, and taxonomic mite groups showed higher densities under reduced forms of tillage compared to conventional tillage on omnivorous nematodes (+53%), epedaphic (+81%) and hemiedaphic (+84%) springtails, oribatid (+43%) and mesostigmatid (+57%) mites. Furthermore, the effects of reduced forms of tillage on soil micro‐ and mesofauna varied with depth, climate and soil texture, as well as with tillage method, tillage frequency, concurrent fertilisation, and herbicide application. Our findings suggest that reducing tillage intensity can have positive effects on the density of micro‐ and mesofaunal communities in areas subjected to long‐term intensive cultivation practices. Our results will be useful to support decision making on the management of soil faunal communities and will facilitate modelling efforts of soil biology in global agroecosystems. HIGHLIGHTS Global meta‐analysis to estimate the effect of reducing tillage intensity on micro‐ and mesofauna Reduced tillage or no‐tillage has positive effects on springtail, mite and enchytraeid density Effects vary among nematode feeding groups, springtail life forms and mite suborders Effects vary with texture, climate and depth and depend on the tillage method and frequency

Beschreibung: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347

Beschreibung: https://doi.org/10.20387/bonares-eh0f-hj28

Schlagwort(e): ddc:631.4 ; agricultural land use ; conservation agriculture ; conventional agriculture ; soil biodiversity ; soil cultivation

Sprache: Englisch

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Defining Hydrogeological Site Similarity with Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (2022)

Kawa, Nura ; Cucchi, Karina ; Rubin, Yoram ; [weitere]

Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US

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Publikationsdatum: 2024-02-28

Beschreibung: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Hydrogeological information about an aquifer is difficult and costly to obtain, yet essential for the efficient management of groundwater resources. Transferring information from sampled sites to a specific site of interest can provide information when site‐specific data is lacking. Central to this approach is the notion of site similarity, which is necessary for determining relevant sites to include in the data transfer process. In this paper, we present a data‐driven method for defining site similarity. We apply this method to selecting groups of similar sites from which to derive prior distributions for the Bayesian estimation of hydraulic conductivity measurements at sites of interest. We conclude that there is now a unique opportunity to combine hydrogeological expertise with data‐driven methods to improve the predictive ability of stochastic hydrogeological models.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉〈italic〉Article impact statement〈/italic〉: This article introduces hierarchical clustering as a method for defining a notion of site similarity; the aim of this method is to improve the derivation of prior distributions in Bayesian methods in hydrogeology.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

Beschreibung: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/geostatDB

Beschreibung: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/exPrior

Beschreibung: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/siteSimilarity

Schlagwort(e): ddc:551.49 ; hydrogeological sites ; hydrogeological modeling

Sprache: Englisch

Materialart: doc-type:article

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; 371(6532): 901.8-902. Published 2021 Feb 25. doi: 10.1126/science.371.6532.901-h.

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

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In: Science. 2021; 371(6532): 901.5-902. Published 2021 Feb 25. doi: 10.1126/science.371.6532.901-e.

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; 371(6532): 901.16-903. Published 2021 Feb 25. doi: 10.1126/science.371.6532.901-p.

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; 371(6532): 901.14-903. Published 2021 Feb 25. doi: 10.1126/science.371.6532.901-n.

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Vaccine prioritization (2021)

Ash, Caroline

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; 371(6532): 901.2-901. Published 2021 Feb 25. doi: 10.1126/science.371.6532.901-b.

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Zahn, Laura M.

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; 371(6532): 901.9-903. Published 2021 Feb 25. doi: 10.1126/science.371.6532.901-i.

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The chemistry of inequality (2021)

McCartney, Melissa

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; 371(6532): 902.6-903. Published 2021 Feb 25. doi: 10.1126/science.371.6532.902-f.

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On the surface (2021)

Smith, H. Jesse

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; 371(6532): 901.3-901. Published 2021 Feb 25. doi: 10.1126/science.371.6532.901-c.

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Ionic liquids assist in vacuum (2021)

Szuromi, Phil

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; 371(6532): 902.4-903. Published 2021 Feb 25. doi: 10.1126/science.371.6532.902-d.

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-02-25

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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Following cancer through the body (2021)

Zahn, Laura M.

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; 371(6532): 901.11-903. Published 2021 Feb 25. doi: 10.1126/science.371.6532.901-k.

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Measuring Earth’s surface like never before, and the world’s fastest random number generator (2021)

Crespi, Sarah

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Feb 25. doi: 10.1126/science.abh2058. [early online release]

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Male lyrebirds mimic mobbing flocks when having sex (2021)

Joosse, Tess

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Feb 25. doi: 10.1126/science.abh2466. [early online release]

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Experimental gene therapy for hemophilia probably did not cause patient’s liver tumor (2021)

Kaiser, Jocelyn

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 29. doi: 10.1126/science.abi7669. [early online release]

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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‘I’m empty.’ Pandemic scientists are burning out—and don’t see an end in sight (2021)

Wadman, Meredith

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 29. doi: 10.1126/science.caredit.abi7624. [early online release]

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Scientists coax cells with the world’s smallest genomes to reproduce normally (2021)

Leslie, Mitch

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 29. doi: 10.1126/science.abi7601. [early online release]

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Earliest South American migrants had Indigenous Australian, Melanesian ancestry (2021)

Price, Michael

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 29. doi: 10.1126/science.abi7644. [early online release]

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Amid criticism of its conservation policies, Brazil joins global biotrade pact (2021)

Pennisi, Elizabeth

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 29. doi: 10.1126/science.abi7627. [early online release]

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COVID-19 is soaring again in India. Can vaccines stop it? (2021)

Chandrashekhar, Vaishnavi

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 26. doi: 10.1126/science.abi7285. [early online release]

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-26

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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Dark matter could warm the hearts of lonely old planets, scientists predict (2021)

Cho, Adrian

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 26. doi: 10.1126/science.abi7290. [early online release]

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Syringe size and supply issues continue to waste COVID-19 vaccine doses in United States (2021)

Moutinho, Sofia

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 26. doi: 10.1126/science.abi6931. [early online release]

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Watch artificial intelligence grow a walking caterpillar in Minecraft (2021)

Hutson, Matthew

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 26. doi: 10.1126/science.abi7131. [early online release]

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House panel offers its plan to double NSF budget and create technology directorate (2021)

Mervis, Jeffrey

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 26. doi: 10.1126/science.abi7287. [early online release]

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A rare clotting disorder may cloud the world's hopes for AstraZeneca's COVID-19 vaccine (2021)

Kupferschmidt, Kai

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 27. doi: 10.1126/science.abi7283. [early online release]

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Amphiphilic Ti porous transport layer for highly effective PEM unitized regenerative fuel cells (2021)

Lim, Ahyoun ; Jeong, Hui-Yun ; Lim, Youngjoon ; [weitere]

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science Advances. 2021; 7(13): eabf7866. Published 2021 Mar 01. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abf7866.

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Beschreibung: Polymer electrolyte membrane unitized regenerative fuel cells (PEM-URFCs) require bifunctional porous transport layers (PTLs) to play contradictory roles in a single unitized system: hydrophobicity for water drainage in the fuel cell (FC) mode and hydrophilicity for water supplement in the electrolysis cell (EC) mode. Here, we report a high-performance amphiphilic Ti PTL suitable for both FC and EC modes, thanks to alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic channels. To fabricate the amphiphilic PTL, we used a shadow mask patterning process using ultrathin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) brush as a hydrophobic surface modifier, which can change the Ti PTL’s surface polarity without decreasing its electrical conductivity. Consequently, performance improved by 4.3 times in FC (@ 0.6 V) and 1.9 times in EC (@ 1.8 V) from amphiphilic PTL. To elucidate reason for performance enhancement, discrete gas emission through the hydrophobic channels in amphiphilic PTL was verified under scanning electrochemical microscopy.

Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science

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Direct 2D-to-3D transformation of pen drawings (2021)

Song, Seo Woo ; Lee, Sumin ; Choe, Jun Kyu ; [weitere]

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science Advances. 2021; 7(13): eabf3804. Published 2021 Mar 01. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abf3804.

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Beschreibung: Pen drawing is a method that allows simple, inexpensive, and intuitive two-dimensional (2D) fabrication. To integrate such advantages of pen drawing in fabricating 3D objects, we developed a 3D fabrication technology that can directly transform pen-drawn 2D precursors into 3D geometries. 2D-to-3D transformation of pen drawings is facilitated by surface tension–driven capillary peeling and floating of dried ink film when the drawing is dipped into an aqueous monomer solution. Selective control of the floating and anchoring parts of a 2D precursor allowed the 2D drawing to transform into the designed 3D structure. The transformed 3D geometry can then be fixed by structural reinforcement using surface-initiated polymerization. By transforming simple pen-drawn 2D structures into complex 3D structures, our approach enables freestyle rapid prototyping via pen drawing, as well as mass production of 3D objects via roll-to-roll processing.

Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science

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Ca2+ signals critical for egress and gametogenesis in malaria parasites depend on a multipass membrane protein that interacts with PKG (2021)

Balestra, Aurélia C. ; Koussis, Konstantinos ; Klages, Natacha ; [weitere]

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science Advances. 2021; 7(13): eabe5396. Published 2021 Mar 01. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abe5396.

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Beschreibung: Calcium signaling regulated by the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) controls key life cycle transitions in the malaria parasite. However, how calcium is mobilized from intracellular stores in the absence of canonical calcium channels in Plasmodium is unknown. Here, we identify a multipass membrane protein, ICM1, with homology to transporters and calcium channels that is tightly associated with PKG in both asexual blood stages and transmission stages. Phosphoproteomic analyses reveal multiple ICM1 phosphorylation events dependent on PKG activity. Stage-specific depletion of Plasmodium berghei ICM1 prevents gametogenesis due to a block in intracellular calcium mobilization, while conditional loss of Plasmodium falciparum ICM1 is detrimental for the parasite resulting in severely reduced calcium mobilization, defective egress, and lack of invasion. Our findings suggest that ICM1 is a key missing link in transducing PKG-dependent signals and provide previously unknown insights into atypical calcium homeostasis in malaria parasites essential for pathology and disease transmission.

Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Lymphangiogenesis-inducing vaccines elicit potent and long-lasting T cell immunity against melanomas (2021)

Sasso, Maria Stella ; Mitrousis, Nikolaos ; Wang, Yue ; [weitere]

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science Advances. 2021; 7(13): eabe4362. Published 2021 Mar 01. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abe4362.

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Beschreibung: In melanoma, the induction of lymphatic growth (lymphangiogenesis) has long been correlated with metastasis and poor prognosis, but we recently showed it can synergistically enhance cancer immunotherapy and boost T cell immunity. Here, we develop a translational approach for exploiting this “lymphangiogenic potentiation” of immunotherapy in a cancer vaccine using lethally irradiated tumor cells overexpressing vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and topical adjuvants. Our “VEGFC vax” induced extensive local lymphangiogenesis and promoted stronger T cell activation in both the intradermal vaccine site and draining lymph nodes, resulting in higher frequencies of antigen-specific T cells present systemically than control vaccines. In mouse melanoma models, VEGFC vax elicited potent tumor-specific T cell immunity and provided effective tumor control and long-term immunological memory. Together, these data introduce the potential of lymphangiogenesis induction as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy to consider in cancer vaccine design.

Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Remains of impact that created the Moon may lie deep within Earth (2021)

Voosen, Paul

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 23. doi: 10.1126/science.abi6725. [early online release]

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-23

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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In a first, NASA’s helicopter will fly over Mars next month (2021)

Voosen, Paul

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 23. doi: 10.1126/science.abi6707. [early online release]

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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Data concerns and safety worries fuel crisis of confidence in AstraZeneca vaccine (2021)

Vogel, Gretchen

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 23. doi: 10.1126/science.abi6726. [early online release]

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Promising drug for Huntington disease fails in major trial (2021)

Wadman, Meredith

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 23. doi: 10.1126/science.abi6722. [early online release]

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Gorillas in the wild often adopt young orphaned apes (2021)

Gibbons, Ann

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 23. doi: 10.1126/science.abi6494. [early online release]

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Common fungus emerges as threat to hospitalized COVID-19 patients (2021)

Scharping, Nathaniel

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 22. doi: 10.1126/science.abi6454. [early online release]

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-22

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Ultrasound reads monkey brains, opening new way to control machines with thought (2021)

Servick, Kelly

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 22. doi: 10.1126/science.abi6459. [early online release]

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AstraZeneca reports powerful COVID-19 protection in new vaccine trial (2021)

Kupferschmidt, Kai

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 22. doi: 10.1126/science.abi6431. [early online release]

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Itching to discover a new species? Follow this map (2021)

Pennisi, Elizabeth

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 22. doi: 10.1126/science.abi6440. [early online release]

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This microscopic hitchhiker is a friend to both plants and humans (2021)

Pennisi, Elizabeth

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science. 2021; Published 2021 Mar 22. doi: 10.1126/science.abi6461. [early online release]

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De novo ATP1A3 variants cause polymicrogyria (2021)

Miyatake, Satoko ; Kato, Mitsuhiro ; Kumamoto, Takuma ; [weitere]

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science Advances. 2021; 7(13): eabd2368. Published 2021 Mar 01. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abd2368.

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-01

Beschreibung: Polymicrogyria is a common malformation of cortical development whose etiology remains elusive. We conducted whole-exome sequencing for 124 patients with polymicrogyria and identified de novo ATP1A3 variants in eight patients. Mutated ATP1A3 causes functional brain diseases, including alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC), rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism (RDP), and cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, pes cavus, optic nerve atrophy, and sensorineural deafness (CAPOS). However, our patients showed no clinical features of AHC, RDP, or CAPOS and had a completely different phenotype: a severe form of polymicrogyria with epilepsy and developmental delay. Detected variants had different locations in ATP1A3 and different functional properties compared with AHC-, RDP-, or CAPOS-associated variants. In the developing cerebral cortex of mice, radial neuronal migration was impaired in neurons overexpressing the ATP1A3 variant of the most severe patients, suggesting that this variant is involved in cortical malformation pathogenesis. We propose a previously unidentified category of polymicrogyria associated with ATP1A3 abnormalities.

Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science

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Building new roads to stronger immunity (2021)

Wilson, John T. ; Lund, Amanda W.

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science Advances. 2021; 7(13): eabh3971. Published 2021 Mar 01. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abh3971.

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-01

Beschreibung: A new cancer vaccine technology builds a network of local lymphatic vessels that paves the way to stronger responses to immunotherapy.

Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science

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Catalytic photooxygenation degrades brain Aβ in vivo (2021)

Nagashima, Nozomu ; Ozawa, Shuta ; Furuta, Masahiro ; [weitere]

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science Advances. 2021; 7(13): eabc9750. Published 2021 Mar 01. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abc9750.

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-01

Beschreibung: Protein degradation induced by small molecules by recruiting endogenous protein degradation systems, such as ubiquitin-proteasome systems, to disease-related proteins is an emerging concept to inhibit the function of undruggable proteins. Protein targets without reliable ligands and/or existing outside the cells where ubiquitin-proteasome systems do not exist, however, are beyond the scope of currently available protein degradation strategies. Here, we disclose photooxygenation catalyst 7 that permeates the blood-brain barrier and selectively and directly degrades an extracellular Alzheimer’s disease–related undruggable protein, amyloid-β protein (Aβ). Key was the identification of a compact but orange color visible light–activatable chemical catalyst whose activity can be switched on/off according to its molecular mobility, thereby ensuring high selectivity for aggregated Aβ. Chemical catalyst–promoted protein degradation can be applied universally for attenuating extracellular amyloids and various pathogenic proteins and is thus a new entry to induced protein degradation strategies.

Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science

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Adipose tissue parasite sequestration drives leptin production in mice and correlates with human cerebral malaria (2021)

Mejia, Pedro ; Treviño-Villarreal, J. Humberto ; De Niz, Mariana ; [weitere]

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science Advances. 2021; 7(13): eabe2484. Published 2021 Mar 01. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abe2484.

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-01

Beschreibung: Circulating levels of the adipokine leptin are linked to neuropathology in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), but its source and regulation mechanism remain unknown. Here, we show that sequestration of infected red blood cells (iRBCs) in white adipose tissue (WAT) microvasculature increased local vascular permeability and leptin production. Mice infected with parasite strains that fail to sequester in WAT displayed reduced leptin production and protection from ECM. WAT sequestration and leptin induction were lost in CD36KO mice; however, ECM susceptibility revealed sexual dimorphism. Adipocyte leptin was regulated by the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and blocked by rapamycin. In humans, although Plasmodium falciparum infection did not increase circulating leptin levels, iRBC sequestration, tissue leptin production, and mTORC1 activity were positively correlated with CM in pediatric postmortem WAT. These data identify WAT sequestration as a trigger for leptin production with potential implications for pathogenesis of malaria infection, prognosis, and treatment.

Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science

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Speleothem record of mild and wet mid-Pleistocene climate in northeast Greenland (2021)

Moseley, G. E. ; Edwards, R. L. ; Lord, N. S. ; [weitere]

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science Advances. 2021; 7(13): eabe1260. Published 2021 Mar 01. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abe1260.

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-01

Beschreibung: The five interglacials before the Mid-Brunhes Event (MBE) [c.430 thousand years (ka) ago] are generally considered to be globally cooler than those post-MBE. Inhomogeneities exist regionally, however, which suggest that the Arctic was warmer than present during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 15a. Using the first speleothem record for the High Arctic, we investigate the climatic response of northeast Greenland between c.588 and c.549 ka ago. Our results indicate an enhanced warmth of at least +3.5°C relative to the present, leading to permafrost thaw and increased precipitation. We find that δ18O of precipitation was at least 3‰ higher than today and recognize two local cooling events (c.571 and c.594 ka ago) thought to be caused by freshwater forcing. Our results are important for improving understanding of the regional climatic response leading up to the MBE and specifically provide insights into the climatic response of a warmer Arctic.

Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science

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Architecture and mechanism of metazoan retromer:SNX3 tubular coat assembly (2021)

Leneva, Natalya ; Kovtun, Oleksiy ; Morado, Dustin R. ; [weitere]

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science Advances. 2021; 7(13): eabf8598. Published 2021 Mar 01. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abf8598.

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-01

Beschreibung: Retromer is a master regulator of cargo retrieval from endosomes, which is critical for many cellular processes including signaling, immunity, neuroprotection, and virus infection. The retromer core (VPS26/VPS29/VPS35) is present on cargo-transporting, tubular carriers along with a range of sorting nexins. Here, we elucidate the structural basis of membrane tubulation and coupled cargo recognition by metazoan and fungal retromer coats assembled with the non–Bin1/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) sorting nexin SNX3 using cryo–electron tomography. The retromer core retains its arched, scaffolding structure but changes its mode of membrane recruitment when assembled with different SNX adaptors, allowing cargo recognition at subunit interfaces. Thus, membrane bending and cargo incorporation can be modulated to allow retromer to traffic cargoes along different cellular transport routes.

Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science

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Deviating from the pure MAX phase concept: Radiation-tolerant nanostructured dual-phase Cr2AlC (2021)

Tunes, M. A. ; Imtyazuddin, M. ; Kainz, C. ; [weitere]

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science Advances. 2021; 7(13): eabf6771. Published 2021 Mar 01. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abf6771.

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-01

Beschreibung: A dual-phase Cr2AlC material was synthesized using magnetron sputtering at a temperature of 648 K. A stoichiometric and nanocrystalline MAX phase matrix was observed along with the presence of spherical-shaped amorphous nano-zones as a secondary phase. The irradiation resistance of the material was assessed using a 300-keV Xe ion beam in situ within a transmission electron microscope up to 40 displacements per atom at 623 K: a condition that extrapolates the harmful environments of future fusion and fission nuclear reactors. At the maximum dose investigated, complete amorphization was not observed. Scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive x-ray revealed an association between swelling due to inert gas bubble nucleation and growth and radiation-induced segregation and clustering. Counterintuitively, the findings suggest that preexisting amorphous nano-zones can be beneficial to Cr2AlC MAX phase under extreme environments.

Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science

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Output planning at the input stage in visual working memory (2021)

Boettcher, Sage E. P. ; Gresch, Daniela ; Nobre, Anna C. ; [weitere]

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science Advances. 2021; 7(13): eabe8212. Published 2021 Mar 01. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abe8212.

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-01

Beschreibung: Working memory serves as the buffer between past sensations and future behavior, making it vital to understand not only how we encode and retain sensory information in memory but also how we plan for its upcoming use. We ask when prospective action goals emerge alongside the encoding and retention of visual information in working memory. We show that prospective action plans do not emerge gradually during memory delays but are brought into memory early, in tandem with sensory encoding. This action encoding (i) precedes a second stage of action preparation that adapts to the time of expected memory utilization, (ii) occurs even ahead of an intervening motor task, and (iii) predicts visual memory–guided behavior several seconds later. By bringing prospective action plans into working memory at an early stage, the brain creates a dual (visual-motor) memory code that can make memories more effective and robust for serving ensuing behavior.

Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science

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Interface-engineered electron and hole tunneling (2021)

Guo, Rui ; Tao, Lingling ; Li, Ming ; [weitere]

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science Advances. 2021; 7(13): eabf1033. Published 2021 Mar 01. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abf1033.

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-01

Beschreibung: Although the phenomenon of tunneling has been known since the advent of quantum mechanics, it continues to enrich our understanding of many fields of science. Commonly, this effect is described in terms of electrons traversing the potential barrier that exceeds their kinetic energy due to the wave nature of electrons. This picture of electron tunneling fails, however, for tunnel junctions, where the Fermi energy lies sufficiently close to the insulator valence band, in which case, hole tunneling dominates. We demonstrate the deterministic control of electron and hole tunneling in interface-engineered Pt/BaTiO3/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 ferroelectric tunnel junctions by reversal of tunneling electroresistance. Our electrical measurements, electron microscopy and spectroscopy characterization, and theoretical modeling unambiguously point out to electron or hole tunneling regimes depending on interface termination. The interface control of the tunneling regime offers designed functionalities of electronic devices.

Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science

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Microneedle-assisted genome editing: A transdermal strategy of targeting NLRP3 by CRISPR-Cas9 for synergistic therapy of inflammatory skin disorders (2021)

Wan, Tao ; Pan, Qi ; Ping, Yuan

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science Advances. 2021; 7(11): eabe2888. Published 2021 Mar 01. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abe2888.

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-01

Beschreibung: We report a dissolvable microneedle (MN) patch that can mediate transdermal codelivery of CRISPR-Cas9–based genome-editing agents and glucocorticoids for the effective treatment of inflammatory skin disorders (ISDs). The MN is loaded with polymer-encapsulated Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) targeting NLRP3 and dexamethasone (Dex)–containing polymeric nanoparticles. Upon insertion into the skin, the MN can be dissolved quickly to release two types of nanoformulations, which are subsequently internalized by keratinocytes and surrounding immune cells to exert their therapeutic effects in the inflammatory subcutaneous layers. Thus, the MN-enabled transdermal codelivery of Cas9 RNP nanocomplexes and Dex nanoparticles result in the disruption of subcutaneous intracellular NLRP3 inflammasomes, which is demonstrated to be critical to alleviate skin inflammations and contributes to glucocorticoid therapy in mouse models of ISDs, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Our study offers innovative insights into the rational design of transdermal delivery systems and defines an effective therapeutic option for the treatment of ISDs.

Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science

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Robust information routing by dorsal subiculum neurons (2021)

Kitanishi, Takuma ; Umaba, Ryoko ; Mizuseki, Kenji

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science Advances. 2021; 7(11): eabf1913. Published 2021 Mar 01. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abf1913.

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-01

Beschreibung: The dorsal hippocampus conveys various information associated with spatial navigation; however, how the information is distributed to multiple downstream areas remains unknown. We investigated this by identifying axonal projections using optogenetics during large-scale recordings from the rat subiculum, the major hippocampal output structure. Subicular neurons demonstrated a noise-resistant representation of place, speed, and trajectory, which was as accurate as or even more accurate than that of hippocampal CA1 neurons. Speed- and trajectory-dependent firings were most prominent in neurons projecting to the retrosplenial cortex and nucleus accumbens, respectively. Place-related firing was uniformly observed in neurons targeting the retrosplenial cortex, nucleus accumbens, anteroventral thalamus, and medial mammillary body. Theta oscillations and sharp-wave/ripples tightly controlled the firing of projection neurons in a target region–specific manner. In conclusion, the dorsal subiculum robustly routes diverse navigation-associated information to downstream areas.

Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science

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α-Synuclein–induced Kv4 channelopathy in mouse vagal motoneurons drives nonmotor parkinsonian symptoms (2021)

Chiu, Wei-Hua ; Kovacheva, Lora ; Musgrove, Ruth E. ; [weitere]

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science Advances. 2021; 7(11): eabd3994. Published 2021 Mar 01. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abd3994.

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-01

Beschreibung: No disease-modifying therapy is currently available for Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease. The long nonmotor prodromal phase of PD is a window of opportunity for early detection and intervention. However, we lack the pathophysiological understanding to develop selective biomarkers and interventions. By using a mutant α-synuclein selective-overexpression mouse model of prodromal PD, we identified a cell-autonomous selective Kv4 channelopathy in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurons. This functional remodeling of intact DMV neurons leads to impaired pacemaker function in vitro and in vivo, which, in turn, reduces gastrointestinal motility, a common early symptom of prodromal PD. We identify a chain of events from α-synuclein via a biophysical dysfunction of a specific neuronal population to a clinically relevant prodromal symptom. These findings will facilitate the rational design of clinical biomarkers to identify people at risk for developing PD.

Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science

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Coordination-induced polymerization of P═C bonds leads to regular (P─C)n polycarbophosphanes (2021)

Mei, Yanbo ; Gamboa-Carballo, Juan José ; Bao, Yinyin ; [weitere]

American Association for the Advancement of Science

In: Science Advances. 2021; 7(11): eabf4272. Published 2021 Mar 01. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abf4272.

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-01

Beschreibung: The replacement of carbon in (C─C)n chains of polyolefins by phosphorus leads to polycarbophosphanes (P─C)n, which may possess unique chemical and physical properties. However, macromolecules with a regular (P─C)n chain have never been unambiguously identified. Here, we demonstrate that addition polymerization, a general concept to polymerize olefins, can be extended to P═C double bonds. The polymerization of monomeric 2-phosphanaphthalenes is mediated by copper(I) halides and leads to polycarbophosphanes with an Mn of 14 to 34 kDa. Each phosphorus is coordinated to Cu(I), which can be easily removed. Unlike long-term durable polyolefins, the metal-free polymers depolymerize rapidly back to monomers under sunlight or ultraviolet irradiation at λ = 365 nm. The monomers can be recycled for repolymerization, demonstrating a cradle-to-cradle life cycle for polycarbophosphanes.

Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science

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