Signatur:
AWI A14-10-0064
Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis:
Measurement Methods in Atmospheric Sciences provides a comprehensive overview of in-situ and remote sensing measurement techniques for probing the Earth's atmosphere. The methods presented in this book span the entire range from classical meteorology via atmospheric chemistry and micrometeorological flux determination to Earth observation from space. Standard instruments for meteorological and air quality monitoring methods, as well as specialized instrumentation predominantly used in scientific experiments, are covered. The presented techniques run from simple mechanical sensors to highly sophisticated electronic devices. Special emphasis is placed on the rapidly evolving field of remote sensing techniques. Here, active ground-based remote sending techniques such as SODAR and LIDAR find a detailed coverage. The book conveys the basic principles of the various observational and monitoring methods, enabling the user to identify the most appropriate method. An introductory chapter covers general principles (e.g. inversion of measured data, available platforms, statistical properties of data, data acquisition). Later chapters each treat methods for measuring a specific property (e.g. humidity, wind speed, wind direction). Long chapters provide an introductory tabular list of the methods treated. More than 100 figures and 400 references, mostly to the recent scientific literature, aid the reader in reading up on the details of the various methods at hand. Recommendations at the end of each major chapter provide additional hints on the use of some instruments in order to facilitate the selection of the proper instrument for a successful measurement. A large number of national and international standards, providing precise guidelines for measuring and acquiring reliable, reproducible and comparable data sets are listed in the appendix. A dedicated index allows easy access to this valuable information. The book is of interest to undergraduate and graduate students in meteorology, physical geography, ecology, environmental sciences and related disciplines as well as to scientists in the process of planning atmospheric measurements in field campaigns or working with data already acquired. Practitioners in environmental agencies and similar institutions will benefit from instrument descriptions and the extended lists in the appendix.
Materialart:
Monographie ausleihbar
Seiten:
XIV, 257 Seiten
,
Illustrationen
ISBN:
9783443010669
,
3-443-01066-0
Serie:
Quantifying the environment
URL:
http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/exlibris/aleph/a23_1/apache_media/JP7M35PDA31MI2Y7AEEKKX8U4G1F81.pdf
Sprache:
Englisch
Anmerkung:
Contents
Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 The necessity for measurements
1.2 Definition of a measurement
1.3 Historical aspects
2 Measurement basics
2.1 Overview of methods
2.1.1 Direct and indirect methods
2.1.2 In-situ and remote sensing methods
2.1.3 Instantaneous and integrating methods
2.1.4 On-line and off-line methods, post-processing
2.1.5 Flux measurements
2.2 Main measurement principles
2.3 Measurements by inversion
2.3.1 Inversion with one variable
2.3.2 Inversion with more than one variable
2.3.3 Well-posed and ill-posed problems
2.4 Measurement instruments
2.4.1 Active and passive instruments
2.4.2 Analogue and digital instruments
2.5 Measurement platforms
2.6 Measurement variables
2.7 General characteristics of measured data
2.8 Data logging
2.9 Quality assurance/quality control
3 In-situ measurements of state variables
3.1 Thermometers
3.1.1 Liquid-in-glass thermometers
3.1.2 Bimetal thermometers
3.1.3 Resistance thermometers, thermistors
3.1.4 Thermocouples, thermopiles
3.1.5 Sonic thermometry
3.1.6 Measurement of infrared radiation
3.1.7 Soil thermometer
3.1.8 Recommendations for temperature measurements
3.2 Measuring moisture
3.2.1 Hygrometer
3.2.2 Psychrometers
3.2.3 Dewpoint determination
3.2.4 Capacitive methods
3.2.5 Recommendations for humidity measurements
3.3 Pressure sensors
3.3.1 Barometers
3.3.2 Hypsometers
3.3.3 Electronic barometers
3.3.4 Microbarometer
3.3.5 Pressure balance
3.3.6 Recommendations for pressure measurements
3.4 Wind measurements
3.4.1 Estimation from visual observations
3.4.2 Wind direction
3.4.3 Cup anemometer
3.4.4 Pressure tube
3.4.5 Hot wire anemometer
3.4.6 Ultrasonic anemometer
3.4.7 Propeller anemometer
3.4.8 Recommendations for wind measurements
4 In-situ methods for observing liquid water and ice
4.1 Precipitation
4.1.1 Rain sensors (Present Weather Sensors)
4.1.2 Rain gauges (totalisators)
4.1.3 Pluviographs
4.1.4 Disdrometer
4.1.5 Special instruments for snow
4.1.6 Recommendations for precipitation measurements
4.2 Soil moisture
4.2.1 Gravimetric methods
4.2.2 Neutron probes
4.2.3 Time domain reflectrometry (TDR)
4.2.4 Tensiometers
4.2.5 Resistance block tensiometer
4.2.6 Recommendations for soil moisture measurements
5 In-situ measurement of trace substances
5.1 Measurement of trace gases
5.1.1 Physical methods
5.1.2 Chemical methods
5.1.3 Recommendations for the measurement of trace gases
5.2 Particle measurements
5.2.1 Determination of the particle mass
5.2.2 Measuring particle size distributions
5.2.3 Measurement of the chemical composition of particles
5.2.4 Measuring the particle structure
5.2.5 Saltiphon
5.2.6 Recommendations for particle measurements
5.3 Olfactometry
5.4 Radioactivity
5.4.1 Counter tubes
5.4.2 Scintillation counters
5.4.3 Recommendations for radioactivity monitoring
6 In-situ flux measurements
6.1 Measuring radiation
6.1.1 Measuring direct solar radiation
6.1.2 Measuring shortwave irradiance
6.1.3 Measuring longwave irradiance
6.1.4 Measuring the total irradiance
6.1.5 Measuring chill
6.1.6 Sunshine recorder
6.1.7 Recommendations for radiation measurements
6.2 Visual range
6.3 Micrometeorological flux measurements
6.3.1 Cuvettes
6.3.2 Surface chambers
6.3.3 Mass balance method
6.3.4 Inferential method
6.3.5 Gradient method
6.3.6 Bowen-ratio method
6.3.7 Flux variance method
6.3.8 Dissipation method
6.3.9 Eddy covariance method
6.3.10 Eddy accumulation methods
6.3.11 Disjunct eddy covariance method
6.3.12 Recommendations for the measurement of turbulent fluxes
6.4 Evaporation Atmometers
6.4.2 Lysimeters
6.4.3 Evaporation pans and tanks
6.4.4 Recommendations for evaporation measurements
6.5 Soil heat flux
6.6 Inverse emission flux modelling
7 Remote sensing methods
7.1 Basics of remote sensing
7.2 Active sounding methods
7.2.1 RADAR
7.2.2 Windprofilers
7.2.3 SODAR
7.2.4 RASS
7.2.5 LIDAR
7.2.6 Further LIDAR techniques
7.3 Active path-averaging methods
7.3.1 Scintillometers
7.3.2 FTIR
7.3.3 DOAS
7.3.4 Quantum cascade laser
7.4 Passive methods
7.4.1 Radiometers
7.4.2 Photometers
7.4.3 Infrared-Interferometer
7.5 Tomography
7.5.1 Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique
7.5.2 Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART)
7.5.3 Smooth Basis Function Minimization (SBFM)
8 Remote sensing of atmospheric state variables
8.1 Temperature
8.1.1 Near-surface temperatures
8.1.2 Temperature profiles
8.2 Gaseous humidity
8.2.1 Integral water vapour content
8.2.2 Vertical profiles
8.2.3 Large-scale humidity distribution
8.3 Wind and turbulence
8.3.1 Small-scale near-surface turbulence
8.3.2 Horizontal wind fields
8.3.3 Vertical wind profiles
8.3.4 Turbulence profiles
8.3.5 Cloud winds
8.3.6 Ionospheric winds
8.4 Mixing-layer heights
8.4.1 LIDAR
8.4.2 SODAR
8.5 Turbulent fluxes
8.6 Ionospheric electron densities
8.7 Recommendations for remote sensing of state variables
9 Remote sensing of water and ice
9.1 Precipitation
9.1.1 RADAR
9.1.2 Precipitation measurements from satellites
9.2 Clouds
9.2.1 Cloud base
9.2.2 Cloud cover
9.2.3 Cloud movement
9.2.4 Water content
9.3 Recommendations for remote sensing of liquid water and ice
10 Remote sensing of trace substances
10.1 Trace gases
10.1.1 Horizontal path-averaging methods
10.1.2 Vertical column densities
10.1.3 Sounding methods
10.2 Aerosols
10.2.1 Aerosol optical depths (AOD)
10.2.2 Sounding methods
10.3 Recommendations for remote sensing of trace substances
11 Remote sensing of surface properties
11.1 Properties of the solid surface
11.1.1 Surface roughness
11.1.2 Land surface temperature
11.1.3 Soil moisture
11.1.4 Vegetation
11.1.5 Snow and ice
11.1.6 Fires
11.2 Properties of the ocean surface
11.2.1 Altitudes of the sea surface
11.2.2 Wave heights
11.2.3 Sea surface temperature
11.2.4 Salinity
11.2.5 Ocean currents
11.2.6 Ice cover, size of ice floes
11.2.7 Algae and suspended sediment concentrations
12 Remote sensing of electrical phenomena
12.1 Spherics
12.1.1 Directional analyses
12.1.2 Distance analyses
12.2 Optical lightning detection
13 Outlook on new developments
Literature
Subject index
Appendix: Technical guidelines and standards
Index to the Appendix
Standort:
AWI Lesesaal
Zweigbibliothek:
AWI Bibliothek
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