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  • Articles  (208)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (208)
  • General Chemistry
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1995-1999  (208)
  • 1945-1949
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (208)
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  • Articles  (208)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Charge transfer complexes involving calix[4]resorcinarenes: potential candidates for non-linear optics (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 277-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: calix[4]resorcinarenes ; charge transfer (CT) complexes ; tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) ; tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) ; non-linear optical (NLO) materials ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Lipophilic calix[4]resorcinarenes - condensation products of resorcinol and lauryl aldehyde comprising four resorcinol units - form electron donor-acceptor complexes with electron acceptors tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) in organic solvents. Their formation was confirmed by EPR and UV-vis spectroscopy, except for compounds c1 and c3 which did not form charge transfer (CT) complexes with TCNE. Titration experiments involving calixarenes and electron acceptors indicated the presence of species of different stoichiometries. Complexes with ligands c1-c4 were characterised spectroscopically. CT bands appeared in most cases. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thin films of novel polysiloxane copolymers substituted with stilbene and biphenylene side-chains: response to nitrogen dioxide (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 317-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: gas sensing ; nitrogen dioxide ; stilbene ; biphenyl ; UV-visible spectroscopy ; thin films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Thin films of a selection of stilbene and biphenyl side-chain substituted liquid crystal polymers based on polysiloxanes were deposited using an automated dip-coating technique and exposed to either 100 ppm NO2 gas and/or concentrated nitric acid vapour, the consequent effect being monitored by changes in the UV-visible spectra of the material. No effective response to NO2 was observed from the biphenylene analogue, but the stilbene derivatives showed spectral changes to suggest that an interaction occurs between the vapour and the bridge position of the stilbene side-chain. The stilbenes also show a marked pre-conditioning phenomenon upon exposure to nitric acid vapour prior to exposure to nitrogen dioxide. This procedure gives a material that has a more reversible response on exposure to NO2 gas than an anagolous film that has not been pre-treated. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-pressure-induced conformational transition in doped polypyrrole: electrical conductivity (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 77-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: conducting polymers ; polypyrrole ; electrical conductivity ; pressure ; conformation ; glass transition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We describe the observation of a pressure-induced variation in the electrical conductivity of BF-4-doped polypyrrole at pressures below atmospheric pressure. We also show that there are anomalies in the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity in cyclic measurements at temperatures of 240 and 310 K. The pressure effect is interpreted as a pressure-induced order-disorder conformational transition. The anomalies in the temperature dependence are attributed to the glass transition and melting of the polymer. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular conductors and magnets: different strategies and achievements (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 61-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: magnetic molecular materials ; conducting molecular materials ; polyoxometalates ; TTF ; ET ; conducting polymers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The different approaches used by the authors for the synthesis of new molecular materials exhibiting simultaneously magnetic and conducting properties are presented here. The aim is to prepare materials where a magnetic and a conducting sublattice coexist and/or interact in order to obtain either coexistence of properties or coupling between them. The strategy described is a hybrid one that combines various types of inorganic metal complexes with planar organic π-electron donors of the TTF family or with organic matrices made of conducting polymers. There are four main combinations: (i) magnetic polyoxometalates with organic donors - this strategy has already produced more than 10 radical salts where a magnetic character coexists with a conducting or semiconducting one; (ii) small magnetic anions with organic donors - in this case one of the most promising results has been the synthesis of one of the very few known examples of magnetic molecular metals; (iii) ferro- and ferrimagnetic oxalate-bridged bimetallic layers with organic donors; (iv) magnetic polyoxometalates incorporated into electrodeposited films of conducting polymers. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen dioxide gas-sensing studies on dip-coated films of novel chromophoric siloxane copolymers employing azo derivatives as side-chains (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 309-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: optical gas sensing ; polysiloxane ; azobenzene ; NO2 ; molecular modelling ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Siloxane copolymers having as side-chains azobenzene derivatives bearing different electron-withdrawing and donating substituents were deposited as thin films by dip coating, and their behaviour upon exposure to 100 pm NO2 was studied by UV/visible spectroscopy. Electron-donating substituents at the ortho positions on the aromatic rings in the azo unit have significant influence on the absorbance changes produced by exposure to NO2, and this is explained by modelling, which suggests that interaction between the electrophilic nitrogen atom in NO2 and the electron clouds of the azobenzene skeleton is responsible for the sensing process, rather than the formation of a Wheland intermediate or other product of chemical reaction. Especially effective substituents are methoxy groups in either aromatic ring ortho or the azo linkage, which also produce a significant increase in intensity of the long-wavelength n-π* transition. This moves the optical interrogation signal to a wavelength range of particular benefit for potential applications. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Remote plasma-enhanced CVD of silicon nitride films: effects of diluting nitrogen with argon. Part I: effect on nitrogen plasma parameters studied by emission spectroscopy (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 13-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: remote PECVD ; silane ; nitrogen ; silicon nitride ; argon dilution ; emission spectroscopy ; metastable states ; atomic nitrogen ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In a series of two papers we describe the effect of argon dilution of the nitrogen passed through the RF discharge region on the plasma composition, growth rate and some characteristics of silicon nitride films deposited by remove PECVD. In this part we report the results of an emission spectroscopic study of the plasma obtained in an SiH4-N2-Ar mixture. It is shown that argon in metastable electronic excited states plays an important role during the RPECVD of silicon nitride films by providing a high concentration of atomic nitrogen which is necessary for the promotion of film growth. In Part II the influence of argon dilution on the growth rate, composition and some properties of silicon nitride films deposited by capacitively and inductively coupled remote PECVD is discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Remote plasma-enhanced CVD of silicon nitride films: effects of diluting nitrogen with argon. Part II: effect of nitrogen plasma parameters on layer characteristics (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: remote PECVD ; silane ; nitrogen ; silicon nitride ; argon dilution ; hydrogen content ; stoichiometry ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In Part I we reported the results of an emission spectroscopic study of the plasma obtained in an SiH4-N2-Ar mixture. It was shown that argon in metastable electronic excited states provides a high concentration of atomic nitrogen. In this part we report the results of a study of the influence of argon dilution on the growth rate, composition and properties of silicon nitride films. The exact influence of nitrogen dilution with argon depends on the process parameters and on the method of coupling of the RF power, but it is found in general that a high concentration of atomic nitrogen leads to changes in the relative amounts of Si-Hj and N-Hi bonds and in the Si/N ratio of deposited films. In particular, it is shown that hydrogen incorporation can be reduced and improved stoichiometry can be obtained. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic structure, insulator-metal transition and superconductivity in κ-ET2X salts (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 53-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: organic conductors ; electron correlations ; dielectric-metal transition ; superconductivity ; Fermi surface ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The electronic structure and superconductivity of layered organic materials based on the bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene molecule (BEDT-TTF, hereafter ET) with essential intra-ET correlations of electrons are analysed. Taking into account the Fermi surface topology, the superconducting electronic density of states (DOS) is calculated for a realistic model of κ-ET2X salts. A d-symmetry of the superconducting order parameter is obtained and a relation is found between its nodes on the Fermi surface and the superconducting phase characteristics. The results are in agreement with the measured non-activated temperature dependences of the superconducting specific heat and NMR relaxation rate of central 13C atoms in ET. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-pressure-induced conformational transition in doped polypyrrole: optical and IR spectra (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: conducting polymers ; polypyrrole ; optical absorption ; pressure ; piezochromism ; conformation ; infrared spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A pressure dependence of the optical absorption spectra of BF-4-doped polypyrrole has been observed at pressures below atmospheric pressure. The two absorption bands at photon energies of 1·2 and 3·0 eV depend on the pressure: a decrease in the high-energy absorption is accompanied by an increase in the low-energy absorption and its shift towards lower energies. The Fourier transformation infrared reflection spectra also depend on the pressure in this region of pressures. The results are interpreted as a pressure-induced conformational transition of the polypyrrole chain. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of dopant counter-anion on tribological properties of polypyrrole (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 87-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: friction coefficient ; wear coefficient ; tribology ; conducting polymers ; 2,6-naphthalenedisulphonate (2,6-NDS) ; 1,5-naphthalenedisulphonate (1,5-NDS) and 2-naphthalenesulphonate (NS) polypyrroles ; sliding test ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: It is known that, with careful control of conditions, polypyrrole films with counter-ions of toluene sulphonic acid sodium salt and methane phosphonic acid sodium salt can be produced with friction coefficients comparable with or even better than PTFE. Here we now report a systematic study of polypyrrole with various planar anions for tribological bearing applications. Thus naphthalene disulphonate-doped polypyrrole has a kind of laminar structure with very good adhesion to the surface. Polymer films were electrodeposited on glass lenses and tested in a friction apparatus for friction and wear measurements. The film orientation was measured by low-angle X-ray diffraction and the surface structure was evaluated by both AFM and SEM for different film thicknesses. The friction coefficient and wear rate of such bearings were measured under loads up to 5 N and at speeds up to 30 mm s-1 and were found to be 0·06 and 0·04 nm mm-1 respectively. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conformational properties of quasi-particles in poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 111-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: PPV ; conjugated polymers ; quasi-particles ; ab initio calculation ; infrared spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We investigate the quasi-particle conformational defects (excitons, polarons and bipolarons) in phenylene vinylene oligomers (PVOs) consisting of up to 12 repeat units. The conformations are determined by minimisation of the total Hartree-Fock energy calculated at 3-21G level. The Hartree-Fock calculations of the excited states are followed by the CI-Singles calculation. The bond length alternation along the oligomer chain is discussed. On the basis of these results the vibrational transitions are calculated. To correct the basis set truncation error, the vibrational frequencies are multiplied by a uniform scaling factor. The types of vibrations are assigned. The theoretical spectra are in good agreement with the experimental infrared vibrational spectrum of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microstructuring of As40S60 wafers exposed to soft X-raysSome of the results were presented at the 2nd International Conference on Photo-Excited Processes and Applications  -  ICPEPA '95, Jerusalem, Israel (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 129-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: As-S wafers ; X-ray exposure ; microstructuring ; bulk optic element ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The possibilities of ‘resistless’ microstructuring of As36·1S63·9 wafers by soft X-ray irradiation and wet alkaline etching have been investigated. Scanning electron microscopy is used to study the influence of the exposure and processing parameters on the depth and acuity of the patterned structures. Structures 1 μm wide are obtained by irradiation with an energy flux of 2000 mJ cm-2, followed by etching in a solution of pH 10·8 at a temperature of 23°C for a processing time of 18 min. It is established that by X-ray irradiation and suitable processing of As36·1S63·9 wafers, microstructures of a depth up to 0·65 μm could be patterned. The structured wafers could be used as diffraction elements for IR optics. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stoichiometric deviations along an ingot of CuGaSe2 (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 147-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: synthesization ; chalcopyrite ; CuGaSE2 single phase ; X-ray diffraction ; stoichiometric deviations ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of the structural parameters on compositional deviations of CuGaSe2 has been studied. These deviations have been induced along an ingot by a single fusion of the components at 1150 °C and subsequent slow cooling in a stationary ampoule in a vertical furnace. All along the sample a single chalcopyrite phase is present and a compositional gradient along the ingot was found by energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) measurements, the upper part being rich in Ga (series B) and the lower part in Cu (series A), with Cu/Ga ratios of 0·95 and 1·1 respectively. A hypothesis of the existence of two phases in the melt is proposed to explain these facts. The unit cell parameters, anion displacement and Cu and Ga occupation numbers in their sublattices were analysed by X-ray powder diffraction and Rietveld refinement methods. In series A the occupation numbers are near stoichiometry, while in series B a Cu defect appears. In both series, changes in unit cell parameter are related to changes in Cu content, suggesting the presence of a fraction of Cu ions either as interstitials or at Ga sites when Cu is in excess, or of Cu vacancies in its sublattice when there is a Cu deficiency. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimisation of the electrochemical bath for growing device-quality CuInSe2 thin films (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: electrodeposition ; copper-indium-selenide ; thin films ; layer-by-layer deposition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The electrochemical bath used for growing device-quality CIS (CuInSe2) thin films by co-deposition as well as layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition was characterised and optimised with respect to the film properties. The bath composition was varied by changing the Cu, In and Se ion concentrations in specific ratios in both co-deposition and LBL deposition. The film properties were analysed using techniques such as SEM (scanning electron microscopy), EPMA (electron probe microanalysis), AES (Auger electron spectroscopy) and XRD (X-ray diffraction). The structural, morphological and compositional properties of the films were characterised and their variation is attributed to the bath composition and growth conditions. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoluminescence measurements of GaAs grown by liquid phase epitaxy from Ga-Bi solution (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 9-12 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: LPE growth ; Ga-Bi solution ; ‘purification effect’ ; photoluminescence ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Thick, intentionally undoped GaAs epitaxial layers grown by LPE from Ga-Bi solution with different contents of Bi in liquid solvent (from 0 to 82 at.%Bi) were studied by photoluminescence (PL) at temperature &helvbi;T&helvbd;=2 K. The dependence of the photoluminescence spectrum on the content of Bi in solution was analysed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrically conducting and fluorising self-assembled monomolecular layers (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 31-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: self-assembled monomolecular layers ; chemical modification ; ATR/FTIR' electrical conductivity ; fluorescence ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Self-assembled monomolecular layers have been formed on a glass substrate with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The amino groups were chemically modified with either salicylaldehyde or 4-formylpyridine, then a TCNQ-pyridine CT complex was formed on a limited area of the surface, making a molecular conductive channel. This area is electrically conducting and we have observed it with the aid of SEM and direct measurements. ATR/FTIR and fluorescence spectroscopy were also used to monitor the monomolecular layer formation and modification processes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A robust gel-bilayer channel biosensor (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: ligand gated ; channel protein ; biomembrane ; biosensor ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We demonstrate a novel protective configuration for a gated channel biosensor. The bilayer membrane containing the channel proteins is formed by a simple self-assembly technique ensuring continuous coverage of the interface between two slabs of agarose gel by a biomimetic lamella in a fluid state. The gel protects both membrane surfaces from mechanical shock and contact with low-energy media while allowing diffusion of biomolecules up to 10 MDa in weight. The technique has been demonstrated using both dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and a phosphatidylcholine lipid cross-linked with a short polysiloxane chain (PSPC). The conductance per unit area of the channel-free membrane produced by this method was less than 25 S m-2 for DOPC and 2 S m-2 for PSPC, and the bilayer nature of the barrier in both cases has been demonstrated by measurement of the capacitance. The applicability to sensors has been confirmed using gramicidin-D, a 1·1 kDa unilamellar lipid bilayer pore former, and partially confirmed using valinomycin, a selective ion transporter. On incorporation of gramicidin the membrane conductance increased by over an order of magnitude. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of polyaniline on electrode materials (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 303-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: polyaniline ; emeraldine base ; carbon fluoride ; lithium cells ; aprotic solvent ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polyaniline (PANI) has been used for modification of the electrochemical behaviour of a carbon fluoride ((CFx)n) cathode in a lithium cell. PANI and (CFx)n powders were carefully mixed and the electrochemical properties and kinetic parameters of the composite (CFx)n-PANI cathode were evaluated by galvanostatic and potentiodynamic techniques. An increase in exchange current has been found for electrodes with addition of polyaniline in the form of emeraldine base (EB). During the reduction process of carbon fluoride using 1 M lithium perchlorate solution in organic solvent, the ternary intercalation compound CLixF is formed and then irreversibly decomposed into carbon and lithium fluoride. The insertion of lithium cations into the (CFx)n layered structure is diffusionally controlled, hence improvement in electronic properties of this fluoride material by the presence of conducting PANI chains and enhancement of discharge performance were found for 25% addition of PANI. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the electroaffinity and potential barrier heights at polymer/ metal interfaces of poly(4,7-benzothiophene vinylene) (PBTV) (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 181-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: poly(4,7-benzothiophene vinylene) ; polymer interfaces ; conjugated polymers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we determine the LUMO level position of poly(4,7-benzothiophene vinylene) (PBTV), a heterocyclic poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV) analogue, using tunnelling current measurements. We compare the energy level positions with those measured for PPV and determine their shifts. The experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions and good agreement is observed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preface (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 213-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: No abstract
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical spectra of C60 and C70 complexes: their similarities and differences (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 215-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: fullerene ; fullerides ; charge transfer complexes ; spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Some possible uses of vibrational and electronic spectroscopies in characterising the basic interactions in C60 and C70 complexes are pointed out. We report on the wealth of infrared spectra of (usually) single crystals of C60 and C70 clathrates and complexes with organic donors. The changes in the spectral parameters of the complexes in comparison with those of the neutral fullerene molecules are attributed to redistribution of the charge on the spherical C60 or elongated C70 molecules in their compounds. Some general considerations on the origin of the IR, NIR, VIS and UV spectral variations are also given. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular design and properties of side chain liquid crystal polymers for applications in optoelectronics (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 247-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis of a number of side chain liquid crystalline polymers for quadratic non-linear optical (NLO) applications is reported. The active chromophore is a charge transfer (CT) biphenyl derivative which possesses mesogenic properties itself. The liquid crystalline behaviour of these polymers was established by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The active chromophores were oriented by the standard corona poling technique and the degree of axial ordering was determined as a function of poling conditions by linear optical absorption. Growth of the second-harmonic generation (SHG) signal was used to probe the induction of polar order. These experiments clearly indicated that liquid crystallinity results in an enhancement of the polar order over that of isotropic materials. The second-order NLO susceptibility tensor components d31 and d33 were measured by the SHG technique. The ratio d33/ d31 was found to be much larger than 3, in agreement with molecular statistical models. Values of d33 up to 30-35 pm V-1 were obtained at 1064 nm fundamental wavelength. These values are essentially not resonance-enhanced, since the chromophore absorption occurs below 350 nm. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Microstructural characterisation of nanocrystalline GaN prepared by detonations of gallium azides (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 135-146 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: gallium nitride ; nanocrystallites ; detonation ; gallium azide ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: High quality nanoscale, phase-pure hexagonal gallium nitride (GaN) crystallites have been synthesized by the thermal induced detonation of molecular precursors of the type (R3N)Ga(N3)3 (R=CH3, C2H5, etc.). The method allows the control of the particle size regime from 2 to about 1000 nm. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld simulations revealed an anisotropic platelet-like shape of the particles. The obtained GaN material was as well characterized by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction, photoluminescence spectroscopy, SEM, IR, RAMAN, thermal gas effusion/mass spectrometry, thermal analysis, elemental analysis. Gas absorption measurements (BET method) showed a specific surface area of about 90 m2 · g-1. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Information-processing capabilities of chemical reaction-diffusion systems. 1. Belousov-Zhabotinsky media in hydrogel matrices and on solid supports (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 163-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: chemical-based computing ; reaction-diffusion systems ; polymer materials for chemical computing ; Belousov-Zhabotinsky media ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Promising potentialities are opened up by the use of polymer materials for the elaboration of information-processing devices based on reaction-diffusion media. In this work, features of image processing by Belousov-Zhabotinsky media formed on the basis of hydrogel matrices and using catalyst immobilisation on the surface of solid supports have been investigated. Such active media structures have been found to improve significantly the quality of images in the course of their processing by the media. The spatial resolution of the media increases considerably in going from liquid Belousov-Zhabotinsky media and media functioning in polymer matrices to media based on catalyst immobilisation on the surface of solid supports. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Optical absorption behaviour of metal/semiconductor hybrid nanoparticle composites (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 173-180 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: coated hybrid particles ; nanoparticle composites ; surface plasmon resonance ; optical properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Semiconductor/metal hybrid nanoparticle composites have been prepared in a glass host by a modified melt/quench process and examined with respect to their optical properties. The coated hybrid nanoparticles exhibit surface plasmon resonance absorption spectra which are red-shifted compared with that of a dispersion of homogeneous Ag nanoparticles in the same host. The position of the plasmon resonance was a sensitive function of the heat treatment schedule. A theoretical model based on effective medium theory for the coated hybrid particles was used to describe the shift of the plasmon position in the optical spectra as a function of the coating thickness. The calculated absorption spectra of the coated hybrid particles agree well with the experimental results. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Investigation of a planar chiral waveguide structure by a modified ATR method (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 195-199 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: chiral waveguides ; preparation of modified ATR method ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Chiral properties of planar waveguide structures with a core layer formed by a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) host matrix doped with chiral santonin were investigated by means of a modified attenuated total reflection (ATR) method. Distinct modification of the observed ATR spectra was revealed for right and left circularly polarised incident beams. From comparison of the experimental spectra with theoretical curves, the following specific rotation was obtained: [α]20633=11,200 deg cm2 g-1 (santonin/ PMMA mass ratio 2:1). The origin of the observed optical activity and its influence on the waveguide dispersion characteristics are briefly discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Peculiarities of radiative recombination in amorphous molecular semiconductors doped with polymethine dye (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 201-209 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: amorphous molecular semiconductors ; electron-hole pairs ; excitons ; photoconductivity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Processes of charge carrier photogeneration and recombination are investigated in films of poly-N-epoxypropylcarbazole doped with polymethine dye. Films with blocking contacts were illuminated with light from either the region of dye absorption or beyond this region. The kinetics of accumulation and relaxation of electron-hole pairs with lifetimes greater than tens or hundreds of seconds was studied. It is presumed that the reason for the growth of recombination luminescence intensity in an external electric field is connected with the increase in efficiency of radiative recombination stimulated by electrons captured from photogenerated excitons. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Demonstration of unimolecular electrical rectification in hexadecylquinolinium tricyanoquinodimethanide (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 229-245 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: unimolecular rectifier ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Asymmetries in the macroscopic and the nanoscopic DC electrical conductivity through Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers and monolayers of γ-(n-hexadecyl)quinolinium tricyanoquinodimethanide (HDQ-3CNQ, 1) are due to a transition from the ground-state zwitterion to a probably neutral excited-state conformer, thus confirming without a shadow of a doubt the rectification of electrical current by a single molecule. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Some new synthetic low-dimensional semiconductors based on inorganic units (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 263-267 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: semiconductors ; low-dimensional systems ; crystal structure ; optical properties ; photoluminescence ; Raman spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The structural, optical and related properties (i.e. photoluminescence and resonance Raman spectra) of some synthetic (i.e. unconventional) low-dimensional semiconductor systems such as K2Cd3S4, [CH3SC(NH2)=NH2]3PbI5 and [H3N(CH2)6NH3]BiI5 are reported. They are compared with the properties of the corresponding higher-dimensionality systems. A blue shift of the excitonic bands and an enhancement of their binding energy and intensity were observed by decreasing the dimensionality or the size of the materials active part. The results are similar to those obtained from conventional semiconductors by decreasing the dimensionality or the size and are attributed to quantum confinement of excitons. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Towards the application of charge transfer salts and conducting polymer wires to electronic devices and sensors (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 269-276 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: organic charge transfer salts ; conducting polymers ; electronic properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We are exploring the electronic properties of novel materials such as conducting polymer-coated polyester fibres and charge transfer complexes configured in resistive, gated (FET) and diode configurations. In this paper we will consider several areas where we are attempting to make sensors and/ or primitive devices from molecular materials. Our most successful result so far is the temperature-dependent resistivity of polypyrrole-coated polyester fibres. Here we find that the conductivity is thermally activated and produces a reliable, highly sensitive indicator of temperature in a cryogenic environment. Using parallel configurations of fibres, sensors with different limiting resistances can be fabricated. We have also placed insulated electrical gates on single crystals of various metallic and insulating charge transfer salts and have attempted to alter the charge transfer character by the application of high electric fields. With polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) insulating layers, gate voltages up to 150 V have been acquired with no leakage or heating. Similar measurements on diode devices fabricated from charge transfer complexes with different electronic structures are also in progress, and our preliminary results will be presented. Prospects and plans for developing these materials into viable sensors and devices are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Theory of organic field effect transistors (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 285-294 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Field effect transistors with an organic material as active layer are at present essentially used to determine the mobilities in these materials. Until now, in analysing the measured current characteristics, only the simplest (Shockley) model has been used which accounts neither for this type of thin film transistor (TFT), which operates in depletion and accumulation, nor for the nature of the carriers. Starting from two-dimensional simulations for the analogous silicon TFT, we have developed an analytical model for the TFT that accounts for several peculiarities of the current characteristics of this type of transistor. In addition, a first modification has been developed which describes the situation when the charged states are polarons and bipolarons, as is the case in organic materials. Applications to published experimental current characteristics show that a general reanalysis is needed. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Optical assessment of a fouling-resistant surface (PHEMA/ benzalkonium chloride) after exposure to a marine environment (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 187-193 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: antifouling ; biofouling ; hydrogel ; benzalkonium chloride ; ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy ; underwater optics ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A hydrogel based on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) containing benzalkonium chloride (BAK) can be used as an environmentally acceptable, fouling-resistant material in the marine environment. The loaded hydrogel system is transparent and has the potential to be used in the protection of optical ports in underwater instruments. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy was used to study the optical properties of the material after a marine exposure period. The optical transmittance of PHEMA/ BAK was higher for 10 weeks than that detected for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), a material currently used in commercial instruments, which confirmed the superior fouling resistance of the PHEMA/ BAK combination. The UV-vis spectroscopic method was quick, relatively cheap and accurate enough to allow the effects of the development of marine fouling on transparent surfaces for use in marine underwater optical applications to be monitored. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    [TTF]2[Fe(tdas)2]: a molecular conductor containing magnetic counter-ions (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 93-96 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: ithiolene ; tetrathiafulvalene ; molecular conductor ; molecular magnetism ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The salt [TTF]2[Fe(tdas)2] has been prepared by electocrystallisation and its conductivity and magnetic properties are reported. The X-ray structure has been determined. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Melting of conducting organic composites based on TCNQ and methyl-TCNQ salts studies by IR spectroscopy (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 97-99 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: TCNQ salts ; IR spectra ; melting ; charge transfer, electron-phonon coupling ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The infrared spectra (400-7000 cm-1) of three composites based on salts of tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (TCNQ) and methyl-TCNQ with N-alkyl-isoquinolinium cations are measured as a function of temperature (up to about 450 K). The influence of composite melting on the charge transfer and vibrational bands is studied. It is found that melting causes an irreversible transition into a new phase. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Electrosynthetic immobilisation of proteins for bioanalysis (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 101-105 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: biosensor ; protein immobilisation ; protein modification ; electrochemistry ; nitrotyrosine ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Use of electrosynthetic methodology allows the production of hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) either mononitrated at tyrosine 23 or bisnitrated at tyrosines 20 and 23, but never nitrated at tyrosine 53. This is a different sequence from that obtained by the chemical nitrating agent tetranitromethane, and when reduced by dithionite, the selectively modified enzyme can be anchored at pH 5 via the unique aromatic amino group to magnetic beads or other suitable matrices. HEWL so immobilised loses less than 10% of cell-wall lytic activity compared with the approximately 50% loss of activity when immobilised by conventional methodology at pH 9 via essentially random reaction at lysine residues and other functionalities which are nucleophilic at this pH. This result offers promise as a general method for selective protein immobilisation in biosensors and similar applications. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Preface (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 45-45 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: No Abstract
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    Redox reactions on TCNQ-modified self-assembled monomolecular films (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 121-128 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: self-assembly ; charge transfer ; electron-conducting monolayers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Suitably modified mono- and bimolecular films, including bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs), offer exceptionally good opportunities for probing electric field effects on charge transfer and redox reactions in biosensor and molecular electronics research and development.This work presents the redox reactions of tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (TCNQ) molecules incorporated in a self-assembled octadecanethiol monolayer (SAM) on polycrystalline gold electrodes, depending upon the type of supporting electrolyte cations and their concentration. Our results show that TCNQ-modified Au-SAM electrodes exhibit selectivity versus alkali metal cations in aqueous supporting electrolyte (∽10 kJ mol-1 difference between K+ and Li+ and between Cs+ and K+). The slope of the ‘calibration curves’ for Li+ and K+ is about 59 mV per decade of concentration of the analyte. The explanation of this behaviour is based on the Donnan potential model; however, an ion-pairing effect can also be involved. Our preliminary results show also that the TCNQ molecules within the octadecanethiol monolayer may act as a molecular redox device. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Conference Report: Molecular Electronics-Science and Technology. 14-18 December 1997, Humacao, Puerto Rico (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 157-160 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Surface chemical sensitivity of polyaniline doped with palladium or platinum compounds This paper is part of the special issue: Part II of the Proceedings of the International Conference, Towards Molecular Electronics, TME'97, 23-28 June 1997,Śrem, Poland, edited by Prof. Jerzy J. Langer (Adv. Mater. Opt. Electron. 8, 213-284 (1998)) (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 295-302 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: conductive polymers ; polyaniline ; palladium dopants ; platinum dopants ; catalytic hydrogenation ; active centres ; catalyst aging ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The chemical and structural surface-aging effects brought about by the presence of water in emeraldine base (EB) polyaniline (PANI) doped with Pd or Pt protonic acids were studied. IR spectroscopy, XRD, XPS and heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation (alkyne→alkene→alkane) were applied to characterise the PANI-Pd and PANI-Pt. Interpretation of the results gave the surface characteristics, structure, chemical catalytic activity and stability mainly of PANI-Pd specimens. The unique form of catalytically active centres therein was the surface complex [PdCl4]2- with Pd 3d5/2 BE=337·7 eV. The most promising among the PANI-Pd catalysts studied were those dried in a slow, long procedure (3 months, zeolite 5A). Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Structural investigation of four-centre photopolymerisation of bis-phthalamic bis-chalcone derivative in the crystalline state (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 9-17 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photopolymerisation ; electron microscopy ; molecular modeling ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: By combining the results obtained from an electron diffraction tilting series with solid state NMR and powder X-ray diffraction, it was possible to determine the unit cell parameters and space group of BPABC crystals grown from DMAA solution both before and after irradiation. Subsequently semi-empirical quantum mechanical and packing energy calculations led to a model structure which agreed well with all the electron diffraction data and thus provided insight into the cross-linking mechanism. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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    On the application of thermoluminescence for probing the energetic disorder in amorphous molecular solids (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 99-103 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: amorphous molecular solids ; poly(N-epoxypropylcarbazole) ; thermoluminescence ; charge trapping ; charge transport ; energetic disorder ; dipole moments ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The low-temperature thermoluminescence (TL) technique has been applied for probing the energetic disorder in doped poly(N-epoxypropylcarbazole)(PEPC) polymer films. Strong polar dopants were used for varying the degree of dipolar disorder. It was found that (1) the TL of the studied systems can be well interpreted in terms of the disorder model and (2) TL spectroscopy can provide the shape of the deepest part of the localised state distribution and the degree of energetic disorder as well. The charge trap distribution on the high-temperature side of the TL peak appears to be a Gaussian function and its halfwidth correlates well with the disorder parameter obtained from charge transport measurements. An unusual electric field effect on the TL of PEPC doped with strong polar dopants was found and is explained in terms of the contribution of the charge-dipole interaction to the energy of localised states. This effect indicates that the TL phenomenon for the studied systems cannot be explained purely by molecular γ-relaxation in the polymer. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    A few-monolayer organic photodiode (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 45-50 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular electronics ; photodiode ; rectifier ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A few-monolayer zwitterionic, non-centrosymmetric Langmuir-Blodgett film has been sandwiched between two electrodes, one of which is transparent. Curves of dark current density as a function of applied bias were observed to exhibit rectifier-like behaviour and to follow closely the dependences measured from junctions using two metallic electrodes. The transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode discussed here permitted illumination of the organic film during electrical characterisation and it was observed that the electrical behaviour was altered from the dark state. Illumination has the effect of generating a photocurrent even when no bias is applied to the electrodes; in addition, the junction conductance was increased. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Vapour Pressure Studies of Some Nitrogen Donor Adducts of Dimethylzinc Used in the Deposition of Materials by MOCVD (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 117-121 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: precursor ; MOCVD ; vapour pressure ; adduct ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The vapour pressures of mixtures of dimethylzinc with triethylamine (1), 1,3,5-trimethyl- (2) and 1,3,5-triethylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (3) have been studied using static measurement at various mole ratios of ligand to alkyl at 0°C. The results obtained are useful in assessing the suitability of these compounds as precursors for the deposition of group-12-containing materials by MOCVD. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Photochromic Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites as Holographic Storage Media (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 123-133 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: nanocomposites ; sol-gel ; heteropolymetallates ; photochromics ; holographic data storage ; amplitude grating ; two-wave-mixing recording ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes the properties of some new organic-inorganic photochromic layers. They are based on a hybrid organic-inorganic matrix in which tungsten heteropolyoxometallates (SiW12O4-40, PW12O3-40) are entrapped in a network obtained from the reaction of 3-glycidoxy-propyltrimethoxysilane. The high homogeneity of these materials on the nanoscale leads to transparent monoliths and layers of controlled thicknesses up to 40 μm. The optical properties of the blend are emphasised and the construction of amplitude gratings in the materials by two-wave-mixing experiments is described. The results of the optical experiments and the comparison with the theoretical background are used as a model for photochromic holographic storage processes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Chemical Processor for Computation of Skeleton of Planar Shape (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 135-139 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: reaction-diffusion media ; chemical processors ; parallel computing ; cellular automata ; image processing ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we give a regular proof of the viability of the theory of reaction-diffusion computing. The test problem is to approximate the skeleton of a planar contour, i.e. select sites of centres of bitangent circles which lie wholly within the contour. We have designed both a cellular automaton model and a real prototype of a chemical processor that implement skeleton transformations. In the cellular automaton, segments of the discrete skeleton are computed via interactions of excitation waves, while in the chemical processor the underlying mechanism is the formation of Prussian blue in an agar gel film. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Controlled Ablation of Langmuir-Blodgett Films Made by Scanning Force Microscopy (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 141-148 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: atomic force microscopy ; thin molecular films ; lithography ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we present results concerning the development of a lithographic technique suitable for application to Langmuir-Blodgett films. Controlled ablations of well-defined portions of the film have been made by using a scanning force microscope (SFM). We report the values of the microscope operational parameters that have allowed us either to perform non-destructive imaging or to obtain reproducible ablations of controlled depth. In particular, our analysis has pointed out the importance of the scanning speed in giving rise to such surface modifications. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Polyaniline Microrods (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 149-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: polyaniline ; synthesis ; surface tension effect ; morphology ; SEM ; ESR ; electrical conductivity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polyaniline (PANI) prepared in water or a water-methanol (1:1) mixed solvent by anodic oxidation of aniline hydrochloride at a potential of 0.8 V (and higher) vs. Ag/AgCl appears to form microrods of almost uniform shape and dimensions: a diameter of 0.7 μm and a length of 2-3 μm or more. A surface point contact Pt or Ir electrode has been used as the working electrode to get a better ordering in the product due to the surface tension effect. The structure observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is complex: the sample is highly porous and looks like a coral reef; the average channel diameter is 1.5 and 2.5 μm for narrow and wide channels respectively. The rods appearing in great number in the sample are surprisingly uniform, particularly with respect to the diameter. The electrical conductivity is of the order of 10-1 S cm-1 for most samples examined. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra consist of a strong singlet line (g = 2.0030-2.0039, ΔH =;0.12-0.50 mT); similarly, the infrared (IR) spectra show a strong and broad absorption due to electron excitations and electron-lattice interactions, which we have observed previously for many PANI samples examined in our laboratory. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    New BETS salts based on magnetic (CuCl3, FeCl4) and non-magnetic (GaCl4) anions (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 57-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: BETS ; salt ; synthesis ; structure ; conductivity ; magnetoresistance oscillations ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: New BETS salts (where BETS is bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene) with (CuCl3)x, Cu2C6, Cu4Cl8 and Fe0.75Ga0.25Cl4 anions have been obtained. The crystal structures and electrical and magnetoresistance properties of Κ-BETS4Cu4Cl8, θ-BETS4Cu2Cl6 and Κ-BETS2Fe0.75Ga0.25Cl4 have been studied. The last two compounds have been found to exhibit Shubnikov-de Haas and angle-dependent magnetoresistance oscillations. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Molecular image-processing devices based on chemical reaction systems. 5: Processing images with several levels of brightness and some application potentialities (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular computing ; molecular image-processing devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Excitable media of Belousov-Zhabotinsky type were used for processing images with several levels of brightness. In this case the image-processing operations proved to be somewhat more complicated than in the case of black-and-white pictures. Excitable media seem to be useful tools for handling some practical applications such as aerial picture processing. Belousov-Zhabotinsky-type media are also simple and convenient experimental models for investigation of the information-processing capabilities of biomolecular systems with complicated non-linear dynamics. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Dioxo- and aminooxopyrimidotetrathiafulvalenes: π-Electron donors for design of conducting materials containing intramolecular hydrogen bonds of nucleic acid base pair type (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 93-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: tetrathiafulvalenes ; cation radical inner salts (betaines) ; intermolecular hydrogen bonds ; uracil derivatives ; guanine analogues ; DC electrical conductivity ; organic semiconductors ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Dimethyl[2,4-dioxo(1 H,3 H)pyrimido]tetrathiafulvalene (1) and dimethyl-[2-amino-4-oxo(3 H)pyrimido]tetrathiafulvalene (4) form unusual inner salts by oxidation in the presence of bases. The insoluble black-green betaines 2 and 5 react with acids to form cation radical salts. Betaine 2 in the presence of acid and bis-(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene forms the unexpected double salt 8. In order to synthesise the cation radical salts of 1 and 4, it is necessary to use the ultrasonic method owing to the insolubility of the starting compounds. Electrical measurements of the betaines and cation radical salts in pressed samples show an unexpectedly low resistivity with semiconducting character: for betaine 2 ρ(RT) = 840 Ω cm, for betaine 5 ρ(RT) = 10 Ω cm, for salt 7 ρ(RT) = 40 Ω cm, but for double salt 8 ρ(RT) = 50 Ω cm. In the case of salt 8, very low values of activation energy of electrical conductivity of the order of kT were observed. The synthesis and purification of tetrathiafulvalene 4 from 5-amino-7-oxo(6 H)-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-d]pyrimidineselone-2 are described. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Infrared spectra of β-Phase BEDT-TTF salts with hexacyanometalate anions (M(CN)3-6; M ≡ CoIII, FeIII, CrIII) (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 67-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: magnetic BEDT-TTF salts ; IR spectra ; Drude-Lorentz model ; charge transfer bands ; C = C stretching vibrations ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polarised reflectance spectra of three charge transfer salts of bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF), β(BEDT-TTF)5M(CN)6 · 10H2O (M ≡ Co, Fe, Cr), are measured in the infrared region 650-6500 cm-1 at room temperature. The reflectance is analysed in terms of the Drude-Lorentz model. Vibrational bands related to C = C stretching are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Electrical properties of 1,4-cis-polybutadiene (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 87-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: 1,4-cis-polybutadiene ; direct conduction ; hopping ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: This paper contains results on electrical conduction in 1,4-cis-polybutadiene. Measurements were performed for thin films of thickness from 1 to 10 um with gold and aluminium electrodes. Study was made in the temperature range from 15 to 325 K for two types of polybutadienes: (1) containing 100% of cis form, from Aldrich; (2) containing 96% of cis form, from Philips Petroleum Co. It was found that direct conduction is determined by the Poole-Frenkel effect with some hopping and the Schottky effect. Evaluation of activation energies gave results from 0.3 to 0.36 eV. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Guest editorial (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 55-55 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: This issue contains papers presented at the 7th International Conference on Electrical and Related Properties of Organic Solids (ERPOS-7). It is a companion issue to Vol. 6. No. 5/6 which contained the bulk of the papers. Unfortunately, not all of the papers could be published in one special issue. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Monte Carlo simulation of the Fréedericksz transition in nematic liquid crystals (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 71-77 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Monte Carlo simulation method ; nematic liquid crystal ; electric-field-induced Fréedericksz transition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we present results of the Monte Carlo simulation of a 2D nematic liquid crystal model in the presence of an externally applied electric field. The molecular interactions were described by the Lebwohl-Lasher Hamiltonian. The boundary conditions employed in the simulations corresponded to the experimental configuration frequently used for establishing the Frank elastic constants. The results are compared with the predictions of the phenomenological Ericksen theory. Preliminary results of simulations of an experimentally important case corresponding to the nematic interacting with a spatially modulated electric fluid are presented. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Electrical activity of iodine-diffused CdTe (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: CdTe ; iodine doping ; electrical activity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The electrical activity of iodine in CdTe is discussed when iodine is introduced into the CdTe by diffusion from the vapour phase. It is compared both with the total concentration of iodine in the diffused CdTe slices and with the electrical activity in CdTe slices which have been annealed under Cd- and Te-saturated vapour pressures.Iodine-diffused slices of CdTe were profiled by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to obtain the total iodine concentration and by capacitance-voltage (C-V) techniques to obtain the net concentration of electrically active iodine. After annealing with iodine in the form of Cdl2, the slices were p-type, similar to those obtained when CdTe was annealed in either excess Te or Cd vapour, and they showed no significant increase in electrical activity. If Cd was added to the Cdl2 diffusion source or the CdTe was given a subsequent anneal in cadmium vapour, the slices became n-type. The results indicated that in all cases a neutral layer composed of Cd nIm (m and n are integers) formed on the surface layers, whereas if Cd was involved in the diffusion, some of the iodine existed in an electrically active form deeper into the slice with a maximum concentration of active carriers given by ND - NA ≈ 1017 cm-3. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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    Electrochemical deposition and characterisation of CdTe thin films from an ethylene-glycol-based bath (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 29-34 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: CdTe ; thin films ; ethylene-glycol bath ; photocurrent ; flat-band potential ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: CdTe films were deposited on Ni and conducting glass (SnO2) substrates from an ethylene-glycol-based bath by galvanostatic and potentiostatic methods. The film composition and electrical properties depend on parameters such as working electrode potential current density, deposition temperature, substrate type and post-deposition treatments. It is possible to improve the grain size and stoichiometry of the film by post-deposition heat treatment in air. The conductivity type was determined from the photocurrent-working electrode potential behaviour of the film. Dark capacitance measurements in a 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at 10 kHz showed a linear behaviour, from which the flatband potential Vfb= -0.365 V vs. a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) and the doping density ND = 1.35 × 1018 cm-3 were determined. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Nitrogen Lewis base adducts of group 12 alkyls: Molecular structure of poly[1,3-bis (4-pyridyl) propane]dimethylzinc, [Me2Zn (C5H4N)CH2CH2CH2(C5H4N)]n (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 23-28 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: dimethylzinc ; purification ; adduct ; non-chelating diamine ; X-ray structure ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The structure of the dimethylzinc adduct with the bidentate amine 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane, [Me2Zn(C5H4N)CH2CH2CH2(C5H4N)]n, 1, has been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystals of 1 are monoclinic, space group P21/m, with two molecules within a unit cell of dimensions a=5.364(3) Å, b=12.839(3) Å, c=10.618(3) Å and β=92.76(3)°. The structure is polymeric, being composed of [Me2Zn(C5H4N)CH2CH2CH2(C5H4N)] units with the nitrogens within a specific 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane ligand bonding to adjacent zinc centres. The zinc atom is four-co-ordinate, bonding to two carbon and two nitrogen atoms, with the C - Zn - C angle of 145.5(2)° intermediate between that of a linear and tetrahedral bond arrangement. As far as we know, this is the first example of a polymeric alkyl zinc/cadmium amine adduct to have been structurally characterised. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Optical Constants of Polycrystalline Cd1-xZnxTe Thin Films by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 109-115 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Cd1-xZnxTe thin films ; optical constants ; spectroscopic ellipsometry ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Spectroscopic ellipsometry has been used to determine the optical constants - complex dielectric constant (ε* = ε1+ε2), refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k), absorption coefficient (α) and normal incidence reflectivity (R) - of two-source vacuum-evaporated polycrystalline Cd1-xZnxTe thin films formed on Corning 7059 glass substrates. The experimental spectra were measured in the photon energy range 1.1-5.6 eV. The spectra revealed distinct peaks at energies corresponding to interband transitions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Photoexcitations in linear trans-quinacridone (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 35-38 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photoluminescence ; time-resolved fast spectrocopy ; photoinduced absorption spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We have studied the photophysics of linear trans-quinacridone films by applying a variety of transient and continuous wave photomodulation techniques. Our experimental results demonstrate the ultrafast formation of excimer species which are responsible for the emission. The excimer decay kinetics seems to suggest a predominantly charge transfer character of these emitting species. This is consistent with the long-lived states which we detected on the millisecond time scale. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Dioxo- and aminooxopyrimidotetrathiafulvalenes: π-electron donors for design of conducting materials containing intramolecular hydrogen bonds of nucleic acid base pair typePaper presented at ERPOS-7, Polanica-Zdrój, Poland, 18-22 June 1996. (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 39-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: tetrathiafulvalenes ; cation radical inner salts (betaines) ; intermolecular hydrogen bonds ; uracil derivatives ; guanine analogues ; DC electrical conductivity ; organic semiconductors ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Dimethyl[2,4-dioxo(1 H,3 H)pyrimido]tetrathiafulvalene (1) and dimethyl-[2-amino-4-oxo(3 H)pyrimido]tetrathiafulvalene (4) form unusual inner salts by oxidation in the presence of bases. The insoluble black-green betaines 2 and 5 react with acids to form cation radical salts. Betaine 2 in the presence of acid and bis-(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene forms the unexpected double salt 8. In order to synthesise the cation radical salts of 1 and 4, it is necessary to use the ultrasonic method owing to the insolubility of the starting compounds. Electrical measurements of the betaines and cation radical salts in pressed samples show an unexpectedly low resistivity with semiconducting character: for betaine 2 ρ(RT) = 840 Ο cm, for betaine 5 ρ(RT) = 10 Ο cm, for salt 7 ρ(RT) = 40 Ο cm, but for double salt 8 ρ(RT) = 50 Ο cm. In the case of salt 8, very low values of activation energy of electrical conductivity of the order of kT were observed. The synthesis and purification of tetrathiafulvalene 4 from 5-amino-7-oxo(6 H)-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-d]pyrimidineselone-2 are described. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Molecular image-processing devices based on chemical reaction systems. 6: Processing half-tone images and neural network architecture of excitable media (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 171-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular computing ; molecular image-processing devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The processing of half-tone images by excitable media functioning based on non-linear dynamic mechanisms was studied. The image-processing operations proved to be somewhat more complicated than in the case of black-and-white images. Analogies between the architecture of neural networks and the structural features of excitable media are discussed. The basic information capabilities of excitable media proved to be close to the capabilities of shunting on-centre off-surround feedback networks. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Photoexcitations in linear trans-quinacridone (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 83-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photoluminescence ; time-resolved fast spectrocopy ; photoinduced absorption spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We have studied the photophysics of linear trans-quinacridone films by applying a variety of transient and continuous wave photomodulation techniques. Our experimental results demonstrate the ultrafast formation of excimer species which are responsible for the emission. The excimer decay kinetics seems to suggest a predominantly charge transfer character of these emitting species. This is consistent with the long-lived states which we detected on the millisecond time scale. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Space-charge-limited post transit currents spectroscopy in poly(methylphenylsilylene) (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 61-65 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: silicon backbone polymers ; transport properties ; transient photoconductivity ; light generation efficiency ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Transient space-charge-limited currents (T-SCLCs) were used as a method for examining drift mobility, recombination and transport mechanisms for a typical poly(silylene), poly(methylphenylsilylene) (PMPSi). It was found that T-SCLCs present a unique possibility for injecting constant charge into a material with strong dependence of the generation efficiency on the electric field strength. This charge is given by space charge limitations and is thus independent of the transport properties of the material. The post-transit T-SCLC hole emission signals from deep traps have been measured using post-transit T-SCLCs. A density-of-electron-states distribution for deep trapping hole states with a tail-like exponential and a Gaussian distribution centred at 0.55 eV were found. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Optical investigations of strained InGaAs quantum wells (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 307-310 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photoreflectance ; photoluminescence ; InGaAs/GaAs quantum well ; type I and II excitonic transition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: InGaAs/GaAs MOCVD-grown quantum wells have been investigated. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements have shown heavy-hole-related excitonic transitions within the temperature range from 10 to 100 K for all samples. In room-temperature photoreflectance (PR), sharp heavy- and light-hole excitonic transitions in the quantum wells have been observed. The transition energies obtained have been compared with values derived from theoretical considerations using the envelope function model including lattice-mismatch-related stress. The heavy- and light-hole transitions have been identified as excitonic transitions of types I and II respectively. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Deposition of cadmium sulphide thin films from the single-source precursor bis(diethylmonothiocarbamato)cadmium(II) by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 311-316 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: monothiocarbamate ; MOCVD ; cadmium sulphide ; precursor ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Thin films of CdS were grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (LP-MOCVD, 10-2 Torr) on GaAs(100) and borosilicate glass using the novel single-source precursor bis(diethylmonothiocarbamato)cadmium(II). The deposition of CdS was observed at substrate temperatures of 300 °C and above. Uniform adherent films of CdS were grown on GaAs(100) at temperatures between 350 and 450°C. CdS films deposited on glass were generally transparent with small crystallites (∽50 nm). Films were characterised by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy and shown to be of hexagonal phase. A band gap of 2.39 eV was measured for the films of CdS. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Peculiarties of the electronic and electron vibrational spectra of organic conductors: BEDT-TTF salts of alpha-type structurePaper presented at ERPOS-7, Polanica-Zdrój, Poland, 18-22 June 1996. (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 19-22 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: organic conductors ; optical spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polarised infrared reflectivity spectra of some ET-based conducting salts of alpha-type structure are measured and compared: (ET)2I3 (I), (ET)2TIHg(XCN)4 (X=S, Se) (II) and (ET)8[Hg4Br12(CH3C6H4CI)2] (III). For both I and II the electronic reflectivity is greater for the polarisation perpendicular to ET stacks. However, a resolved electron vibrational band in the region of 1 100-1 400 cm-1 is observed for II in the polarisation characterized by lower electronic reflectivity in contrast with the spectra of I. Another difference between I and II is the absence of the pronounced plasma edge in the region of 4 000 cm-1 in the spectra of II, which may be due to high electron damping. For III the electronic reflectivity is low and no resolved electron vibrational band in the region of 1 100-1 400 cm-1 is observed. The peculiarities of the electron-vibrational spectra of I, II and III may be due to the details of the crystal structure. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Peculiarties of the electronic and electron vibrational spectra of organic conductors: BEDT-TTF salts of alpha-type structure (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 79-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: organic conductors ; optical spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polarised infrared reflectivity spectra of some ET-based conducting salts of alpha-type structure are measured and compared: (ET)2I3 (I), (ET)2TIHg(XCN)4 (X≡S, Se) (II) and (ET)8[Hg4Br12(CH3C6H4Cl)2] (III). For both I and II the electronic reflectivity is greater for the polarisation perpendicular to ET stacks. However, a resolved electron vibrational band in the region of 1 100-1 400 cm-1 is observed for II in the polarisation characterised by lower electronic reflectivity in contrast with the spectra of I. Another difference between I and II is the absence of the pronounced plasma edge in the region of 4 000 cm-1 in the spectra of II, which may be due to high electron damping. For III the electronic reflectivity is low and no resolved electron vibrational band in the region of 1 100-1 400 cm-1 is observed. The peculiarities of the electron-vibrational spectra of I, II and III may be due to the details of the crystal structure. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Monomolecular layer epitaxy of GaAs for ideal static induction transistor (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 183-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: GaAs ; redistribution of dopants ; ideal static induction transistor (ISIT) ; molecular layer epitaxy (MLE) ; SIMS ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: An ideal static induction transistor (ISIT) structure was fabricated using molecular layer epitaxy (MLE). The doping method of MLE enabled us to achieve a sufficiently high level of doping for ISIT fabrication. In the fabrication process a low growth temperature was very important for the device structure, which requires very sharp dopant profiles. For the ISIT, two MLE processes, namely source-drain growth and gate regrowth, were required. The electrical characteristics of the source-drain were changed after heat treatment at a temperature higher than 480°C. The effect of the redistribution of dopants of the source-drain structure (n++-i-p++-i-n+) during gate regrowth was clearly shown by SIMS (secondary ion mass spectroscopy) measurements for various temperatures of heat treatment. As a result the doped Se diffused from the n++ source region to the other layers and the doped Zn diffused from the p++ layer to the i-layers. The source was a heavily Se-doped layer at the doping level of (2-3)×1019 cm-3 containing a larger amount of interstitial Se atoms in the lattice. The redistribution of Se from the heavily doped region was detectable even after heat treatment at 480°C for 30 min. For the p++ layer the profile of the C-doped layer was stable even after heat treatment at 620°C for 30 min, but the profile of Zn changed markedly after heat treatment at 480°C for 30 min. In addition, the carbon-doped p++ layer acted as a gettering layer for diffused interstitial Se from the source region. The driving force of the redistribution of dopants results in the electric field in the device structures. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Features of the exciplex mechanism of charge photogeneration in amorphous molecular semiconductors doped with the dye rhodamine 6G (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 207-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: amorphous molecular semiconductor ; dye ; triplet exciplex ; photoconductivity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Results of investigation of the processes of charge carrier photogeneration and relaxation within the exciplex absorption region in films of poly-N-epoxypropylcarbazole doped with the dye rhodamine 6G are given. When the films are illuminated with light from the dye absorption region, new centres of charge photogeneration appear that absorb within the exciplex absorption region. It is shown for the first time that these centres have a long lifetime at room temperature and their temporal concentration changes correlate with EPR photosignal changes. The concentration of centres is independent of the external electric field strength during their generation. These centres are identified as triplet exciplexes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Morphological evolution, Raman and photoluminescence spectra in optically transparent cubic silicon carbide (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 195-206 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: cubic silicon carbide ; morphology ; photoluminescence ; micro-Raman ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Optically transparent cubic SiC crystals were grown via atmospheric-pressure chemical vapour deposition (APCVD) on graphite substrates from methyltrichlorosilane (MTS) in hydrogen in a cold-wall RF induction furnace at temperatures from 1500 to 2000°C. The morphology of the crystals was correlated to substrate temperature, H2/MTS ratio and hydrogen flow. Low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra exhibited a zero-phonon line (2.3787 eV) attributable to an exciton bound to a neutral nitrogen donor, in addition to TA, LA, TO, and LO phonon replicas. The observed broadening and splitting of the PL spectral lines were associated with the morphological habit and internal strain of individual crystallites.Above about 1600°C preferential 〈110〉 growth directions were identified for the majority of the crystals. At intermediate deposition temperatures (1600-1700°C) the dominant morphology consisted of yellow prismatic crystals heavily twinned along {111} and {111¯}. At temperatures of about 1750°C hexagonally shaped {111}-oriented 3C-SiC platelets were formed with alternating {001}/{101} edges. A layer-by-layer growth model was used to rationalise the transition in preferred growth direction from 〈111〉 to 〈101〉 with increasing substrate temperature. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Optical absorption behaviour of vanadium pentoxide thin films (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 225-231 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: vanadium pentoxide thin films ; electron beam evaporation ; optical properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Thin films of vanadium pentoxide have been prepared by the electron beam evaporation technique over a wide range of substrate temperatures. Spectrophotometric investigations have been made on these films in the wavelength range 350-1500 nm to determine the nature of the optically induced transition and the optical band gap. A better fit for the direct forbidden transition than for the indirect allowed transition is observed in all the films. The optical band gap is found to decrease with increasing substrate temperature and the subsequent appearance of a broadband absorption at about 1000 nm is attributed to the oxygen vacancies in the films. The effect of heat treatment in vacuum and oxygen ambient on the optical properties of these films is also reported. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    In situ studies of epitaxial silicon growth by gas source molecular beam epitaxy (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 215-224 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: silicon ; epitaxy ; kinetics ; dynamics ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The value of in situ monitoring to study growth dynamics and surface reaction kinetics in a gas source molecular beam epitaxy process is illustrated with reference to the growth of Si films on Si(001) substrates using a beam of disilane (Si2H6). By using a combination of reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS), we show first how morphological (long-range order) and local electronic structure effects can be separated in the evaluation of growth dynamics. This involves the measurement of step density changes by RHEED concomitantly with the variation in domain coverage on the Si(001) (2×1)+(1×2) reconstructed surface by RAS. This approach is then extended to investigate the kinetics of hydrogen desorption, which is the rate-limiting step in Si growth from Si2H6. It is shown that over a significant temperature range, zeroth-order kinetics are obeyed and this is explained on the basis of a step-mediated desorption process. Finally we show how this influences the growth rate on substrates of differing degrees of vicinality. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Thermal stability of group 13 metalorganic MOVPE and CBE precursors (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 233-240 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: thermal stability ; DSC ; group 13 metalorganic compounds ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The thermal stabilities of a range of group 13 metalorganic compounds previously used as precursors in metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE) or chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) have been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For the trialkyl compounds R3M the thermal stability decreases in the order M≡Al〉Ga〉In and R≡Me〉Et〉iPr〉tBu and the formation of adducts R3ML (L≡OR2, NR3, etc.) leads to an increase in thermal stability. Dialkylaluminium hydride compounds (e.g. Me2AlH) gave the largest energy release. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Photoreflectance spectroscopy of low-dimensional GaAs/AlGaAs structures (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 241-247 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photoreflectance ; low-dimensional structure ; GaAs ; AlGaAs ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Results of room-temperature photoreflectance measurements on three GaAs/Al0.33Ga0.67As multiquantum well (MQW) structures with three different widths of wells and on two GaAs/Al0.33Ga0.67As high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) structures are presented. Energy-gap-related transitions in GaAs and AlGaAs were observed. The Al content in AlGaAs was determined. MQW transition energies were determined using the first derivative of a Gaussian profile of the measured resonances. In order to identify the transitions in the MQS, the experimentally observed energies were compared with results of the envelope function calculation method for a rectangular quantum well. The Franz-Keldysh oscillation (FKO) model was also used to determine the built-in electric field in various parts of the investigated structures. The values of the electric fields allow us to hypothesise about the origin of these fields. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Influence of laser wavelength on activation of ZrO2 ceramics for electroless metal plating (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 249-254 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: laser ablation ; ZrO2 ; electroless metallisation ; diffuse reflectance spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Experimental results are presented on modifications of the surface properties of ZrO2 ceramics exposed in air to radiation of either a KrF laser (λ=248 nm) or an ArF laser (λ=193 nm) with a pulse duration of 15-20 ns. The modifications of their diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) are studied as a function of the laser beam parameters. The ablated parts of ZrO2 take on the ability to reduce metals (Cu or Ni) from their respective electroless plating solutions. The electrolessly deposited metal can be patterned via local annealing of the ablated areas with the help of a CW laser, either Ar+ or CO2. The catalytic activity of laser-treated ZrO2 ceramics towards the electroless deposition of metals is discussed from the viewpoint of the formation of an oxygen-deficient surface under laser ablation. The possibility of ZrO2 activation for electroless metal deposition using a scanning beam of a low-power CO2 laser is demonstrated. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Dissociation of electron-hole pairs interacting with triplet excitons in amorphous molecular semiconductors (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 255-261 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: amorphous molecular semiconductors ; electron-hole pairs ; excitons ; photoconductivity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The photoconductivity of films of amorphous molecular semiconductors increases upon simultaneous photogeneration of singlet electron-hole pairs (EHPs) and triplet excitons and decreases upon photogeneration of triplet EHPs and triplet excitons. An increase in external electric field strength leads to a decrease in the effect of triplet excitons on the film photoconductivity caused by EHP dissociation. It is concluded that under increasing external electric field strength the mobility of charge carriers increases and the velocity of EHP dissociation becomes comparable with the velocity of spin conversion of EHPs interacting with triplet excitons. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Universal computation in excitable media: the 2 + medium (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 263-272 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: excitable media ; cellular automata ; universal computer ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we address the problem of how to build a universal computer in an excitable medium. We construct a cellular automata model of a two-dimensional excitable medium (the 2 + medium) evolving in discrete time, with the following properties: every element of the medium has three states (rest, excited and refractory); an element interacts with the eight closest elements; an element in the rest state becomes excited only if exactly two of its eight neighbours are excited. To prove that the 2+ medium is a minimal cellular automata model of a physical universal computing system, we design the minimal logical gates NOT, AND and NOT-AND. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    The use of an adduct in improved syntheses of nanoparticulate chalcogenide semiconductors containing cadmium (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 277-279 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: semiconductor nanoparticles ; adduct ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: An improved organometallic route to passivated, high-quality crystalline nanodispersed semiconductors has been developed. Thermolysis of the 1:1 triethylamine adduct of dimethylcadmium and a chalcogenide source can be used to grow 3 nm diameter II-VI quantum dots capped with trioctylphosphine oxide. Samples have been characterised by absorption spectroscopy, luminescence spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Studies of multiple-chain alkylaminomethyl p-cyanophenol derivatives for Langmuir-Blodgett films (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 295-305 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Langmuir-Blodgett film ; p-cyanophenyl ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Langmuir films and Langmuir-Blodgett deposition have been studied for 2,6-dioctadecyl-aminomethyl-4-cyanophenol (CPR2R2) and 2-dioctadecyl-aminomethyl-4-cyanophenol (CPR2). Stable Langmuir films were obtainable for both compounds at high pH, but only for CPR2R2 at low pH. Molecular modelling and semiempirical MNDO calculations suggest that high pH favours stability by disrupting intramolecular hydrogen bonding. X-ray diffraction on Y-type Langmuir-Blodgett films deposited on hydrophobic glass substrates gives layer spacings of about 56 A3 for both compounds, indicating that the alkyl chains orient perpendicular to the substrate. Modelling and MNDO calculations suggest that analogous compounds with a single octadecyl chain on nitrogen could be stable at both low and high pH. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Sensitive thermoelectric power and conductivity measurements on implanted polyparaphenylene thin films (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 281-293 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: polyparaphenylene ; ion implantation ; doping ; thermoelectric power ; conductivity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A sensitive apparatus for determining the conductivity and thermoelectric power of conducting polymer films at temperatures between 150 and 450 K is described. Brittle polyparaphenylene films doped by ion implantation with either alkali (caesium, sodium) or halogen (iodine) ions are studied by this method. Analysis of the temperature dependence of both conductivity and thermopower shows that the doping process of this conjugated polymer is efficient only when low parameters of implantation are selected and appears around room temperature. At higher temperatures the thermopower exhibits an anomalous evolution that we attribute to oxygen migration. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    On the dynamic self-diffraction in methylene blue-sensitised gelatine (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 15-25 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: degenerate two wave mixing (DTWM) ; self-diffraction ; methylene blue ; dynamic holography ; self-modulation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic self-diffraction processes have been observed and analysed for methylene blue-sensitised water-swollen gelatine (MBSG). A degenerate two-wave mixing experiment performed on thick samples of MBSG with 10 mW, 632.8 nm wavelength He Ne laser light allowed for the formation of phase- and amplitude-transient holographic gratings. Single-beam propagation characteristics through MBSG were measured with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The observed energy transfer between the writing beams in the two-beam coupling experiment and the considerable temporal oscillations of diffraction efficiency are explained by simple formulae. Two processes are considered: the time-dependent phase shift between the writing beams and the transverse self-phase modulation effects (self-focusing and interference ring formation).
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    Plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition of fluorinated silicon dioxide films using novel alkylsilanes (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 93-99 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: fluorinated silicon dioxide ; silicon dioxide ; dielectric constant ; plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Deposition processes and film properties of plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) films derived from fluoroalkylsilanes are described. The fluorinated silicon dioxide (FSG) films have lower dielectric constants (3.3-3.7) than non-fluorinated silicon dioxide films (〉4). With similar dielectric strengths, the reduced capacitance obtained with FSG films makes them useful as intermetal dielectrics (IMDs). The films are characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, ellipsometry and capacitance-voltage measurements. Characterisation of the changes in FSG upon exposure to ambient conditions and a method for stabilising the films are presented
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996) 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860060101
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    Diary of conferences and symposia (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 51-54 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860060107
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    Red shift in optical absorption of erbium and dysprosium diphthalocyanine thin films on exposure to chlorine (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 203-209 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: phthalocyanine ; gas sensor ; chlorine ; optical absorption ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The optical absorption characteristics of vacuum-deposited thin films of erbium and dysprosium diphthalocyanine were investigated using transmission spectroscopy before and after exposure to chlorine gas and compared with previous work performed upon lead monophthalocyanine (PbPc). Considerable red shifts in the visible absorption spectra were observed after Cl2 exposure for the diphthalocyanines but not for the monophthalocyanine. These were interpreted on the basis of differences in molecular structure in relation to the adsorption of chlorine.
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    Photoconductivity generated by X-rays in copper phthalocyanine (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 363-366 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photoconductivity ; organic materials ; phthalocyanine ; X-rays ; space charge ; recombination ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Experimental data on photocurrents induced by X-rays in vacuum-evaporated copper phthalocyanine layers are presented and a short analysis is included. The photocurrents were measured as a function of applied voltage, X-ray intensity and ambient air pressure. The experimental data are in agreement with the theoretical description of photocurrents with respect to the important role of the space charge and charge carrier recombination.
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    Charge carrier photogeneration in titanyl phthalocyanine (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 412-414 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photogeneration ; charge carrier ; charge pair ; exciton ; exciton-exciton annihilation ; phthalocyanine ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Charge carrier photogeneration in titanyl phthalocyanine was investigated by means of fluorescence and photocurrent measurements, under sample excitation by two time-separated ultrashort light pulses. Exciton-exciton annihilation was employed to obtain information on the time course of the fluorescence and generation processes. Charge carriers were found to be generated during only a short time interval after the exciton was created. This interval is much shorter than the fluorescence state lifetime.
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    Influence of spatial charge carrier distribution near interface between organic crystal and water on electrokinetic potential (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 267-271 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: electrokinetic potential ; organic materials ; anthracene ; space charge distribution ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The flow of water through a system filled with anthracene crystals was examined. For other materials it is known that the flow causes a difference in the potential and the short-circuit current. We found that this potential, which is the electrokinetic potential, can be described using a strictly determined space charge distribution of charge carriers near the anthracene crystals and a given model of the water flow between the crystals. The aim of this paper is to present the influence of the spatial charge carrier distribution near the crystal surface on the potential and the current. Considering the laminar flow of water, we can estimate the electrokinetic potential and the current which occur because of the movement of carriers. This movement is forced by the water flow. Achieved values of the potential and the current were about 1 V and 1 μA respectively. Theoretical calculations agree with our experimental results
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    Excitonic energy transfer in mixed-stack charge transfer crystals (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 371-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: fluorescence ; delayed fluorescence ; energy transfer ; charge transfer crystals ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Excitonic energy transfer in mixed-stack charge transfer (CT) crystals doped with anthracene was studied within the temperature range 5-300 K using optical, spectroscopic and kinetic techniques. Excitons were found to be self-trapped at low temperature and mobile at higher temperatures, with the activation energy of mobility being dependent on their CT character. A 1D hopping model describes the motion of triplet excitons, whereas a 3D model fits the migration of singlet excitons.
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    Photostimulated optical SHG in BEDO-TTF polyiodide/polycarbonate composites (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 358-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: second-harmonic generation ; organic metals ; low-temperature phase transitions ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of photoinduced optical second-harmonic generation (PISHG) for the bis(ethylenedioxy)tetrathiofulvalene (BEDO-TTF)/Iodine complex in a polycarbonate matrix were performed. Two kinds of samples were studied: as-obtained, grey-violet material, showing a metal-like temperature dependence of conductivity down to liquid helium temperature (system 1), and electrochemically decoloured, transparent (slightly grey) material, showing metallic conductivity down to about 30 K and semiconductive properties below this temperature (system 2). An increase in the PISHG signal with decreasing temperature was observed below 10 K for both specimens. In the temperature range 40-88 K, an increase then a decrease in PISHG with increasing temperature was observed for specimen 2, while practically no PISHG signal was recorded for sample 1. The dependences obtained indicate unambiguously the essential influence of the BEDO-TTF(l) dopant on the PISHG of polycarbonate composites. Simultaneously, competition was demonstrated between the optical second- and third-harmonic signals at photoinducing fluxes near 1015 photons cm-2. A strong increase in the PISHG signal at low temperatures was observed for both systems (below 11 K for sample 2 and below 7 K for sample 1). In the temperature range 40-88 K a maximum of the PISHG was observed only for specimen 2. At higher temperatures the intensity of the PISHG was very low in both kinds of samples.
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  • 91
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    Infrared spectra of the new molecular complex C60 ·2[(C6H5)3P]AuCl·0.1 C6H5CH3 (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: fullerene ; C60 complex ; IR spectra ; temperature dependences ; intermolecular interactions ; specific interactions ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We report on the wealth of IR spectra of single crystals of the C60 complex with chloro(triphenylphosphine)gold grown from toluene solution. The spectra are strongly temperature-dependent at about 200 K. The dependence of the spectral parameters is attributed to variations in the molecular dynamics of the C60 molecules and changes in the interactions between the fullerene and donor/solvent molecules. Some general considerations on the origin of the IR spectral variation vs. temperature are also presented.
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  • 92
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    CVD of SiO2 and related materials: An overview (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 101-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: chemical vapour deposition (CVD) ; silica ; silicate gasses ; SiO2 ; MOS devices ; precursors ; hydrides ; halides ; metal organic compounds ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: An overview is presented of the chemical vapour deposition (CVD) of SiO2 and related materials, together with a description of their application in metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices, including device isolation, gate insulation passivation and planarisation. A comparison of CVD methods and precursors is presented for SiO2 as well as doped glasses, e.g. borosilicate glasses (BSG), phosphosilicate glasses (PSG), borophosphosilicate glasses (BPSG), and arsenosilicates glasses (AsSG).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Sulphur-containing compounds: Structure, spectra, non-linearity. Experimental and theoretical study (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: chiral molecule ; β-amino sulphides ; x-ray structure ; absorption spectra ; singlet states ; GRINDOL ; non-linear properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Room-temperature absorption spectra in non-polar and polar solvents as well as the results of structural analysis of carbamic acid N-(1-phenylthio-methyl)-2-methyl-propyl t-butyl ester (C16H25O2NS, 1a) and phthalimide-N-(1-phenylthio-methyl)-propane (C18H17O2NS, 1b) are presented. The β-amino sulphide 1a crystallises in the tetragonal system, space group P41, with a = 10.380(1) Å, b = 10.380(1) Å, c = 16.390(1) Å, a = B = y = 90°, while the β-amino sulphide 1b crystallises in the monoclinic system, space group P21, with a = 7.958(1) Å, b = 13.333(1) Å, c = 7.340(1) Å, β = 93.08(3)°. The spectroscopic properties of these compounds were also evaluated using the approximate all-valence-electron method (GRINDOL) including configuration interaction (Cl) together with the Langevin dipole/Monte Carlo technique to represent the solvent effect. Molecular polarisabilities and hyperpolarisabilities (βvec) were calculated using the sum-over-states (SOS) method.
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  • 94
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    Silica deposition by excimer-laser-induced chemical vapour deposition in perpendicular configuration (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 83-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: silicon dioxide ; thin films ; excimer laser ; chemical vapour deposition (CVD) ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Silicon oxide films have been deposited on silicon wafers at low temperature by irradiation of the substrates with an ArF (λ = 193 nm) excimer laser beam in a SiH4 and N2O atmosphere. A systematic study of the growth rate and properties of the films as a function of the processing parameters (gas composition, substrate temperature, laser pulse energy, pulse repetition rate, total pressure and gas flow rate) has been performed. The process is photolytically activated in the gas phase and the diffusion of photodecomposed precursor species towards the surface plays an important limiting role. The N2O/SiH4 ratio mainly controls the film composition; for ratios above 40, stoichiometric silica may be obtained, as confirmed by Rutherford backscattering (RBS) measurements. The role of the surface temperature in the growth kinetics is not critical, so that deposition of films is possible down to substrate temperatures as low as 70°C. Nevertheless, the density of the films varies greatly with the substrate temperature. The fact that no Si(SINGLE BOND)H vibration was detected with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry is surprising, since hydrogen incorporation is a very typical phenomenon encountered in most silane systems. This effect is probably associated with the ultraviolet photon irradiation of the adsorbed species and the film as it grows, thus breaking bonds and affecting the bond structure of the film.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860060301
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  • 96
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    Guest Editorial (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 53-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: No Abstract
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  • 97
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    Diary of conferences and symposia (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 160-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860060309
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  • 98
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    Processing and characterisation of PECVD silicon nitride films (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: PECVD ; silicon nitride ; thin films ; SiH4 ; NH3 ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Amorphous Si-N films are synthesised from an NH3/SiH4 gas mixture by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) at fixed radio frequency (13.56 MHz) and total gas pressure (34 ± 4 Torr). The variable process parameters and their ranges are: (i) substrate temperature, 200-400°C; (ii) RF power density, 0.08-0.35 W cm-2; (iii) NH3/SiH4 flow ratio, 40:400-40: 1200 ml min-1. Fundamental properties of the Si-N films are characterised through elemental composition, chemical speciation, optical and electrical properties, all of which are dependent on the process parameters.
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    Filament-activated chemical vapour deposition of nitride thin films (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 135-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: hot filament chemical vapour deposition ; CVD ; high-rate deposition ; ammonia ; silicon nitride ; aluminium nitride ; titanium nitride ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We have applied the novel method of hot filament-activated chemical vapour deposition (HFCVD) for low-temperature deposition of a variety of nitride thin films. In this paper the results from our recent work on aluminium, silicon and titanium nitride have been reviewed. In the HFCVD method a hot tungsten filament (1500-1850°C) was utilised to decompose ammonia in order to deposit nitride films at low substrate temperatures and high rates. The substrate temperatures ranged from 245 to 600°C. The film properties were characterised by a number of analytical and optical methods. The effect of various deposition conditions on film properties was studied. All the films obtained were of high chemical purity and had very low or no detectable tungsten contamination from the filament metal.
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  • 100
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    Low-temperature metalorganic chemical vapour deposition of AlN for surface passivation of GaAs (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 127-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: aluminium nitride ; metalorganic chemical vapour deposition ; MOCVD ; gallium arsenide ; surface passivation ; insulating films ; thin films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Aluminium nitride (AlN) thin films have been grown by low-temperature metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) to passivate GaAs. By utilizing hydrazine (N2H4), highly resistive amorphous-like AlN films were obtained at growth temperatures around 400°C. At the AlN-GaAs interface, three deep trap levels were found: 0.6 eV (DL1) and 0.9 eV (DL2) below the conduction band minimum and 0.5 eV (DL3) above the valence band maximum. The number of DL1 levels was reduced by preparing As-dimer-stabilised surfaces of GaAs. The capture cross-sections and time constants of DL1-DL3 suggest that these levels originated from point defects, not from precipitates or disorder. Neither precipitation nor reaction was detectable by Auger electron spectroscopy after annealing at 900°C for 20 min, indicating that the AlN-GaAs interfaces are thermally stable. These results demonstrate that these AlN films are applicable as capping films for processing GaAs as well as passivation films.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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