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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of 3-Nitro-1,2,4-Triazole-5-One (NTO) in Explosive Mixtures by capillary electrophoresisPresented at the Minnesota Chromatography Forum, May 2-4, 1995, Minneapolis, MN, USA (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 1-3 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recently a new explosive, 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (NTO) has attracted interest as possible replacements for or inclusion in various military propellants and explosives. Analysis of NTO compounds as well as 14 other nitramine and nitroaromatic explosives could be accomplished by capillary electrophoresis using a technique known as MECC, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. A borate/boric acid buffer with sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) was used in conjunction with direct UV detection at 185 nm.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220102
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavior of an Inclined Jet after Penetration in a Contact Surface (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 4-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental facts show that when the direction of a metallic jet is inclined to the target surface, the penetration length may be decreased enormously. In this paper, the author proves this phenomena by a theoretical analysis. The conclusion could also be used in the respect of anti-hollow charge warheads.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220103
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solid Propellant Degradation Kinetics via headspace sampling gas chromatography (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 11-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The degradation kinetics of solid rocket propellant based on a glycidyl azide polymeric binder with ammonium nitrate were determined by gas chromatographic quantitation of the headspace gases over heated samples. This approach was found to allow the determination of degradation at temperatures approaching ambient. An Arrhenius plot was constructed from the data and kinetic parameters, including activation energy and relative rates of degradation, were calculated. Two different batches of propellant were found to exhibit similar degradation kinetics, although one was estimated to have a shorter service life based on the relative volumes of gases liberated.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220105
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Boron carbide combustion in solid-fuel ramjets using bypass air. Part II: Theoretical analysis (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 6-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of bypass air momentum on the combustion efficiency of a boron-carbide fueled solid-fuel ramjet motor has been investigated theoretically. A 3-D model of the flow in the aft-burner has been developed and solved numerically. The theoretical results indicated that combustion efficiency can be increased by employing bypass air with low dump momentum, in agreement with experimental results. High bypass air dump momentum was shown to enhance extinguishment of particle combustion through increased collisions with the motor walls.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220104
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PBX 9502 Products Equation of State (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 45-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We constructed a Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL) equation of state (EOS) for the PBX 9502 detonation products based on a standard one by lowering the Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) pressure. We found that a slow component exists in the chemical reaction rate, and the global hydrodynamic behavior as exhibited by the standard EOS reflects such an effect. By reducing the CJ pressure, we effectively remove the contribution of the slow reaction from the standard EOS, and the new EOS should represent the detonation products better. In conjunction with a reactive burn model which includes a slow component, the products EOS performs better than the standard EOS.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220110
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forthcoming Meetings (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 55-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220112
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials 69. Analysis of the kinetics of nitrocellulose at 50 °C-500 °C (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 38-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetic constants for decomposition of nitrocellulose in the 50 °C to 500°C range are analyzed. At T 〈 100°C, three processes (depolymerization, peroxide formation, and hydrolysis) are consistent with the reported kinetics. For T = 100°C-200°C, 28 of 30 previously reported kinetic measurements can be organized clearly into two categories by the use of the kinetic compensation effect. These two groups fit the first-order and autocatalytic processes. Conflicting interpretations are reconciled by this approach. At T 〉 200°C, the kinetics are consistent with the existence of the first-order step and desorption of the products as two parallel processes which, together, control the rate. Time-to-exotherm and mass burning rate kinetics are compared as temperature-dependent reaction-desorption events.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220109
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High energetic materials: Reaction of Azides with Dioxygenyl Salts (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 51-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reactivity of sodium azide, activated sodium azide and hydrazinium azide towards various dioxygenyl salts was studied. Under no circumstances the formation of dioxygenyl azide, O2N3, could be observed. This is in agreement with high level quantumchemical ab initio computations at correlated level (MP2, PMP2, CISD), predicting the decomposition of hypothetical O2+(g)/N3-(g) to be thermodynamically highly favorable (MP2: -326; PMP2: -328; CISD; -369 [kcal/mol]). The combustion of O2BF4 with either N2H5N3 (spontaneous reaction on contact in a coaxial solid-propellant system) or NaN3 (safe to handle, highly exothermic reaction after ignition) is discussed in terms of high-energy-density materials (HEDM). \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{l} {\rm NaN}_{\rm 3} + {\rm O}_{\rm 2} {\rm BF}_{\rm 4} + 4/3\,{\rm Al} \rightarrow {\rm NaBF}_{\rm 4} + 3/2\,{\rm N}_{\rm 2} + 2/3\,{\rm Al}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}_{\rm 3} \\ \Delta {\rm H = - 434}\,{\rm kcal/mol} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document}
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220111
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220201
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Relationship between BAM Friction and Rotary Friction sensitiveness data for high explosives (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 71-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this short paper we report the relationship between friction sensitiveness data for high explosives obtained using the BAM friction and Rotary friction test methods. Although both methods can be used in evaluating safety in transport, in other hazard assessments only the BAM test is specified. The results of this study could therefore have significance in reducing the burden of additional testing in those cases where Rotary friction data are already available.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220204
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cast PBX B2238 for Small-Calibre High Performance Insensitive Munitions (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Generally speaking, today's small-calibre munitions, filled with conventional melt-cast or pressed high explosives, are classified in the 1.1 or 1.2 Hazard Divisions because they explode when exposed to various threats, such as fuel fire and sympathetic detonation. The RDX-based B2238 composition is a low-cost and less sensitive cast PBX originally developed by SNPE for the initiation of cast PBX main charges. While it is easily initiated with conventional detonators, B2238 offers the same degree of insensitivity as other cast PBXs used for main charges (HEXABU 88A or OCTORANE 86B for example) and does not explode when exposed to fire and/or bullet impact. Feasibility tests carried out on several types of small-calibre munitions have shown B2238 explosive filling to be an excellent solution in the design of small calibre insensitive munitions with a high performance (in terms of fragments and shaped charge jet) comparable to that of the most energetic conventional high explosives such as 98RDX/2wax. As a result, the new IM standards, currently being defined, should allow in the future to reclassify the small-calibre munitions filled with B2238 in Hazard Divisions other than 1.1 and 1.2.
    Additional Material: 13 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220203
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Equations for Predicting Cookoff Ignition Temperatures, heating times, and violence (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a simple closed-form equation that can be used to predict autoignition behavior of energetic materials (EM) over a very wide range of heating rates. In many situations, this equation can be used in place of computer-based numerical methods to calculate munition cookoff ignition temperatures and heating times.A simple model for predicting the violence of slow cookoff reactions that is also presented, matches small-scale test data and demonstrates the elements that must be present in an a priori formulation of the problem.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220202
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Use and Application of Red-Phosphorous Pyrotechnic Composition for camouflage in the infrared region of radiation (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 74-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Under laboratory conditions, there were detected burning products of pyrotechnic compositions based on red phosphorus with epoxy resin being especially trihydrogenphosphoric acid, tetrahydrogendiphosphoric acid and mixture of cyclo-triphosphoric acid, cyclo-tetraphosphoric acid and cyclo-hexaphosphoric acid. In burning products of pyrotechnic composition with magnesium added there was detected only cyclo-triphosphoric acid among cyclic derivatives. Phosphorous aerodispersions generated from smoke grenades containing these pyrotechnic compositions under field conditions could screen infrared radiation (0.82 μm, 3-5 μm, 10.6 μm wavelengths) with high efficiency. Examined pyrotechnic compositions of plasticized red phosphorus with epoxy resin proved to be suitable for smoke grenades of modern construction with both fast and slower generation of phosphorous aerodispersion.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220205
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study on the Nitrolysis of Hexamethylenetetramine by NMR spectrometryThe project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China II. Some new evidences of the intermediate of HOCH2NHNO2 as a possible precursor to RDX (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 78-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this research, the RDX yield from nitrolysing hexamethylenetetramine (hexamine, HA) together with methylenedinitramine (MDNA) in 90% nitric acid was more than 100%. It was found that MDNA decomposed completely in 90% nitric acid, forming O(CH2ONO2)2, while in HNO3—NH4NO3 system the decomposed fragments of MDNA condensed into RDX. On the basis of the comparison of the experimental results to the 1H-NMR spectra obtained by following the decomposition reaction of MDNA with nitric acid, the intermediate, HOCH2NHNO2, was postulated as one of the possible precursors to RDX both in Hale and in K process.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220206
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diagnostics of the Profile and Rotational Symmetry of a Detonation Wave (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 93-96 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is possible to record a detonation wave profile and to conduct a detailed analysis on its various symmetrical levels and on the rotational symmetry of a detonation wave in only “one” test by using a specific streak mask and applying multi streak or flash gap technique.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220209
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modification of Pyrotechnic formulations to aid recovery, recycling and demilitarization (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Following the International Treaty held in London and Oslo in 1972 and its amendment in Paris in 1992 on banning the dumping of hazardous and toxic waste at sea, large stockpiles of unwanted munition are now awaiting disposal. Public awareness, environmental concern and legislation are preventing the disposal of this explosive waste by landfill, detonation and open pit burning. One solution to this dilemma is to recover the waste from the containers and recycle or dispose of the waste in an environmentally sensitive manner.Preliminary investigations have been conducted at Cranfield University in developing explosive compositions which can be safely recovered and recycled. Pyrotechnic compositions were prepared containing water soluble binders and pressed into pellets. Performance and sensitivity tests were carried out on the pellets. Inclusion of water soluble binders into pyrotechnic compositions did not have any detrimental effect on their performance. However, there was a 33% reduction in the Figure of Insensitiveness (F of I) in all cases except for the composition containing Dextrin. This had a similar F of I to the control pyrotechnic composition. The pellets containing Dextrin were immersed in water. 97% of the pyrotechnic components were successfully recovered from the water by filtration and recrystallization. The recovered components were recycled into new pyrotechnic compositions which performed just as well as the original composition. The results from this preliminary investigation show that recovery and recycling of pyrotechnic components is feasible for compositions containing water soluble binders.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220207
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BAMO/NMMO Copolymer with Polyester Initiation (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 87-92 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to improve of mechanical properties at low temperature region, 3,3-bis(azidomethyl)oxetan (BAMO), 3-nitratomethyl-3-methyloxetane (NMMO) and polyester (PE) copolymer were synthesized by using polyester initiator with boron trifluoride etherate. The molar ratio of each units in the BAMO/NMMO/PE copolymer was 7.4/2.6/0.39 according to the 1H-NMR spectrum analysis and was almost exactly the same composition as the monomer fed (7/3/0.33). The relative composition of triad microstructures was same as theoretical value and they were randomly arranged. The PE, which was a replacement of 1,4-butanediol, acted as an excellent soft segment in the copolymer, and the glass transition point of the elastomer was 4.8 degrees lowered by the replacement. This effect was also verified in the mechanical properties of the composite propellant and the tensile elongation was increased from 15% to 40%percnt; at -40 °C.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220208
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Announcements (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 106-106 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220212
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Modification of Thermal Theories to Solid Propellant Ignitibility (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 97-103 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The conventional thermal theories are inventively modified for analyzing the ignition behaviors of solid propellants. Based on the modification of the thermal theory with the boundary condition of constant heat flux, the effects of heat flux, pressure, threshold of heat flux and absorbability on the radiant ignition of solid propellant are elaborated. The innovations of theoretical analyses are consistent with most of experimental results depicted in literatures. That the increase of hot gas velocity increases the ignition time of solid propellant is verified to be attributable to the decrease of hot gas temperature, ascertaining insight of the thermal theory with the boundary condition of flowing hot gas. In addition, a tentative estimation of pressurization rate effect on ignition time of solid propellant is proposed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220210
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  • 21
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    Forthcoming Meetings (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 104-105 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220211
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  • 22
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    Masthead (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997) 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220301
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  • 23
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    Hiltmar Schubert on his 70th Birthday (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 107-108 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220302
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  • 24
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    Insensitive High-Performance Energetic Materials  -  applied research for optimized productsDedicated to Professor Dr. Hiltmar Schubert on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 109-111 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220303
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  • 25
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    Rocket Propellants with Reduced Smoke and High Burning RatesDedicated to Professor Dr. Hiltmar Schubert on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 112-119 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rocket propellants with reduced smoke and high burning rates recommend themselves for use in a rocket motor for high accelerating tactical missiles. They serve for an improved camouflage on the battle field and may enable guidance control due to the higher transmission of their rocket plume compared to traditional aluminized composite propellants.In this contribution the material based ranges of performance and properties of three non aluminized rocket propellants will be introduced and compared to each other. The selected formulations based on AP/HTPB; AP/PU/TMETN and AP/HMX/GAP/TMETN have roughly the same specific impulse of ISP = 2430 Ns/kg at 70:1 expansion ratio. The burning rates in the pressure range from 10-18 MPa vary from to 26-33 mm/s for the AP/HTPB propellant, 52-68 mm/s for the formulation based on AP/PU/TMETN and 28-39 mm/s for the propellant based on AP/HMX/GAP. With 58% and 20% AP-contents the propellants with nitrate ester plasticizers create a much smaller secondary signature than the AP/HTPB representative containing 86% AP. Their disadvantage, however, is the connection of high performance to a high level of energetic plasticizer. For this reason, the very fast burning propellant based on AP/PU/TMETN is endowed with a low elastic modulus and is limited to a grain configuration which isn't exposed too much to the fast and turbulent airstream. The mechanical properties of the AP/HMX/GAP-propellant are as good or better as those of the AP/HTPB propellant. The first one exhibits the same performance and burn rates as the composite representative but produces only one fifth of HCl exhaust. For this reason it is recommended for missile applications, which must have high accelerating power together with a significantly reduced plume signature and smoke production.
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    Controlled pyrolysis of the new energetic binder azide polyester PAP-GDedicated to Professor Dr. Hiltmar Schubert on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 137-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The degradation mechanism of the azide polyester PAP-G (poly-2,2-bis(azidomethyl)-1,3-propandiol-glutarate) on controlled pyrolysis differs from that of the polyether GAP (glycidyl azide polymer). The decomposition is more intensive, involves more of the carbon backbone and occurs at lower temperatures. As an energetic component in a propellant it tends to disintegrate at an early stage giving off cabonaceous material of the polymer structural backbone.Mixed metal oxides in the doped binder samples affect neither the reaction enthalpy nor the reaction products. However, they accelerate the nitrene formation by shifting the reaction interval to lower temperatures. Shifts up to 20 K were observed. In the case of PAP-G the effect is most expressed by the additive MOVO whereas for GAP, in opposite, copper chromite is most effective.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220307
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    Kinetic modelling of the stabilizer consumption and of the consecutive products of the stabilizer in a gun propellantDedicated to Professor Dr. Hiltmar Schubert on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 125-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Diphenylamine is used for the stabilization of solid propellants based on nitrocellulose. It reacts with the autocatalyticly acting decomposition product of nitrocellulose and forms consecutive products, which also stabilize. The kinetics of these stabilizing reactions are described by four reaction models. With respect to DPA and the DPA consecutive products the models have one, two and four steps. The four step model contains the DPA consecutive products up to trinitro-DPA. By approximations an analytical equation for the stabilizer decrease could be derived, which describes the stabilizer consumption very well. The other equation systems have been integrated numerically by a Runge-Kutta procedure and their reaction rate constants have been obtained by a non-linear least squares fit parameter calculation. This allows an evaluation of the reaction kinetic models. Relative reactivities of the DPA consecutive products with respect to DPA are calculable with the obtained reaction rate constants and an effective DPA concentration can be established. The different reactivities of mixed stabilizers as MNA and 2-NO2-DPA can be described with the presented method of modelling.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220306
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    Phase Transitions and Lattice Dynamics of Ammonium NitrateDedicated to Professor Dr. Hiltmar Schubert on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 143-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Advanced evaluation techniques as Rietveld refinement applied to series of temperature resolved X-ray diffraction measurements, provide an improved insight into the lattice dynamics. The transition paths of ammonium nitrate are clearly defined and coexisting phases are quantitatively determined. The curves for the elementary cell parameters of the different phases as a function of temperature exhibit hitherto unknown details and elucidate expansion and transition mechanisms. They are used for the calculation of the volume changes during the transitions and the volumetric and linear expansion coefficients.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Influence of energetic materials on the energy-output of gun propellantsDedicated to Professor Dr. Hiltmar Schubert on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 120-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For the formulation and preparation of gun propellants containing high energetic compounds, methods have been described how to improve the performance. In addition thermodynamic data such as flame temperature, mole number, mean molecular weight, heat of explosion and specific energy were discussed, which are of main influence for the energy-output of energetic materials. In connection with the improvement of performance, a list of components was established, which could be used to increase the energy without increasing the sensitivity of the propellants. At first, the aim was to replace conventional plasticizers by several energetic plasticizers. Taking into account different propellant formulations, the thermodynamic parameters have been calculated which are of interest for improvement of the specific energy. On the other hand, nitramine propellants manufactured at our Institute using different binder systems such as polybutadiene (PB), glycidylazide polymer (GAP) and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) have been investigated in a closed bomb in order to evaluate the energy-output and in addition the reaction products by gas analysis. The performance of these LOVA-propellants was discussed in connection with heat of formation, oxygen balance and the kind of polymeric binder system. Finally, energetic compounds such as NTO, CL-20, TNAZ, ANTA and ammonium dinitramide (ADN) have been calculated using the ICT-Thermodynamic Code, in order to assess the energy-output and to be able to discuss a possible improvement of the performance.
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    Burning Behaviour of Nitramine Model FormulationsDedicated to Professor Dr. Hiltmar Schubert on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 148-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Model formulations of RDX and a hydrocarbon binder were studied by various methods to investigate the effect of additional fuel on the burning mechanism. The fuel reduces the burning rate at higher pressures and the pressure exponent. Extinguished burning surfaces show that the RDX is depleted at the surface. Emission spectra in the UV/VIS are dominated by the OH, NH and CN similar to the case of pure RDX. However, the OH decreases at higher distances from the surface obviously consumed by decomposition products of the fuel. At high pressures (〉 2 MPa) soot emits strong continuous radiation. The temperatures obtained from the OH bands at 306 nm range from 2800 K to 3000 K which is close to the adiabatic flame temperature. The temperatures evaluated from the continuous radiation are considerably lower indicating radiation cooling.
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    Fast electrochemical Detection of Nitro- and Aminoaromates in Soils and LiquidsDedicated to Professor Dr. Hiltmar Schubert on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 156-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The land sites of former explosives factories as well as troop exercise areas are frequently contaminated by 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT). As decontamination approaches, a direct on-site measurement is necessary for a risk estimation. In contrast to ordinary analytics done in laboratories the employed methods are required to be fast and inexpensive. Additionally, they should be highly selective and sensitive. Up to now cyclic voltammetry is seldom used as an electrochemical method in the sensoric field. The presented new sensorsystem for the detection of TNT based on cyclic voltammetry fulfills the demands mentioned above.
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    Radiation Emitted from Rocket PlumesDedicated to Professor Dr. Hiltmar Schubert on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 152-155 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The signature of rocket plumes can be used for detection, identification and guidance of rockets. The objective was to investigate the signature of various types of solid rocket propellants by application of spectroscopic methods. The emission and transmission characteristics of plumes were studied experimentally, the results were analyzed based on molecular bands and continuum radiation. The model formulations include a nitramine propellant, a double-base propellant and a composite propellant. Applied were rapid-scanning filter wheel spectrometers for the wavelength region from 1.2 μm to 14 μm with a time resolution of 50 spectra/s and a wavelengths resolution of 1% of actual wavelength. The UV/VIS wavelengths region was recorded by an OMA system with wavelength resolution of 0.1 nm and 1 nm and time resolution of 10 spectra/s. Molecular bands of water and carbon dioxide dominate in the near infrared and infrared. Depending on composition, continuous radiation indicates particles in the rocket exhaust. A code was developed to calculate molecular bands and continuous radiation using temperature and species distributions found by thermodynamic estimation to obtain the radiance of the plume. Comparison with experimental data delivered plume temperatures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Formation of Particles of Explosives with Supercritical FluidsDedicated to Professor Dr. Hiltmar Schubert on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 165-169 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The particle properties of components of explosives and propellants, i.e. the particle size, the particle size distribution and the particle shape, are very important. Especially with regard to insensitive explosives, the formation of crystals without spots, i.e. free of solvent inclusions, is aspired. New processes, taking advantage of the special characteristics of high-compressed respectively supercritical fluids, offer many possibilities to influence the properties of solid particles. For the RESS process (Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions), the formation of particles results from the rapid expansion of a loaded supercritical fluid. The GAS process (Gas Anti-Solvent) uses a high-compressed fluid as anti-solvent to lower the solvent power of a common solvent and thus to recrystallize the solid. In this report, the different processes to form particles of explosives and propellants with supercritical fluids are explained, and the first results are presented.
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    Suitability of Modified Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as Solvent for polar substancesDedicated to Professor Dr. Hiltmar Schubert on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 176-179 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As solvent supercritical carbon dioxide offers unique possibilities, like non-toxicity and therefore reduction of environmental pollution or access of low-temperature processing resulting in additional process safety. Therefore, knowledge to the influence of modifiers due to better solubility of polar substances is important for evaluating novel manufacturing techniques like the RESS- or GAS-process. Dynamic supercritical fluid extraction of PETN, nitroguanidine (NIGU) and RDX, respectively, with pure as well as with modified carbon dioxide indicated that all explosives except nitroguanidine were extracted though for RDX and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole the use of modifiers proved to be necessary. The results show the high capacity of modified supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent in RESS- and GAS-processes.
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    Development of Gas Generators for Fire ExtinguishingDedicated to Professor Dr. Hiltmar Schubert on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 170-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gas producing materials are widely used in military or space applications as solid rocket and gun propellants. The chemical formulations of these propellants cannot be directly transferred to other applications as their product gases are optimized on high power, producing high amounts of CO and toxic trace constituents not acceptable in industrial applications.Beneath small scale applications in inflating bag boats or ejecting pilots of aircrafts etc. the gas generators for airbag inflation became a standard equipment of cars and improved safety of drivers and passengers substantially.Recently, systematic investigations started to realize the idea of using gases or aerosols produced by solid energetic or pyrotechnique materials for fire extinguishing. The actually introduced chemical gas generator formulations are based on the experience of pyrotechnics and solid propellants. Sodium azide and nitrocellulose containing mixtures cover most requirements on mass products. Despite their high level of technical development both formulations exhibit strong disadvantages.The work reported considers organic formulations for fire extinguishing, which produce gases composed of N2 and CO2. The gasgenerants described consist of non-toxic chemicals including fuel, oxidant, catalyst and cooling agent for thermal process control. The formulations show higher gas output per mass, can be recycled environmentally friendly and are of low costs. The results comprise thermochemical properties governing the time dependent gas output, characterization of the constituents and trace species of the product gas, safety and stability aspects. From selected gas generants the following data were measured: Estimation of thermal stability using DSC methods and mass-loss tests; Pressure/time curves in the ballistic bomb; Rate of product gases by means of gaschromatography.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220314
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    Disposal of Energetic Materials by Alkaline Pressure Hydrolysis and combined techniquesDedicated to Professor Dr. Hiltmar Schubert on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 160-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Due to the reduction of armament and especially due to the German reunification we are met by the objective of the disposal of energetic materials. Environmentally friendly disposal methods available for the different propellants, explosives and pyrotechnics are urgently needed. The main component of gun and rocket propellants is the energetic polymer nitrocellulose. One method to dispose nitrocellulose containing propellants is the combination of rapid chemical destruction by pressure hydrolysis and the biological degradation of the reaction mixture. The study describes the results of pressure hydrolysis of different gun and rocket propellants. Under alkaline conditions (propellant to NaOH ratio 2.3:1; reaction temperature 150 °C; pressure below 30 bar) biological degradable reaction products were formed. The main products in the liquid phase were simple mono- and dicarboxylic acids. Dependent on the reaction conditions 30-50 % of the nitrogen content of the propellants was transformed to nitrite and nitrate. The gaseous nitrogen containing products were N2 (16-46 %), N2O (2-23 %), NOx (0-5 %). Overall 40%-60% of the propellant nitrogen was transformed to gaseous products. In the solid residues a nitrogen content between 2 % and 9 % was found. The residues were mostly due to additives used in propellant manufacturing. In the case of nitrocellulose pressure hydrolysis below 30 bar and reaction temperature about 150 °C are sufficient.
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    Forthcoming Meetings (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 189-190 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220318
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    Thermal Analysis of Ammonium Dinitramide DecompositionDedicated to Professor Dr Hiltmar Schubert on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 184-188 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The new energetic material ammonium dinitramide (ADN), NH4N(NO2)2, has been investigated with regard to its thermal properties and decomposition behavior. Thermal decomposition of ADN is observed after complete melting at 91.5 °C. The main decomposition pathway is based on the formation of NH4NO3 and N2O followed by the thermal decomposition of NH4NO3 to N2O and H2O at higher temperatures. Side reactions forming NO2, NO, NH3, N2 and O2 are described and a mechanism for the acid-catalized decomposition of hydrogen dinitramide, dissociation product of ADN, is proposed.
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    Spectroscopic Investigation of Nitromethane FlamesDedicated to Professor Dr. Hiltmar Schubert on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 180-183 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nitromethane (CH3NO2) Pool Fire Flames have been investigated analysing both, the radiation emitted from intermediate combustion radicals (diatomic molecules) in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) spectral range, and the near infrared spectra dominated by broad water bands. Comparing the UV/VIS spectra to calculated band profiles, rotational and vibrational temperatures (Trot, Tvib) of OH, NH and CN have been determined. At local thermal equilibrium Trot and Tvib must be equal. The determined temperatures show that the OH and NH emissions originate from pure thermal excitation (Trot = Tvib = 2300 K-2380 K) but the CN emissions show additionally a chemical excitation indicated by different vibrational and rotational temperatures in the Boltzman factor (Trot = 2100 K, Tvib = 4300 K). For a more detailed study of the flame, the emission of OH radicals has been investigated more extensively by monitoring a two-dimensional rotational temperature and emissivity profile. In cooler flame regions, the observed spectra are dominated by the near infrared radiation emitted from stable combustion products like water and carbon dioxide. Therefore, NIR spectra (1000 nm to 2500 nm) have been compared to broad band profiles calculated with a self-developed code basing on the data of the ‘Handbook of Infrared Radiation of Combustion Gases’. The flame temperatures obtained by this method range from 1800 K to 1900 K. The results are correlated to flames of methane and nitrogen oxide which emit similar spectra indicating similar reaction mechanisms in the gaseous phase.
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    Masthead (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997) 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220401
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    Book Announcements (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 191-191 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220319
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    Thermal Degradation of the Binder in GAP-Based Propellants (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 193-197 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The long-term stability of the binder in GAP-based propellants is investigated in this study. Thermal degradation of the polymer network, being related to the extractable proportion of GAP, is quantified by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy while the degradation products are analysed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Our results concerning the aging of four different formulations at 80°C demonstrate the necessity to add a stabilizer like diphenylamine (DPA) to the propellants. Other additives like MgO and TEPANOL are also shown to have a significative stabilizing effect.
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    Combustion and Sensitivity Characteristics of Mg/TF Pyrolants (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 198-202 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Burning rate characteristics and sensitivity characteristics of energetic mixtures composed of metal particles and oxidizers, the so called ‘pyrolants’, were studied experimentally. The pyrolants tested were made of various particle sizes of magnesium (Mg) and polytetrafluoroethylene (TF). Mg/TF pyrolant produces high combustion flame temperature, so it is used as heat sources and igniter pyrolants. The maximum flame temperature (Tf) is 3271 K at 0.1 MPa, and 3483 K at 1 MPa. These values are obtained when Mg concentration is 30%. When the Mg concentrations are less than 50% the pyrolants are not able to burn stably at one atmosphere. The burning rate increases with increasing the concentration of Mg and decreases with increasing the mean diameter of Mg particles at constant pressure. Explosive energy evaluated with drop hammer test decreased with increasing burning rate, so there is strong relationship between burning rate and explosive energy.
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    Phase State of Nitrocelluloses Plasticized with Trinitroglycerin (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 203-206 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This work aims at an investigation of the thermodynamical compatibility of nitrocellulose with nitroglycerin. The study resulted in the construction of the phase diagram for the nitrocelluloses-trinitroglycerin system. The diagram can be used in predicting the thermodynamical stability and phase constitution of the composition prepared on the basis of these components.
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    The Electrothermal Enhancement of Propellant Burning by Plasma Injection (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 212-217 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A series of experimental demonstrations of plasma injection into a burning propellant interface is presented. The propellant is a nitro-guanidine based material in the form of a right cylinder with a bore along its central axis. It is ignited by a hot-wire system and, when a pre-set pressure is achieved, a second wire is exploded using a high-voltage capacitor discharge circuit. The second wire forms a plasma, precisely at, or well away from the burning interface. Comparing the pressure histories from these different geometries allows the effect of increased burning rate to be separated from Joule heating of the product gases. Analysis of these histories shows a pressure increase over that caused by Joule heating of the products.
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    Plate Velocities for Asymmetric SandwichesDedicated to Professor Dr. Hiltmar Schubert on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 218-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For the prediction of the plate velocities of asymmetric sandwiches, a simple equation basing only on the momentum law will be presented, which is easier to use than the formula given in the literature. It predicts nearly the same results or the deviations are smaller than the experimental scatters. Practical calculation examples are presented for the users.
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    Ignition of pyrotechnic mixture by means of a laser diode. Part I: Numerical modelling (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 256-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A numerical model of the heating and ignition of a reactive solid by a laser beam has been developed. A transient, two-dimensional heat equation was solved numerically using an explicit scheme. A nonlinear source term (Arrhenius equation) complicates the analytical resolution of this type of problem. Laser beam absorption is considered in a few micrometer depth. Influence of depth absorption coefficient is investigated. Influence of laser power density, lasering time and thermal diffusivity on ignition are examined by this model. The developed numerical model has been used to design a laser ignition system for explosive substances. It has been shown that ignition by a 0.6 W laser diode at a fiber optics output is feasible.
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    Accelerated Aging of Plateau Burn Composite Propellant (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 263-268 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Effects of accelerated aging at 60 °C on combustion characteristics, thermal decomposition, and mechanical properties of high burn rate composite propellant were studied in this paper. Although less change in burn rate was observed until aging period of two weeks, approximately 7% decrease was obtained at a pressure range from 9 MPa to 14 MPa after 32 weeks aging. The pressure range of the plateau-mesa burning was shifted to higher pressure region by the aging. Although heat of decomposition measured by DSC decreased only 2% in the value, activation energy of thermal decomposition decreased 11%, from 133.3 kJ/mol to 119.5 kJ/mol. Increased CO2 and decreased HCN were also observed in the gaseous product distribution. Iron catalyzed processes involving AP and binder decomposition products were altered with a time of aging and it might generate the plateau burning pressure range shift. The sample kept 32 weeks, however, did not show any significant changes in mechanical properties.
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    Synthesis and Explosive Properties of Dinitrobitriazole (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 333-336 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dinitrobitriazoles were obtained from aminotriazoles by diazotation, coupling with methazonic acid and subsequent cyclization. They proved to be highly energetic materials. The chemical, physical and explosive properties have been investigated.
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    Flamespreading during Base Ignition of Propellant Charge: Theoretical and experimental studies (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 326-332 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the paper theoretical modeling of flamespreading through granular propellant charge during base ignition is given. The theoretical model includes the balance equations for the gas and solid phase, as well as necessary constitutive laws. The stable convergent numerical procedure for solution of the system of equations is developed. This procedure is included in computational program FSPC (Flame-spreading through Propellant Charge). The program FSPC enables investigations of influence of ignition material, physical and chemical characteristics of propellant and propellant charge loading density on the flamespreading process. The experimental investigations by an especially designed apparatus are performed. The verification of the theoretical-numerical access through the comparison with the experimental data (pressure vs. time and locations, flamespreading velocity, propellant grains displacements) is carried out. The entire access makes possible more successful solutions of many interior ballistics problems.
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    Numerical Modeling of Underwater Explosion Properties for an aluminized explosive (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 337-346 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Underwater explosion properties of an aluminized explosive, DXD-03, were numerically modeled by two burn techniques; a programmed-burn technique and a rate equation calibrated from two-dimensional steady-state detonation experiments based on the detonation shock dynamics. The modeling by using the programmed-burn technique did not reproduce experimental data well; 12% to 34% error in peak pressure and 20% error in bubble period. The modeling by using the rate equation reproduced the experimental observations very well. Although there was some difference in peak pressure, the shock profile agreed very well with experimental observation. The calculated bubble period agreed with the experimental data within 1%. This result demonstrates that the underwater explosion properties for aluminized explosives can be calculated only when the slow energy release of aluminium is modeled properly.
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    HPLC optimization of the separation of explosives and propellant components with an octadecyl phase by computer simulation (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 321-325 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used in a large extent for environmental analysis. In this field many components have to be determined at the same time, but it is difficult to find the optimum separation conditions. Therefore, retention times of explosives and propellant components were determined at different solvent compositions of methanol/water and different temperatures on a column with an octadecyl phase. From the data constants were calculated for solvent and temperature dependence. With the determined data different column conditions were simulated by computer and the separation was optimized. The optimal separation was verified experimentally and compared with the calculated values. The deviation from calculated and experimental retention times lies as a rule below 2% and has a maximum of approximately 3.3%. Thus, separation of substance mixtures can be optimized by determination of column constants for temperature and solvent dependence.
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    The Kinetics of Detonation of Nitroguanidine (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 347-350 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A slightly divergent flow detonation model has been used to model previously published charge diameter data for nitroguanidine. The kinetic form at low density is shown to be of the hot spot/grain burning type. At higher densities the kinetics become progressively thermal explosion in form. The kinetics are discussed in terms of the pressure dependent rate law used in the model and models of hot spot formation in powder explosives. The particular crystal size and form of nitroguanidine used shows characteristics which suggest it to be of the type described by Price as Group 2 at low density but to show a change to Group 1 type behaviour at higher density. The analysis suggests reasons for this and for the observation that an alternative crystal size and form appears to show only Group 1 characteristics.
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    Theoretical Study on Pyrolysis and Sensitivity of Energetic Compounds. Part I: Simple model molecules containing NO2 Group (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 360-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: UHF (Unrestricted Hartree-Fock) Molecular Orbital calculations have been first performed for studying the pyrolysis mechanism of five compounds (nitromethane, methyl nitrate, nitroamine, methyl nitroamine and dimethyl nitroamine) containing NO2 group as the simple models of organic explosives by using PM3 and AM1 methods. The potential energy curves and activation energies of the five pyrolysis reactions (into radicals) have been obtained. The activation energies are consistent with the experimental impact sensitivity of these three kinds of explosives: C-nitro 〈 N-nitro 〈 O-nitro compounds. It is found that there is a parallel linear relationship between the bond orders of N—NO2 bond in the molecules of three nitroamine compounds and the activation energies of their initiation reactions breaking N—NO2 bond. The obtained correlation coefficients between bond orders and activation energies from PM3 and AM1 calculations are 0.9962 and 0.9999, respectively.
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    Estimation of thermodynamic stability conditions and perspectives for synthesis of covalent carbon nitrideThis paper was presented as a poster (P66) at the 26th International Annual Conference of ICT, July 4-7, 1995, in Karlsruhe, FRG (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 34-37 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present work is devoted to the determination of conditions of thermodynamic stability of carbon nitride having structure of β-C3N4. The thermodynamic functions of crystalline covalent carbon nitride required for thermodynamic reckoning of parameters of formation of carbon nitride were determined on the base of the Debye theory with the characteristic temperature varied in the range from 1000 K to 2500 K. The formation enthalpy of carbon nitride was estimated on the base of the energy of atomization and formation enthalpy of a mixture of atomized carbon and nitrogen. The resulted quantity of the standard formation enthalpy of covalent carbon nitride at 298.15 K made up 4.47 kcal/mol. Thermodynamic computations were accomplished with the use of the Automated System of Thermodynamic Reckonings and Algorithms ASTRAL. Behavior of the gaseous phase of a chemical system was described by the BKW-RR equation of state. Carbon nitride was considered to be incompressible. The region of thermodynamic stability of covalent carbon nitride is computed. It is shown that in contrast to the carbon condensation into graphite the pressure of condensation of β-C3N4 when adding other chemical elements to a thermodynamic system can not only increase but decrease as well. Consideration of detonation and explosion processes in high explosives shows a way for practical synthesis of covalent carbon nitride.
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    Book Announcements (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 57-57 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220113
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    Investigation of Slow-Propagation Tungsten Delay Mixtures (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 207-211 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The burning characteristics and reliability of slow-propagation tungsten delay mixtures (characteristic time 38-42 s/in) were studied experimentally by using various mixture compositions and tungsten particle sizes. Thermal analysis showed that potassium perchlorate is vital to initiate the reaction. Gravimetric analysis indicated that during the reaction overall mass loss of the delay mixtures did not exceed 5% compared to their initial mass. A mixture containing a tungsten powder of 6-8 μm was found to have the lowest effective activation energy, facilitating good ignition and burning zone propagation. The results of this study were successfully used to design a tiny delay which exhibited reliable ignition, burning and propagation characteristics under extreme conditions.
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    Size Effect and Detonation Front Curvature (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 221-225 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple theory relates the size effect (decrease of the detonation velocity with decreasing radius) of a cylinder with its average sonic reaction zone length, 〈xe〉, i.e. the distance from first reaction to the sonic plane. The size effect is described by \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{{{\rm U}_{\rm s}}}{{\rm D}} = 1 - \frac{{\langle {\rm x}_{\rm e} \rangle}}{{\sigma {\rm R}_{\rm 0}}} $$\end{document} where R0 is the radius, Us and D the detonation velocities at R0 and at infinite size and σ is a function describing the extent of wall motion, which is calibrated using four explosives. In this theory, the cylindrical symmetry imposes a quadratic shape to the detonation front. The lag distance at the edge of the cylinder, L0, is related to the reaction zone length by 〈xe〉 ≍ L0. Collected results are presented for 56 measured curvatures on 26 explosives, with reaction zone lengths varying from 0.1 mm to 30 mm.
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    Separation of NTO Related 1,2,4-Triazole-3-One Derivatives by a high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 233-237 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This report describes a direct, rapid and sensitive method for separating and quantifying 5-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-3-one 1 (NTO) and 5-amino-1,2,4-triazole-3-one 2. Analyses were performed on water and on soil containing compounds 1 and/or 2, using reversed phase HPLC columns. A mixture of compounds 1, 2, Urazole 3 and 1,2,4-triazole-3-one 4 was well separated by HPLC on a Hypercarb column packed with porous graphitic carbon, or by capillary electrophoresis. Both methods could be used to detect such compounds in the environment and monitor their biological and chemical degradation.
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    Influence of Specific Surface Area of Aluminium Powder on the reactivity of aluminium/ammonium perchlorate composition (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 226-232 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aluminium/ammonium perchlorate (40/60 wt.%) is a pyrotechnic composition widely used as an igniter charge for small calibre rocket motors. Five different types of aluminium powders with specific surface area varying from 0.52 m2/g to 6.00 m2/g have been studied to evaluate the influence of specific surface area on the ignition characteristics of the charge. While the peak pressure varies from 35.5 ksc to 54.5 ksc (0.30 g in 48.0 cm3 vol.), the corresponding time to Pmax varies from 11.2 ms to 1.6 ms showing higher reactivity of the mix with increase in aluminium surface area. This order of reactivity agrees with the order of reactivity determined from the DTG curves of the metal oxidation by comparing the peak height to half width ratio. However, the total gas generated by all the charges is approximately the same and the difference in peak pressure is caused by the difference in the rate of reaction and after about 30 ms all the compositions exhibit the same order of temperature and pressure. The charge has got an ignition temperature of about 640 K and the ignition is preceded by the exothermic decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. The activation energy varies from 92.2 kJ/mol to 127.6 kJ/mol and the corresponding pre-exponential factor from 9.7 × 106 min-1 to 7.1 × 109 min-1 and they exhibit the kinetic compensation effect with an isokinetic temperature of 647 K.
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    AM1 study of ammonium 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-onate (ANTO) (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 240-241 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The geometrical structure of ANTO investigated by using AM1 semiempirical MO calculation shows that there are four distinguished intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the ANTO molecular/ionic system. The binding energies of NTO-/NH4+, NTO-/H2O and NH4+/H2O are -230.516 kcal/mol -136.671 kcal/mol and -14.664 kcal/mol, respectively. The charge densities show the deprotonation ability of various nitrogen's of NTO- ion, that result corresponds to some other's early study.
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    An HPLC Method for Analysis of HNIW and TNAZ in an explosive mixture (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 238-239 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a general HPLC method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of mixtures of explosives. The method has successfully been tested on the following explosives: RDX, 2,4,6-TNT, 2,4-DNT, HMX, PETN, Tetryl, HNS, TNAZ and HNIW. The method permits a nine component explosive mixture analysis in less than 10 minutes. For HNIW and TNAZ the detection limit was less than 5 ng.
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    Forthcoming Meetings (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 245-246 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220414
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    Book Announcements (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 247-247 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Stationary phases. Part 39(1): Trace analysis of RDX in HMX on a novel copoly(vinylthiazole-vinylimidazole) stationary phase by HPLC (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 242-244 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for the HPLC analysis of RDX and HMX on a novel copoly(vinylthiazole-vinylimidazole) stationary phase [P(Th-Im) phase] is described. Special elution order of RDX and HMX on this phase using methanol/water (60/40∼90/10) as mobile phase is HMX 〉 RDX, which is quite different from those on a commercial RP-18 phase. The chromatographic selectivities (α-values) between RDX and HMX are 2.40∼2.55. This advantage can be used to identify the limited impurity of ca. 1 ppm RDX in HMX during the manufacture of HMX.
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    CL-20 performance exceeds that of HMX and its sensitivity is moderate (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 249-255 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The explosive performance of ∊-CL-20 was found to be approximately 14% greater than HMX as determined by cylinder expansion and tantalum plate acceleration experiments. This makes it the most powerful explosive ever tested at small volume expansions of the detonation products. In general CL-20 is more sensitive than HMX. However, the sensitivity of CL-20 to one-dimensional shock loading was found to be similar to HMX.
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    Masthead (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997) 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Effects of the polymer matrix density on the shock, bullet impact and high strain-rate ignition sensitivity of polymer bonded explosives (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 296-300 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Four HMX/polymer cast-cured explosive compositions containing a constant volume percentage (24%) of acrylate polymers ranging in density from 0.93 Mg/m3-1.65 Mg/m3 were evaluated in shock sensitivity, bullet impact sensitivity and high strain-rate impact ignition tests. It was observed that shock sensitivity and bullet impact sensitivity, measured for flat-ended projectiles impacting the bare face of elsewhere confined charges, increased with the density of the polymer matrix in the compositions. This correlation between the tests occurs because the detonations observed in the bullet impact test are initiated by shock, with shock initiation presumably occurring more readily when there is less impedance mismatch (i.e. a smaller density difference) at the polymer matrix/HMX crystal interface. In the Hopkinson Bar test a poorer correlation of ignition sensitivity with polymer density was observed because at these lower impact energies other initiation mechanisms such as macroscopic shear and plastic heating, viscous flow, etc. also play an important role.
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    Book Announcements (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 367-367 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220615
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    Influence of product species selection on thermochemical equilibrium calculations. Part I: Energetic materials (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 15-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Chemical equilibrium calculations are made for a number of Carbon C, Hydrogen H, Nitrogen N, and Oxygen O, explosive compositions. A methodology is established to systematically limit the number of product species available in thermochemical equilibrium calculations. The calculations are then compared with “baseline” results obtained using an extensive product species library consisting of 900 gas-phase and 600 condensed-phase product species. Errors in bulk thermodynamic properties (detonation velocity and pressure) and in product chemical composition are quantified in terms of the number of species considered as products of reaction. The properties at states along an expansion isentrope are also presented.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    Thermal decomposition mechanisms of bis(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethyl) formal (FEFO) and bis(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethyl) difluoroformal (DFF) from simultaneous thermogravimetric modulated beam mass spectrometry (STMBMS) measurements (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The simultaneous thermogravimetric modulated beam mass spectrometry (STMBMS) technique has been applied to measure the vapor pressures and evaluate the thermal decomposition chemistry of two energetic liquids, bis(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethyl)formal (FEFO) and bis(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethyl)difluoroformal (DFF). The resulting heat of vaporization (ΔHvap) and vapor pressure at 25°C are 20.3 ± 0.2 kcal/mol and 0.4 ± 0.1 millitorr for FEFO, and 17.3 ± 0.2 kcal/mol and 5.1 ± 1.1 millitorr for DFF. The thermal decomposition of FEFO indicates there are six major pyrolysis pathways. The results suggest that FEFO initially decomposes at 150°C by rearrangement of the nitro group (—NO2) to the nitrite group (—O—NO), followed by loss of NO. Some NO2 is also formed at 170°C. Between 200°C-300°C, further pyrolysis occurs. In one pathway, the FEFO backbone remains intact and a high molecular-weight product is formed. The other three pathways involve scission of the FEFO backbone; one yielding CO2 (possibly N2O), one yielding CH2O and CO, and one yielding C3H2NOF. Differences in the thermal decomposition behaviors in the liquid and gas phases are observed. In the thermal decomposition of DFF, the formal fluorine atoms stabilize the backbone structure. Numerous minor thermal decomposition products are also reported.
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    Relationships Between Electron Structures of Substitutive Ureas and their reactivity in Mannich reaction (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 279-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The electron structures of urea, substitutive ureas and N-methylolamine with special structure and its imine cation were studied by SCF-MO AM1 computation. The influence of different electronegative substituents on the reactivity of substitutive ureas acting as acid components to react with Mannich reaction intermediates and on the requirement of their reaction conditions were discussed according to the charge density of reaction-centre atoms. The reactivity of imine cations was also discussed on the basis of Frontier Orbital Theory and Bonding Principle. These results showed that the electronegativity of substituents make effects not only obviously on the nucleophilicity of acid components but also on the requirement of media acidity. As the electron-withdrawing ability of substituents increases, the nucleophilicity of nitrogen atom which acts as a reaction-centre in substitutive ureas increases so that they can exist stably in strong acidic media and can condense further with the Mannich intermediate imine cation. These conclusions were confirmed by experimental facts.
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    Studies on 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl substituted naphthalenes. Part III: Synthesis of nitro- and polynitro-1-methyl-4-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)naphthalenes (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 301-305 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The nitration of 1-methyl-4-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)naphthalene (1) and of mono- and dinitro-derivatives of (1) has been studied with a view to obtaining precursors of high energy compounds possessing thermal stability. A number of nitro-, dinitro- and trinitro-derivatives of (1) have been synthesized. Some of these derivatives have also been synthesized from 4-bromo-1-methylnaphthalene by a combination of nitration and Ullmann reactions.
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    Book Announcements (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 308-308 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19970220601
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    Modelisation of combustion equilibria with Monte-Carlo numerical method (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 311-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The computation of complex combustions is made classically by using an iterative Newton-Raphson method, applied to the resolution of a system of equations under constraint by the method of Lagrange multipliers. In many mineral combustions, there are products of reaction that present the same formula but belong to different phases (solids, liquids or gaseous). In these cases, the classic method ends frequently in singular matrix. Indeed, combustion equations can present in these cases, several equal or very close solutions, which induce a numerical fork phenomenon (“stiff” problems) and a chaotic algorithm behaviour. The method presented uses a Monte-Carlo random algorithm: the Method of Random mass Statements. It presents the advantage of converging in numerically stiff cases. It furthermore provides results equal to the classic method for non-stiff problems.
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    Study on the Nitrolysis of Hexamethylenetetramine by NMR SpectrometryThe Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.. Part III: The NMR spectral data of some products and intermediates from the nitrolysis of HA (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 314-316 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The 1H and 13C chemical shifts of methylene groups in nitric acid are reported for seven products and intermediates involved in the formation of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) from the nitrolysis of hexamethylenetetramine (HA). Based on the results, the 1H and 13C chemical shift ranges of the methylene groups in different kinds of methylenenitramines from the nitrolysis liquors of HA were discussed.
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    Evaluation of a New Primary Explosive: Nickel Hydrazine Nitrate (NHN) complex (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 317-320 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: NHN is a thermally and hydrolytically stable solid, easily prepared from available raw materials. Its preparation liquor can be used repeatedly, which means no waste-water pollution in industrial manufacture. NHN is not sensitive to impact, friction, or electrostatic charge, but is more sensitive to flame. It is demonstrated that NHN is suitable as a replacement for lead azide as an intermediate charge in commercial detonators.
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    The Control of Power for Efficient Batch Mixing (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 269-278 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the batch mixing of composite solid propellants, small variations in the mixing process can lead to unacceptable variability in the properties and performance of the propellant grain. A new closed-loop mixing strategy is proposed to improve the robustness of the mixing process with respect to these small variations, and thereby to reduce the variability of the finished grain from batch to batch. The new mixing strategy is based on the hypothesis that repeatability of mixing results can be improved by doing the same amount of work on each batch and that mixing efficiency can be improved by continuously controlling power. Justification of the hypothesis is given. The effectiveness of the new mixing strategy is demonstrated through simulations, using a process model based on measurements and analysis of an existing process for the batch mixing of an ammonium nitrate composite solid propellant. Results indicate that the new strategy improves the repeatability of the mixing process by reducing mixing power fluctuations and by eliminating variations in work done on the mixture from batch to batch. The new mixing strategy is shown to be feasible. Because the new mixing strategy is successful with wide robustness margins for this specific difficult mixing process, the strategy should be effective in the batch mixing of a wide range of composite solid propellants.
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    Mechanical and Swelling Properties of Copolyurethanes based on Hydroxy-Terminated Polybutadiene and its hydrogenated analog (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 289-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Copolyurethane networks based on Hydroxy-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) and Hydrogenated HTPB (HHTPB) have been synthesized using toluene diisocyanate as curing agent. Addition of HHTPB results in enhancement of properties, such as tensile strength and modulus, at nearly the same elongation values. It is possible to generate urethane networks with similar modulus and tensile strength with widely varying elongation values and vice versa by jointly altering the comonomer ratio, and the r (NCO/OH equivalent ratio) value. Dynamic mechanical studies have been made to determine the storage and loss moduli, and their variations with temperature. Solid propellant formulations processed with the copolyurethanes have been characterized for their mechanical strengths and burn rates.
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    Determination of traces of water in liquid dinitrogen tetroxide-nitric oxide propellant mixtures by Fourier transform proton magnetic resonance spectrometry (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 284-288 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, and mixed oxides of nitrogen as used as rocket propellant oxidizers, contain the products of the reaction of N2O4 with adventitious water. The determination of the total concentration of water and water-derived species, called the water equivalent content, is essential in view of the effect of the hydrolysis products upon the rate of corrosion of containment metals and the physical state of the corrosion products. High field Fourier transform proton magnetic resonance spectrometry has now been validated for the direct measurement of water equivalent for MON blends up to MON-3, without prior oxidation. Oxidation does, however, give slightly better precision. The technique is shown to be a reliable, absolute method for the determination of water equivalent contents as low as 0.003 wt% and up to at least 0.2 wt%. The precision of the method in this range is within 5%: it is estimated that the water equivalent content could be determined at levels as low as 0.0001 wt%. Samples of N2O4 prepared for NMR analysis are stable in sealed glass tubes for more than 1 year.
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    Forthcoming Meetings (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 306-307 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Ignition of pyrotechnic mixture by means of a laser diode. Part II: Experimental study (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 351-354 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental device using a laser diode is described. The laser diode is coupled with a 100 μm diameter optical fiber. Lasering times are about one ms and the energy of the pulse ranges from 0.5 mJ to 5 mJ. Output power provided by optical fiber is about 0.5 W and the wavelength of radiation is 820 nm. Before each shot the pulse energy is measured by means of a joule meter. It allows a very accurate determination of the amount of energy transferred to the solid explosive. A small reactor containing about 40 mg of explosive is used. It allows to initiate combustion with a direct contact between the output of an optical fiber and the solid explosive. Three pyrotechnic compounds were tested and tests have shown that it is possible to ignite Zr/KClO4 and Zr/PbCrO4 mixtures. Experimental results are discussed and compared with numerical simulations presented in Part I.
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    Shaped Charge Jet Tail Velocity (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 355-359 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The impact of a shaped charge jet, created by a stationary charge onto a moving target, creates an elongated cut on the target face. The length of the cut, together with additional data about the charge and target configuration, enables the calculation of the jet tail velocity. It was found that this velocity increases with the stand-off distance between the charge and the target. A possible cause for this acceleration is that the jet material is under tension due to the velocity gradient along it and the stress throughout it equals the dynamic flow stress of the material. This stress pulls on the jet material towards the center of gravity and tends to reduce the velocity gradient, i.e. decelerate the tip and accelerate the tail. 1D simulations show that this mechanism results in a constant acceleration of the tail, and that the acceleration depends on the flow stress of the jet material, hence on its temperature. Based on the experimental evidence and on the simulations, it is postulated that in addition to the velocity gradient along the jet, there are temperature and strength gradients along it, as well.
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    Equations for predicting cookoff ignition temperatures, heating times, and violence (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 364-364 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Forthcoming Meetings (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 22 (1997), S. 365-366 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Hydrogenated Hydroxy-Terminated Polyisoprene as a Fuel Binder for composite solid propellants (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 21 (1996), S. 43-50 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The synthesis and application of hydrogenated hydroxy-terminated polyisoprene (HHTPI) to a fuel binder of composite solid propellants were attempted. An HHTPI prepolymer was synthesized through the hydrogenation for the hydroxy-terminated polyisoprene (HTPI) in the presence of nickel and zirconium catalysts over kieselguhr in 2.0 MPa hydrogen and at 443 K - 453 K for 24h. A prepolymer of a number-averaged molecular weight 2500-3800, provided a viscosity level required for the use of a fuel binder from which solid propellant can be possibly made by means of direct casting method. Thermal stability and aging characteristics of HHTPI elastomer against environmental attacks are superior to those of HTPB. Some plasticizers and bonding agents can bring about the acceptable mechanical properties to the propellant grains mainly composed of HHTPI, ammonium perchlorate and aluminium powder. The linear burning rates of HHTPI-based propellants are at the same level with that of HTPB-based propellants. However, the composition that gives the maximum performance with HHTPI-based propellants, shifts to 1-2 wt% fuel-rich side from the most adequate fuel content 12 wt% in HTPB/AP/Al. The HHPTI propellants indicated the similar burning rate as HTPB-based propellants in the linear burning rates in spite of the comparatively poor ignitability. Nevertheless, the static tests of 100 mm dia. sounding rocket motors are successfully performed by an ignition operation at the pressurized condition. The ballistic performances are not inferior to those of the HTPB-based propellants.
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    Masthead (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 21 (1996) 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    On application of the plate dent test for the performance evaluation of emulsion explosives (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 21 (1996), S. 70-73 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of plate dent technique to evaluate w/o emulsion explosives is discussed in this paper. Experiments carried out with aluminium and mildsteel blocks show that the dent test results could give an idea about explosive performance. Attempts have been made to correlate the plate dent data with various detonation properties. Estimated detonation pressure did not yield a satisfactory correlation with either dent depth or dent volume. The role of detonation energy in governing the test result is highlighted. It is suggested that the plate dent test could be employed to assess the performance characteristics of large diameter, booster sensitive explosives.
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    Studies of shaped charges with built-in asymmetries. Part II: Modelling (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 21 (1996), S. 59-63 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A well-characterized shaped charge was used to study the influence of asymmetrical initiation on the jet. An experimental study yielded flash radiographs of the jets from charges fired with the initiation point offset 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mm, respectively, from the central axis. The axial and lateral velocities of the jet particles were determined from the sets of radiographs. In a previous paper it was hypothesized that a simple relationship might exist between the departure vectors of the jet particles and the geometry of the impingement of the detonation front on the liner. Any part of the jet from an asymmetrically initiated shaped charge departs at an angle determined by the difference between the current angle between the actual detonation wave where it contacts the liner, and that which would have arisen had the initiation been perfectly axial. We set up a simple computer code which evaluates, for any given initiation offset distance, the instantaneous angles between the detonation front and the successive elements of the liner which are encountered as the wave sweeps along it. Since it is possible to map particle velocities in the jet on to those regions of the liner where they originated, simulated sets of axial and lateral jet velocities were readily generated. Agreement between theory and experiment is sufficiently close to suggest that our approximation is useful and can assist in understanding the jet dynamics of asymmetrically initiated shaped charges.
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    Combustion Characteristics of High Burn Rate Azide Polymer Propellant (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 21 (1996), S. 74-78 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The combustion characteristics of high burn rate azide polymer composite propellant were examined by using a chimney type strand burner, a Ø 80 mm × 140 mm small rocket motor and a L/D = 16 of Ø 70 mm heavy-wall rocket motor. The propellant, BAMO/NMMO copolymer was used as a fuel binder and AP as an oxidizer, burned approximately 29 mm/s at a pressure range of 7 MPa to 20 MPa with a plateau-mesa burning behavior. However, the pressure exponent rapidly increased at above the pressure of 20 MPa and was 0.52 between 20 MPa and 25 MPa. The low pressure exponent and high burn rate of the azide polymer propellant are suitable to the short burn time at the maximum expected operating pressure range of 15 MPa to 20 MPa. The high L/D heavywall rocket motor with volumeric mass fraction of 83% showed stable combustion without any pressure oscillation and severe erosive burning. The average burn rate in the high L/D motor was 10% larger than that estimated from the strand data. The theoretically calculated pressure-vs-time and thrust-vs-time curves were well consistent with the measured data. α = 20 and β = 180 for the Lenoir-Robillard equation were used to estimate the burn rate.
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    Determination of Nitroester and Stabilizer Migration in combustible cartridge case wall (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 21 (1996), S. 79-84 
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    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Propellant nitroesters (diethyleneglycol dinitrate and nitroglycerin) and stabilizer (Akardite II, N-methyl-N,N′-diphenylurea) were determined in combustible cartridge case (CCC) wall specimens from 120 mm M829 rounds which had been exposed to elevated temperatures in environmental chambers or which were returned from deployment in Southwest Asia. The results suggest that the migration of these components from the propellant is uniform about the circumference of the adhesive joint between the CCC body and adapter but not longitudinally above and below the joint. The accumulation appears to be linear with time of exposure, with both nitroesters migrating at approximately the same rate with similar energies of activation. The conventional sampling and analysis method is compared with a new micro-sampling and analytical method which reduces solvent waste and extraction time, and considerably reduces damage to the rounds from removal of the analytical specimen.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19960210206
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    Stabilizer reactions in cast double base rocket propellants. Part VII: Effect of lead-based ballistic modifiers on the reactions of propellant stabilizers during simulated aging of cast double base solid propellants (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 21 (1996), S. 85-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of lead-based ballistic modifiers on the reactions of stabilizers during accelerated aging at 80°C and 90°C of cast double base propellants has been investigated in order to obtain information on the reactions taking place in these propellant systems. It was found that the ballistic modifiers lead β-resorcylate (LBR) and lead salicylate (LS) have a significant effect on the depletion of para-nitro-N-methylaniline (pNMA) and 2-nitrodiphenylamine (2NDPA). Model studies have shown that both LBR and LS reduce the rate of depletion of pNMA to a similar degree, but only LBR reduces the rate of depletion of 2NDPA, with LS having the opposite effect.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19960210207
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    A Simple Method for Calculating Sympathetic Detonation of cylindrical, cased explosive charges (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 21 (1996), S. 90-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sympathetic detonation involves the propagation of detonation between individual explosive-containing devices. When many such devices are stored together, the possibility of mass propagation exists. With mass propagation, the entire stored mass detonates nearly simultaneously. Such propagation is the most feared hazard of such explosive items in transportation and storage environments because of its potential for sudden extreme damage and loss of life. Safety requirements, including those for insensitive munitions, are best met if explosive devices can be designed to minimize the risk of sympathetic detonation.This paper presents a simple method for predicting the marginal conditions at which sympathetic detonation of cylindrical munitions just occurs (or just fails). The method can be easily and rapidly used in preliminary design studies to minimize subsequent hazard risks. It allows design and safety engineers to examine in minutes or hours what would take weeks or months of hydrocode calculations and months or years of field testing. The method involves algebraic solution of two-dimensional shock propagation effects in an extension of Ferm and Ramsay's method for predicting shock initiation by spherical impactors(1). The donor case expansion velocity is calculated using the well-known Gurney formula for cylinders as amplified by Dehn(2). The calculated initiation behavior of the acceptor charge(s) requires input data from wedge test results in the familiar Pop plot form, although a combination of card-gap test data and failure diameter data can also be used (with reduced reliability) as a basis for estimating the Pop plot. The calculated results compare well with both hydrocode calculations and test data.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19960210208
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    Flying Plate DetonatorDedicated to Dr. Axel Homburg on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 21 (1996), S. 134-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Design and function of an all-secondary explosive low-voltage electric detonator will be described. Results of the threshold values of current, voltage, energy will be presented together with the re-sponse times, the initiation capability gainst boosters of tetryl and the results of a few safety tests.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19960210305
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  • 96
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    Shock Consolidation of Aluminium Powder with SiC fiber reinforcementDedicated to Dr. Axel Homburg on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 21 (1996), S. 127-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For the explosive compaction of Al 2024 alloy powder the influence of E/M ratio and detonation velocity of the explosive as well as the influences of powder microhardness and initial density are discussed. With a choice of parameters that gives a fully compacted aluminium sample the results of embedding single SiC fibers are described and a procedure to avoid fiber cracking due to shock loads is derived. First results for the compaction of samples with 38% fiber content are presented.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19960210304
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    Primer Compositions in the Course of Time: From black powder and SINOXID to SINTOX compositions and SINCO boosterDedicated to Dr. Axel Homburg on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 21 (1996), S. 113-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Starting with methods used to ignite a propelling charge by means of a piece of glowing charcoal, iron or a burning match in the first firearms of the 14th century, this article contains a detailed description of the direction-setting milestones and their effects on the development of handguns. The decisive turn-around in ordnance engineering came with the discovery of impact-sensitive mixtures and the manufacture or employment of primary explosives, such as mercury fulminate and, in particular, lead trinitroresorcinol and tetrazene, which were used worldwide in the SINOXID primer composition of Dynamit Nobel. With the development of a SINTOX primer composition which set standards by replacing lead, barium and antimony compounds of the SINOXID primer with harmless components, Dynamit Nobel, very early on took account of the public's increasing environmental awareness and health concerns. The same claim is met by the SINCO booster as an environmentally compatible and stable category of substances. Especially also suitable for gas generation in safety systems of motor vehicles for occupant protection. Over many decades, Dynamit Nobel's special achievements have always been characterized by new and innovative pioneering products meeting the changing needs of technology and environment.In many of his entrepreneurial functions both inside and outside the company, Dr. Homburg has shown great scientific and technical competence as a committed exponent of chemistry and technology at Dynamit Nobel. This contribution on primer compositions is dedicated to Dr. Homburg on the occasion of his 60th birthday.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19960210302
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    Explosive Systems Utilizing Semiconductor Bridge, SCB, TechnologyDedicated to Dr. Axel Homburg on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 21 (1996), S. 146-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sandia National Laboratories' semiconductor bridge, SCB, is a maturing technology now in use in several new applications. Those applications required explosive assemblies that were light weight, small volume, low cost, and needed only small quantities of electrical energy to function. Explosive assembly here refers to the combination of the firing set (the current source for the firing signal) and the explosive component. Because conventional firing systems could not meet the new reduced size, weight and energy requirements, SCB systems were developed for applications that range from Sandia devices to commercial igniters for fireworks. This paper is a brief overview of SCB technology with examples of SCB explosive systems designed to meet modern requirements.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19960210307
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    Characteristic Properties of AN/GAP-PropellantsDedicated to Dr. Axel Homburg on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 21 (1996), S. 139-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Formulations based on ammonium nitrate and GAP are promising candidates for the development of high energetic, minimum smoke propellants with reduced sensitivity to be applied for radar and laser guided tactical missiles. The difficulties for the development of such a propellant system depend on the chemical nature and problems connected to the ingredients. Drawbacks are caused by the numerous phase changes of AN, its hygroscopicity, lower energy and low reactivity. The key problems for the development are the unfavourable combustion behaviour and sometimes bad stability of AN/GAP formulations.Some of the main features of these propellants have been developed and illustrated in this paper. These are performance, chemical stability, combustion behaviour and detonation sensitivity. Four different kinds of pure and phase stabilized ammonium nitrates are compared regarding stability and combustion behaviour in propellant formulations with GAP and nitrate ester plasticizers. Satisfying solutions have been found for combustion behaviour and stability of AN/GAP-propellants, if pure AN, atomized from the melt and new molybdenum oxide/vanadium oxide burning modifiers are successfully applied.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19960210306
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    Combustion Mechanism of Glycidyl Azide Polymer (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 21 (1996), S. 160-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A combustion model of glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) is presented. Linear burning rate and temperature profile measurements of model samples led us to the conclusion that linear burning rate is controlled by N2 liberation process below the pressure exponent break point (2.3 MPa). Further, scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of quenched samples by rapid depressurization of the combustor show that the N2 liberation process is strongly limited to the melt layer at the combustion surface and the profile of the heat release rate is probably δ-function like. This fact enables the application of an asymptotic analysis to this phenomenon.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19960210310
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