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  • Articles  (43,569)
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  • 1965-1969  (35,404)
  • 1955-1959  (8,165)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (43,569)
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  • Articles  (43,569)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 2 (1969), S. 31-35 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Experiments with condensing mercury have shown that small drops on the condensing surface coalesce spontaneously to form a larger drop which springs away from the surface. The conditions favorable to this are calculated from a surface energy balance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei Kondensationsversuchen an Quecksilber wurde beobachtet, daß sich spontan zahlreiche, auf der Kühlfläche sitzende Tröpfchen zu einem größeren Tropfen vereinigen, der von der Kühlfläche abspringt. Aus einer Bilanz der Oberflächenenergien wird abgeschätzt, welche Bedingungen das Abspringen begünstigen.
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  • 2
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    Heat and mass transfer 2 (1969), S. 19-30 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Stanton numbers and friction factors for air cooled annuli having electrically heated, roughened inner tubes with varius roughness pitches and -heights were obtained in a Reynolds number range of 20 000 to 200 000. The rough to smooth annulus Stanton numbers as a function of the pitch to height ratio attain a maximum and this is seen to occur when the pitch is 7 to 12 times the height, depending on height and Reynolds number. Optimum values for the rough to smooth friction factors show the same tendency lying between a pitch to height ratio of 8 and 11. The flow patterns which occured between the ribs when a fluid flowed over the roughnesses of rectangular shape through the annuli were observed in a water model. Laminar flow as well as turbulent flow up toRe=60 000 was investigated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An luftgekühlten Ringspalten mit elektrisch beheizten, rauhen Kernrohren wurde unter Variation von Rauhigkeitshöhe und -abstand die Stanton-Zahl und die Widerstandsziffer im BereichRe=20 000 bis 200 000 ermittelt. Für die auf den glatten Ringspalt bezogenen Stanton-ZahlenSt/St gl in Abhängigkeit vom bezogenen Rauhigkeits-abstand ergaben sich optimale Werte, welche zwischen dem 7-und 12fachen bezogenen Rauhigkeitsabstand liegen; Parameter waren hierbei die Rauhigkeitshöhe und die Reynolds-Zahl. Die optimalen Werte der bezogenen Widerstandsziffern zeigen dieselbe Tendenz und liegen im Bereich des 8- bis 11fachen bezogenen Abstandes. Ergänzend wurden in einem Wassermodell die Strömungsvorgänge an Kernroheren mit rechteckigen Rauhigkeiten im laminaren und turbulenten Gebiet bisRe=60 000 beobachtet.
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  • 3
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    Heat and mass transfer 2 (1969), S. 36-46 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A generalised relationship has been derived for the eddy viscosity distribution starting from Reichardt's empirical expression valid for the parallel plate geometry and taking account of qualitative trends observed in Brighton's data for the concentric annulus. Using this relationship the turbulent velocity distribution and wall friction is calculated for the annulus. In the numerical calculations use is made only of experimental data pertaining to the circular pipe, which can be considered as a limiting case of the annulus. The theoretical results are in very good agreement with experimental data available.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von einem empirischen Ansatz vonReichardt für die „scheinbare kinematische Zähigkeit“ der Strömung zwischen parallelen Platten wird nach qualitativer Wertung der experimentellen Ergebnisse vonBrighton ein verallgemeinertes Gesetz für die „scheinbare kinematische Zähigkeit“ formuliert, welches den Reichardtschen Fall als Grenzfall enthält. Mit Hilfe dieses Gesetzes wird die turbulente Geschwindigkeitsverteilung und Wandreibung im konzentrischen Ringspalt berechnet, wobei lediglich vorausgesetzt wird, daß die Strömung im Kreisrohr als Grenzfall des Ringspaltes experimentell bekannt ist. Die theoretischen Ergebnisse werden in ausgezeichneter Weise von den experimentellen Daten verschiedener Autoren bestätigt.
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  • 4
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    Heat and mass transfer 2 (1969), S. 87-98 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The influence of the Prandtl number on heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of artificially roughened test sections has been investigated experimentally in the Prandtl number range from 3 to 180. For integral roughenesses and fully roughened test sections the efficiency η=ε Nu /ε ζ can be described by the Prandtl number and the roughness parameter $$k_{\text{S}}^ + = Re{\text{(}}k_{\text{S}} /d_{\text{h}} )\sqrt \zeta /8$$ . The relation between the efficiency η, the Prandtl numberPr and the roughness parameterk s + can be expressed by the following empirical relation: $$\eta = \log \frac{{Pr^{{\text{0,33}}} }}{{k_{\text{S}}^{ + {\text{ 0,243}}} }} - 0,32 \cdot 10^{ - 3} k_{\text{S}}^ + {\text{ log }}Pr + {\text{1,25}}{\text{.}}$$ With this relation for the heat transfer and friction characteristics of smooth and rough channels it is possible to calculate the increase of heat transfer for rough channels by means of pressure drop measurements which are necessary to determine the friction factor ζ and the equivalent sand roughness depth; provided that heat transfer and friction characteristics of the respective smooth channel are known.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Abhängigkeit der Wärmeübertragungs-und Druckverlusteigenschaften künstlich aufgerauhter Strömungskanäle von der Prandtlzahl wurde für Prandtlzahlen von 3 bis 180 experimentell untersucht. Für integrale Rauhigkeiten und vollrauhe Strömungskanäle ist der Wirkungskoeffizient η=ε Nu /ε ζ nur eine Funktion der Prandtlzahl und der Rauhigkeitskenngröße $$k_{\text{S}}^ + = Re{\text{(}}k_{\text{S}} /d_{\text{h}} )\sqrt \zeta /8$$ . Die Abhängigkeit des Wirkungskoeffizienten η von den GrößenPr undk s + läßt sich durch folgende empirische Gleichung erfassen: $$\eta = \log \frac{{Pr^{{\text{0,33}}} }}{{k_{\text{S}}^{ + {\text{ 0,243}}} }} - 0,32 \cdot 10^{ - 3} k_{\text{S}}^ + {\text{ log }}Pr + {\text{1,25}}{\text{.}}$$ Mit dieser Beziehung kann man für beliebige Rauhigkeitsformen und -abmessungen mittels hydrodynamischer Messungen, die zur Bestimmung des Widerstandsbeiwertes ζ und der relativen Sandrauhigkeitshöhek s erforderlich sind; die Erhöhung des Wärmeüberganges des rauhen Kanals in Abhängigkeit von den Größenk s + undPr berechnen, wenn die Wärmeübergangs- und Druckverhältnisse des entsprechenden glatten Strömungskanals bekannt sind, was in den meisten Fällen vorausgesetzt werden kann.
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  • 5
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    Heat and mass transfer 2 (1969), S. 118-128 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Ziel dieser gesamten Untersuchungen ist die Bestimmung der Steiggeschwindigkeit sowie charakteristischer Daten der Bahn, der Form und des Widerstandes von frei in Wasser aufsteigenden Gasblasen in Abhängigkeit von der Blasengröße. Dieser erste Bericht handelt nur von der Messung der Aufstiegsgeschwindigkeit von Luftblasen verschiedener Größe und der Bahnbestimmung. Eine neue, hier angewandte Experimentiertechnik besteht im wesentlichen in der Messung des Zeitintervalls zwischen den Durchgängen der Blase durch zwei Lichtstrahlen. Es wurde ein elektronisches System benutzt, bestehend aus zwei Photozellen, Verstärker, Umformer und Zeitnehmer. Größe, Form und Bahn der Blasen wurde photographisch bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Bewegungsform sich im wesentlichen aus dem Wert der Reynolds-Zahl voraussagen läßt. Fünf verschiedene Formen wurden beobachtet: 1. gradlinige Bewegung, 2. spiralige Bewegung, 3. anfangs ebene, später spiralige Bewegung, 4. ebene Bewegung, 5. gradlinige Schaukelbewegung. Die Aufstiegsgeschwindigkeit längs dieser Bahnen ändert sich mit der Höhe. Alle beobachteten Blasen werden innerhalb einiger Zentimeter oberhalb der Kapillare auf eine Maximalgeschwindigkeit beschleunigt. Für Blasen unter 4,2 mm Durchmesser sinkt diese Maximalgeschwindigkeit auf einen asymptotischen Wert ab, der in größerer Entfernung von der Kapillare erreicht wird.
    Notes: Abstract The scope of the present over-all investigation comprises the determination of rise velocity, path, shape and drag characteristics of gas bubbles rising freely in water in terms of bubble size. The material presented in this first report is limited to the measurement of the rise velocity of air bubbles of various sizes and the determination of their paths. A new experimental technique is introduced which consists essentially of measuring the time interval when the bubble traverses two light beams. An electronic system including two phototubes, a pulse amplifier and shaper, and an electronic timer has been used. Also a photographic technique has been used to determine the bubble's size, shape and path. The results show that the type of motion may be predicted from the value of the Reynolds number at which the motion takes place. Five types of motion were observed in the experiments: 1. Rectilinear motion, 2. motion on a helical path, 3. first plane then helical motion, 4. plane motion, 5. rectilinear motion with rocking. The rise velocity of the bubbles which move on those paths varies with the heightz. All the bubbles studied are accelerated to a maximum velocity in a few cm above the capillary tube. For the bubbles smaller than 4.2 mm, this maximum velocity decreased to an asymptotic value far from the capillary tube.
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  • 6
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    Heat and mass transfer 2 (1969), S. 109-117 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract An electric analogue (conductive-sheet analogue) is described for the determination of heat-losses and temperature-distribution of pipes embedded in a layer of insulating material in the ground. — Pecularities of the conductive-sheet model as well as simulation of semi-infinite bodies are discussed in detail. For the simplified case of two tubes uninsulated in the ground possibilities of calculation or approximation of heat-losses and temperature-distribution are investigated. In many cases good agreement is obtained between prediction and experimental results. In any case the heat-losses of the steam-pipe show a distinct minimum, depending on the mutual distance of the pipes. This can be explained using the plots of the isotherms.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für Rohrleitungen, die in einer Schicht aus Isoliermasse kanalfrei unmittelbar im Erdboden verlegt sind, werden mit Hilfe eines elektrischen Analogieverfahrens (Folien-Modell) die Wärmeverluste und die Temperaturfelder in der Umgebung der Rohre bestimmt. — Die Besonderheiten des Folienmodells, sowie die Nachbildung des halbunendlichen Körpers werden eingehend besprochen. Daneben wird untersucht, inwieweit es für den vereinfachten Fall zweier unisoliert im Erdboden verlegter Rohre möglich ist, Wärmeverluste und Temperaturfelder rechnerisch, u. U. näherungsweise zu ermitteln. Vergleiche der gefundenen Näherung mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen zeigen z. T. gute Übereinstimmung. — Die Wärmeverluste des Dampfrohres zeigen in jedem Fall in Abhängigkeit vom Rohrabstand ausgeprägte Minima, die mit Hilfe der Bilder der Isothermen erklärt werden können.
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  • 7
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    Heat and mass transfer 2 (1969), S. 192-192 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 8
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    Heat and mass transfer 2 (1969), S. 203-209 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Experimental determination of the inner wall temperature of a transpiration cooled tube surrounding a plasma arc is very difficult. This temperature, however, can be calculated from simply measurable physical quantities. The method is explained and results are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Innenwandtemperatur eines transpirationsgekühlten Rohres, das einen Plasmabogen umgibt, kann experimentell nur mit sehr großen Schwierigkeiten bestimmt werden. Sie läßt sich jedoch aus auf einfache Weise zu messenden physikalischen Größen berechnen. Das Rechenverfahren wird erläutert und Rechenergebnisse werden diskutiert.
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  • 9
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    Heat and mass transfer 2 (1969), S. 240-245 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für inkompressible, stationäre, laminare Rohrströmung wird der Wärmeübergang im gemeinsamen Einlauf für konstante Wärmestromdichte und konstante Wandtemperatur numerisch berechnet. Die Entwicklung der Geschwindigkeitsprofile wird einer Lösung vonSparrow entnommen, mit deren Hilfe die Temperaturprofile berechnet werden. Hieraus erhält man den Verlauf des Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten am Beginn der Grenzschichtbildung. Die berechneten örtlichen Nusselt-Zahlen werden mit jenen nachUlrichson undSchmitz verglichen. Die Wirkung der thermischen Grenzschicht wird durch Vergleich der Ergebnisse für konstante Wärmestromdichte mit jenen für konstante Wandtemperatur untersucht.
    Notes: Abstract A numerical solution, for incompressible, steady-state, laminar flow heat transfer in the combined entrance region of a circular tube is presented for the case of constant wall heat flux and constant wall temperature. The development of velocity profile is obtained from Sparrow's entrance region solution. This velocity distribution is used in solving the energy equation numerically to obtain temperature profiles. Variation of the heat transfer coefficient for these two different boundary conditions for the early stages of boundary layer formation on the pipe wall is obtained. Local Nusselt numbers are calculated and the results are compared with those given byUlrichson andSchmitz. The effect of the thermal boundary conditions is studied by comparing the uniform wall heat flux results with uniform wall temperature.
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  • 10
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 1 (1969), S. 73-110 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 11
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    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 1 (1969), S. 111-146 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 12
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    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 1 (1969), S. 1-29 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 13
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    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 1 (1969), S. 29-44 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 14
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    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 1 (1969), S. 45-72 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 15
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    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 1 (1969), S. 169-196 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 1 (1969), S. 147-168 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 1 (1969), S. 223-244 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 1 (1969), S. 293-316 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 1 (1969), S. 341-366 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 20
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    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 1 (1969), S. 385-412 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 1 (1969), S. 197-222 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 1 (1969), S. 245-264 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 1 (1969), S. 265-292 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 1 (1969), S. 317-340 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
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    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 1 (1969), S. 367-384 
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    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 1 (1969), S. 413-446 
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    Oxidation of metals 1 (1969), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Oxidation of metals 1 (1969), S. 3-21 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A superficial duplex scale consisting of an inner wustite-fayalite conglomerate and an outer layer of wustite was formed on an iron-1.5wt.% silicon alloy upon its exposure in carbon dioxide-carbon monoxide atmospheres at 890and 1000°C. Variations in the oxidation curves before onset of linear reaction kinetics could be correlated with appearance of fayalite bands in the scales. The linear rate constants for the overall reaction kinetics showed a proportional dependence on the pressure of carbon dioxide due to reaction control by surface reaction steps for dissociation of carbon dioxide and incorporation of chemisorbed oxygen into the wustite lattice. Growth of the wustite-fayalite conglomerate was not dependent upon the oxidizing potential of an atmosphere. Wustite growth involved iron migration while the growth of the inner wustite-fayalite conglomerate layer involved inward migration of oxygen resulting from a dissociative reaction of wustite at its inner surface.
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    Oxidation of metals 1 (1969), S. 55-71 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The design of iron-chromium-nickel alloys for use at high temperatures ought to be based on a knowledge of the alloy compositions that will give rise to a chromic oxide scale. For this reason, the nickel-chromium and iron-chromium-nickel alloy systems have been investigated at 1000°C under oxidizing conditions, and the isothermal sections of the nickel-chromium-oxygen and the iron-chromium-nickel-oxygen equilibrium diagrams have been determined. On the basis of these determinations, several ternary compositions are recommended as being the most suitable to form the basis of high-temperature alloys for use in oxidizing environments.
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    Oxidation of metals 1 (1969), S. 23-54 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of several largely austenitic Fe-Cr-Ni alloys in 1 atm oxygen at 800–1200°C has been studied thermogravimetrically, metallographically, and in detail by electron probe micro analysis. Fe-Cr-Ni alloys of this type are protected by Cr2O3-healed scale, which thickens slower than on the corresponding binary Fe-Cr and Ni-Cr alloys, presumably because nickel and iron ions dope the Cr2O3 more effectively together than singly and/or because the alloy composition and ability to absorb cation vacancies are such as to produce a smaller vacancy activity gradient or level in the scale, or voids within it. The scale adhesion, as on Ni-Cr alloys, is generally good after long times, at least partly due to the convoluted alloy-oxide interface, in some cases to large intergranular Cr2O3-rich stringers, and possibly to the general specimen mechanical properties. Nonprotective stratified scale development is relatively unusual and often produces nickel-rich, alloy-particle-containing nodules, as on Fe-Ni alloys. Careful selection of ternary and more complex alloys with appropriate alloy interdiffusion coefficients and oxygen solubilities and diffusivities should permit development of materials with the best compromise between ease of Cr2O3 establishment, avoidance of breakaway, and readiness of scale healing.
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    Oxidation of metals 1 (1969), S. 73-91 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The interaction between gaseous oxygen and the surface of pure nickel oxide and NiO doped with Li2O was studied by means of work function measurements. It was observed that at low oxygen pressures in measurements carried out with a constant amount of the gas in the reaction chamber, rather than carried out at constant pressure, at the temperatures corresponding to the adsorption equilibrium, the work function initially increased and then decreased. It was concluded that this complex character of the observed work function changes versus time is due to the superimposition of two parallel effects, i.e., charging of the NiO surface during oxygen chemisorption and simultaneous discharging of this surface by diffusion of ions from the bulk. On the basis of the electric model of the NiO surface covered with adsorbed oxygen, a quantitative interpretation of the above processes was proposed and a kinetic equation was given. The proposed kinetic equation was solved with the aid of an analog computer, and good agreement between the experimental curves and the kinetic equation was obtained.
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    Oxidation of metals 1 (1969), S. 93-120 
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    Notes: Abstract The kinetics and the mechanism of sulfurization of Fe-Cr alloys containing from 0.35 to 74 at. % Cr were studied in the temperature range 700–1000°C. The sulfurization was conducted in sulfur vapor at atmospheric pressure. The reaction rate was determined by the continuous gravimetric method. The scale composition was studied by X-ray and electron microprobe methods. The contribution of the reactants to the process of material transport through the scale was examined with both the marker method and the autoradiographic method using the radioactive isotope35S. It has been found that, irrespective of alloy composition and temperature, the sulfurization follows a parabolic rate law. On the dilute alloys (up to about 2 at. % Cr) the scales formed are monophase consisting of Fe1−xS only. In the range 2–40 at. % Cr the scale is a heterophase mixture of Fe1−xS and the mixed spinel FeFe2−xCrxS4. On the chromium-rich alloys the scale is monophase and is built of a solid solution of FeS in Cr2S3. The scale growth on the alloys under examination proceeds without the participation of the inward diffusion of sulfur. The mechanism of the scale formation has been proposed.
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    Oxidation of metals 1 (1969), S. 121-125 
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    Notes: Abstract A further mode of the oxidation behavior of niobium, in which the oxide grown on a perfect electropolished surface transforms and inhibits further oxide formation, is reported.
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    Oxidation of metals 1 (1969), S. 127-142 
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    Oxidation of metals 1 (1969), S. 171-198 
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    Oxidation of metals 1 (1969), S. 143-170 
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    Notes: Abstract A review of the literature is made regarding the oxidation and hot-corrosion resistance and general behavior of superalloy coatings. Although coating procedures and testing are reviewed, the effect of the coating or coating cycle on mechanical properties and environmental stability is emphasized. Electron microprobe, metallography, and X-ray diffraction phase analyses are discussed in relation to proposed failure mechanisms.
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    Oxidation of metals 1 (1969), S. 199-207 
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    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of uranium in oxygen, air, and water vapor has been studied in the range 200 to 375°C. Uranium dioxide is the only product found at the uranium-oxide interface and no epitaxy has been observed. With increasing thickness of film, oxygen-rich oxides are formed, the composition of the spalled layers being temperature-dependent. The oxide of composition U3O8 was observed only in the spalled layers at temperatures above 275°C.
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    Oxidation of metals 1 (1969), S. 209-219 
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    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of cleavage faces of high purity tellurium crystals exposed to air under ambient conditions has been investigated by electron microscopy. The morphology of the oxidized surface is described. Oxidation is found to be inhomogeneous, and its extent has been related to the structure of the surface exposed by the cleavage.
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    Oxidation of metals 1 (1969), S. 267-277 
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    Oxidation of metals 1 (1969), S. 221-240 
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    Notes: Abstract The scaling behavior of an iron alloy containing 5 wt. % aluminum has been assessed (involving kinetic, metallographic, x-ray diffraction, and electron probe microanalysis studies) in sulfur vapor at 10 ton in the range 500–700°C. For comparison purposes similar experiments were also performed with pure iron. The reaction kinetics observed with the alloy were linear after an initial short period of exposure during which the kinetics were parabolic. Parabolic kinetics, however, were exhibited over the entire period of sulfidation by the pure iron, and the overall rate of sulfidation of the iron was an order of magnitude greater than that of the alloy at all temperatures. Duplex scales were formed both on the alloy and the iron after prolonged periods of exposure. However, whereas the nature and composition of the outer layer of scale formed from both materials was similar, the inner layer of scale on the alloy was significantly different from that grown on the pure iron, both morphologically and in composition containing Al2S3 in addition to FeS. The probable mechanism of sulfidation of the alloy is discussed in relation to current theories regarding the behavior of pure iron.
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    Notes: Abstract Investigations were carried out on a model system Ag-Zn-S and consisted of determinations of kinetic data, and distribution of the chemical potential of silver in the scale, as well as the amount of inward diffusion of sulfur in the formation of two-layer scales on binary alloys. The chemical potential of silver was measured with AgI as a solid electrolyte and the diffusion of sulfur with the aid of the radioactive isotope35S. The inner layer consisted of pellets of Ag2S+ZnS mixtures having different degrees of dispersion and of mixtures of Ag2S and powdered foam glass. The investigations were carried out on the following systems: Ag-Ag2S-S; Ag-Ag2S+ ZnS-Ag2S-S; Ag-Ag2S+ glass-Ag2S-S; (Ag-Zn)-Ag2S-S. It was established that the ability of dispersed ZnS to decrease the rate can be explained on the basis of a decreasing cross section for the outward diffusion of silver ions in the inner layer. This phase makes the plastic flow of the scale toward the core very difficult. As a result of this, the secondary dissociation processes destroy the compactness of the scale over the whole cross section and favor the inward diffusion of sulfur. The chemical potential varies linearly across each layer.
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    Oxidation of metals 1 (1969), S. 279-292 
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    Notes: Abstract A stepwise mechanism is outlined for diffusion-controlled oxidation of a metal Me to a metal deficit oxide Me3−zO, where z is the normal valence of Me in Me3−zO and may equal either 1 or 2. Specifically, oxidation is postulated to occur by (1) chemisorption of a singly ionized oxygen atom O− on the oxide surface with the concomitant formation of an electron holeprobably localized on a lattice site as a more electropositive cation Mez+1, (2) subsequent further ionization of chemisorbed O− and its incorporation into the oxide with the formation of singly charged cation vacancies V′ and, in the case z=1, an additional compensating hole Mez+1, (3) migration of Mez ions and electrons via the V′ and Mez+1 defects from the underlying metal to the surface, and (4) annihilation of the defects V and Mez+1 at the oxide-metal interface by the passage of metal atoms from the metal into the oxide. Such a mechanism leads to an eighth root pressure dependency for monovalent cation systems like O2-Cu2O-Cu and a fourth root pressure dependency for bivalent systems like O2-NiO-Ni and O2-CoO-Co. The behavior of copper and nickel are shown to be as predicted; whereas, in the case of cobalt, defect interaction results in deviations from the predicted behavior.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 43-51 
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    Notes: Abstract Certain aspects of the formation of boundary value problems of polymer mechanics are stressed and effective methods of solution are discussed. Recent solutions of boundary value problems of polymer mechanics are reviewed.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 109-114 
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    Notes: Abstract A method is proposed for determining the residual stresses and strains in wound glass-reinforced plastic products. The fabrication process is divided into five stages: winding, heating polymerization, cooling, and removal from the mandrel. The initial stresses that develop during winding and the subsequent stress increment associated with heating are taken into account. Polymerization is treated as a process during which the mechanical and thermophysical properties of the material change. Chemical shrinkage of the resin and its filtration through the fiberglass are disregarded. Equations are derived for the residual radial and peripheral stresses in the finished product, for the residual change in inside diameter, and for the temperature at which the product is released from the mandrel during the cooling process. The experimental data relating to two types of wound products are discussed. The results of a computation of the residual stresses and the residual changes in inside diameter are compared with the experimental data.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 115-123 
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of low resistance to shear and tension-compression at right angles to the layers of reinforcement on the state of stress and strain of elements composed of fiber-reinforced materials is analyzed. It is shown that to take these characteristics into account the calculations must be refined. In certain cases this leads to the appearance of qualitatively new effects. Typical problems in which the negative characteristics of the material must be allowed for are examined.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 124-129 
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    Notes: Abstract Recent research on the stability of plastic plates and shells, mostly by workers in the Soviet Union, is briefly reviewed.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 148-152 
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    Notes: Abstract Research on the periodic deformation of polymers in the linear and nonlinear regions is reviewed. Special attention is given to the boundary of the region of linear deformation and to deformation in the nonlinear region. It is shown that deformation in the nonlinear region leads to a reversible fall in the viscosity and elasticity of the system due to the selective destruction of certain types of structural bonds. The effect of mineral fillers and the nature of their surfaces on the mechanical characteristics of polymers in the visco-fluid state is stressed. Use of the theory of thixotropy makes it possible to describe the mechanical characteristics of melts in the regions of nonlinear periodic deformation and combined periodic and steady-state deformation on the basis of the results of trivial rheological measurements.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 191-196 
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    Notes: Abstract A method of successive approximations, a generalization of the Il'yushin method of elastic solutions, is proposed for solving problems of the nonlinear theory of elasticity in which the stress-strain relation is given in the form of a time operator Frechet-differentiable in a neighborhood of zero. The nonlinear relaxation kernels are found from the given nonlinear creep kernels for the principal quadratic theory of elasticity. These relations make it possible to formulate the boundary value problem for this theory. By way of illustration the problem of the pressure exerted on a space by a sphere is examined within the framework of the developed theory. The question of the convergence of the method is discussed in relation to the quadratic theory of visco-elasticity.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 291-294 
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    Notes: Abstract Procedures based on the hypothesis of nonplanar sections are used to derive equations for determining the normal stresses at an arbitrary point of a body of complex shape in tension and bending. The anisotropy of the material properties is taken into account by introducing a variable modulus of elasticity. The theoretical results have been checked experimentally.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 308-311 
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    Notes: Abstract The region of linearity of the viscoelastic properties of KAST-V glass laminate, textolite, and SVAM glass-reinforced plastic has been experimentally determined.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 218-225 
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    Notes: Abstract The question of the static fatigue of reinforced plastics is considered for plane stress. Relations that predict the static fatigue are given for very simple types of loading. Experimental data are presented for thin-walled tubes of SVAM (5:1) glass-reinforced plastic subjected to long-time tests at constant internal pressure.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 318-322 
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 367-371 
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    Notes: Abstract The authors have investigated the effect of the relaxation parameters of a rigid polymer corresponding to the individual terms of the relaxation spectrum on the nature of the theoretical curves calculated for creep, strain relaxation and loading at constant strain rate in pure shear on the assumption that the stress-strain relation is described by the generalized Maxwell equation.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 135-147 
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    Notes: Abstract The possibilities and conditions of correlation are determined for the principal rheological characteristics of single-phase polymer systems measured for one-dimensional shear deformation in steady-state flow regimes, on transition from rest to steady-state flow, and in harmonic vibration regimes. Special significance attaches to the quantitative results of measuring the high-elastic properties of the polymer systems. It is shown that the Lodge theory, describing the flow behavior of high-elastic media, is well-founded in the linear region of deformation, i.e., for the limiting case of shear rates and shear stresses tending to zero, whereas the Mooney-Rivlin-Weissenberg theories are not in accord with the experimental data even in this limiting deformation regime.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 153-158 
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of the thermal regime on the supermolecular structures and certain physico-mechanical properties of polycaprolactam coatings obtained on heated substrate specimens in a fluidized bed is considered.
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    Notes: Abstract The relationship between phenylon structure and the friction properties of a phenylon-based material is established using the data of friction tests, x-ray analysis, and electron microscopy. It is shown that amorphization of the binder structure leads to a change in the coefficient of friction and to a displacement of the zone of maximum operating temperatures in the direction of higher values.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 197-202 
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    Notes: Abstract A linear correlation between the tensile stress and the logarithm of the lifetime of a glass-reinforced plastic in various directions in the plane of the sheet has been experimentally established. The parametric introduction of the time factor into the criterion of the short-time strength of anisotropic materials is proposed as a first approximation. The Gol'denblat-Kopnov criterion is used to derive a simple relation describing the strength properties of glass-reinforced plastics in the uniaxial state of stress.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 208-217 
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    Notes: Abstract The tear surfaces of polystyrene and SKS-85 butadiene-styrene copolymer (85% styrene) have been investigated at temperatures from −45 to +100°C and from −60 to +40°C, respectively. The fracture surface of these polymers changes not only on transition from the glassy to the high-elastic state, but also within the glassy state itself, changes being observed both in the relative extent of the individual zones contributing to the fracture surface and in the nature of those zones. Changes in the nature of the fracture surface associated with a slowing of the fracture process occur at 0 and 40°C in the case of polystyrene and at −10°C in the case of copolymer SKS-85 and are attributable to secondary transitions in the polymers.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 232-236 
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    Notes: Abstract The distribution of the fibers in the structure of a glass-reinforced plastic has been experimentally investigated. Data have been obtained on the distribution of interfiber distances, fiber diameters, and the angles between the lines of centers. Experimental histograms and distribution curves are constructed.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 471-474 
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    Notes: Abstract The state of stress is analyzed for a cylinder of elastomeric material reinforced with a rigid sleeve and subjected to large torsional strains. Both compressible and incompressible materials are considered.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 484-486 
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    Notes: Abstract A dynamic method has been used to estimate the thixotropic change in the viscoelastic properties of materials. The thixotropic recovery of the structure of a heavily filled rubber, destroyed by processing under stationary conditions, has been investigated. It is found that the relaxation spectrum changes during the recovery process.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 588-592 
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    Notes: Abstract The Bubnov-Galerkin method is used to solve the problem of the bending of a clamped flexible orthotropic plate. An equation relating the deflection and the load is obtained. An experiment on a plate made of polyester plastic reinforced with satin-weave glass fabric is described. It is shown that within certain limits the deflections at the center of the plate and the combined stresses along the clamped edges are in good agreement with the theoretical values. The limits of applicability of the first-approximation formulas are investigated.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 599-603 
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    Notes: Abstract The apparatus of the nonlinear theory of elasticity [1–3] is used to investigate the high-elastic deformation of a plate with two equal circular openings and a massive block with two cylindrical channels. Computer-calculated stress concentration factors are given for compressible and incompressible materials.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 626-633 
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    Notes: Abstract The stiffness and strength of rings and ring segments of fiber-reinforced materials have been investigated theoretically and experimentally in short-time tests with concentrated loads applied in the plane of the specimen. It is shown that the low shear resistance and the geometric nonlinearity must be taken into account in testing thick- and thin-walled specimens, respectively. The equations and graphs presented make it possible to allow for these effects in analyzing the test results or in design calculations. Experiments on unidirectional glass-reinforced plastics indicate good agreement with the proposed theoretical equations.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 619-625 
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    Notes: Abstract The title investigation was carried out using a double-beam polarimeter for studying the stress patterns in "sandwich" models of glass-reinforced plastics. The same experimental technique can be adapted to a wide range of reinforced materials. A comparison of the experimental results with calculations based on the theory for quasi-homogeneous anisotropic plates shows that it is not always permissible to assume that the laminated material has a quasi-homogeneous structure.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 650-652 
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    Notes: Abstract Relations are derived for the optimal arrangement of the reinforcement in a rectangular glass-reinforced plastic plate supported at the edges and stressed in uniaxial compression by a short-term or long-term, uniformly distributed load. (The optimal arrangement is understood to be that which maximizes the critical load.)
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 577-582 
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    Notes: Abstract Methods are proposed for experimentally estimating the temperature-time aging of a filled rubber and the degree of damage accumulation in high-frequency fatigue tests. A procedure for experimentally determining the energy dissipation function of a material from the specimen temperature kinetics is described. The results of an investigation of the fatigue properties of two series of filled rubbers at a vibration frequency of 20 kHz are presented. It is shown that the fatigue failure of the materials tested is thermal in character. No accumulation of mechanical damage in the material in the course of intense vibration could be detected.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 583-587 
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    Notes: Abstract The stability of shells coupled with an elastic Winkler foundation is investigated. It is assumed that the shell is made of a material (glass-reinforced plastic) with low resistance to shear, as a result of which generalized theories that take transverse shear strains into account [1–4] must be used in the stability calculations. The solution obtained is compared with the corresponding solution obtained on the basis of the classical Kirchhoff-Love theory [8].
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 604-607 
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    Notes: Abstract Certain of the flow characteristics of a filled low-density polyethylene melt have been investigated. The results obtained are compared with the results of measurements in the single-frequency vibrational shear regime.
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  • 70
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 387-390 
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    Notes: Abstract The role of the thermodynamic factor in creating an adhesion bond between partly or wholly compatible polymers is discussed. The importance of this factor depends on the fact that polymers brought into contact will diffuse into each other only if they are wholly or partly mutually soluble. This mutual solubility is confined to a surface layer and is determined by the local diffusion. In considering the mechanism of formation of an adhesion bond between two polymers it is necessary to take their surface properties into account. In the diffusion theory of adhesion diffusion is regarded as the motive force in the creation of an adhesion bond.
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  • 71
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 401-404 
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    Notes: Abstract The elastic moduli of a reinforced material are calculated. The reinforcing fibers are assumed to be elastic and isotropic and the polymer matrix isotropic and elasticoviscous. It is further assumed that in the latter case the hereditary properties are described by a linear integral shear modulus operator with a fractional-exponential kernel. The changes in the relaxation and retardation times due to the correlations between inhomogeneities are estimated.
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  • 72
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 415-418 
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    Notes: Abstract The dependence of the thermal conductivity of glass-reinforced plastics on porosity and component ratio is investigated. The possibility of determining the porosity, specific weight, and resin content of glass-reinforced plastics from their thermal conductivity is confirmed.
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  • 73
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 429-434 
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    Notes: Abstract Methods of experimentally determining the initial stresses in filament-wound GRP rings are examined and the effect of winding tension is investigated. It is shown that by varying the winding tension it is possible to exercise a considerable degree of control over the magnitude and distribution of the initial stresses.
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  • 74
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 523-530 
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    Notes: Abstract By postulating equal contributions the number of kernels in the principal cubic theory of viscoelasticity and in the theory with regular kernels of two arguments is reduced to three. For certain quasilinear relations all the kernels and functions are determined from creep, relaxation, and simple loading and deformation tests. In the case of simple loading and deformation the problems for a viscoelastic incompressible material reduce to problems of the theory of small elastoplastic deformations of an incompressible material. Several problems relating to this case are considered.
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  • 75
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    Notes: Abstract The destruction of transparent polymer blocks by laser action is investigated. It is established that microscopic breakdown regions, whose size remains constant in time, are formed in the zone of action of the laser pulse. The intensity of the radiation from these microregions varies with time and corresponds to a temperature of ∼(2–4) · 103°K. The microregions are located near, but not at the centers of the cracks. The previously irradiated region of the polymer is shown to be in a state of stress. The possibility of thermal explosion with subsequent crack formation is evaluated. The continued development of the cracks as a result of repeated irradiation is studied. The temperature of the gas in the large cracks has been measured and found to exceed room temperature by 15°. The molecular weight has been measured before and after irradiation and found to decrease. The effect of laser beams of various wavelengths is considered. The rate of growth of the disk-shaped cracks has been measured.
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  • 76
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 756-761 
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    Notes: Abstract The antifriction properties of polyformaldehyde have been studied on the velocity interval from 4 · 10−4 to 10 m/sec and at loads to 300 kgf/cm2. Tests were conducted with and without lubrication on laboratory friction machines of various types and under service conditions. Steel, emery cloth, and polyformaldehyde were used as the second member of the friction pair. The values of the coefficients of friction, temperatures and performance limits for polyformaldehyde are compared with those for polycaprolactam.
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  • 77
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 819-821 
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    Notes: Abstract A criterial equation for determining the energy dissipation in the channel of an extruder screw is obtained analytically for a Newtonian model of the extrudate. It is shown that for actual extruders the dissipation does not depend on the pressure in the die.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 827-829 
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    Notes: Abstract The operation, design and technical characteristics of a machine for conducting static tests on polymer materials are described. The results of experiments to determine the accuracy of execution of a given program are presented.
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  • 79
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 780-783 
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    Notes: Abstract The debonding of wound glass-reinforced plastics is examined from the statistical standpoint. The statistical stress intensity distribution function characterizing the fracture toughness is obtained. The effect of defect size on the critical nominal stresses is discussed.
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  • 80
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 802-807 
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    Notes: Abstract The problem of the stability of a three-layer plate with a central plastic layer of metal sandwiched between elastic glass-reinforced plastic outer layers is considered. The presence of a metal layer restrains the development of creep strains in the glass-reinforced plastic and makes it possible to neglect the viscous strain components. The general equations of the problem are obtained, and the approximate Il'yushin formulation [1] is considered. An example is presented for a rectangular plate in pure shear. It is shown that the elastic anisotropic layers play the part of a load-relieving system for the central plastic layer [3], which results in an increase in the over-all critical load for the layered plate.
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  • 81
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 816-818 
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    Notes: Abstract An investigation of the surface microrelief of block specimens of various polyolefins (low-and high-density polyethylene, ethylene-propylene copolymers) in reflected light has shown that it is completely restored by annealing the cold-drawn polymer above the melting point of the crystals.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 824-826 
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    Notes: Abstract In the low-stress region the lifetime of polymers placed under load in the presence of UV radiation is appreciably greater in a vacuum than in air. This indicates that the ambient medium plays an important part in the process of restoration of broken bonds and that the knee on the log τ=f(σ) curve is at least partly due to recombination processes.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 830-833 
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    Notes: Abstract The boundary value problem of the behavior of a viscoelastic half-space subjected to a surface shear stress pulse is solved in the linear formulation on the basis of dynamical correspondence principle. The medium occupying the half-space possesses the property of transverse isotropy. The exact solution of the problem is obtained using integral transforms. The solution is analyzed with reference to a Maxwell-Voigt model.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 847-848 
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    Notes: Abstract A rectangular test piece shape with a number of advantages over the usual polymer fatigue specimen is described.
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  • 85
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    Notes: Abstract Small-angle optical and X-ray diffraction techniques have been used in a comparative study of the processes of orientation and reorientation of high-pressure polyethylene film. It is shown that at large stretch ratios both processes are governed by the same laws. In these supermolecular transitions it is possible to observe spherulite-macrofibril conversions during orientation and macrofibril-macrofibril conversions during reorientation, a direct genetic relationship being preserved between the dimensions of the starting spherulites or macrofibrils and the dimensions of the macrofibrils formed by stretching. However, the major period of the oriented film, the basic element of the microfibrils forming the macrofibril, is independent of the major period of the starting film and depends only on the temperature at which stretching is carried out.
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  • 86
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of the supermolecular structure on the internal stresses and adhesion of coatings obtained from solutions of atactic polystyrene has been investigated. The structure of the coatings depends on the nature of the solvent and is nonuniform with respect to the morphology, size, distribution, and state of order of the structural elements. The greatest strength and adhesion correspond to fibrillar structures.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 996-997 
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    Notes: Abstract The change in the tensile strength and relative elongation of PM polyimide with absorbed dose has been investigated. It is shown that after irradiation with very large doses (∼5 · 1010 rad) the mechanical properties are still satisfactory.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 1001-1003 
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    Notes: Abstract A method is proposed for determining the elastic constants of orthotropic materials by testing rectangular specimens in pure bending. The method is based on the fact that in bending the tensile zone undergoes transverse contraction and the compressive zone transverse expansion.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 1016-1018 
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    Notes: Abstract A model of viscoplasticity is proposed within the framework of the local strains theory. The proposed model, which applies to a small local area, takes into account the interaction of rheonomic and plastic strains, the Bauschinger effect, and recovery of the material after unloading.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 1019-1021 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that under the combined influence of temperature and tensile stresses the spherical structure of crosslinked PN-1 copolymer becomes ellipsoidal. The change of shape is associated with the zone of high-elastic deformation.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 855-860 
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    Notes: Abstract Experimental values of the strength and deformation are presented for SO-95, SO-120, and SO-140 acrylic plastics (polymethyl methacrylate: plasticized, unplasticized, and copolymer) stressed in unaxial tension at v=10 mm/min, stationary temperature gradients of from 2.5 to 17.5 deg/mm over the thickness of the material, and a constant cold-face temperature of 25°C. The deformation properties under these conditions are described: in the presence of a temperature gradient the ultimate strains are higher than for a uniform temperature field at a temperature equal to the cold-face temperature, and the elongation at break falls as the hot-face temperature rises. The tensile strength of plastics with a temperature drop over the cross section can be approximately calculated from the mechanical characteristics obtained for a uniform temperature field.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 871-876 
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    Notes: Abstract The statistical derivation of the equations of linear viscoelasticity [1, 2] is extended to the slow finite homogeneous deformations of rubbery polymers. It is shown with reference to a Gaussian subchain network model that the time correlation functions of the momentum fluxes (relaxation moduli) in the deformed and undeformed states are the same. The relations previously proposed on the basis of purely phenomenological considerations [15] are obtained for the viscous stresses in uniaxial tension. Comparison with experiment has shown that the proposed relations approximately describe the existing data on the stretching of elastomers in a certain region of finite strains.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 531-534 
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    Notes: Abstract The tensile strengths of uniaxially oriented polystyrene films with molecular orientation determined by IR spectroscopy are compared. Two different orientation methods involving different time and temperature regimes are employed. It is found that the tensile strength is a unique function of the degree of orientation of the molecular segments of the polystyrene carbon chain irrespective of the means used to orient the specimens and increases linearly with increase in the degree of molecular orientation of the polymer. The experimental dependence is in satisfactory agreement with the results of a theoretical analysis.
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  • 94
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    Notes: Abstract A description is given of a new method, developed by the authors, for investigating the deformation of the supermolecular structures in polymers subjected to external friction. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with reference to polypropylene.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 1004-1006 
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    Notes: Abstract The determination of the residual stresses in glass-reinforced plastics elements is considered. It is shown that these stresses reach appreciable values and should be taken into account in strength calculations. Quantitative data are supplied for a series of materials. At normal operating temperatures the residual stresses are stable.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 11-17 
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    Notes: Abstract The authors examine one of the general problems of continuum mechanics, namely the problem of the constitutive equations.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 52-57 
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    Notes: Abstract Research on statistical boundary value problems with applications in the mechanics of reinforced polymers is briefly reviewed. The common features of the models and mathematical methods used in connection with polycrystalline metals and materials of the glass-reinforced plastic type are noted.
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  • 98
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 88-103 
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    Notes: Abstract Work on the development of experimental techniques and methods of testing materials under high-frequency cyclic loading are briefly reviewed. Certain aspects of the acoustic fatigue of polymer materials are examined. Future research trends are discussed.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 130-134 
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    Notes: Abstract A method of testing glass-reinforced plastic shells under external hydrostatic pressure is described together with a procedure for determining the elastic properties of the material of which the shell is composed. Test data on the strength and stability of shells subjected to external hydrostatic pressure are presented.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 5 (1969), S. 18-24 
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    Notes: Abstract The evolution of the local strains theory since 1965 is reviewed.
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