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  • Articles  (195)
  • Chemistry  (195)
  • 1980-1984  (195)
  • 1925-1929
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (195)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Skin damage due to heat transfer by conduction (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 45-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This study provides basic data with respect to pain and burns produced on short-term contact of bare skin with heated substances. The data may also be used to determine the thermal properties and thicknesses of fabrics or coatings required to prevent injury in such contacts. The maximum temperature any material might attain without causing injury on contact with bare skin was determined from measurements of pain threshold during contact with heated materials representing a wide spectrum of thermal properties form good conductors to good insulators. Pain threshold times were converted to blister times and the latter extrapolated to predict those temperatures at which blistering would result form ‘instantaneous’ (0.3 s) contact. The predicted temperatures were verified experimentally in contacts with four different materials. From these data, charts and equations were derived by which the maximum permissible temperature for safe contact could be determined for any material solely form a knowledge of its thermal conductivity, density and specific heat. Additionally, equations for transient heat flow in two-layer systems yield the thickness of coatings, fabrics or other thermal barriers of known properties which would be required to protect the skin form pain or burn on contact with materials at excessive temperatures.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040107
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological end-points for the assessment of the toxicity of the products of combustion of materials (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 50-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The toxicological end-points used in a method for the assessment of the toxicity of combustion products are described. The evaluation considers three areas of toxicological interaction: incapacitation, death, and post-exposure involvement. The model of incapacitation described is the leg-flexion avoidance response of the rat. Additional end-points to assist in the determination of the causality of the observed toxicity are included. The effects of the combustion products of Douglas fir, a phenolic foam, a urea formaldehyde foam and a flexible polyurethane foam on these endpoint are described. The wide range of types of potential toxicities resulting form exposure of animals to the combustion products of materials is discussed. Additionally discussed are the relative merits of the leg-flexion avoidance response as a model of incapacitation. Conclusions as to the important components of a first-tier toxicological evaluation of combustion products are drawn.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040108
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The possibility of characterizing the severity of fires by a single parameterAll symbols are listed at the end of paper. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 71-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Because language conveys the idea of fire severity by a single expression, it has always seemed desirable to find a single variable for its quantification. The earlier suggestion by the author that the total heat absorption per unit surface area of the compartment boundaries during the period of full fire development, to be referred to as overall heat load, be used as a measure of destructive potential of fires, has been critically examined. It has been found that for many reinforced and prestressed concrete building elements, the overall heat load is indeed an approximate descriptor of the severity of compartment fires, irrespective of their temperature histories.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040204
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Australian fire tests in standards and regulations (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fire test methods cited in Australian regulations codes and specifications and the authorities promulgating them are reviewed. The pertinent regulations are generally drafted and administered by departments of the seven State governments, in some cases in reference to model codes developed by committees supported by the federal government to promote uniformity. The test methods, specifications and codes of practice are standardized by the Standards Association of Australia, an independent body with no statutory powers: the standards become mandatory when called up in legislation. Building materials and structures, consumer products, certain electrical components and children's nightwear are the main areas concerned with regulations that invoke fire test methods. The intent of the regulations and the test methods are discussed with particular emphasis on matters unique to Australia.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050106
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Fire research on cellular plastics. Final report of the Products Research Commirttee by John W. Lyons and members of the Products Research Committee. pp. 213, privately published, April 1980. Available while supply lasts, without charge, from FRIS, Center for Fire Research, Bldg. 224 Room B250, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC 20234, USA (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. iii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050109
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  • 6
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    Conference report (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 60-60 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040112
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  • 7
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    Estimation of rate of heat release by means of oxygen consumption measurementsBased on a paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Section of the Combustion Institute, Miami Beach, Florida, 29 November-1 December 1978.The technique described in this paper is sometimes referred to as oxygen consumption calorimetry for convenience, although no calorimetric measurements are involved. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Measurement of the rate of oxygen consumption provides a simple, versatile and powerful tool for estimating the rate of heat release in fire experiments and fire tests. The method is based on the generalization that the heats of combustion per unit of oxygen consumed are approximately the same for most fuels commonly encountered in fires. A measurement of the rate of oxygen consumption can then be converted to a measure of rate of heat release. Data on heats of combustion are presented to support this generalization. The applicability of the technique to combustion under fire conditions is examined, possible sources of error in the measurements are discussed, and applications of the method are reviewed. It is concluded that the accuracy of oxygen consumption based rate of heat release measurements should compare favorably with those derived from conventional calorimetric measurements.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040202
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Thermal expansion of Portland cement paste, mortar and concrete at high temperatures (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 66-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Results of measurements of thermal expansion of Portland cement paste, mortar, concrete and a dolomitic rock aggregate are presented. Test temperatures ranged from 27 to 871°C. Cement paste contracted when subjected to temperatures from 204 to 871°C. Thermal expansion of mortar and concrete was dominated by thermal expansion characteristics of the mineral aggregate. However, expansion was moderated by contraction of the cement paste matrix at elevated temperatures. Average coefficients of expansion, over specific temperature ranges, are given for the materials tested. Equipment developed to control automatically the rate of heating and record strain vs. temperature relationships is described.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040203
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    The oxidative pyrolysis of plastics (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Experiments using a thermobalance, a hot-plate and a moving furnace have all shown that polymers can evolve oxidation products in air even at moderate temperatures. These gases can include carbon monoxide, formaldehyde and acrolein. The amounts are generally low except near the very top of the temperature range used in some processes. Tests in the vicinity of three different extruders have confirmed some of these small-scale findings but also showed that the evolved gases were adequately handled by the ventilation installed. The evolution of other gases in certain cases has also been briefly studied. Some measure of the heat evolved in oxidative pyrolysis has also been obtained for polyethylene. The polymers investigated were low density and high density polyethylene, poly(ethylene vinylacetate), polypropylene, poly(vinylonitrille) polypropylene, poly(vinylchloride), polystyrene, poly(methylmethacrylate), polycarbonate, poly(ethylene terephthalate), nylon 6-6, acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene and one nature material (wood).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040205
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Fire testing of upholstered furniture and bedding (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 92-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Considerable concern has been expressed about the increasing number and changing pattern of fires and the fact that modern upholstered furniture is relatively easy to ignite and, once ignited, burns rapidly to produce large quantities of smoke and toxic gas. This led to a number of major research programmes and to the evolution of a number of test procedures in the UK. The first major test procedure was published in 1976 by the BPF in conjunction with RAPRA, BRMA and FIRA. An important aspect of this approach was the linking of ignition and rate of initial burning data with the application of the product and the environmental hazard. It was evolved within a short period of time to proved furniture designers and specifies with a means of avoiding products of high risk. The DOE/PSA are using a comprehensive series of Fire Retardant Specifications to control and specify their upholstered furniture and bedding. Specifications have been developed which enable individual components and sub-assemblies as well as the final product to be characterized in terms of ignitability and burning characteristics, i.e. temperatures, smoke, and carbon monoxide production. BS DD58 and BS 5852 Part1, ignitability tests for upholstered seating are essentially a combination of BPR and DOE/PSA test procedures. Cigarettes, gas flames and wooden cribs are used for the ignition sources and are positioned on a composite seat/back test rig.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040208
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Measuring the leakage of door assemblies during standard fire exposures (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 163-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The results of applying the tentative, high temperature, International Standards Organization test methods DP 5925 Part 3, which was developed to measure smoke leakage of door assemblies during the course of a standard fire endurance test, are reported. A critical analysis reveals that the basic objective of the test method is limited in its utility in that fire scenarios in high-rise buildings may not be adequately simulated. Independent of this limitation, the analysis then identifies certain theoretical problems with the test method and its procedures. These lead to a conclusion that the test method is not generally reliable. An alternative test concept which appears to remove this limitation and all of its problems is described, and its development is advocated.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050406
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  • 12
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    Letter to the editor (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 179-179 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050409
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  • 13
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    News (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. iii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050411
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  • 14
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    The role of nitrogen in nitrogen-phosphorus synergism (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 10-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Thermal analysis and limiting oxygen index flammability tests were used for elucidation of details in phosphorous-nitrogen synergism in cotton modified with methylol phosphonopropionamide and subsequently hydrolyzed by acid. The results indicate that not all the phosphorus incorporated into the material is effective for flame retardancy purposes in the condensed phase. The comparison of modified and acid hydrolyzed cotton has shown the important influence of nitrogen in the structure of the flame retardant. A simplified theory of nitrogen-phosphorus synergism, considering this influence, is proposed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060104
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  • 15
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    An investigation of the variation of oxygen index of materials with changes in pressure (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 23-26 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An apparatus has been designed and a procedure adopted for studing the oxygen index of materials over a range of pressures. It has been found that the oxygen index falls with increase in pressure so that materials become more flammable, the effect being more marked with the less flammable materials. An empirical method has been devised for predicting the oxygen index at varying pressures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060107
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  • 16
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    Inorganic elements in the tracheas of fire fatalities (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 32-37 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Concentrations of elements were determined in tracheal specimeans of fatal fire casualties and of non-fire fatalities. Elevated concentrations of antimony, bromine, zinc, chromium, cobalt, iron, lead, cadmium and gold found in the group exposed to the fire environment were associated with deposition of soot. The presence of raised concentrations of antimony in fatalities was found to occur in association with increased content of carboxyhaemoglobin in blood and was greatest in fires involving major destruction of property. A relationship between the increased concentration of this element and the use of antimony containing fire-retardants in construction materials could not be demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060109
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  • 17
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    Heat release rate in fires (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 185-191 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper the definition of heat release rate in fires is given in terms of heat of combustion and mass loss rate of the fuel. Various components of the heat of combustion are defined. The dependency of heat of combustion components and mass loss rate on factors such as fire stages, oxygen to fuel ratio, heat flux received by the fuel, chemical composition of the fuel vapors and products are enumerated. Applications of heat release rate data for relative fire hazard of fuels, for various fire conditions, for human escape potential from fires and for the operation of fire-sensing devices are discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040405
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  • 18
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    Smoke problems in buildings on fire: A TNO research project (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 192-200 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The activities within the framework of TNO's research project on smoke problems in buildings on fire are reviewed. Two aspects will be dealt with extensively: smoke production and smoke movement. Furthermore, possible application of its finding will be discussed. The article reflects the state of the art at the end of 1978. In the meantime, the research programme has been concluded.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040406
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  • 19
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    The thermo-oxidative decomposition, ignition and burning of flame-retarded polystyrenes (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 59-64 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The theromo-oxidative decomposition, flash ignition and burning of high-impact polystyrene containing the flame-retardant system decabromodiphenyl oxide + antimony trioxide was investigated using the Setchkin apparatus combined with mass spectrometry. The time dependences of the release rate of the main products into the gas phase during decomposition and burning showed that the flame-retardants markedly influence these processes. It was found that the retardants used exhibit an acceleration of the polymer degradation and that the efficiency of inhibition in the gas phase depends on the atomic ratio antimony: bromine.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060204
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  • 20
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    Development of an improved radiant heat source for fire testing (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 68-71 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The development, construction, and testing of a gas-fired radiant heat source for use as part of a fire test method is described. The unit has been shown capable of operation over extended periods at surface temperatures yielding radiance corresponding to that of a black body at 935 °C. This permits a 60% increase of specimen irradiance over that possible with a burner previously used, without modifying the specimen-burner configuration factor. One such application of this burner allows operation with specimen irradiance levels at 5 W cm-2 or for short periods at levels approaching 7 W cm-2 at higher temperatures. This performance is achieved while maintaining effective spatial separation between specimen and heat source. This assists in avoiding imposition of vitiated air near the surface of a burning specimen. Some performance data are provided on its behavior when supplied with natural gas. The unit can burn propane but only with a significant reduction of thermal output.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060206
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  • 21
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    Erratum (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 98-98 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060211
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  • 22
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    Comparison between different reaction to fire test methods on wall-lining and flooring materials (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 77-84 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: For building control purposes of wall-lining and flooring materials in Europe several empirical reaction to fire tests are used. This paper examines the correlation between a number of different tests looking at some 42 different materials, and comments thereon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050208
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  • 23
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    A correction to standard test equations for use with the hot flammability test apparatus (HFTA) (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 85-85 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050209
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  • 24
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    New regional editor (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. i 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050302
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  • 25
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    Ignitability as proposed by the international standards organization compared with some european fire tests for building panels (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 153-162 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Ignitability, one of the new fire test methods for building materials developing within the International Standards Organization is compared with the national fire test methods in Austria, Britain, France, Germany and Scandinavia. Different commercial wood-based panels have been tested, including fire retardant treated panels. The International Standards Organization ignitability test measures the time to ignition at radiation intensities from 1 to 5 Wm -2; it seems to be able to distinguish between different materials in an intelligible way. An evaluation of the results of this ignitability test is discussed. One possibility which is proposed here is to calculate the mean time to ignition at different fixed radiation intensities; such a mean value simplifies the evaluation and takes into account all the test data. Agreement with the national fire test methods is rather low, since they partly measure other fire parameters; agreement with the Austrian Schlyter method, which also evaluated ignitability, is somewhat better and agreement between the national fire test methods is relatively good for wood-based panels. This is consistent with earlier experience, which has shown that mainly new types of materials behave differently according to different national test methods.
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    Conference report (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 180-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050410
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060101
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    Determination of hydrogen cyanide in thermal degradation products of polymeric materials (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 13-15 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Thermal degradation products of nitrogen-containing polymeric materials were analysed for hydrogen cyanide. A spectrophotometric method was used for the determination of cyanides using the formation of a characteristic absorption peak of cyanonickel(II) ion in the ultraviolet spectral region. Pyrolysis and thermooxidation products were studied and conclusions on the reproducibility of the degradation process were drawn. The effect of temperature on the quantity of hydrogen cyanide formed was studied as well.
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    Progress on fire safety standards. Fire standards activities in ASTM (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 177-178 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050408
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    The thermal behaviour of lignins modified by chlorophosphazenes (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 7-9 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The thermal behaviour in air of lignins modified by chlorophosphazenes as well as that of the raw materials of lignins has been investigated using thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The thermogravimetry and derivative thermogravimetry studies of lignins modified by chlorophosphazenes have shown their thermal resistance to be relatively higher than that of the intital raw materials of lignins in concrete kraft lignin and sodium ligninosulfonate. The differential thermal studies have demonstrated that the thermal degradation of products investigated takes place via exothermic processes. The lignins modified by chlorophosphazenes have been shown to be thermal and flame-resistant materials.
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    Synergistic action of Sb2O3 with bromine-containing flame retardant in polyolefins: 3 - The relationship between certain combustion variables (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The combustion of polypropylene flame-retarded by the synergistic action between Sb2O3 and bromine-containing flame retardants has been studied. From the relationship between a number of the variables, a parameter quantatively reflecting the flame retardant effect has been found. With the addition of flame retardant, the rate of weight loss, the CO and CO2 emission rates and heat release all decrease while smoke density increases. These effects were considered to depend on the concentration of HBr gas in the pyrolysates released into the gas phase (i.e., dWHBr/dW, HBr flux ensity), and the following equations were obtained: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{1}{W_0}\left(\frac{\rm d{W}}{\rm d{t}}\right)_{\max} \propto\left(\frac{\rm d{W_{HBr}}}{\rm d{W}}\right)^{-0.64}\quad\quad {\rm and}\quad\quad\eta^{\rm *} =\frac{W_{\rm[C], CO + CO_2}}{W_{0[\rm C]}}\,\propto \left(\frac{\rm d{W_{HBr}}}{\rm d{W}}\right)^{-0.37} $$\end{document} η*(dW/dt)max, which approximately corresponds to the oxidation velocity of pyrolized hydrocarbon, is inversely proportional to the HBr flux density. As the conversion of CO to CO2 was almost independent of the amount of flame retardants added, the flame retardant effect of bromine-containing flame retardants was considered to be a retardant effect of the initial oxidation reaction at the gas liquid interface. Moreover, η* is almost proportional to the combustion efficiency η, which was obtained from the heat release measured in the flaming region. The heat release is therefore considered to be governed by the HBr flux density.
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    Textile flammability testing: Appropriate levels for moisture content of specimens (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 38-41 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This study was performed to establish the appropriate moisture level for textile flammability test specimens. Three investigations were carried out: into the effect of the level of humidity in dwellings; into the moisture content of garments worn at various distances from the body; and into the effect of relatively short exposures to heat on the moisture content of fabrics (simulating the case of a person standing in front of an open fire or space heater). The moisture content of ambient air in dwellings was found to be primarily governed by the moisture content of the air outside and can be quite low, ten to twenty percent, especially in winter (unless, of course, humidifying equipment is used). The moisture content of garment parts which are at some distance from the body (e.g., the loosely fitting parts of skirts) is governed by the relative humidity of the room. Closely fitting parts are more likely to be exposed to ignition sources than closely fitting parts. Fabric specimens exposed at a short distance from an electric space heater had moisture contents similar to specimens which has been oven-dried and cooled in a desiccator. The results of these studies indicate that oven-drying is a reasonable conditioning requirement for testing the flammability of apparel and home furnishing fabrics.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060201
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    The Delphi method - a complement to research (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 76-79 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In making fire safety decisions the designer often finds that some input variables concerning his problems are chance variables. As detailed statistical data are rarely available the designer must rely largely on his expert judgment. With the application of the Delphi method such decisions can be optimized and formalized. The essence of the Delphi method is described and its use illustrated through an example related to the assessment of fire resistance requirements.
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    Modeling of NBS mattress tests with the harvard mark V fire simulation (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 80-95 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: NBS burned eleven mattresses made up with bedding in two different rooms, typical of a residential bedroom and a nursing home patient room, respectively. Seven of the mattresses flamed and burned vigorously, the other four were of a construction or so heavily flame-inhibited that they only smoldered. The burning behavior of the seven that flamed was modeled with the Harvard Mark V fire simulation. The experimental burn behavior for tests conducted in one room was well reproduced using only total weight of combustible, surface area and heat of combustion. Smoke production values were found to have little effect on the predicted behavior except for the smoke production itself. Fires in a second room, whose ventilation was intentionally restricted by the configuration of the adjoining space, could not be as well reproduced by the present, single-room fire model. During this study several changes were made to the simulation. The most significant change was the inclusion of mixing of the hot exiting fire gases with the cold incoming air. As a part of this, the inter-layer radiation exchange was reformulated to include the effect of smoke contamination of the lower layer. The reformulation of the radiation model has a marked effect on the predicted upper layer gas temperatures, generally improving the quality of the simulation.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060301
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    Fire test behaviour of various crystal types of melamine phosphate in intumescent formulations (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 119-121 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Melamine orthophosphate crystals vary in shape and formula according to their method of production. The types vary widely in their behaviour when incorporated into an epoxy resin intumescent coating for trials in a small scale fire test. Heat treatment of melamine phosphate crystals at 210 °C, a process designed to reduce their solubility, profoundly affects the performance of any crystal type in a fire test. In such cases crystal shape alone appears to determine performance, whereas the shape, formula, and state of agglomeration affect performance in coatings produced with untreated melamine phosphate. Small plates of side 20 μm heat treated at 210 °C, are the preferred type for optimum performance and weathering characteristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060304
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    Smoke measurements: An assessment of correlations between laboratory and full-scale experiments (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 145-160 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An extensive review is presented demonstrating the nature of comparison between full-scale fire smoke data and test method results for materials. These correlations are presented in terms of consistent parameters established through a development of the governing equations for smoke concentration and light attenuation. Visibility data limited to light transmission through smoke are also presented. The complex dependence of smoke production on many parameters acting in fire growth limits the success of simple correlation methods. Recommendations are made for further research to establish a sound basis for correlations, and the prediction of smoke obscuration due to fire.
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    Effect of oxygen flow rate and dripping on the linear regression rate of polystyrene (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 38-40 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810070105
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    Masthead (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810070201
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    A mathematical model for estimating available safe egress time in fires (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 135-144 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A mathematical Model for estimating the time available for safe egress from a fire is formulated. The model simulates the conditions which develop during the course of an enclosure fire. Since life safety considerations are primary, the simulation model which is adopted focuses attention only on phenomena which develop between the times of fire ignition and onset of hazardous conditions. This allows significant simplifications in modeling which may not be otherwise justified. Using computed variables of a simulated fire scenario of interest, times of fire detection and onset of hazard which are deduced from realistic detection and hazard criteria would be estimated. The Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) would be defined as the length of the time interval which separates these two events. Quantitative specifications for a variety of detection and hazard criteria are identified. Results of exercising the model are presented, and ASET estimates are obtained for a wide variety of realistic fire scenarios. A comparison between experimental results of a multi-room fire test and prediction of the single-room model suggest that the model has potential utility in providing practical simulations of multi-room fire environments.
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    Mathematical modeling of natural convection in fire - A state of the art review of the field modelling of variable density turbulent flow (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 1-24 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This review concerns the mathematical modeling of fire phenomena. The fire is treated as a head and mass source driving a fluid flow process. Combustion is not included. It deals in detail with the field modeling approach incorporating the effects of turbulence, strong buoyancy and variable density on the transport of momentum, heat and mass. For the sake of simplicity, other effects such as those due to the interactions of the above mechanisms with the wall, radiation, etc., which may be crucial to the dynamics of the fire phenomenon, are not dealt with in this review. These effects will be the subject of future work.
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    Raman spectroscopy in the analysis of fire gases (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 32-37 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Raman scattering is a possible technique for analysing gas mixtures. In the work here described Raman scattering was used for detection of gases extracted from different model fires, where wood, polymethylmetachrylate (PMMA) and polystyrene were used as test materials. Raman spectra of gas samples from differently ventilated model fires are presented as well as the variation of O2, CO2 and CO concentrations as a function of time with an effective time constant of less than 5 s. The sensitivity of the experimental set-up was estimated to be about 1000 ppm, but suggestions are given how to reach a detection limit of about 1 ppm. The feasibility of the technique and various ways of improving it are briefly discussed.
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    Post-Flashover compartment fires (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 49-61 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fourteen mathematical models of post-flashover compartment fires are classified on the basis of fourteen principal modeling aspects. Expressions are presented for the potential of fire to spread by destruction and convection. The assessment of the fire resistance requirements for the compartment boundaries is discussed and measures to counter the potential of fires to spread by convection are outlined.
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    Ignition resistant upholstery by coating PU flexible foam with vinylidene chloride copolymers (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 119-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A method is described by which the UK Upholstered Furniture (Safety) Regulations of 1980 may be complied with. By coating the surface of flexible polyurethane foam with vinylidene chloride copolymer latex, a fire retardant surface is obtained. This enables most fabric/foam combinations to pass both the cigarette and the match tests as laid down in BS5852. The coating process can be carried out with a brush, a roller or by spraying. Drying can be at room temperature or by using heat and/or a forced draught. Using about 350 gm-2 only certain deep-pile fabrics fail, and even hen additionally back-coating them with PVDC can ensure compliance. The presence of thin wadding or stockingette makes no difference, but thick wadding will burn with the fabric for more than the mandatory two minutes without setting fire to the PU foam. Fabrics successfully tested with the coated PU foam include cottons, polypropylene, acrylic, polyester and ‘Dralon’. After 80 000 indentations in a standard test the coating was still effective, as it was also after heating in a detergent for 4h.
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    Flammability limits of the polymer pyrolysates generated from flame retarded poly (ethylene terephthalate)Issued as NRCC No. 22388. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 150-156 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A device constructed and used to determine the flammability limits of pyrolysate-air mixtures as a function of percentage weight loss on pyrolysis has been employed to investigate the pyrolysate gases generated from poly (ethylene terephthalate) both in the presence and absence of chemical flame retardants. The chemicals tripropyl phosphate (TPP), dibromopropanol (DBP) and tris (2, 3 dibromopropyl) phosphate (TRIS) all influenced both the lower and upper flammability limits, with the largest effects being obtained when both phosphorus and bromine were present, followed by bromine only and then phosphorus only. The results indicate TPP has negligible condensed phase activity with only small gas phase action. DBP has no condensed phase activity but is a very active gas phase inhibitor. In contrast, TRIS has a detrimental effect upon the condensed phase reactions in that it is responsible for the formation of a more flammable pyrolysate gas mixture. Fortunately, its gas phase inhibition reaction is capable of reducing the overall flammability.
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    Masthead (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810070401
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    Why it is difficult to measure the burning characteristics of materials and products (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 180-184 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Flammability tests are difficult because of the complexity of burning processes and of safety considerations. Experimental fires only give a partial view of the combustion process. Owing to the dynamic processes occurring in the flame, tests are very sensitive to external influences. Use, therefore, of flammability test methods should be made only with a clear understanding of what is being tested. Only officially standardized and recognized test methods should be sued.
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    Comparative study of the toxicity of combustion products from flame retardant and untreated materials (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 193-201 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fire retardants improve reaction to fire characteristics such as ignitability and flame propagation. This paper presents the toxicological results of tests performed on eleven pairs of untreated and treated materials, including woods, synthetic materials and textiles (both natural and synthetic). It is shown that the effects of fire retardants on toxicity results can be variable. In addition, the problem of the use of toxicity results is discussed more generally.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810070407
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    Combustion products from burning wool fabric (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 210-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A Preliminary study of the thermal degradation of wool fabric was carried out under a wide range of oxidative degradation conditions including flaming combustion. Product collection methods and analysis conditions were designed to minimize secondary reactions. The degradation products obtained included a variety of organic nitriles and heterocyclic compounds as well as the usual aromatic and oxygenated products. Variations in moisture content and fire retardant level in the wool had little effect on the organic volatiles produced form the fabrics.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810070409
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    Reply to ‘toxicity of Teflon®: Similar results obtained with radient-convective heat sources or in hot fire gases’ (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 55-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080111
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080201
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    Application of test results to analysis and control of fire growth hazards (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Some examples of the application of fire tests to hazard and risk assessment and some of the problems to be encountered are described. Reference is made to theoretical studies designed to show how to obtain basic data on material properties from ignitability and flame spread tests, and recent correlations of the rate of heat release required to cause flashover are presented. Progress in predicting fire growth from theory for certain idealized conditions will increasingly condition the choice of which processes shall be the subject of tests.
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    Toxicity of Teflon®, similar results obtained with radiant-convective heat sources or in the hot fire gases (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 54-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080110
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    Reply to: ‘combustion product toxicity: Dependence on the mode of product generation’ and ‘Toxicity of Teflon®: Similar results obtained with radiant-convective heat sources or in hot gases’ (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 56-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080112
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    Predicting flash fire protection of clothing from laboratory tests using second-degree burn to rate performance (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Laboratory tests have been developed that evaluate realistically the protective performance of clothing materials and garments. Test conditions are chosen to stress the high temperature resistance of materials in the same manner as in an industrial flash fire exposure. A second degree burn in human tissue is used as the criteria to ate performance of materials. Test results have been correlated between the small-scale lab swatch test and a full-scale instrumented manikin garment test, and these results related to industrial experience. The TPP lab test has been found useful in evaluating the performance of candidate materials as replacement for existing materials with known acceptable protective performance. It can be used to specify the level of protection needed in a garment when the intensity of the exposure hazard is known. Also, the test is especially useful for developing new materials and selecting candidates for additional field testing.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080202
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080401
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    Failure probabilities of constructions designed for fire resistance (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 96-104 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: ‘Normalized heat load’ is a quantifier of the destructive potential of fires, real-world compartment fires and test fires alike. For real-world fires it is subject to some uncertainties owing to the random nature of two of the variables it depends on: ventilation and fire load. For test fires also it is subject to uncertainties owing to a moderate degree of randomness that characterizes the results of test fires. A procedure is described for predicting the failure probability in fire of the boundaries of a compartment designed for fire resistance on the basis of information concerning the characteristics of the compartment and the design value of the fire load. The procedure is essentially deterministic, employing statistical considerations only as far as required by the nature of some of the input variables. With the aid of second-moment analysis, it is possible, furthermore, to design the compartment boundaries for appropriate target failure probabilities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080207
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    Specification of combustible materials for passenger train design (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 113-124 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The general nature of fire problems on energy-conservative passenger trains is described, including a description of vehicle structures and lightweight design. Effects of high energy demand, tunnels and high maximum speeds on fire safety are outlined. The considerations used in design analysis are described, beginning with the development of a ‘worst-case fire scenario’. Typical combustible materials are considered and some of the reasons for choices are given. Notes on cavity and chimney effects emphasize the importance of clear objectives. Structural fire resistance is examined, and the basis of conventional recommendations analysed. The application of British Standard 6336 guidelines on fire tests and hazard assessment is examined. Limitation of fire load density is described, and some problems of calorific value determination outlined. Sources of ignition and hazards from passengers are defined. Flammability and flame-spread control are discussed, and rate of heat release is referred to in the context of fire behaviour. Problems of passenger escape linked to flashover, smoke and combustion gases are dealt with briefly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080302
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    Effect of calcium carbonate filler on the fire and smoke properties of moulded polypropylene (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 125-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: ‘Oxygen Index’, ‘Rate of Burning and Extent of Burning of Self-supporting Plastics in a Horizontal Position’ and ‘Vertical Flammability’ tests were used for examination of polypropylene copolymer HW 607M and the same copolymer filled with 40% w/w calcium carbonate. Room-scale studies were also carried out using a range of standard ignition sources. In the latter tests, measurements of the levels of smoke generated in the test chamber were monitored continuously, and intermittent measurements were made of the carbon monoxide concentrations. Small-scale testing showed that addition of the filler to the polypropylene raised the limiting oxygen index of the polymer from 17.8 to 20.3, which is only marginally lower than the oxygen concentration in ambient air (20.9); this introduces the possibility of a filled polypropylene which is not ignitable in air. However, the results of the UL94 and ASTM D635 tests did not show significant differences in flammability and rates of vertical and horizontal flame spread as between the two materials, through the unfilled polymer produced extensive burning droplets early in both tests whilst the filled polymer did not. Such droplets can spread fires to floor coverings, so that the filled plastic might be preferable in application. In our laboratory tests, the filled samples gave considerably lower smoke generation than the unfilled ones. At high heat fluxes they generated considerably less smoke than (smaller) unfilled samples containing the same mass of polymer. This suggests that the calcium carbonate has specific smoke-suppressant activity and is not merely acting as a polymer diluent. In larger-scale tests, unfilled samples were readily ignited by a domestic match, whilst the filled samples required an ignition source of 43 kJ (some six times greater than the match source) in order to light them and sustain ignition. The filled polymer did not melt on ignition and there was no lateral spread of flame from the sample. Smoke generation was considerably lower, the average optical density at maximum obscuration being 0.27, compared with 0.84 for the unfilled control. In particular, smoke suppression achieved by use of calcium carbonate at higher heat-flux levels is considerably greater than that expected for an inert diluent.
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    On the potential of fire spread (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 172-173 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080309
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    G. Butters (ED.). Plastics pneumatic conveying and bulk storage. Applied Science Publishers, London, 1981. 296pp. £27 (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 175-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080311
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    The performance of various testing columns in small-scale horizontal burning studies (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 177-182 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The use of Critical Oxygen Index testing columns in the horizontal configuration is investigated. Gas analysis results from within columns of simple design indicate that they are unsuitable for burning studies because of entrainment of the external atmosphere and recirculation of combustion products. A new design of column and holder is proposed that eliminates these effects and provides a possible means of studying small-scale horizontal combustion in different oxygen/nitrogen mixtures.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040201
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    Equations for the maintenance of standard testing conditions when using the hot flammability test apparatus (HFTA) (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 59-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040109
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    Flame-Retarded polypropylene: A comparison of large- and small-scale tests (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 87-91 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes work carried out on flame-retarded polypropylene comparing results on selected small-scale laboratory fire tests with those obtained on a larger-scale test designed to simulate the typical real life hazard situation. In the latter test a number of important parameters such as heat build-up, Hame spread, smoke development and gas evolution were assessed. The results indicate that there is need to use both types of tests to gain a fuller understanding prior to using new materials. An assessment based on small-scale tests alone could be misleading and allow the use of potentially hazardous material in the particular application involved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040207
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    The influence of sample dimension on the critical oxygen index of thin polypropylene films (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 123-127 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This investigation examines the influence of sample dimensions on the Critical Oxygen Index, as determined on a Stanton Redcoft Hot Flammability Test Apparatus instrument. The materials used were polypropylene films in a range of thicknesses from 40 μm up to 300 μm and polymethylmethacrylate of 1600 μm thickness. Both the Critical Oxygen Index and the rate of spared of burn in the samples were determined. It is concluded that, for polypropylene, the sample dimensions were important in determining the Critical Oxygen Index and the rate of spread of burn and, further, that the ratio of the volume of material burned in unit time to the volume flow of oxygen in the same time remains constant, the value of the constant being 2.5 × 10 -4. For polymethlmethacrylate, in confirmation of the work of Fenimore and Jones, the sample dimensions were unimportant when investigating the Critical Oxygen Index, although the rate of burn by volume showed a significant increase with sample width. The volume ratio showed a corresponding increase.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980) 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040301
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    Determination of carbon monoxide in thermal degradation products of polymeric materials (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 149-152 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Gas chromatography using a column with a molecular sieve was applied to the determination of carbon monoxide in thermal degradation of polymeric materials. Attention was paid to the variance of individual determinations and conclusions were drawn regarding reproducibility of the processes studies. The carbon monoxide content in pyrolysis and thermooxidation products of the commonest polymeric materials and the effect of temperature on the amount of carbon monoxide formed were determined.
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    Further variations of smoke density with heat flux (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 104-108 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The heat flux in the NBS smoke chamber has been varied from 1.0 to 5.0 W cm-2 in 0.5 W cm-2 steps for some fifteen natural and synthetic materials. These experiments confirm the results given in previous papers for a smaller heat flux range, namely that smoke density varies ove4r the temperature/heat flux range. The extended range studied ensured that a much higher proportion of the materials reached a heat flux at which ignition occurred. As before at this and higher heat fluxes, the experiments were repeated in the flaming mode to ensure better reproducibility. With a few exceptions the general shape of the specific optical density/heat flux plot was similar, with a steep rise to a peak and then a corresponding drop to a low value at high fluxes. At 5 W cm-2the drop had not been reached in some cases, but it is assumed to occur later by inference from earlier work on a smaller-scale apparatus at high temperatures. Complex materials can give unusual plots during the transition from pyrolysis to combustion. This is true of certain polymers containing fire retardant when the pyrolysis of the additive can have a separate effect.
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    Flame lengths under ceilings (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 119-126 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The evaluation of hazards from developing room fires often requires a knowledge of flame lengths developed by burning objects. Procedures for estimating flame lengths have been available only for vertical plume fires, where there is no flame impingement on the room ceiling. Calculational procedures are developed for approximate calculation of flame lengths when part of the flame flow is along the ceiling. Four common geometries are treated: unbounded ceiling, plume near corner, plume in corner and one-directional corridor spread. Ceiling flame lengths are calculated by use of the assumption that the total air entrained up to the flame tip is the same for ceiling flow as for the free fire. Comparison with limited experimental data suggests potential for prediction in full-scale room fires.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040304
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    Heat transfer characteristics of flight jacket materials (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 144-148 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The heat transfer behavior was determined for textile materials used in Air Force flight jackets. The primary objective as to incorporate flame resistant, thermally stable fiber forms in jackets to provide greater protection to aircrewmen from fire. Combinations of fabric/insulation, flammable and nonflammable, were evaluated in the layered configurations intended for use in either cold weather and moderately cold weather jackets. A combination of Nomex fabric (outer shell) and Kynol® batting (insulation) proved superior to all other combinations of fabric and batting.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    The early fire behaviour of combustible wall lining materials (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 165-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The development of the Australian Standard AS 1530 Part 3 ‘Test for Early Fire Hazard Properties of Materials’ from the study of the fire behavior of cellulosic wall linings in simulated room fires has been outlined. Similar studies for assessing a wider range of wall linings are now reported including various plastic facings applied to hardboard. Using similar parameters for ignitability, spread of flame, heat evolved and smoke developed, the behaviors of the linings in the standard test have been compared to the behavior in corner-wall burns. Two methods of ignition were used for the burns; (a) timber cribs; and (b) impressed radiant heat with a pilot flame. The results are discussed in terms of the validity of the standard test as a multi-parameter assessment of materials in a fire hazard situation. The test has been validated for the wider range of wall lining materials.
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    News (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. i 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060113
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    Diary (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. i 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060114
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    Action of phosphorus compounds on fire-retardancy of cellulosic materials: A review (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 54-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Owing to their low cost phosphorus fire-retardants find vast application in making fire-retardant cellulosic compostions. They have been used both as a physical additive as well as part of the polymer structure. Acid forming phosphorus compounds are generally effective in cotton and other cellulosic. Acidic retardants produce char via a dehydration process and this brings about the final fire-retardancy in phosphate-containing composition. High efficiency of phosphorus fire retardants in polyurethane foam has also been suggested to be the result of stable char formation. The char affects the flammability in the three following ways: reduction of flammable fuel, insulation by the char and coating by the non-volatile thermally stable phosphorous acids which screen the hot carbon from the oxygen. Nitrogen-phosphorus synergism in cellulose in controversial and evidence indicates that it is non existent in polymers.
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    A simplified theory for generalizing results from a radiant panel rate of flame spread apparatus (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 52-60 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Experimental results on the rate of lateral flame spread and time for piloted ignition under an externally imposed radiant flux were analyzed with a simple theroretical model. The data were developed from a radiant panel apparatus that considers a wall mounted sample with a flux distribution \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ (\dot q_{\rm e} ^{\prime \prime } ) $\end{document} of 5 W cm-2 at the ignited end to 0.2 W cm-2 at the other end. It is shown that after an appropriate preheating time (flux exposure time before sample is ignited) the rate of flame spread (Vf) results can be correlated by \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ V_{\rm f} - {\textstyle{1 \over 2}} = C\left( {\dot q''_{{\rm o,ig}} - \dot q_{\rm e} ^{\prime \prime } } \right) $\end{document} where C is a material ‘constant’ and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot q''{\rm }_{{\rm o,ig}} $\end{document} is minimum flux for piloted ignition - also a material (and configuration) constant. An extension of this model demonstrates that Vf can also be expressed in terms of an ‘ignition temperature’ and the surface temperature of the material. Both correlations are derivable from a single flame spread experiment. Results are presented for a number of typical wood and plastic materials.
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    News (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. iii 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050211
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    Diary (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. iii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050212
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    Hydraulic fluids: An approach to high pressure spray flammability testing based on measurement of heat output (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 87-92 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: One of the main hazards associated with the use of hydraulic fluids is the accidental release of hydraulic fluid near to a source of ignition. Several tests simulating this hazard have been developed but, in the opinion of the authors, none fulfils all the scriterla required of a flammability test. A new form of test has been developed. A test chamber is ventilated by a smooth flow of air; the hydraulic fluid under test is sprayed into the test chamber and ignited. The temperature rise in the gases leaving the stack and the radiation from the flame are measured at a specified time and from these measurements the heat output of the flame is estimated. Different fluids are then compared on the basis of their heat output values and data are presented in the paper for a variety of fluids.
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    The fire resistance test and its relation to real-world fires (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 112-122 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The characteristics of fire resistance test furnaces are examined. It is shown that the efficiency of a furnace, as measured in terms of the heat load it imposes on a test specimen, depends markedly on the size of the furnace and the nature of the furnace gas. Only with large furnaces heated by gases of high radiation potential (near-black gases) can the test results be regarded as meaningful and reproducible. Reling a defective furnace with a material of very low thermal inertia, though helpful, is unlikely to bring its performance up to the required level. Methods of determining the efficiency of test furnaces are outlined. The theorem of uniformity heat load is recognized as a succinct descriptor of fires with respect to their destructive potential. As such, it forms the basis for correlating real-world fires with standard test fires.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050306
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    Correction to a table of relationship between rate of burning and oxygen concentration (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 131-131 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050309
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    Short-term creep of concrete at elevated temperatures (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 142-148 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Results of a study of time-dependent deformation of concrete over a period of five hours at room and elevated temperatures (22 to 649°C) are described. The influences of load, temperature and material variables are examined and data compared with several mathematical models commonly used to describe concrete creep behavior. Information obtained from this study will help in evaluation of the design of concrete structures to withstand fire and other high temperature environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050403
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    Testing products and materials for their contribution to flashover in rooms (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 103-111 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The first part of the paper describes briefly the calculation of the rate of heat release required to cause flashover in a compartment. It is possible from theory to suggest that the thermal feedback which controls the supply of gaseous fuel from a given area of combustibles may be generally less important than that which controls the extension of the area, although eigher can cause the rapid transition of flashover in the absence of the other. In the second part of the paper some implications for the testing of products and linings are explored and some suggestions are made for the way in which test data can be used to predict the behaviour of fires in rooms. Suggestions are made for the way in which test data can be used to predict the behaviour of fires in rooms. Suggestions are made for the development of test having a more direct meaning, in terms of both hazard and quantitative theory.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050305
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    News (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. iii 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050310
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    The thermal decomposition of polyurethanes and polyisocyanurates (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 133-141 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The thermal decomposition of a number of TDI- and MDI-based biscarbamates (model compounds for polyurethane foams) between 200°C and 1000°C showed that the urethane linkage undergoes an O-acyl fission at about 300°C to generate the free isocyanate and alcohol. In the case of the flexible foam analogues, the newly generated TDI reacts further to generate volatile polyureas, termed ‘yellow smoke’. The MDI residues generated in the decomposition of a rigid foams react to yield non-volatile polycarbodiimides. Both the yellow smokes and the polycarbodiimides decompose above 600°C to give a mixture of nitriles (including HCN) as well as a number of olefinic and aromatic compounds. The use of 13C labeling indicated that HCN and all the other nitriles generated during the high temperature decompositions originate in the thermal fission of the aromatic ring, the nitrile carbon being the 2-, 4- or 6- carbon of MDI.
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    Combustion products of polymeric materials. 2 - Test chamber CAB 650 (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 169-172 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A chamber has been designed which allows total assessment of products formed during the thermal stressing of polymer material samples. The chamber is of oval shape and creates an infinite track for the movement of products formed in the course of the thermal degradation process. It allows the complete analysis of the products to be carried out to monitor the contents of the most important of them, to determine the oxygen content, to measure the optical density of smoke and to measure the temperature inside the chamber in the course of the experiment. The chamber was used for testing the combustion products of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyamide.
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    The pyrolysis of organic nitriles (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 185-192 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Detailed quantitative studies are reported on the kinetics of acetonitrile pyrolysis using an isothermal quartz tubular flow reactor at 720-1033 K and 1 atm. Pressure using flow rates, in nitrogen, of 2-200 ml min-1. The pyrolysis of several other nitriles (acrylonitrile, propionitrile, methacrylonitrile and benzonitrile) has also been investigated qualitatively by pyrolysis-gas chromatography.
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    The influence of applied heat flux on the combustion of epoxies (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 216-218 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810070410
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    Toxicity of polyurethane-derived oxidative thermal decomposition productsAbbreviations: GSH = reduced glutathione; MDA = 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane; MDI = 4,4′diphenylmethane diisocyanate; NADPH = reduced nicotinamide-adenine; dinucleotide phosphate; UDP = uridine-5′-diphosphate (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 96-98 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060210
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    An analysis of smoldering fires in closed compartments and their hazard due to carbon monoxide (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 99-110 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A review was made of smoldering fire experiments conducted in closed rooms and buildings. The results were summarized by tabulating maximum levels of CO, the time integral of CO concentration (‘dose’), CO2, temperature rise and oxygen consumption. A hazard time based on the attainment of a CO dose equal to 4.5% CO-minutes and the time for transition to flaming were also tabulated. The likelihood of reaching a critical CO condition during smoldering seems to be comparable with the likelihood of having transition to flaming occur. A theoretical model, requiring inputs of CO production rate and energy release rate, was executed and compared with available data. The theoretical results for CO concentration as a function of time were in good agreement with the experimental data. The model offers a means of extrapolating test data to compartments of various size in order to assess the general hazard of CO due to smoldering.
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    The formation of NOx from nitrogen containing materials in diffusion flames (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 62-66 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The conversion of fuel-N species to NOx in diffusion flames has been studied by adding acetonitrile to the fuel flow for a methane-Oxygen-argon diffusion flame burning in excess oxygen. It is shown that the conversion is significantly lower than that obtained in a ‘corresponding’ pre-mixed flame, although the observed concentrations of NOx are still much higher than the appropriate thermodynamic equilibrium concentrations. The effect of initial concentration of acetonitrile, flame temperature and amount of excess oxygen on the conversion can all be explained in terms of the basic structure of a diffusion flame. This enables molecular nitrogen to be formed in the reducing atmosphere which exists on the fuel side of the flame through reaction of cyanide radicals with nitric oxide. The latter diffuses back from the oxygen side of the flame where it is formed, but the overall result is that a proportion of the fuel-N is converted to molecular nitrogen before it can be converted to nitric oxide.
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    Combustion product toxicity: Dependence on the mode of product generation (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 96-97 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810070208
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    Test methods and standards. Fire performance of products (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 64-68 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: More than 700 standardized rules for fire testing are used round the world in order to assess the fire safety of materials, products and constructions in different technical fields. This article discusses the reasons for this variety of test methods and evaluation systems and the attempts to create systematic models in this special field of material testing, including new suggestions and developments in ISO and CIB for future approaches.
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    Effective thermal inertia in relation to normalized heat load (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 77-80 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Normalized heart load, obtained by dividing heat absorption by thermal inertia, is a quantity useful in building design for relating fire severity in fully developed compartment fires to fire severity in standard fire resistance tests. Harmathy has shown how normalized heat load may be used for determining required fire resistance in projected buildings. The present work describes how effective values of thermal inertia can be calculated for such important materials as brick and concrete, both normal and lightweight, for which thermal properties depend strongly upon temperature.
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    Studies on the measurement of smoke propensity of UPVC (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 101-110 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The smoke propensity of plastics as measured in the NBS Smoke Chamber method has been rationalized in terms of the influence of specimen thickness and resolved in a relation between mass optical density (MOD) and mass loss, which gives two parameters for characterizing behaviour, a maximum MOD for thin specimens and an asymptotic MOD for thicker ones. Data have been obtained for unplasticized piolyvinylchloride formulations and compared to that obtained by the Arapahoe Smoke Chamber and the Australian Standard method (AS 1530 Part 3). Although correlation coefficients between the methods were generally poor, the same formulations were ranked as the best performers in each method and the improvement over a standard formulation was potentially important in terms of wider acceptance under Australian building regulations.
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    Fire deaths in the United Kingdom 1976-82 (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 67-72 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A study of fire deaths in the Glasgow area has been extended to the rest of the United Kingdom in order to assess the applicability of the conclusions reached in the Glasgow study to the whole country. With assistance from pathologists in a number of other areas, 71 cases were included in the study, covering both pathology and toxicology of the deaths where possible. In both the Glasgow and UK studies, most of the fire deaths occurred in dwelling-house fires. These and other demographic characteristics were in agreement with national fire statistics. The principal features of pathology in this study were burns (79 per cent of cases), respiratory system injury (72 per cent of cases) and soot deposition in the respiratory tract (96 per cent of cases), and these reflected a similar incidence in Glasgow study. Carbon monoxide was considered to be the cause of death in 51 per cent of the deaths in this study and to be implicated in the death of 37 per cent of the other cases (54 per cent and 31 per cent respectively in Glasgow). Cyanide was estimated to be a significant factor in 33 per cent of the deaths in the UK study (24 per cent in Glasgow). Alcoholic intoxication was found to be a significant additional factor in Glasgow but was much less prominent in the other areas of the UK. It concluded that, with the exception of alcohol, the results of the Glasgow study are valid for the UK as a whole.
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    News (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 98-99 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810070209
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    The persistence of burning of textiles in different oxygen environments and the determination of the extinction oxygen index (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 111-118 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The influence that oxygen has on the burning behaviour of cotton single- and multilayered fabries has been determined by recording persistence of burning times as a function of oxygen concentration. For a given fabric subjected to a specified igniter application time, an extinction oxygen index parameter, EOI, may be determined. EOI is defined as the oxygen concentration expressed as a volume fraction in an oxygen-nitrogen mixture, necessary to give a persistence of burning time equal to zero. For a given fabric, EOI is found to decrease as the igniter application time increases and two limiting EOI values may be observed, one corresponding to zero inginter application conditions and one for igniter application times greater than 10 s. At any given ignition time, the extinction oxygen index increases linearly with fabric area density and decreases linearly with the logarithm of the respective air permeability. Similar results are observed for nylon 6.6 and polyester single- and multilayered fabrics. The validity of the extinction oxygen index is discussed with reference to other published works.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810070303
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat transmission of proban®-treated fabrics subjected to a radiant heat source (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The apparatus described in DIN 4842 was used to measure the heat transmission of a series of Nomex, polyester-cotton, Proban®-Treated cotton, untreated cotton and wool workwear fabrics subjected to a radiant heat source. Heat transmission was found to be dependent on the incident heat flux, fabric weight and fabric thickness. At the heat flux levels tested, 10 KJ m-2s-1 and 20 KJ m-2s-1, heat transmission was found to be largely independent of the fibre composition of the fabric when single layers of fabric were tested. The level of heat transmission was reduced by the use of multiplayer assemblies or a reflective aluminium coating, but the greatest reduction was obtained when air spaces were interposed between the fabrics. Conbinaitons of fabrics were developed which transmitted less than 205 KJ m-2s-1 during testing at incident heat flux levels of 10 KJ m-2s-1 and 20 KJ m-2s-1.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810070305
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