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  • Articles  (97)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (97)
  • 1980-1984  (97)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (97)
  • Technology  (97)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physicochemical characterization and in vivo blood tolerability of cast and extruded biomer (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 1-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Solution grade and extruded grade Biomer (SB and EB, respectively) are polyurethanes that have been suggested for use in biomedical applications. The bulk materials were examined by elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermomechanical testing, and stress-strain testing. The extruded grade material has a lower soft segment molecular weight (650 g/mol) than the solution grade material (2000 g/mol). As a result of its higher molecular weight, the soft segment phase of SB is semicrystalline in the solid state. The hard segments of the extruded grade material are chain extended with water yielding a lower urea concentration than in the solution grade material in which the hard segments are chain extended with diamines. Chemical structures for the two materials consistent with elemental analysis, urea/urethane ratios and thermal and mechanical data, are proposed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) was used to analyze the surfaces of extruded grade Biomer, solution grade Biomer cast on the inner surface of polyethylene tubing, and extruded grade Biomer dissolved in DMA and similarly cast on polyethylene (CB). Soft segment concentrations were highest on the EB surface and lowest on the SB surface. Soft segment concentrations on the EB surface were higher than on the CB surface, indicating that the method of fabrication affected the composition of the surface layer. The three materials were tested for blood tolerance in a canine femoral arteriovenous shunt configuration. Blood compatibility was correlated with increasing concentration of polyether soft segments on the surface.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170102
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomaterials for drug delivery systems (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 109-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Drug delivery systems have unusual materials requirements which derive mainly from their therapeutic role: to administer drugs over prolonged periods of time at rates that are independent of patient-to-patient variables. The chemical nature of the surfaces of such devices may stimulate biorejection processes which can be enhanced or suppressed by the simultaneous presence of the drug that is being administered. Selection of materials for such systems is further complicated by the need for compatibility with the drug contained within the system. A review of selected drug delivery systems is presented. This leads to a definition of the technologies required to develop successfully such systems as well as to categorize the classes of drug delivery systems available to the therapist. A summary of the applications of drug delivery systems will also be presented. There are five major challenges to the biomaterials scientist: (1) how to minimize the influence on delivery rate of the transient biological response that accompanies implantation of any object; (2) how to select a composition, size, shape, and flexibility that optimizes biocompatibility; (3) how to make an intravascular delivery system that will retain long-term functionality; (4) how to make a percutaneous lead for those delivery systems that cannot be implanted but which must retain functionality for extended periods; and (5) how to make biosensors of adequate compatibility and stability to use with the ultimate drug delivery system - a system that operates with feedback control.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170110
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface modification and evaluation of some commonly used catheter materials. I. Surface propertiesSubmitted by P. T. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. Degree in Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 129-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Double catheter systems consisting of a stiff outer catheter and a flexible, buoyant, flow-directed, inner catheter which is often balloon-tipped have been employed with increasing frequency recently in both therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. Their use, however, has been restricted because of the excessive friction generated between the two catheters. In an attempt to decrease friction between polymers commonly used as catheter materials, oxidation of polyethylene, fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer, poly(vinyl chloride), silicone rubber, and polystyrene surfaces was induced by exposing the polymers to radio frequency glow discharge (RFGD) in a helium environment. All polymers were surface characterized utilizing x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and contact angle measurements before and after oxidation. This article describes the materials and methods used to fabricate and characterize the polymer surfaces and the results of the characterization. The results indicate that increases in oxygen concentration at the surface of the polymers and decreases in air-water contact angles occur with increased RFGD exposure time. Plateau values were usually obtained after 5-30 s exposure time, yet no apparent changes in surface topography were noted by scanning electron microscopy. The hydrophilic surfaces produced were stable for up to three months storage time in air.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170111
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate as an osseous adhesive in the repair of osteochondral fractures (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 167-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An in vivo evaluation of isobuty 2-cyanoacrylate as an osseous adhesive was done in an effort to answer two questions: Used in limited amounts, can this monomer maintain the reduction of an unstable intra-articular osteochondral fracture while allowing for fracture healing around the sites of adhesive placement? Used in limited amounts, in this monomer toxic to adjacent viable bone? Osteochondral fractures were created in 32 dog knees. In 16 knees, the fracture reduction was secured with three small drops of adhesive placed around the periphery of the fracture surface. In 16 control knees no adhesive was used. Eighty-one percent of the fractures in the adhesive-treated group united compared to 56% of the control group. Although the difference in number of fractures that healed in the two groups is not definitely statistically significant and no conclusion was drawn as to effectiveness of the adhesive, osseous healing was noted to proceed around the sites of adhesive placement and the monomer appeared nontoxic to adjacent bone.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170113
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between release rate and surface concentration for heparinized materials (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 509-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Mathematical models are used to predict surface concentrations that result from the release of heparin into flowing blood and stagnant or well-mixed plasma. Two release rates - 4 × 10-2 and 3 × 10-5 μg/cm2 min-are considered, which describe elution from an ionically heparinized material and from an immobilized heparin-PVA hydrogel, respectively. When heparin is released at the higher rate into blood flowing in cylindrical tubes with dimensions characteristic of the vasculature, or annular tubes representative of catheter experiments, a minium surface concentration of 0.5 μg/mL is attained virtually at the tube inlet. Release at the lower rate requires tube lengths of several thousand meters to attain the same critical value. Similarly, heparin released from a suspension of beads at the higher rate leads to critical surface concentrations of 0.2 μg/mL within a fraction of a second in stagnant plasma, or ca. 5 s in a well-mixed environment. At the lower release rate, 45 or 100 min must elapse before the same level is achieved. These results support the validity of 4 × 10-2 μg/cm2 min as a reasonable minimum release rate to produce a heparin microenvironment sufficient to prevent thrombosis. The lower rate is shown to be insufficient to generate a critical concentration, thus supporting the argument that heparin-PVA does not owe its biological activity to a heparin microenvironment. The model equations can be applied to the release of any material to determine surface concentrations.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170310
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural evidences of the microfilled composites (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 249-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The new composite concept of microfilled composites has certain advantages, such as polishability, permanent smoothness, and high abrasion resistance. In the mouth, however, these new materials are not perfect and they often fail in stress-bearing restorations. In the present study, the weak links and imperfections of these materials are determined by means of direct and indirect SEM techniques. The chemical adhesion between polymer blocks and polymer matrix is questionable; fractures occur most often at the filler-matrix interface. In vivo, there is still a certain preferential wear of the resin matrix. In Estic Microfill, rear weak zones with starlike condensations are observed, which could be related to a certain incompatibility of its composing resins and/or to incomplete and inhomogeneous polymerization. In a fractured Isopast restoration, the polymer blocks are clearly revealed, scattered in a three-dimensional polymerized matrix network.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170204
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histological investigation of bone induction by demineralized allogeneic bone matrix: A natural biomaterial for osseous reconstruction (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 1003-1014 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The objective of the study was to delineate the histological sequence of events associated with bone formation induced in extraosseous sites by implants of demineralized allogeneic bone matrix (DABM) in order to provide a more complete basis for the clinical use of the natural biomaterial for osseous reconstruction. The rat was the experimental animal model. Implants were prepared by demineralization of diaphyseal cortical rat bone in 0.6N HCl for 18-24 h. A total of 104 specimens, 4 mm square, were implanted both subcutaneously and intramuscularly in 26 rats for periods of 3 days to 22 weeks. Histological evaluation revealed a sequence of events that at 3 days displayed an inflammatory response to surgical trauma and after 6 weeks exhibited the formation of a mature lamellar ossicle with central marrow which was maintained through 22 weeks. Resorption of the DABM, first evident at 1 week, was accompanied by the appearance of chondroblasts in vascular canals and in crevices in the implant. Osteoblastic activity, initially seen at 2 weeks, appeared to be associated with capillary and blood vessel formation around the implant and within enlarged resorptive cavities within the specimens. Calcification occurred in the cartilaginous matrix and osteoid and within the implanted matrix.The osteoinductive process comprises (1) the inflammation / granulation / scar formation processes elicited by implantation of a material, (2) the resorptive response elicited by DABM, and (3) the process of induction of nonosseous mesenchymal cells to differentiate to chondroblasts and osteoblasts. The results of the present study support previous investigations demonstrating the bone-inducing property of DABM and provide further evidence for the potential value of this natural biomaterial for use in osseous reconstruction.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170610
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of gamma irradiation on the enzymatic degradation of polyglycolic acid absorbable sutures (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 1029-1040 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of γ irradiation on the enzymatic as well as the in vivo degradation of polyglycolic acid sutures. The sutures of size 2-0 were irradiated at dosage levels of 0-20 mrad. The three enzymes chosen for this study, were esterase, α-chymotrypsin, and trypsin. The irradiated sutures were both immersed in the enzyme solutions, their corresponding buffer controls, and implanted in inbred black-and-white hooded hister rats (Liverpool strain). The degradation of PGA sutures was determined mechanically. Among the three enzymes studied, esterase showed the highest enzymatic effect on the degradation of the unirradiated and irradiated PGA sutures. Trypsin's effect on PGA sutures was not observed until 20 mrad. The findings of trypsin demonstrated the hypothesis that synthetic high molecular weight polymers, which are initially resistant to enzymatic degradation, could become prone to enzymatic attack after altering their physical and chemical structures. Implanted PGA sutures maintained a similar or slightly higher mean tensile breaking strength in in vivo degradation compared to in vitro degradation (0.1M tris buffer of pH = 7.5); these degradation profiles suggest that PGA does not display similar behavior in in vivo and in vitro degradations. The magnitude of dissimilarity depends on the radiation dosage and on the duration of degradation, and is speculated to be attributable to the specific action of enzymes with respect to the con-figuration and chemical structure of the PGA sutures.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170612
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strain-rate dependence of the compressive properties of normal and carbon-fiber-reinforced bone cementPresented in part at the 7th Annual Meeting of the Society of Biomaterials (in conjunction with the 13th International Biomaterials Symposium), held at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, and on May 28-31, 1981. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 1041-1047 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Normal and carbon-fiber-reinforced (1 wt. %) bone cement samples were tested in compression at various strain rates. Both the compressive strength and proportional limit increased in general with increasing strain rate. Similar strain-rate sensitivity was also shown by the carbon-fiber-reinforced bone cement. The mechanical properties, namely the modulus of elasticity, the proportional limit, and the compressive strength of the carbon-fiber-reinforced bone cement showed highly significant positive correlations with the strain rate.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170613
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model of dissolution-controlled solute release from porous drug delivery polymeric systems (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 1079-1087 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170615
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcements (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 1089-1091 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170616
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Macromolecular, histological, ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characteristics of the neointima developed within PTFE vascular grafts. Experimental study in dogs (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 623-636 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The nature and characteristics of the tissue that develops on the inner surfaces of vascular arterial PTFE prostheses have been investigated by histological, morphometrical, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical criteria. The ability of this tissue to synthetize glycoproteins and glycosamino-glycuronoglycans (previously called mucopolysaccharides) has been compared to that of the normal arterial wall. PTFE prostheses were used for carotid replacement in the dog and studied until the 90th postoperative day. These prostheses were mainly characterized by (1) a limited or even absent neointimal tissue proliferation; (2) the absence of an endothelial-like structure on the prosthesis using scanning electron microscopy and immunocytochemical staining with rabbit antidog factor VIII-related antigen sera; (3) limited activities of both microsomial enzymes (sialyl transferase and N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-transferase) but marked xylosyl transferase activity; and (4) inverse qualitative distribution of the glycosaminoglycans, i.e., decrease of heparan sulfate and chondroitin-6-sulfate and increase of hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate. The absence of morphological evidence of an endothelial structure at the blood-prosthesis interface even 3 months after implantation and the marked functional impairment in the biosynthesis of macromolecular components responsible for the normal blood-vessel interface suggest that this newly developed tissue cannot be considered a true vascular endothelium.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170407
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemical features of pseudomembrane at the bone-cement interface of loosened total hip prostheses (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 669-678 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Biochemical features of pseudomembrane formed at the bone-cement interface of 13 failed total hip replacements were studied and histological examination of the pseudomembrane was conducted. The results of biochemical analyses revealed on average hydroxyproline, 86 μg/mg; water content, 57%; hexosamine, 12 μg/mg; glucosamine/galactosamine, 1.4%; and calcium, 2.1%. Approximately 78% of collagen was extracted with pepsin, whereas only 8 and 0.3% collagen were extracted with acetic acid and neutral salt, respectively. On further differential salting out of the extracted collagen, about 77% was type I collagen, 19% type III, and 2.6% type V. Unlike pseudoarthrosis of fracture, no type II collagen was identified. Overall biochemical features in the light of the histological appearance suggested that pseudomembrane resembles granulation tissue. Bone healing mechanisms at the bone-cement interface appear to differ from that of fracture healing.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170411
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strong composites of dimethylacrylates with 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic anhydride (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 679-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Particles of a lithium aluminum silicate, which had been treated with a silane coupling agent, were centrifuged either in an adduct of bisphenol-A/glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) or in a mixture of Bis-GMA and methyl methacrylate. Polymerization was effected by heating with 2,5-dimethyl-hexane-2,5-dihydroperoxide. Flexural strength passed through an optimum value with increasing loading of the silicate. Inclusion of 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic anhydride, 4-META (5 wt % on monomer), increased the optimum flexural strength by about 20% (to 240 MPa). Evidence that 4-META increased the adhesion of filler particles to the polymeric matrix was obtained by examination of fracture surfaces.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170412
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical strength of poly(methyl methacrylate) cement-human bone interfaces (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 441-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A device was constructed to test the inter-facial strength of PMMA-based bone cement and human cancellous bone under pure tension. Two types of tissue were used in the investigation: (1) formalin-fixed vertebral bone as an in vitro model for weak cancellous bone, and (2) freshly removed metatarsal bone. Tissue-cement joints were allowed to solidify under two different pressures (0.11 and 0.47 MPa), and cement placement time on tissue surfaces was also controlled as a variable. The higher curing pressure only seemed to enhance the strength of interfaces formed with mechanically weak fixed bone but had no significant effect for joints formed with the stronger, freshly extracted tissue. Cement placement time did not have a discernible effect on interfacial strength regardless of the tissue used or the pressure applied during setting. An analysis of fracture morphology by optical microscopy revealed largely cement cohesive failure in some cases and bone or mixed fractures in others. Joints exhibiting mainly cement fracture had the highest interfacial tensile strengths (in the order of 7.5 MPa). Once measured values of tissue porosity were taken into account, the observed joint strength correlated well with cement tensile strength. Based on experimental findings, better stress-dissipating qualities and higher tensile strength are suggested as two important necessary improvements of bone cements based on poly(methyl methacrylate).
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170305
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-sanitizing soft denture liners: Paradoxical results (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 731-734 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170415
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170501
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instrumentation for preparation and placement of subcutaneous implants (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 735-740 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An instrument has been designed for the preparation and placement of subcutaneous implants in small laboratory animals. The usefulness and applications of the instrument have been assessed, based on experiences from 260 implants inserted subcutaneously on guinea pigs with the aid of the described instrument.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170502
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue response to allergenic leachables from dental materials (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 741-755 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In addition to toxic reactions to dental materials, some individuals may develop or exhibit hypersensitivity reactions to leachable components. An experimental model combining the guinea pig maximization test for induction of hypersensitivity and the subcutaneous implantation of dental cements is described. Guinea pigs immunized with AH 26, an epoxy-bisphenol resin, showed an increased tissue response to AH26 implants. Guinea pigs immunized with zinc oxide-eugenol did not show a similarly increased response, possibly because of an anti-inflammatory effect of eugenol. The experimental model may prove useful in predicting the effect of leachable allergens from dental materials in sensitized individuals.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170503
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  • 21
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    Mechanical properties of hydrophilic copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate with ethyl acrylate,n-butyl acrylate, and dodecyl methacrylate (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 757-767 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Copolymers were prepared of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, which is strongly hydrophilic, with hydrophobic comonomers having a low glass transition temperature, i.e., ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, and dodecyl methacrylate. The glass transition temperature, Tα (1 Hz), of polymers in the dry state (xerogels) was determined by means of dynamic mechanical measurements. The dependence of Tα on composition in all the three series of copolymers was described in terms of a one-parameter equation. The equilibrium swelling of copolymers in water decreases more steeply than the weight fraction of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. When swollen in water to equilibrium, all copolymers with ethyl acrylate or n-butyl acrylate are in the rubber-like state; their tensile modulus E assumes values in the range 0.17-0.50 MPa. While poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) has the modulus E = 0.39 MPa, the tensile strength σu = 0.32 MPa, and the strain-at-break ∊u = 1.81, for the weight fraction of the comonomer in the range 0.36 ≤ w2 ≤ 0.56 it is possible to achieve σu and ≤ u lying in the respective ranges 0.7-0.9 MPa and 5-7. Copolymers with the dodecyl methacrylate content w2 〈 0.2 or w2 〉 0.8 are rubberlike, and at 0.30 ≤ w2 ≤ 0.62 they become leathery; the latter have the modulus E and strength σu within the ranges 12-32 and 3-4 MPa, respectively. The stress-strain curves of these copolymers evidence yielding and orientation hardening which have been tentatively explained by the nonhomogeneous composition and structure of the copolymers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170504
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    Biodegradation behavior of various calcium phosphate materials in bone tissue (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 769-784 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In order to study the biodegradation behavior of calcium phosphate materials, cylinders of standard size were implanted in the tibiae of rabbits. Material parameters were stoichiometry (hydroxyapatite with a Ca/P ratio of 1.67 versus tricalcium phosphate with a Ca/P ratio of 1.50), crystallographic structure (apatite versus β-whitlockite), microporosity, and macroporosity. The extent of biodegradation was evaluated by radiography, light and fluorescence microscopy, microradiography, and porosity measurements. All calcium phosphate materials were biocompatible in bone tissue. Hydroxyapatite ceramics had a higher osteogenic potential than β-whitlockite materials. Depending on their porosities, sintered tricalciumphosphate (β-whitlockite) materials were more or less biodegradable, in contrast to sintered hydroxyapatite materials, which showed no detectable resorption over a period of 9 months of implantation.
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    Histopathology and metallurgical analysis of a removed Lane plate at 53 years postimplantation: A case report (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 785-792 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A vanadium steel Lane plate with nickel coating and low grade steel screws were removed from a patient 53 years postimplantation. Corrosion of the parts was extreme, but the reaction in the surrounding tissues was surprisingly quiescent under the circumstances. By today's standards, the materials, their application, and their performance were totally unacceptable. However, the biological system tolerated this “insult” well.
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    Measurement of the rate of wear of dental composite resins by a 90Sr beta particle transmission gauge (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 843-853 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The wear rate of restorative dental composite resins is an important parameter in the assessment of their in vivo performance. The two more widely used methods of quantifying wear are measuring the dimensional change and measuring the change in the mass of the specimen. The former method is complicated by uneven wear of specimens and presents difficulties with samples of irregular shape, and the latter method involves measurements of changes in mass as small as tens of micrograms with specimens of sizes similar to those encountered clinically. A 90Sr beta particle transmission gauge has been designed and constructed to enable the wear rate of small specimens of dental composite resins to be measured. The 90Sr beta particle transmission gauge enables indirect measurements of changes in mass to be made and overcomes some of the difficulties inherent in the direct measurement of mass and length. Applications of the 90Sr beta particle transmission gauge to the measurement of wear rates are given for restorative dental resins having a range of inorganic filler contents and types. The results show that the 90Sr beta particle transmission gauge is capable of measuring the rate of wear to a degree of precision similar to that of micrometer-derived measurements.
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    Macroporous hydrogel membranes for a hybrid artificial pancreas. I. Synthesis and chamber fabrication (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 855-864 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We report development of special macroporous semipermeable membranes and diffusion chambers made of polymerized 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (pHEMA), synthesized specifically to enclose living insulin-producing pancreatic islet cells for the treatment of diabetes. This material was selected to minimize the fibrotic encapsulation which has limited hybrid artificial pancreas efforts with other membranes, including Millipore and Nuclepore filters. The pore density and pore size distribution were dependent on the ratio of water to HEMA monomer and also on the crosslinker (EGDMA) concentration. A macroporous membrane resulted only when the ratio of water/HEMA monomer was greater than 50%. 125I-insulin permeability was studied in vitro. A technique is also described to fuse the membranes to form diffusion chambers used for implantation into diabetic rats.
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    Macroporous hydrogel membranes for a hybrid artificial pancreas. II. Biocompatibility (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 865-871 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A histological evaluation of the biocompatibility of a new porous hydrogel membrane made of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) was performed. Isolated membranes and diffusion chambers made of this material and filled with rabbit pancreas were implanted in diabetic rats for periods of up to 8 1/2 months. Histologic evaluation showed that this polymer elicits minimal tissue reaction within the first 7 weeks but some increase in granulation tissue and fibrosis thereafter. A component of this tissue reaction is neovascularization, and many blood vessels were noted immediately adjacent to the membrane's surface. Calcification of the membrane was also progressive but could be minimized by formulations resulting in the incorporation of acid groups throughout the hydrogel and on its surface. Diffusion chambers made of this new material show promise for use in a “hybrid” artificial pancreas for the treatment of diabetes.
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    The retention mechanics of LTI carbon, carbon-coated aluminum oxide, and uncoated aluminum oxide dental implants (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 873-883 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The in vitro mechanical behavior of identical geometry LTI carbon, carbon-coated aluminum oxide, and uncoated aluminum oxide blade-type dental implants has been evaluated using rosette type strain gauges and a LVDT system. The implants served as a distal abutment for a three-unit fixed prosthesis and functioned for a period of 2 years in female baboons. The comparison of the LTI carbon implants to the carbon-coated aluminum oxide implants allowed for a study of the effect of implant elastic modulus on the mechanical behavior, while the comparison of the carbon-coated and uncoated aluminum oxide implants allowed for a study of the effect of chemical composition at the tissue-implant interface. The results of the mechanical testing indicate that the implant displacement response of the LTI carbon implants was greater than that of the carbon-coated and uncoated aluminum oxide implants. Little difference in displacement response was observed for the carbon-coated and uncoated aluminum oxide implants. No clear trend in the strain response of the buccal mandibular bone was observed for the three implant systems. The greatest differences in strain response, however, was observed between the uncoated aluminum oxide implants and the LTI carbon and carbon-coated aluminum oxide implants.
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    Clinical applications of biomaterials, A. J. C. Lee, T. Albrektsson, and P. I. Branemark, Advances in biomaterials, Vol. 4, Wiley, Chichester, 1982, 335 pp. with index (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 899-899 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Announcement (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 903-903 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170518
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    The development of modified denture base materials (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 885-898 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This work has been undertaken in an attempt to develop improved materials for the construction of dentures. In particular, a material was sought that would combine radiopacity with high impact resistance. Eight particulate radiopaque glasses were prepared and incorporated into poly(methyl methacrylate) denture base material, and the properties of the resultant composites were measured. Experiments were also carried out with glass fiber fillers, which were found to increase impact strength. It was shown that the incorporation of both a particulate radiopaque glass and glass fiber, 20% of each, yielded composites with improved properties.
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    Systemic aspects of biocompatibility, Volumes I and II, David F. Williams, Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1981, 273 pp. (I), 213 pp. (II) (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 900-901 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170517
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    Masthead (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170601
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    Acrylate and methacrylate esters: Relationship of hemolytic activity and in vivo toxicity (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 945-957 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Quantitative hemolysis assays of acrylate and methacrylate esters provided estimates of the intrinsic hemolytic activity (Hi the slope of the concentration-response curve) and the concentrations effecting 5% (H5) and 50% (H50) hemolysis. The dependence of hemolytic activity and LD50 (mice) on physical properties (lipophilicity, molar refraction, and molecular volume) of the esters was determined by multiple regression analysis. The observed correlations were: Hi, R2 = 0.94; H5, R2 = 0.95; H50, R2 = 0.94; and LD50, R2 (all compounds) = 0.80, R2 (all compounds less the methyl esters) = 0.94. The difference of the methyl esters was associated with the smaller steric volume of the methyl ester substituent and the presence (methacrylates) or absence (acrylates) of the branched methyl group. Associative steric contributions of the branched methyl group and the ester substituents were probably responsible for greater variability in the methyacrylate series. The results were consistent with the conclusion that the mechanism of the action of the esters is membrane mediated and relatively nonspecific and that in vivo biotransformation was not a significant factor. Also, long-term toxic liability of the esters may be more closely related to intrinsic toxicity than acute toxicity.
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    Platelet adhesion onto microcapsule membranes with different degrees of sulfonation (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 959-971 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Microcapsules having different numbers of sulfonic acid groups on their surfaces were prepared by the interfacial polycondensation method. Platelets adhered to these capsules, and the rate and degree of platelet adhesion were found to be remarkable on those microcapsules that had high surface charge compared to those with low surface charge. This trend was strengthened by the coating of the capsules with plasma, while the electrophoretic mobilities of the plasma-coated capsules showed a considerable reduction and no appreciable difference between the respective mobilities could be observed. This trend suggest that the adsorption of plasma components on microcapsules, and not their surface negative charge, affected platelet adhesiveness directly. In connection with the glycosyl transferase hypothesis, the adsorption pattern and its effect on platelet adhesion of albumin, γ-globulin, and fibrinogen were examined. The protein adsorption pattern varied depending on both the type of protein and the magnitude of negative charge on the microcapsule surface, but its effect on platelet adhesion was not fully consistent with the glycosyl transferase hypothesis. It was concluded from the findings that the surface negative charge of the capsules strongly affected the composition, molecular orientation, and/or configuration of the adsorbed plasma components, which probably induced the differences in platelet adhesiveness depending on the magnitude of surface negative charge of the microcapsules.
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    Stiffness and inelastic deformation in acrylic-titanium composite implant materials under compression (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 973-991 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A variety of acrylic bone cement-metal composite materials were prepared and tested in simple compression at 37°C in order to evaluate the mechanical behavior of these materials for possible use in bone replacement. The stiffness of the composite was of particular concern, and a simple rule of mixture was used to raise the modulus of acrylic bone cement. The reinforcement of the cement was accomplished by titanium and Ti-6A1-4V in different forms, e.g., wire, sheet, wire mesh, and powder. Test results demonstrated that the stiffness of the bone cement could indeed be increased by a desired amount to that of bone. A 16% volume fraction consisting of 25 0.10 cm diam Ti-6A1-4V wires increased the modulus of the bone cement by 380% to a value comparable to the modulus of cortical bone. Titanium sheet was nearly as effective as wires in increasing the modulus of bone cement, while titanium mesh was not a significantly effective reinforcing material. The amount of titanium powder added to the bone cement did not alter the compliance of the matrix material. In addition, as the flow strength increased, the strain to the point of load instability decreased. It was concluded that the extent of stiffening was governed by nonuniform deformation in the metal and the adjacent matrix which could be explained on the basis of geometrical considerations. Some of the limitations of the test results as well as methods of predicting the composite implant material behavior are also outlined.
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    Grafted synthetic sorbents for enhanced removal of toxic chemical agents from plasma (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 993-1002 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A series of porous polymeric sorbents and activated carbon were used to remove di-isopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) from human plasma and normal saline. The sorptive capacities of the commercially available sorbents Amberlite XAD-4, XAD-2, XN1010, and XE348, and Calgon 400 were determined. Butyl- and palmityl-grafted XAD-4 were prepared with graft efficiencies of 32 and 6%, respectively, and tested for sorptive capacities. DIMP removal efficiencies were compared to dialysis with a 1.8 m2 Cordis-Dow hollow fiber artificial kidney (HFAK). Butyl-grafted XAD-4 and active carbon outperformed the other sorbents in removing DIMP from both saline and plasma. An order of magnitude reduction in removal ability was noted for all the adsorbents when the mobile media was plasma. Pronounced plasma precipitation was elicited by activated carbon, an effect not observed with any of the polymeric resins tested. The removal efficiencies on a 18.0 g basis of XAD-4, butyl-grafted XAD-4, and active carbon were comparable to that of the HFAK used in this study. These sorbents, however, possess a macroscopic surface area of approximately 0.1 m2, an order of magnitude lower than that of the HFAK. This reduction in contact area is believed to reduce substantially the possibility of undesirable molecular and cellular effects.
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    Degradative analysis of glass ionomer polyelectrolyte cements (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 1015-1027 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: As part of a detailed investigation of the setting mechanisms of dental polyelectrolyte cements, the Al3+, Ca2+, and Na+ concentrations in the matrix phase of glass ionomer cements were measured as a function of the cements age by use of a selective degradation technique. In the early stages of cement formation, all three cations were rapidly released from the glass, and it is in-ferred that both Ca2+ and Al3+ are responsible for gelation. Even after 5 × 104 min, the reaction was incomplete and still continuing.
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    Detecting margin leakage of dental composite restorations (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The degree of microleakage between a restoration and the cavity wall is difficult to quantify objectively. A silver-staining method is used and compared to the radioisotope method with results that indicate a superior definition and more accurate evaluation of microleakage. In addition to the accuracy, two advantages are presented: (1) scoring of the leakage can be refined and divided into more precise numbers, and (2) teeth can be observed directly in a microscope without resorting to the indirect interpretation of film or photograph.
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    The incidence and significance of rub marks on the stem of removed total hip replacements (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 83-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This article presents data on the incidence of rub marks (burnishing) on the stems of 180 removed total hip replacement femoral components most of which were McKees and Stanmores. The incidence varied with the reason for removal. It was low for assorted removals excluding fractured stem removals, higher for “loose stem” removals, and highest for fractured stem removals. For “loose stem” removals, it appeared to increase with implantation time. For fractured stem removals it appeared to increase with the time elapsed between fracture and removal. On not-fractured removal, rub marks appeared to indicate that the component had been loose, but on fractured stem removals they appeared to indicate only that the component had been loose after fracture.
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    Preparation of a biocompatible albumin-coated ion exchange resin for bilirubin removal from the blood of jaundiced newbornsThis paper won a student award at the annual meeting of the Society for Biomaterials at Troy, NY, May 1981. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 91-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Removal of bilirubin by hemoperfusion with ion exchange resin particles is suggested to replace exchange transfusion of blood of jaundiced infants in some cases of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The hemoperfusion system developed here consists of a packed bed of a macroreticular resin which is made biocompatible by a coating of a monomolecular layer of albumin. The choice of the appropriate ionic form of the resin and the proper albumin coating and crosslinking procedure assures a high bilirubin adsorption capacity and excellent blood compatibility of the resin. The albumin coated resin removes in vitro 80-90% of the bilirubin initially present in the plasma. The results encourage in vivo clinical studies.
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    A novel process for the manufacturing of porous grafts: Process description and product evaluation (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 229-247 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A novel process has been developed for the manufacture of porous vascular grafts from solutions or melts of polymers. It allows the manufacture of grafts with controllable porosity, pore size, and mechanical properties. In this process, the polymer melt or polymer solution is extruded through fine orifices; the fibers are then fibers are then stretched and wound on a rotating mandril. Fiber-fiber bonding takes place, resulting in the formation of stable porous tubes. The effects of the process variables on the physical properties of the resulting graft have been studied and preliminary in vivo evaluation in dogs has demonstrated graft patency with a thin, stable neointima in both small (4 mm) and large (10 mm) caliber configurations.
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    Polymerization kinetics of resin-based restorative materials (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 275-282 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The kinetics and mechanism of cure of resin-based restorative materials have been investigated by incorporating into commercial materials additional amounts of inhibitor, initiator, and accelerator. The polymerization was monitored by IR spectroscopy, viscosity measurements, and an oscillating rheometer. The rate of initiation of the polymerization was found to be first order with respect to the initiator and accelerator concentration. The inhibitor was found to be responsible for the induction period during which no polymerization occurred. The duration of this period was proportional to the inhibitor concentration. It was also found that the efficiency of the inhibitor affected the difference between the initial and final set times so that with one particularly effective inhibitor a “snap-set” behavior could be obtained.
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    Analysis of deposits on high water content contact lenses (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 261-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Deposits on soft contact lenses of high water content were investigated morphologically and chemically and compared with those on conventional soft contact lenses of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). The material of the lenses examined in this investigation was the crosslinked copolymer of methyl methacrylate and N-vinylpyrrolidone with a water content higher than 70%. Morphologically, the deposits on the lenses with high water content were found to have no characteristics distinguishable from those on conventional lenses. By the electron microscopic observation of the cross section of a lens that had become opaque, it was confirmed that the deposit was on the lens surface and that no deposit was within the lens. Some spots on the lenses were recognized as colonies of microorganisms, but the majority of the spots had no involvement by microorganisms. Surface analysis with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) confirmed that the main component of the filmy deposit was protein. Protein was detected in most of the deposits. The amino acid compositions of the proteins were found to be close to that of lysozyme. From the elemental analysis of several spots, silicon, aluminum, iron, and some other elements were detected. The structural analysis of some spots by a laser Raman microprobe (MOLE) revealed the existence of lipids. In several cases, the deposits were found to have grown around a defect of the lens surface. A mechanism for the formation of deposits is suggested.
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    Announcement (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 559-559 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170314
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    Masthead (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170401
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    Mass transfer rates in hemodialyzers-An empirical correlation (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 561-570 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: From the experimental data on the rates of urea transfer from blood to dialysate in a test hemodialyzer, a practical equation for the effect of the hematocrit on the blood-phase urea transfer coefficient is proposed. With this equation, the overall mass transfer coefficient that takes into account the properties of the blood can be estimated for the commercially available disposable flat membrane-type and hollow fiber-type hemodialyzers from the data for a relatively simple dialysate-dialysate system.
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    Strength testing of dental stone: A comparison of compressive, tensile, transverse, and shear strength tests (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 293-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The strength of two dental stones under three standard test regimens and two novel testing modes is reported. It was found under all test regimens that the water/powder ratio significantly affected the strength of the two gypsum products in a similar manner. It was established that the new central fulcrum loading mode gave strength data directly relatable to that determined in the conventional transverse strength test which requires larger test specimens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170208
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    Preparation of etched tantalum semimicro capacitor stimulation electrodes (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 327-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The ideal electrode for stimulation of the nervous system is one that will inject charge by purely capacitive processes. One approach is to exploit the type of metal-oxide combination used in electrolytic capacitors, e.g., Ta/Ta2O5. For this purpose, fine tantalum wire (0.25 mm diam) was etched electrolytically at constant current in a methanol solution of NH4Br containing 1.5 wt % H2O. Electrolytic etching produced a conical tip with a length of ca. 0.5 mm and shaft diameters ranging from 0.10 to 0.16 mm. The etched electrodes were anodized to 10 V (vs. SCE) in 0.1 vol % H3PO4. The capacitance values normalized to geometric area of etched electrodes ranged from 0.13 to 0.33 μF mm-2. Comparison of these values to the capacitance of “smooth” tantalum anodized to 10 V (0.011 μF mm-2) indicated that the degree of surface enhancement, or etch ratio, was 12-30. The surface roughness was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy studies which revealed an intricate array of irregularly shaped surface projections about 1-2 μm wide. The etched electrodes were capable of delivering 0.06-0.1 μC of charge with 0.1 ms pulses at a pulse repetition rate of 400 Hz when operated at 50% of the anodization voltage. This quantity of charge corresponded to volumetric charge densities of 20-30 μC mm-3 and area charge densities of 0.55-0.88 μC mm-2. Charge storage was proportionately higher at higher fractional values of the formation voltage. Leakage currents at 5 V were ca. 2 nA. Neither long-term passive storage (1500 h) nor extended pulsing time (18 h) had a deleterious effect on electrode performance. The trend in electrical stimulation work is toward smaller electrodes. The procedures developed in this study should be particularly well-suited to the fabrication of even smaller electrodes because of the favorable electrical and geometric characteristics of the etched surface.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170210
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    A newly prepared surface-treated oxystarch for removal of urea (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 597-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: There is an urgent need to develop an efficient technique to remove urea from the blood or gastrointestinal tract of uremic patients. Activated charcoals have a low sorption capacity for urea although they effectively remove other uremic toxic substances. To provide an urea-reactive adsorbent, a chemically modified oxystarch with albumin or gelatin has been prepared. Elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic analysis demonstrate that the reaction of a small amount of protein (albumin or gelatin) with oxystarch has taken place possibly by chemical combination. The influence of the dialdehyde content of the oxystarch on urea sorption, its sorption isotherm, and the adsorption rates have been investigated. It was found that the swelling factor of the oxystarch is closely related to the sorption activity under physiological conditions (pH 7.2-7.4 at 37°C). Adsorption studies have shown that sorption capacity is increased by surface treatment and can reach 6-8.2 g urea/kg-dried adsorbent (initial urea concentration was 70 mg/dL). The oxystarch had 49.2% of glucose unit oxidized and was surface treated with albumin. These results suggest that the newly prepared surface-treated oxystarch would be utilized as an effective chemisorbent for urea removal under physiological conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170405
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    Some characteristics of collagen-heparin complexThis study is part of the doctoral dissertation of K. Raghunath. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 613-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In various forms of purified collagen (powder of insoluble collagen from bovine skin, fibers from rat tail tendons, membrane from bovine gut), carboxyl groups were activated by carbodiimide to allow covalent binding of heparin. Collagen powder and collagen fibers from rat tail tendons were also incubated in a haparin solution under the same reaction conditions but without carbodimide present to account for other forms of collagen-heparin interaction. It was found that the linkage of heparin to collagen formed in the presence of carbodiimide is stable, as heparin was minimally extractable by 0.2M buffers with a pH ranging from 5 to 9. Collagen powder incubated with heparin in the absence of carbodiimide released heparin almost completely into Tris buffer of pH 9.0. As a consequence of covalent binding of heparin to collagen, the collagen fibers became more stable as shown by their significantly reduced swelling capacity and significantly increased shrinkage temperature. Collagen fibers interacted with heparin in the absence of carbodiimide also showed some stabilization of their structure, which was, however, significantly less than with carbodiimide reaction. By two independent methods it was shown that heparin linked to collagen by a stable bond retains its anticoagulant activity. It is concluded that, in the presence of carbodiimide, heparin covalently binds to collagen thus forming an antithrombogenic surface. At the same time, collagen is crosslinked. Incubation of collagen in the solution of heparin without carbodiimide also stabilizes collagen structure, but to a significantly lesser degree. Such a linkage is unstable as heparin dissociates and is readily extractable into 0.2M Tris buffers with pH 7-9.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170406
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    Dispersion and polar surface free energies of human enamel (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 637-641 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In this study, the dispersion (γsd) and polar (γsp) surface free energies of human enamel with and without an acquired enamel pellicle and of crystalline hydroxyapatite were determined from contact angle measurements. The results show that γsp is strongly influenced by the presence of a pellicle; the total surface free energy (γs) is considerably smaller for enamel with an acquired pellicle than for enamel without an acquired pellicle. Enamel without an acquired enamel pellicle shows surface free energies comparable with those of crystalline hydroxyapatite.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170408
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    Polyester prostheses as substitutes in the thoracic aorta of dogs. I. Evaluation of commercial prostheses (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 1049-1077 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Using canine models, a representative selection of polyester or Dacron vascular prostheses, including woven, knitted, and velour types, were evaluated for their relative healing characteristics and for their structural changes during implantation. Following residence periods ranging from 4 h to 6 months at the site of the thoracic aorta, the dogs were sacrified, and the grafts were excized for measurement of the thrombogenicity of the flow surface and for pathological examination by light microscopy and SEM. The kidneys were also removed and examined for infarcts caused by any trapped circulating emboli. The extent of healing, the presence of embolizing nuclei, and the thrombogenicity and morphology of the lumen surface were also assessed. The healing characteristics of each type of device proved similar. Velour fabrics exhibited more extensive encapsulation, but frequently their internal capsules failed to incorporate all the fibers. In all cases, cellular development on the lumen was limited to areas contiguous to the anastomoses. The initial porosity of the devices as measured by water permeability did not appear to influence the healing sequence to a significant extent. The grafts did exhibit differences in structural stability depending on whether they were of a knitted or woven construction. We suggest that users consider these different mechanical and structural properties when making their choice of a graft. Despite these differences, we believe that the healing process is far more host dependent than graft dependent.
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    Total surface hip arthroplasty in dogs using a fiber metal composite as a fixation method (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 643-653 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A total hip surface replacement was performed on 13 adult mongrel dogs using a porous fiber metal composite for fixation to bone. Titanium fiber composite rings were molded onto cylindrical acetabular prostheses, and cobalt-chrome fiber inserts were sintered onto the cast cobalt-chrome femoral components. The animals were allowed unrestricted walking. Four dogs were sacrificed between 3 and 5 weeks, five at 7 weeks, one with a femoral neck fracture at 12 weeks, and three at 26 weeks. Bone ingrowth was accomplished in 20 of the 26 prosthetic components. This included 12 femoral components and eight acetabular. The main reason for failure appeared to be inadequate primary fixation, secondary to either poor design or technical difficulties experienced during the surgical procedure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170409
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    Release of cobalt and nickel from a new total finger joint prosthesis made of vitalliumTrademark: Howmedica, Inc., East Rutherford, N.J. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 655-668 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An in vivo study of a new total finger joint prosthesis was performed to evaluate a biological ingrowth system of attachment of the device to bone. The prosthesis consisted of two conical ribbed ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene plugs that were fixed by impaction into the medullary cavity after reaming. A cobalt-chromium alloy metal stemmed hinge slides inside the plugs with the joint articulation at the end of the stem. The focus of this study was to measure the concentration of cobalt and nickel in the serum, erythrocytes, and periarticular tissue (muscle from the sartorius and vastus medialis) resulting from the implantation of this device in the knee of the cat for periods of up to 1 year. The results indicate significant elevation in serum cobalt concentrations only after 5 months and increased concentrations in serum nickel which, were more pronounced after two months. Column chromatographic separations on cross-linked Dextran (G-200) shows a different distribution across the three principal protein peaks for each metal.
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    Structure - biocompatibility relationship of condensation polymers (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 905-912 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Various condensation polymers including polyamides, polyesters, polyethers, polysulfonamides, polysulfonate, polyphosphonate, polyimide, polyamide-imides, polyester-amides, etc. have been prepared and evaluated for their biocompatibility by a cell culture method. Cell attachment and cell growth are influenced by the chemical structures of the tested polymers. Aliphatic polyamides exhibited considerably different cell growth behavior than aromatic polyamides.
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    Corrosion product formation sequence on Cu-rich amalgams in various solutionsPortions of this work were presented at the 60th General Session of IADR, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 1982. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 913-920 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A single particle and four blended Cu-rich amalgam systems were immersed in 37 °C solutions for 1-20 months in order to determine the characterization and sequence of corrosion product formation. X-ray diffraction and SEM/EDS were used to characterize the products. The same sequence of formation occurred in all systems in Ringer's and 0.1% Ringer's solutions. The times at which each product formed varied with the brand of the amalgam and the concentration of the solution. The initial products were ZnSn(OH)6 in Zn-containing systems and SnO2 in most other systems. Cu2O formed next, followed by CuCl2·3Cu(OH)2. Immersion in 1% Na2S yielded only HgS on all brands. A combination of 1% Na2S and Ringer's solution yielded CaSn(OH)6 after 2 months and Cu2O at later periods. Artificial saliva resulted in a retardation of corrosion product formation and only limited amounts of a Sn-rich product could be found after 20 months. Interactions of the various components appear to alter the nature and rate of corrosion product formation on these systems and additional systematic investigations are necessary to understand the influence of these interactions on corrosion.
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    Corrosion of the η′(Cu-Sn) phase in dental amalgamThis paper is based upon a presentation given to the IADR General Session and AADR Annual Session, New Orleans, LA, March 17-21, 1982. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 921-929 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Previous studies have shown preferential corrosion of the η′(Cu-Sn) phase in highcopper dental amalgam both in vitro and in vivo, while samples of pure η′ have shown high corrosion resistance. To clarify this contradiction, samples of pure η′ crystals mixed with other phases were prepared and tested. Evaluation of the corrosion resistance was based on the results of coulometry at constant potential and potentiodynamic polarization. The corrosion susceptibility of η′ in the matrix of γ(Ag-Hg) was considerably higher than the susceptibility of isolated η′. The susceptibility of pure η′ also could be increased by plating it will small amounts of Hg. It was concluded that in dental amalgam, the presence of mercury in the phases surrounding η′ reduces its resistance to corrosion. Although η′ is more resistant to corrosion than γ2(Sn-Hg) which appears in low-copper amalgams, it is the least corrosion resistant major phase in high-copper amalgams and can suffer deterioration.
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    The electro-osmotic actuation of implantable insulin micropumps (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 931-943 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A study using an electro-osmotic cell suitable for actuating an implantable insulin micropump showed that controlled variable flow rates in the order of 0.2 mL/day are possible. The cell functioned continuously with low energy and power requirements and long service life. The principle of operation is compatible with achieving the very low flow rates necessary if highly concentrated insulin is to be used to avoid frequent insulin reservoir refilling. An electro-osmotic cell, Ag/ AgCl/NaCl(aq)/ cation exchange membrane/NaCl(aq)/ AgCl/ Ag, was connected to a constant current power supply which reversed the direction of the current every 10 mins causing a to-and-fro transport of fluid through the membrane. Flow rates of 0.15-0.60 μL/min were achieved with currents of 2.5-10 mA. At the low flow rate, energy consumption was 6.4 × 10-2 J/μL and peak power requirement was 〈2.0 × 10-4 W. Fluid was transported against a pressure gradient of 52 cm Hg. The cell contained a total electrolyte volume of 〈0.25 mL. The membrane showed no change in properties after 10,000 current reversals (69 days). To function as an actuator for an implantable insulin micropump, the electro-osmotic cell requires a switching and valving assembly; a suitable design for this is briefly considered.
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    Fatigue properties of implant materials in hip prosthesis form: A standardized test (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 45-57 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The determination of the fatigue properties on small specimens is not accurate. It does not take into account the considerable scatter in fatigue properties which may arise in the implants. Therefore, testing of the properties on the actual implant is needed. The working hypothesis of the present article is that four-point bending fatigue tests allow determination of the fatigue limit of the femoral component material in total hip prostheses. It eliminates the disadvantages of the previously proposed load on head test because (1) the reproducibility of the stress pattern is easy; (2) the fatigue testing is over the whole critical part of the stem; and (3) the stresses do not change during the test. Testing of a series of hip prostheses shows that (1) the measured fatigue limit is typical for the material tested; (2) the location of the fatigue fractures is over the critical medial third of the stem; and (3) the fractographic aspects correspond to those of in vivo failed prostheses. The four-point bending procedure is proposed as a standard method.
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    Biological evaluation of dental restorative materials - a comparison of different test methodsPresented in part at the International Congress of Implantology and Biomaterials in Stomatology, Kyoto, Japan, June 1980. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 23-36 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Three restorative materials-two composite resins and zinc oxide-eugenol cement-were subjected to three cytotoxicity tests-chromium release, millipore filter, and agar overlay-one implantation test, and a pulp study. In the cytotoxicity test the materials were evaluated freshly prepared and after storage at 37°C for 24 h. In the implant test polyethylene tubes holding freshly prepared materials were inserted subcutaneously into rats. After 30 and 90 days the tissue response at the end of the tube and at a window site along the side of the tube was assessed. In the pulp study the materials were placed in cavities prepared in newly erupted monkey teeth. After 7 and 78 days the reaction of the pulp tissue was studied. Comparison of the results from the cytotoxicity tests revealed a varying degree of correlation, indicating that the three tests were not interchangeable. When data from the pulp study were compared to those of the cytotoxicity tests and implantation test, the correlation was not as good. This emphasizes that the final biological evaluation of dental restorative materials still has to be carried out as pulp studies.
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    Fracture of porous polyethylene-bone composite (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 59-70 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Porous high-density polyethylene specimens were implanted in the femurs of mongrel canines. At the end of the residency period (3 or 6 months), the animals were sacrificed and the implants were retrieved. The work-of-fracture of the implant specimens was then determined using the technique of Tattersall and Tappin. The work required to fracture a specimen in three-point bending by controlled crack propagation through a triangular cross section was obtained directly from the load-deflection curve. The area of the resulting fracture surface was measured by macro-photographic techniques, and the work-of-fracture was calculated as work per unit area. The implants were subsequently sectioned and examined microradiographically to determine the extent of bone ingrowth. Bone specimens adjacent to the implants and porous high-density polyethylene controls (no ingrowth) were also tested to determine their work-of-fracture. The results showed that bone adjacent to the implant specimens had a higher work-of-fracture than normal medial, canine femoral bone and was not appreciably different from the composite. The work-of-fracture of porous high-density polyethylene was not significantly increased by an increase in bone infiltration, and this anomalous behavior was attributed to a degradation of the polyethylene during implant residence. Control studies supported this hypothesis.
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    Preliminary report on the osteogenic potential of a biodegradable copolymer of polyactide (PLA) and polyglycolide (PGA) (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 71-82 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A biodegradable copolymer of 50 polylactide:50 polyglycolide was prepared for implantation into experimentally created osseous defects in the tibias of 25 rats. Similarly prepared defects were made in the humeri of the same rats and these defects did not receive copolymer implants. Upon sacrifice, both the implant treated and untreated sites of the experimentally produced osseous defects were evaluated by gross appearance and by histomorphometric examination using a Zeiss Videoplan Image Analysis System with Osteoplan (version 4.1). The animals were evaluated in groups of five at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 days. When compared with bony defects that were not treated with the biocompatible, biodegradable copolymer implant, the implant sites displayed an accelerated rate of healing at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days (p 〈 0.001). A similar healing response rate, however, was observed at 42 days (p 〈 0.25-0.1). No adverse host tissue responses were observed histologically.
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    Surface modification and characterization of some commonly used catheter materials. II. Friction characterizationSubmitted by P. T. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. degree in Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 149-165 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effects of the modification of polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), silicone rubber (SR), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) copolymer by radio frequency glow discharge in a helium environment were presented in part I. The hydrated polymer surfaces were characterized by XPS, SEM, visual microscopy, and by contact angle measurements. In general, exposure of the polymers to RFGD produced an oxidized hydrophilic surface, yet the roughness of the surface was unaltered by the relatively mild plasma conditions used. In this article, the frictional behavior of oxidized and unoxidized SR, PE, and FEP in distilled water, isotonic saline, and blood plasma environments is examined experimentally. The results are discussed in relation to the properties generally believed to affect frictional phenomena and to the surface properties as determined in part I. Results indicate that RFGD-treated SR generates less friction than untreated SR when dragged across all untreated and treated polymer surfaces, whether the medium is distilled water or an isotonic saline solution. Friction is consistently lower in a blood plasma medium between all surfaces investigated, most probably because of the presence of adsorbed proteins at the polymer interfaces.
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    Polymer analogs of 3-chloro-4-benzyloxyphenylacetic acid and their pharmacological activity (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 179-184 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Polymer analogs of 3-chloro-4-benzyloxyphenylacetic acid (BPh) were prepared, representing esters of BPh with three polymer alcohols: poly(vinyl alcohol) (P-I), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (P-II), and poly(2,3-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate) (P-III). Their anti-inflammatory activity was determined by testing their inhibitory effect on the growth of edema in the hind legs of rats. The relative activities of the esters P-I-BPh and P-II-BPh with respect to that of BPh are 0.06 and 0.10, respectively. In the case of P-III-BPh the activity is stronger (0.37), probably owing to the easier release of BPh from P-III-BPh due to hydrolysis. No prolonged effect of BPh polymeric esters could be achieved.
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    Announcements (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 203-204 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170117
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    Effects of flow rate and solution concentration on in situ protein adsorption behavior (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 199-201 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Ultrastructural observations of cells at the interface of a biodegradable polymer: Polyglactin 910 (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 185-197 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the ultrastructure of cells at the interface with an implanted biodegradable polymer, Polyglactin 910. Various stages of implantation were observed from 1 day to 63 days, when absorption of the polymer was essentially complete. Events occurring at the interface include initial adhesion of macrophages on the implant surface; phagocytosis of wound debris; and subsequent erosion, invasion, and phagocytosis of the polymer by macrophages and giant cells. A vascular perfusion technique for fixation of the polymer sites implanted in soft tissue is also described.
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    Masthead (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170201
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    Effect of surface texture on the soft tissue response to polymer implants (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 205-227 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Ion beam etching has provided a system which can produce a controllable surface morphology in the micron range without altering surface chemistry or surface energy. PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) develops a surface texture having conical projections with average dimensions: height = 12 μm, base width = 4 μm, tip radius = 0.1 μm. Smooth and textured PTFE disks (1 cm diam. × 250 μm thick) were implanted subcutaneously into the dorsum of Sprague-Dawley rats for time periods of 1 and 3 days and 1,2,3,4, and 8 weeks. Smooth control samples consisted of untreated surfaces and surfaces that were exposed to an ion beam environment producing a smooth surface. All smooth surfaces behaved identically by both histochemical and histological methods. Consequently, the ion beam environment had no effect on the soft tissue response. Textured surfaces, however, demonstrated increased cell adhesion and increased succinic dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase staining in the interfacial cells. Interfacial cells consisted of foreign body giant cells and macrophages. These macrophages possessed increases in the cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio, number and interdigitation of filopodia, and vacuolization as demonstrated by TEM. The textured surfaces also influence the kinetics of fibrous capsule formation. At 8 weeks, capsules associated with textured interfaces were reduced in thickness by 30% when compared to smooth surfaces. The results of this investigation demonstrate that the surface texture of an implant is a critical variable in determining the soft tissue response to a material.
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    Biological performance of materials-fundamentals of biocompatibility (Vol. 8, Biomedical engineering and instrumentation series), by Jonathan Black, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, 1981 (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 557-558 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170313
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    Report on the Consensus Development Conference on “Clinical Applications of Biomaterials,” 1-3 November 1983 (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 539-555 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A report on the Consensus Development Conference on “Clinical Applications of Biomaterial” held at the NIH, 1-3 November 1983 is presented. Included is the complete text of the Conference Statement.
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    Quantitative histologic evaluation of LTI carbon, carbon-coated aluminum oxide and uncoated aluminum oxide dental implants (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 519-538 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The response of mandibular bone to identical geometry LTI carbon, carbon-coated aluminum oxide, and uncoated aluminum oxide blade-type dental implants in baboons for 2 years was evaluated using histologic, microradiographic, and scanning electron microscopic methods. In addition, a quantitative histologic analysis was performed identifying the type, amount, and distribution of tissue surrounding the dental implant systems. This is the final phase of a study investigating the effect of implant elastic modulus and implant surface chemical composition on the performance of dental implants. Previous studies have utilized clinical and radiographic evaluations, postretrieval mechanical testing, and finite element stress analysis to evaluate the dental implant performance. The results of the histologic study revealed a direct implant-bone interface with no intervening soft tissue in 16 of the 21 implants (76%). A fibrous tissue interface was observed in 5 of 21 implants (24%). Quantitative histologic results for the implants with a direct implant-bone interface showed statistically larger crestal cortical plates (p 〈 0.05) and greater area fraction crestal cancellous bone (p 〈 0.05) in the LTI carbon implant compared to the carbon-coated and uncoated aluminum oxide implants. The carbon-coated and uncoated aluminum oxide implants demonstrated statistically greater area fraction cancellous bone at the inferior region of the implant (p 〈 0.05) and thinned and reduced crestal cortical plates when compared to the LTI carbon implants. The results indicate that significant stress shielding of the crestal bone had occurred with the rigid carbon-coated and uncoated aluminum oxide implants when compared to the LTI carbon implants which had a material elastic modulus similar to cortical bone. Based upon the histologic results, it appears that the LTI carbon implants with the direct implant-bone interface exhibited a greater potential for long-term successful performance compared to the aluminum oxide substrate implants.
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    Setting of dental polyelectrolyte cements-viscosity studies of model systems (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 283-291 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In order to gain information on the setting of dental cements, the influence of Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, and Al3+ ions on the viscosity of concentrated solutions of partly neutralized poly(carboxylic acids) has been measured. The increase in viscosity with increasing cation concentration was semi-quantitatively interpreted in terms of chain growth and branching due to intermolecular bridging of the carboxylate groups by the metal ions. The concentration of cation required to produce gelation was considerably greater than expected and may be due to the wastage of cations by the formation of intramolecular links. The incorporation of tartrate ion into the polyacid solution retarded the reaction between Al3+ and the polyacid and may explain some features of the setting of glass ionomer cements.
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    Development of a new orthopedic wire fatigue tester (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 587-596 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Even though orthopedic wire is commonly used in orthopedic surgery, very little is known about its fatigue properties. This article describes the development of a simple, effective testing machine that simulates the in situ fatigue loading of orthopedic wire. A mathematical analysis has predicted the maximum stress that is generated in wires in the fatigue machine. The fatigue resistance of intact monofilament wires made from different materials was studied. It was found that F90 was more resistant than F562, which in turn was more resistant than F138, grade 2. Also studied was the effect of cold-forming different notch sizes on the wire surface. It was found that even the slightest notch (1% of wire diameter) reduced the fatigue life by 63%.
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    Biocompatibility test procedures for materials evaluation in vitro. I. Comparative test system sensitivity (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 571-586 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Relative sensitivity of in vitro biocompatibility test systems was explored. Cellular responses of 12 standardized cell lines to 20 materials representing a range of toxicity were measured. Each cell line and material combination was tested in duplicate using four different culture methods, and each culture plate was examined by two graders. Results of the tissue culture assays were compared to those obtained for the same materials in vivo using a 5-day rabbit intramuscular implant assay. Methods involving measurement of cellular growth (colony counts or present of confluence) in serumfortified media extracts of test samples were generally more sensitive and discriminating than those in which test materials were placed directly in cell cultures (measurement of zone of growth inhibition). There was good agreement between graders for all test methods. Antibiotics were not used in the test program. Based upon sensitivity, reproducibility, ability to discriminate materials, and grader agreement, 4 of the 12 cell lines and 2 of the 4 test methods appeared most suitable for screening and evaluation of materials. Agreement of results using these four cell lines with intramuscular implantation tests for the 30 materials ranged from 60 to 90%.
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    In vivo biocompatibility studies. I. The cage implant system and a biodegradable hydrogel (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 301-325 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A cage implant system has been utilized to examine the in vivo biocompatibility of a biodegradable hydrogel, poly(2-hydroxy-ethyl-L-glutamine) (PHEG). This system permits the quantitative determination of the components of the inflammatory exudate which surrounds the implanted polymer within the cage system. This system permits the serial examination of exudate components without sacrificing the animal. In addition, this system allows the subsequent removal of the polymer for surface and mechanical studies. Following implantation of the biodegradable hydrogel, quantitative and differential white cell counts of the exudates were determined over a 21-day period. In addition, concomitant extracellular enzyme analyses for alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, prostatic acid phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, and Cathepsin B1 were determined. Corresponding control samples from exudates of the cage implant without the polymer were also determined. The two-tailed Student's t-test for unpaired samples was used to statistically compare the control and implanted polymer values for these respective analyses at the various time periods. A comparison of the cellular response for the control system and the PHEG system did not show statistically significant differences during the first 7 days following implantation. The acute inflammatory response, polymorphonuclear leukocyte predominant, was followed by a mild chronic inflammatory response, macrophage and lymphocyte predominant, and during this time period, 8-14 days, macrophages were present in significantly larger numbers for the PHEG system when compared to the control values. Enzymic analysis of the exudates revealed statistically significant differences between control and PHEG values at time intervals where no differences were noted in cell density or population. These results are discussed in terms of cell-polymer interactions leading to cellular activation and enhanced enzyme exocytosis by the inflammatory cells. Stress-strain measurements on implanted PHEG samples showed that significant in vivo degradation had occurred during the acute inflammatory phase of the response, i.e., the first 7 days.
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    Endothelial cell labeling with indium-111-oxine as a marker of cell attachment to bioprosthetic surfaces (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 345-357 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Canine vascular endothelium labeled with indium-111-oxine was used as a marker of cell attachment to vascular prosthetic surfaces with complex textures. Primarily cultured and freshly harvested endothelial cells both took up the label rapidly. An average of 72% of a 32 μCi labeling dose was taken up by 1.5 × 106 cells in 10 min in serum-free medium. Over 95% of freshly labeled cells were viable by trypan blue tests and only 5% of the label was released after 1 h incubations at 37°C. Labeled and unlabeled cells had similar rates of attachment to plastic dishes. Scanning electron microscopic studies showed that labeled cells retained their ability to spread on tissue culture dishes even at low (1%) serum levels. Labeled endothelial cells seeded onto Dacron or expanded polytetrafluoroethylene vascular prostheses by methods used in current surgical models could be identified by autoradiography of microscopic sections of the prostheses, and the efficiency of cell attachment to the prosthesis could be measured by gamma counting. Indium-111 labeling affords a simple and rapid way to measure initial cell attachment to, and distribution on, vascular prosthetic materials. The method could also allow measurement of early cell loss from a flow surface in vivo by using external gamma imaging.
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    Comments on the origin of platelet deposition1 and on cell adhesion to biomaterial surfaces2 (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 375-381 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170213
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    Effect of crystallinity of polyamides on adhesion-separation behavior of granulocytes (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 383-388 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Properties of a heparin-poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel coating (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 359-373 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Some physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of a heparin-PVA hydrogel potentially useful as a thromboresistant coating for the preparation of small-diameter vascular prostheses and blood-sampling catheters have been determined. The molecular weight between crosslinks in the acetal crosslinked gel was approximately 8000, permitting proteins the size of albumin to enter the interior of the gel. The release rate of heparin from a gel containing 7 mg/g gel was 10-2 μg/g min which was significantly lower than the reported minimum required for thromboresistance of ionically heparinized materials. Nevertheless, in vitro biological activity was observed in both thrombin time and plasma recalcification time assays, which could not be attributed to the release of heparin into the incubated plasma. Correlation of final heparin contents with the amount of terminal amino acid residues in three samples of heparin suggests that the heparin is bound to the PVA in the gel through the amino acid terminus; this provides a plausible explanation for the retention of biological activity by the immobilized heparin.
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    The dilemma of patient exposure to ubiquitous foreign particles (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 389-391 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170215
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    Announcement (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 393-393 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170217
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    Erratum (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 392-392 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Masthead (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170301
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    In vivo and in vitro aging of orthopedic aluminas (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 395-410 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The flexural strength, microstructure and relative Ca and Si concentration at the surface of two commercial orthopedic aluminas were studied before and after aging up to 52 weeks in simulated body fluids or in subcutaneous implantation in rodents. There was no significant reduction in flexural strength after aging, but there was evidence of Ca and Si dissolution from the external grain boundary surfaces, particularly for specimens aged in demineralized water. No change occurred in the Ca and Si concentrations within the specimen's bulk during either in vivo or in vitro aging.
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    A new approach to the design of internal fixation plates (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 427-439 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Mathematical analysis by finite element modeling methods was used in conjunction with laboratory bench experiments in selecting appropriate stiffness parameters for internal fixation plate designs. Bench experiments performed included tests of an idealized plated magnesium tube and of a plated canine femur. Finite element modeling of the plate-tube and plate-bone structures was also performed, and the computed results were compared with those obtained experimentally. Three types of internal fixation plates-one “rigid” control plate and two less rigid experimental plates-were examined using both the finite element and experimental models. These plates were further examined by finite element modeling of a plated human femur during single stance loading. In all cases, the “rigid” control plate was found to shield the underlying bone from stress, while both experimental plates were found to have significantly less bone stress shielding. Our findings suggest that an improved plate design should have a low axial stiffness but moderate bending and torsional stiffnesses to facilitate fracture healing and bone remodeling without causing osteopenia.
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    Creep rupture behavior of polypropylene suture material and its applications as a time-release mechanismPresented in part at the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Society for Biomaterials in conjunction with the Thirteenth Annual International Biomaterials Symposium, Troy, NY, May 28-31, 1981. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 411-425 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The controlled failure of polypropylene (PP) sutures is studied via creep rupture tests. From plots of log time (tB) vs. stress (σ), linear relationships are generated over the failure times of 1-1000 h. Results show that as a function of stress, the time dependence varies with irradiation dose (15, 20, 25, and 50 Mrad), irradiation atmosphere (air and vacuum), suture diameter (7-0, 6-0, 5-0, and 4-0), and test temperature (26 and 37°C). For a given stress, the time to failure is least for the greatest dose in the presence of air and at the highest temperature. When suture loops are wrapped around a small wire sheave, however, failure occurs in the largest suture as much as two decades sooner than the smallest suture studied. Within the limitations stated herein, they are independent of test method, loop diameter, aging, and humidity. Consequently, after irradiation in vacuum and postirradiation heat treatment, the processed material may be stored at room temperature for at least 1 month. Such materials are advocated when the time release of a dental or medical device is required, for example, in the self-activating cleft palate appliance.
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    Gel route preparation of low fusing dental porcelain frit (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 691-713 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Dental porcelain frits have been prepared by the gel route, a procedure involving solubilization of alkalies, boron, rare earth, and other compounds in an alumina-silica sol. Using this procedure, porcelain frits suitable for metal-ceramic application have been prepared that fire to maturity at temperatures lower than current commercial porcelains. Solubilities, translucencies, thermal expansion coefficients, dilatometric softening temperatures, and flexure strengths are within the ranges of current commercial porcelains. The high degree of dispersion of pigments and phosphors made possible by gel route technology and the technology's ability to disperse crystalline phases to strengthen porcelain offers many processing advantages. Gel route technology also offers a great degree of freedom in modifying porcelain properties.
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    Key references in biomaterials: Heart valve replacement (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 715-729 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170414
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    A method for the prediction of protein adsorption on implant surfaces (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 459-466 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A simple method is described for predicting aspects of the adsorptive behavior of selected plasma proteins on a wide range of implant surfaces from a limited number of interfacial free energy measurements. Although the theoretical basis of the predictive treatment is open to debate, it is suggested that the method may be of value in the further understanding of implant biocompatibility.
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    In vitro electrochemical corrosion study of coupled surgical implant materials (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 489-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The objective of this study was to produce corrosion behavior data for each of the commonly used metallic alloys in surgical implants. In addition, by applying the known electrochemical corrosion theory, the study aims to predict the behavior of galvanic couples made of any two of the materials. From this predicted behavior, potentially useful couples that are not expected to show significantly increased corrosion rates were identified.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170308
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    In vivo and in vitro studies of the stress-corrosion cracking behavior of surgical implant alloys (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 467-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Behavior of implant alloys exposed simultaneously to tensile stresses and corrosion environments has been examined. In the in vivo studies, a stainless steel and a titanium alloy exhibited cracklike freatures when loaded to the yield stress σy and implanted for 16 weeks. A cobalt-chromium alloy stressed beyond σy exhibited them in plastically deformed areas. A cobalt-chromium-nickel-molybdenum alloy appeared to be immune. In vitro samples loaded to various stress levels were immersed in Ringer's solution at 37°C. Half of them were subjected to applied anodic potentials; the remaining control group was not. The applied potentials were dc potentials of magnitude similar to those generated by bioelectric effects. No attempt was made to duplicate time dependence or wave forms. Cracklike features were observed in the stainless steel and in the titanium alloy loaded to or beyond σy and polarized for 38 weeks. None were observed below σy. For the controls, no cracklike features were observed at any stress level after 53 1/2 weeks. Polarization measurements and potential versus time measurements were performed to study possible mechanisms for crack propagation. These investigations suggest that the in vivo corrosion environment is more severe than a 37°C Ringer's solution because of the influence of both bioelectric effects and organic constituents. The implications of these studies for the performance of prosthetic devices is discussed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170307
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    Microscopic observations of the wear of a tooth restorative composite in vivoThis paper was presented in poster format at the 59th general session of the IADR in Chicago, March 1981. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 501-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The wear of a composite restorative material in the oral cavity was followed by examining impressions by scanning electron microscopy. It was demonstrated that filler particles protrude from the polymeric matrix and, eventually, are lost leaving holes in the surface. A measure of the rate of wear was obtained by following the reacession of the matrix on the faces of a large prominent particle. For a restoration that had been in place for 7 years, the average rate of wear over a further period of several months was estimated to be about 0.1 μm/day. For comparison, the gross wear of 2 mm over the entire 7-year period gives a greater average rate of wear of 0.8 μm/day.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170309
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    Cement strain measurement surrounding loose and well-fixed femoral component stems (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 819-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Strain measurement within the cement surrounding stemmed total hip femoral components was accomplished using PMMA encapsulated and embedded strain gauges. Cement strain measurement associated with a well-bonded stem-cement interface and an unbonded stem-cement interface (i.e., loose prosthesis) was performed. The presence of a stem-cement bond was found to reduce proximal cement strain magnitudes while having little effect on distal cement strain magnitudes. The assurance of a stem-cement bond on only the proximal third of the interface was found to have an effect similar to that of a complete stem-cement bond. The results of this experimental investigation confirm the theoretical prediction that the stem-cement bond is important in maintaining the integrity of the cement mantle surrounding a stemmed femoral component.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170509
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    Interaction of fibroblasts and polymer surfaces: relationship between surface free energy and fibroblast spreading (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 807-817 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Cell spreading and cell division rates of a transformed line of mouse lung fibroblasts were studied on various polymer surfaces in the presence of serum proteins. The bare polymer surfaces, as well as the protein-coated surfaces, were characterized by their polar (γsp) and dispersion (γsd) surface free energies. Cell spreading appeared to be dependent on the polar surface free energy. Cell spreading is low when the γsp of the bare surface is lower than 5 erg cm-2; marked spreading occurs when γsp is higher than 15 erg cm-2. A similar relationship was found between cell spreading and polarity of the protein-coated surfaces, although less pronounced than for the bare surfaces. Cell spreading appeared independent of the dispersion surface free energy. Cell division rate was the same on all surfaces tested.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170508
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    Retrieval analysis of total knee prostheses: A method and its application to 48 total condylar prosthesesRead in part at the 27th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 829-842 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A technique for the classification and quantification of damage in retrieved total knee prostheses is presented and applied to the examination of 48 removed total condylar-type knee replacements. The technique involves inspection of all metallic and polyethylene components for evidence of gross deformation, fracture, and damage to articulating surfaces. A grading system was developed to quantitate surface damage on polyethylene components. Results of the examinations are combined with patient variables (weight, activity level, radiographic findings, time of implantation, and results of histology performed on surrounding tissue) to determine correlations between clinical variables and the mechanical damage experienced by the prostheses. For the 48 total condylar-type prostheses, significant positive correlations were found for the surface damage correlated with the patient's weight and the time the prosthesis was implanted.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170510
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    Osteoinduction within porous polysulfone implants at extraosseous sites using demineralized allogeneic bone matrix (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 793-806 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The objective of this study was to determine if bone induction could occur in implants of porous polysulfone (PPSF) impregnated with particles of demineralized allogeneic bone matrix (DABM). DABM-PPSF composites were fabricated by inserting DABM particles into PPSF specimens. The porous implants were produced by sintering polysulfone particles (850-1180 μm in diameter). DABM particles were prepared by demineralizing rat cortical bone in 0.6N HCl at 4°C for 18-24 h. A composite DABM-PPSF specimen and three “controls” were implanted subcutaneously at abdominal sites in 30 adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The three controls were whole DABM (4 × 4 × 1 mm), particulate DABM (1 × 1 × 1 mm), and porous polysulfone (5 × 5 × 1 mm). Microradiographic and histological evaluation of DABM-PPSF composites revealed chondrogenesis within the pores of the specimens at 10 days, followed by ossification and fatty marrow production at 21 and 43 days. This histological sequence was similar to that seen with DABM controls. The tissue response to porous polysulfone did not prevent the osteoinductive process. These results suggest that an osteoinductive material such as DABM may be useful in augmenting the implantation of porous implants at osseous sites in which the potential for bone regeneration is limited.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170507
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