ALBERT

Description: The water economy, the mineral content of the soil, and human influence are the principal ecological factors governing the variation of the heath vegetation of a limited region. Sloping of the surface is also an important factor. In hilly country it is of a twofold nature: on the one hand the difference between high and low altitudes, based on the water economy, on the other hand differences in (micro-) climate. If the hills are higher, this results in greater climatic differences. In extremely oceanic and in boreal regions a rise in altitude of 100 m is sufficient for creating a noticeable decrease in temperature and an increase in precipitation, aerial moisture, and wind force. This results in the occurrence on the hills of heath communities that have their main distribution more to the North. The same observation was made by Gimingham (1961). On Slieve League on the Donegal coast (Ireland) Salix herbacea and Lycopodium selago occur in the heath at an altitude of 600 m, near Tongue on the Scottish north coast Dryas octopetala, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Alchemilla alpina and Thalictrum alpinum at an altitude of 60 m. West of Apeldoorn in the Netherlands are found extensive stretches of heath with abundant Vaccinium myrtillus and V. vitis-idaea at an elevation of 60-80 m, even on south-facing slopes. This is an area with high precipitation due to ascending air west of the hill ridge of the Eastern-Veluwe. Here the Vacciniums, elsewhere requiring the protection of the forest, can tolerate the habitat of the open heath (Stoutjesdijk, 1959; De Smidt, 1966). Higher elevation combined with north-facing slopes creates extreme conditions e.g. on Roc Trévézel (300—360 m) in Brittany, with Vaccinium myrtillus, Melampyrum pratense, Hymenophyllum wilsonii and Rhytidiadelphus loreus. These species are virtually lacking in the surrounding plains where the heath consists of such South Atlantic species as Erica cinerea, E. ciliaris, Ulex gallii, Lobelia urens, Lithospermum prostratum and Symethis planifolia.

Description: From the general discussion of the effect of mass selection on the genotypic array of the next generation we have seen that under certain conditions mass selection can lead to homozygosity, but does not do so necessarily. Outcrossing, mutations and disadvantages of certain genotypes may prevent reaching equilibrium condition with complete homozygosity even in the simplest case of one locus with two alleles. It depends on the magnitude of these factors and the degree of heterozygosity of the variety how close to genetic uniformity we ultimately can come. The advancing of one generation has only a small effect, which becomes less as the frequency of one of the genotypes becomes less. Mass selection can reduce segregation in a variety, but only in ideal situations and only in small steps. Obviously the most effective way to promote genetic uniformity is to begin with non-segregating material obtained through careful inbreeding and within-family selection. Then, if this is available, mass selection is hardly necessary and seed collection should be done so as to prevent a return to a heterozygous condition. When only segregating populations are available, some changes can be expected if the selection intensity is low, but they will not be great and may not be noticed until after several generations. Returning to the original question of the stability of the tobacco variety, the conclusion can be drawn that when large numbers of plants from a field are selected as seedplants the changes in the next generation as a whole will be small, regardless of the selection procedure used. When 10-30 % of all plants are allowed to produce seed we cannot expect important changes. Also, when the environmental variations are as great as in shade tobacco, the possibilities of selecting against certain genotypes for a number of characteristics simultaneously becomes virtually impossible. Concerning whether or not mass selection can lead to improvements in the variety, it was explained that the selection intensity and the heritability of a character determine the selection response. Perhaps this response can be predicted in the case of one character, but it becomes difficult, if not impossible, to forecast the results when many characters are involved at the same time. Reference was also made to a selection index which has been effective in livestock breeding. Even if an index could be determined for shade tobacco, its use is not necessarily effective, as Kempthorne (1957) pointed out. The genotype-environment interaction makes questionable the choice of certain fields over others. Without experiments, such questions cannot be answered. It is likely that mass selection with low selection pressure changes a variety very little. Again, in a field where up to 30 % of the plants are selected for seed, the pressure cannot be very great and we should not expect great changes. Only when a few plants are carefully selected for certain characters should progress become noticeable, as is the experience of single plant selection in plant breeding. We conclude that mass selection for seed and plant breeding to improve a variety should not be confused with each other. Each has its own aims and methods, which are not interchangeable. Where uncertainty exists about seed, progeny tests usually are made to compare a seed with the parent seed. Bolsunov (1959) has described a number of such procedures for tobacco, though the more elaborate of them appear impractical.

Description: A survey is given of the types of the sclereids and the sclereid patterns occurring in the leaves of the Marcgraviaceae. Eight main categories of sclereids are distinguished on the base of the morphology of the sclereids. A comparison is made with the foliar sclereids found in some other families. The systematic value and the function of the sclereids are briefly discussed. Some new combinations of names are published.

Description: Eight species of the genus Sanguisorba L. were studied. Two distinct types could be recognized, viz., the Sanguisorba minor and the Sanguisorba officinalis type. Sanguisorba filiformis (Hooker fil.) Handell-Mazzetti appeared to be a transition between these two types.

Description: The pollen assemblages of a core in the coniferhardwood formation in northwestern Minnesota are compared with the floristics of the recent vegetation in the region. Percentage levels of the main tree components have been compared first with those from recent surface samples taken at the same short distance from various types of upland forests and second with the regional values of the pollen rain in this area (McAndrews 1966). To that end all the data were recalculated on the basis of special pollen sums. The regional diagram of Stevens Pond shows basically the same assemblage zones as established by McAndrews but without the late-glacial Picea-Populus assemblage zone. The pollen in the following Pinus-Pteridium assemblage zone has been interpreted as derived from a pine forest. During the midpostglacial expansion of the prairie eastwards the regional vegetation must have been a Quercus savanna, locally with prairie. Corylus reaches relatively high percentages in this zone. Among the prairie elements especially the occurrence of Lilium philadelphicum may be noted. In the next zone the pollen diagram shows a rise of the curves of mesic elements. In spite of this the comparison with recent surface samples indicates a xerophytic Quercus forest rather than a mesophytic deciduous forest. In the following Pinus assemblage zone pine was present along the margin of Stevens Pond and is therefore overrepresented in the diagram. In the uppermost zone the pollen curves show the effect of logging of the forest about 1900. Pollen of cultivated and introduced plants appear in this zone. Many local pollen types were found, on account of local overrepresentation. This made it possible to compare the local Stevens Pond sequence with the composition of recent lowland vegetation types. The pollen sequence was similar to a large extent to the recent pattern of lake filling, starting with a eutrophic vegetation of Typha latifolia and Salix in the prairie period and leading to a Larix forest and then to a mesotrophic Picea mariana forest, the present edaphic climax on peaty soils. There is a delay, however, in the introduction of acidophilous species, the Larix forest being without Sphagnum and Ericaceae. This is explained by assuming an influence of the vegetation of the surrounding slopes upon the local vegetation. About 1900 the bog forest was destroyed by logging operations and replaced by the present Typha latifolia mat.

Description: Arbor 8 m alta, altitudine pectoris 20 cm diam.; ramuli teretes, glabri. Folia coriacea, glabra, plana, late elliptica vel late obovata, apice obtusa, rotundata vel subacuminata, basi attenuata et in petiolum decurrentia, 9-12 cm longa, 5-7½ cm lata, statu sicco supra viridia, leviter nitida, infra olivacea, opaca, marginibus subrevolutis, integris; costa et nervi primarii utraque facie prominentes, nervi primarii infimi tenues, inconspicui, spatio brevi margine paralleli, ii paris secundi costae paralleli et valde proximi supra basin folii, tum divergentes sub angulo 30°, plus minusve recti inter costam et marginem et 1-1½ cm a margine remoti, nervis primariis paris tertii coniuncta in parte tertia superiore laminae; nervi primarii tenuiores singuli vel plures primariis maioribus intercalati; venae secundariae leves, paucae, ad marginem et apicem laminae arcuatim coniunctae, rete supra occulto, infra minime claro; petiolus 1-2 cm longus, 2 mm crassus. Inflorescentiae axillares, 10-14 cm longae; rhachis glabra; flores geminati; pedicellus communis perbrevis, pedicellus communis cum individuali 4-4½ mm longus, glaber; bracteae minimae, triangulares mox deciduae; alabastra cylindrica, apice clavata, lutea, 8-9 mm longa; lobi perianthii glabri, crassi, apice leviter excavati, 8-9 mm longi, 1 mm lati, anthesi recurvati, pallide flavo virides; filamenta brevissima, lata, parte superiore loborum perianthii affixa; antherae 2.6 mm longae; ovarium brevissime et adpresse fusco-pilosum, 2 mm altum, sensim in stylum protractum; stylus apice leviter clavatus, stigmate terminali; glandulae disci quaternae liberae, crassae, subglobosae, 0.4 mm altae et latae. Fructus ignotus.

Description: Some of the basic concepts common to plant taxonomy, palaeobotany and palynology are discussed such as “taxon”, “taxonomic categories”, “genus and species concepts”, as well as “organ and form genera”. The development of the specifically palaeobotanical and palynological concepts of organ and form genera is briefly treated in the light of the shaping of palaeobotanical thought and methods since Adolphe Brongniart. The need for a single category of an artificial nature (i.e., form genus) is acknowledged; the need for a second category of such nature (i.e., organ genus) is questioned. The general guide lines for good palynological practice given by Faegri et al. (1950) are recommended for future use and are reprinted as an appendix to this paper.

Description: Index to the Enumeration of the Orchidaceae of Sumatra, by J.J. Smith. At the Rijksherbarium there was a handwritten copy compiled by the late Dr. J.J. Smith of his important enumeration of Sumatran Orchids, published in Fedde, Repertorium 32 (1933) 130-386, which was obviously for reasons of economy not printed. The author left a note to the Librarian of the Rijksherbarium saying that it is indispensable for consulting this work, as many orchid names were here reduced to synonymy for the first time. This is now available for orchidologists and libraries in stencilled form in the same format as the Enumeration, with the Library of the Rijksherbarium, Schelpenkade 6, Leyden, Holland.

Description: Field work on the Ceylon Flora. Trimen’s ”Handbook” on the flora of Ceylon, published between 1893-1900, is one of the finest floras ever written of a tropical area. It is a five volume descriptive work that served very adequately for many years. It is now not only out-of-date, but completely unobtainable. The Smithsonian Institution, in cooperation with the University of Ceylon and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, is initiating a project to bring up to date and republish the Trimen ”Handbook” by providing an opportunity for field work in Ceylon.

Description: *Allen, B. Molesworth: Malayan Fruits. An introduction to the cultivated species (with Thai and Tamil names). 1967, 245 pp., 73 fig., 10 photo., 1 tab. 8°. Donald Moore Press Ltd. Singapore. M$ 7.50. A popular guide in a handy well illustrated and wellprinted cheap hook of the most common edible fruits. By the ”quick guide” on the table one can orient himself on the identity; also within the genera there is a key to the species or varieties. Each species is fully described and for the layman a glossary of botanic terms is added, for the housewife a list of recipes.

Description: The practice of citing collections made in institutional series by the letters of that series instead of by the collector’s name (e.g. FB 23435 instead of Aquilar & Valderrama FB 23435) led, with the publication of so many Identification Lists, to the dishing out of an alphabet soup that many a botanist or curator of collections may find hard to digest. In itself, the system of collecting in long institutional series is an excellent one, permitting great economy in space when collections are to be cited. The oldest series seems to be the KB-one, dating from about 1870, established by Scheffer, followed early in this century by the BS and FB series, established by Merrill. A good number-stamp may have contributed much to the success and consistency with which the series were maintained for a long time. In other institutes, there has been created what Dr. Ashton characterized as ”a masterpiece of confusion”, the unravelling of which, as can be seen from his paper on ”The numbering of Sarawak Forest Department collections” in this Bulleton on pp. 1432-1435 (1966), requires a good deal of research. The purpose of this paper is only to give a list of abbreviations in use between Thailand and the Solomons, for the guidance of those who compile, and those who use Identification lists. These Lists, products of the work for the Flora Malesiana, serve as documentation as well as being of use for the identification of Malesian duplicates not seen by a taxonomist himself. When compiling and using such a list, three questions are to be considered.

Description: Since the last Bulletin was published we have to regret the loss of one of the last of the Mohikans of the Treub period of ’s-Lands Plantentuin (Kebun Raya Indonesia) at Buitenzorg (Bogor), namely of Dr. Charles Bernard, born 1876 in Geneva, who died at Amsterdam, 29th July 1967, aged 90. He studied at Geneva, finished his education by getting his degree in 1894, after which he remained for six years assistant to Prof. Dr. R. Chodat under whom he prepared a doctor’s thesis in 1901 (published 1903) on the embryology of some parasitic plants which led him to consider Lathraea as a scrophulariaceous genus.

Description: My visit to and trips in Taiwan, in 1966, brought me into close contact with the wonderfully rich and varied flora of this large island which is fairly easily accessible if one speaks Chinese or is accompanied by Chinese companions, as was my privilege. As is well known the woody flora of Taiwan is tolerably well known, by the excellent work of Kanehira (1936), followed by the modern works of Prof. Tang-shui Liu (2 vols, 1960-1962) and Prof. Li (1963).

Description: Einige zur Ascomycetenfamilie der Sporormiaceae gehörende, aus dem Erdboden isolierte Pilze werden als Arten der Gattungen Sporormia (Synonym: Sporormiopsis), Preussia (Synonym: Honoratia) und Westerdykella (Synonym: Pycnidiophora) besprochen und mit einander verglichen. Sporormia aemulans var. ostiolata wird neu beschrieben. Einige als Sporormia und Preussia beschriebene Arten werden mit Preussia fleischhakii vereinigt.

Description: Five species of Ganoderma Karsten are discussed, which are confined to the tropics and characterized by the presence of a light-colored context, but which are devoid of the laccate upper surface of the pileus typical of the species of the Ganoderma lucidum-group. Ganoderma neurosporum J. Furtado is proposed as a new species. Three of the five species—Ganoderma amazonense Weir, G. coffeatum (Berk.) J. Furtado, comb, nov., and G. neurosporum J. Furtado—are from the neotropics. Ganoderma lloydii Pat. & Flar. is known only from Africa, and G. asperulatum (Murrill) Bres. has been reported only from the Philippines and Borneo. Regardless of their geographical distribution, the five species under discussion are distinguished particularly by their basidiospore characteristics. In their morphological features they show several characteristics also found in some trocial species of Amauroderma Murrill.

Description: This paper complements the revision which before long will appear in the Flora Malesiana, where a key to all species will be given, and descriptions of the Malesian taxa over their whole area; the few non-Malesian taxa are here described. It accounts for the complete synonymy (147 binomials) and typification, with the literature relating to the regions adjacent to Malesia. An Identification List of all examined specimens was separately issued in the Flora Malesiana Lists, number 27 (1966) 430—442; the Herbaria which supplied the materials are: Arnold Arboretum (A), British Museum, Natural History (BM), Bogor (BO), Brisbane (BRI), Cambridge (CGE), Dehra Dun (DD), Gray Herbarium (GH), Kew (K), Leiden (L), Leningrad (LE), Michigan (MICH), Sydney (NSW), Paris (P), Manila (PNH), Singapore (SING), Utrecht (U), Berkeley (UC), and Washington (US). Thanks are due to the directors of all these institutions.

Description: A complete revision is given of the Indo-Malesian genus Cratoxylum. The subdivision of the genus into 3 sections, as given by Engler (1925) and Corner (1939), has been found correct. The characters by which these sections are discriminated concern the interpetiolar scars on the twig, the type of venation, the occurrence of petal-scales and their shape and size, the shape of the hypogynous scales alternating with the three staminal phalanges, and whether the seeds are surrounded by a wing or are winged on one side only. Each section contains two species. A concise review has been given about the history of the genus, an account of the uses made of it, and the ecology. It appears that almost all species can act as pioneers for which they are fully qualified by their euredaphic requirements and early and abundant seed production. Though some species, notably C. arborescens and C. glaucum, are evergreen, and C. formosum is deciduous, the others are not specifically one or the other way round; in C. maingayi Corner noted that sometimes particular branches shed their leaf. There is no major correlation between leaf-shedding species and seasonal climate regime. A brief summary is given on the morphology, in particular the structure of the inflorescence. Two points have not become entirely clarified, for example, whether all species are always heterodistylous: this should be studied further in the field. Another point is the want of more exact data on the degree in which the ovary is incompletely celled which seems to differ from one species to another, and to compare this with the ovary of the allied Madagascan genus Eliaea (vide infra). C. glaucum excepted all species show a distinct variability. In three species this is grading and no infraspecific taxa can be distinguished in a key on the basis of herbarium material. Within Malesia the variability is more or less of a geographical character and could be classified under clinal variation. This is also the case in C. sumatranum and C. formosum, within which I can distinguish, however, three and two infraspecific taxa respectively, which accordingly have been given racial rank, that is, as subspecies. Within each a still finer distinction might be feasible of subsubraces which mostly coincide with separate islands of Malesia. The closest related genus is the monospecific genus Eliaea Camb. from Madagascar with which it forms a tribe of the Guttiferae. With regard to the exact structure of the ovary claimed to be distinct from that of Cratoxylum a close comparative-morphological study should be made of the ontogeny of the ovary in Eliaea and all species of Cratoxylum. Except from taxa described by Loureiro, Jack, and Blanco, of whose names no types seem to exist, I have for the first time examined type material of all names and checked their detail floral characters which were often not mentioned in the original diagnoses. A listed account of all numbered material on which this study was based will be published in a separate ‘Identification List’.

Description: The populations of the seaward intertidal ends of the 1955 lava flows in Hawaii were studied during the first few years of their development. Different seral phenomena were recognized such as pioneer colonization, succession, disclimax, and subclimax. The term climax is used as a practical term to denote existence of an equilibrium between the populations and the environment. Appearance of the climax situation seems to be related to stability of the substratum for a period at least as long as six to ten years, but even populations on surfaces as old as 100 years are different from some that are on adjacent prehistoric surfaces.

Description: This study considers the 163 species accepted as belonging to the tribe Arundinelleae (Gramineae) and arranges them into a putative cladogram. A discussion of the rationale is presented, 38 characters are studied for advanced versus primitive states, advancement indices calculated, and trends of variation discussed. The six major groups of Phipps (1966b) are maintained. The phylogeny conforms excellently with the geographical aspects of the continental drift hypothesis though it requires a greater age for the Angiosperms than is generally held to be the case.

Description: New details could be derived from the study of fixed male and female flowers of Scyphostegia borneensis Stapf. Of prime importance among these is the exact structure of the female reproductive units. They correspond to what are generally recognized as ovules. These anatropous ovules have a constriction separating funicle and raphe, an aril (loid) of mixed character, a distal integumental extension, and a fivelobed exostome. Their placentation is basal. Together, they are enclosed by an urceolate wall consisting of three-trace units which are apically stigmatic. These sterile units form septs growing downwards between the tips of the ovules, giving rise to locules which are open below. The morphological interest of some of these details was discussed. The embryosack development could be followed. The fruit appeared to be a fleshy capsule. The striking similarity with certain formations in the Monimiaceae is not based on affinity. As to the above characters the alleged affinity with the Flacourtiaceae could not be checked because comparable characters in that family have never been studied. However, there is a correspondence with such details known in the Tamaricaceae. Moreover, in the Tamaricaceae the placentation is intermediate between basal and parietal. This was considered to favour the inclusion of the Scyphostegiaceae in the Parietales. Of all the Parietales families they must be nearest to the Flacourtiaceae, as judged from external characters.

Description: In a recent survey of algal taxonomy published for the use of Danish university students, the author (1962, 1966) has introduced some new taxa and names. A few of them express new systematic opinions, and will be separately accounted for. The majority have been made for formal reasons only, and are established here in accordance with the code of nomenclature.

Description: In a recent paper by Mrs. Gray [J. Arnold Arb. 43 (1962) 74] a new species of Podocarpus was proposed from Morotai, P. filicifolius. Inasmuch as the description of the leaves corresponds exactly with juvenile P. vitiensis (not previously reported from the Moluccas) and the description of the fruit corresponds exactly with P. blumei (whose range includes the Moluccas), it was of interest to confirm whether the fruit in question was attached to the foliage material described. An examination of the specimen ( Kostermans 1949), in Leyden revealed that the fruit was collected separately and that sterile specimens of P. blumei were also collected in the general vicinity ( Kostermans 1660, 50 m). Dr. van Steenis kindly wrote to Dr. Kostermans concerning the particulars of the collection of these specimens. Kostermans writes: ‘Kostermans 1215 of G. Pare-Pare, 1000 m (apparently the same as the unnumbered specimen in Leiden), I picked from a sterile treelet c. 3 m high. There is an unidentified specimen of it in Herb. Bog., which looks to me like P. vitiensis.’ ‘Kostermans 1660 is also sterile. I remember to have cut a large tree in Morotai which fell into a ravine after cutting and remained out of reach; that was a Podocarpus and presumably we have picked some fruits from the ground.’ ‘I quite well remember the collecting of P. vitiensis on top of G. Pare-Pare; almost all of it (?) was sterile, but still I found it necessary to collect samples. P. neriifolius was certainly on this ridge, but no P. blumei.

Description: In the course of a revision of the Malesian genera included by Radlkofer (Pfl. Reich Heft 98, 1932) in the Sapindaceae-Aphanieae and Lepisantheae, attention had to be paid to the genus Phoenicimon Ridl. Ridley described it in the Sapindaceae and expressed its supposed relationships more precisely by giving it the number 7A, between 7 Lepisanthes and 8 Otophora, and by adding the note ‘Apparently most nearly allied to Otophora .... ’ A study of both syntypes of Phoenicimon rubiginosus Ridl., the only species, and of some more specimens revealed its true identity as a species of Glycosmis in the Rutaceae. This identification was confirmed by Dr. C. G. G. J. van Steenis and by Dr. R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink.

Description: Dr. McClure’s studies on the bamboos date from a period of service in China, at first as an Agricultural Explorer, since 1931 as a Professor of Botany at Lingnan University in Canton. On field trips in the Chinese interior and in Indo-China he collected numerous living bamboos, which were transplanted and studied in the to-day still intact Lingnan Bamboo Garden he had early established. After in 1941 the war had forced him to leave China, he studied living bamboos in the West Indies, Central and South America, and after the war in India, East Pakistan, Java, and Luzon. Being particularly interested not only in morphology, but also in taxonomy, he revised the bamboo collections of several herbaria in the United States and Europe. Proof of his comprehensive knowledge thus acquired is given in his book, which indeed brings the economically important and scientifically interesting, but for various reasons much neglected bamboos into fresh perspective. Students both in pure and applied botany will find here a wealth of information, based on the author’s personal experience as well as on his familiarity with the pertinent literature.

Description: A description is given of the arrangement cf the mafic and ultramafic rocks within the metamorphic complex in Galicia (NW Spain), followed by a brief petrographic description of some frequently found metamorphic types. Differences in metamorphic state and field relations lead to the conclusion, that mafic rocks have been emplaced in this complex in at least three distinct periods and that the two later phases are perhaps due to a process of remobilisation of mafic metamorphic rocks.

Description: Several recent papers have described ecological differences between sympatric species of Anolis in the Greater Antilles (RUIBAL 1961, COLLETTE 1961, RAND 1962, 1964, 1966). A three day visit to Curaçao in September, 1962, provided an opportunity to make field observations on a species of Anolis that occurs with no congeners. These observations suggest that it occupies a microhabitat somewhat broader than most of the Antillean species. This trip was undertaken with the financial support of National Science Foundation Grant No. 16066. Specimens collected were deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.

Description: The Lesser Antilles consist of those West Indian islands which extend from the Anegada Passage in the north to Grenada in the south.¹) These islands are nomenclatorially divided into two major groups: 1) The Leeward Islands, including Sombrero, Anguilla, St. Martin, St.-Barthélemy [= St. Barts], Saba, St. Eustatius, St. Christopher [= St. Kitts], Nevis, Redonda, Montserrat, Barbuda, and Antigua, and 2) the Windward Islands, including Guadeloupe (with its satellites Marie-Galante, La Désirade, Les Saintes), Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, and Barbados. Geologically, the Lesser Antilles can be divided into two major groups: 1) those which are mountainous – the so-called inner-chain islands – which are younger and more recently volcanic (Saba to Grenada, and including the western or Basse-Terre portion of Guadeloupe, and Les Saintes), and 2) the older, gently rolling limestone islands – the so-called outer-chain islands (Sombrero to Marie-Galante, and including the Grande-Terre portion of Guadeloupe, La Desirade, and Barbados). The northern Leeward Islands may be additionally grouped according to the banks on which they lie: the Anguilla Bank (incl. Anguilla, St. Martin and St.-Barthélemy), the St. Christopher Bank (incl. St. Eustatius, St. Kitts and Nevis), and the Antigua Bank (incl. Antigua and Barbuda). The Lesser Antilles extend for about 750 kilometers in a northwest to southeast direction on a slightly bowed arc. The mountainous inner-chain islands are generally very mesic, with the windward (eastern) coast wet and the leeward (western) coast dry; the latter lies in the rain shadow of the central mountains. This brief ecological statement is greatly oversimplified, since on some islands there are dry sections on the windward side (the Presqu‘île de la Caravelle on Martinique is a notable example) and occasional sections of the leeward coast are better watered than is customary (the central western coast of Dominica and the western coast of Montserrat are examples). The central mountains vary in maximum elevation from 1975 feet (602 m) in St. Eustatius to 4813 feet (1456 m) in Guadeloupe; Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Martinique, in that order, have the three highest peaks in the Lesser Antilles.

Description: After our studies about the marine mollusks of St. Martin, (COOMANS 1963a, 1963b), this publication will deal with the land and freshwater shells of the island. The non-marine mollusks of St. Martin were already fairly well known at the end of the last century (MAZÉ 1890, p. 22—34), who mentioned 36 species, mainly collected by H. E. VAN RIJGERSMA. VERNHOUT (1914) compiled from the literature the land and freshwater mollusks of the Netherlands Antilles, and he listed 37 species from St. Martin (not including 12 brackish water species). VERNHOUT’S list was entirely copied by SCHEPMAN (1915). Many specific names have changed since 1914, and more collecting was done on St. Martin during the last decades. This publication will cover all the species of non-marine mollusks known to us from the literature, from museum collections, and from our own collecting on St. Martin. One new subspecies of Adamsiella crenulata is described and figured here.

Description: The runoff in the Valle de Arán, which is a steep and high mountain basin in the Pyrenees, consists essentially of baseflow, and fast runoff is only a minor phenomenon. The baseflow is related to areas of scree and forest, and the percentage of the precipitation which contributes to the fast runoff, is related to the area of barren rocks. The orographic precipitation pattern has been statistically determined for eight valleys. It was found, that orographic precipitation increases linearly with altitude, while the maximum increase occurs perpendicular to the slopes of the steep mountain ranges. The expected errors, due to measurements of rainfall at 1.50 m above ground level, showed as a 10—15 percent error in the water balance. The Penman evaporation values were corrected for snow evaporation and they subsequently gave reliable results.

Description: In the present study the primary fluorescence phenomena of fossil pollen and spores are described. This new method in palynology is based on a large number of fluorescence microscopical observations and spectrophotometrical determinations of palynomorphs from deposits of various type and age. It resulted in three principles: the relationship between fluorescence colour to type or form of pollen and spores (Plate I and figs. 21—22), the change in their fluorescence colour from blue or green to red or brown with increasing geological age (Plate II, III and fig. 24) and a similar colour change with increasing rank of coal of the embedding deposits (fig. 33). These phenomena appear to be in accordance with other fossilization and coalification studies of fossil palynomorphs by various authors. For the preparation of pollen samples and the microscopical determination of fluorescence colours some special techniques have been adapted or developed. The discoveries of fluorescence palynology can be applied to various questions, as, for instance, the study of pollen morphology and corrosion susceptibility and the age determination of those deposits, for which conventional pollen analysis fails. Such datings of Cenozoic rocks can be carried out with an accuracy of more than 80 %. As an example a number of age determinations of contaminated sediments is given (Plate V). Besides, fluorescence palynology may be used to determine the rank of coal of palynomorphs in coalified rocks in that part of the coalification series, ranging up to a fixed carbon content of about 70 %. The explanation of the fluorescence phenomena described, meets still great difficulties, due to the inadequate knowledge of the chemical nature of the walls of fossil pollen and spores. Once again it is proved by this study that fossil palynomorphs are less resistant to fossilization and coalification than has been previously assumed.

Description: This excursion program anticipates the publication of a PhD. thesis (Vogel, in preparation) in this periodical and is intended as a guide to those points at Cabo Ortegal, that are readily accessible, well exposed and of general petrological interest. The described localities are indicated on a small map (fig. 1 ) and can also be found on the 1 : 25,000 topographical maps edited by the Cartografía Militar de España: sheet 1 (quadrants I, Cabo Ortegal; II, Ortigueira and III, Pontigás) and sheet 7 (quadrants I, Feria and IV, Cedeira) or on the 1 : 50,000 topographical maps edited by the Instituto Geográfico y Catastral, Madrid: sheets 1 (Ortigueira) and 7 (Cedeira). The author is grateful to Prof. Dr. E. den Tex for reading and correcting the text. EXCURSION I, duration 2 or 5 h.; to be made preferably on Sunday. Start before Bar Bahia, Cariño.

Description: 1. Se acuerda constituir el ”Grupo de Geólogos del N.W. de la Peninsula Ibérica” cuyo objetivo será facilitar e intensificar las investigaciones geológicas de la zona N.W. peninsular. 2. Los grupos fundadores son los siguientes: Dr. I. Parga-Pondal — Laboratorio Geológico de Lage. Prof. Dr. C. Teixeira — Museu e Laboratorio Geológico, Universidade de Lisboa. Prof. Dr. L. C. Garcia de Figuerola — Instituto Geológico de la Universidad de Oviedo. Prof. Dr. E. den Tex — Geologisch en Mineralogisch Instituut van de Rijksuniversiteit Leiden. Geol. Sr. R. Capdevila — Service de Geologie Générale, Université de Montpellier. Geol. Sr. Ph. Matte — Laboratoire de Geologie Structurale, Université de Montpellier. Geol. Sr. A. Ferragne — Laboratoire de Geologie, Université de Bordeaux. Geol. Sr. P. M. Anthonioz — Laboratoire de Geologie, Université de Poitiers. A los cuales podrán agregarse otros que se interesen por estos estudios.

Description: A short review of the literature on the stratigraphy of the Devonian and the Lower Carboniferous of the Cantabrian Mountains precedes the report of the author's stratigraphic and palaeontologic observations in León: the Río Esla area (Gedinnian to Viséan), the central Cantabrian area (Famennian to Viséan), and the Gildar-Montó area (Eifelian to Viséan); in Asturias: the coastal area (Frasnian to Viséan); in Palencia: the Arauz-Polentinos area (Gedinnian to Givetian), the Carda\u0148o-Triollo area (Eifelian to Viséan), and the San Martín-Valsurvio area (Givetian and Famennian to Viséan); and in Santander: the Liébana area (Eifelian to Viséan). Most of the conodont faunas, which were extracted from calcareous formations, could be arranged in the zonal succession established in Germany, and thus supplied new data about several formations in the Cantabrian Mountains. The presence of the transgressive Ermita Formation in Asturias and Palencia is demonstrated. The age of this unit ranges maximally from uppermost Famennian to lowermost Tournaisian. The Carda\u0148o Formation ranges from middle or upper Givetian to upper Frasnian. The Vidrieros Formation ranges from the upper part of the lower Famennian to the lowermost Tournaisian. A synthesis of the stratigraphic data delimits the Palentine facies area, which is clearly separated from the Asturo-Leonese facies area by positive areas. The following palaeogeographic units are distinguished: the Asturo-Leonese Basin, the Palentine Basin, and the Asturian Geanticline. The development of these units from the Middle Devonian to the Lower Carboniferous is demonstrated by eight facies-pattern maps. The sedimentation on the Asturian Geanticline was limited and probably incomplete. An epeirogenetic uplift of this geanticline took place in late Frasnian to early Famennian times. This uplift is correlated with the deposition of the quartzitic Murcia Formation in the sheltered Palentine Basin. The uplifted area was covered by the Ermita transgression in the late Famennian to early Tournaisian. After a break in the sedimentation, a local transgression resulted in the Vegamian Formation in the upper Tournaisian. In most of the area the Alba transgression began in the uppermost Tournaisian or lower Viséan. In the Palentine Basin the deposition of the Alba Formation started in the upper Viséan. The chapter on systematics deals mainly with the most important zonal guide forms of the conodonts. Three new elements are described: Icriodus eslaensis n.sp. from the middle to upper Givetian, Siphonodella? n.sp. a, probably from the upper Tournaisian, and n.gen. A n.sp. a, a simple compound conodont from the upper Gedinnian or lower Siegenian.

Description: It is a well-known fact that vegetation can be classified on the basis of quite different criteria; e.g. by physiognomy, structure, dynamic processes, floristical composition, and even – a scientifically less satisfying way – by habitat. It is not the aim of this study to give a critical review of these starting-points. The author’s purpose is to consider the Braun-Blanquet system of vegetation classification, which is a system claiming to be based on floristical composition, and to analyse how far, in reality, structural criteria are involved in it. This article does not consider whether Braun-Blanquet syntaxonomy is the only valuable or even the best one. In fact it is, however, the most widely used and uniform system of vegetation classification, enabling us to compare plant communities over an area as large as (e.g.) Europe, and, therefore, also presenting a basis for such items as geographical comparison of habitats, vegetation mapping of large areas, or the analysis of geographical differences in the autecological behaviour of taxa. It may thus be useful to see whether the higher units of this inductive system correspond to the units of the more or less deductive formation systems of the world, based on physiognomy and structure.

Description: In the present paper, the third in this series, the chromosome numbers of 46 species of Angiospermae occurring in the Netherlands, are listed. A comparison of our results with data derived from literature revealed the fact that these species show cytological differentiation in their distribution area.

Description: Both paleomagnetism and palynology may furnish useful diagnostic facts for recognizing long-distance movements of the earth’s crust. With respect to the relative positions of North America and Eurasia, paleomagnetic and palynological data contribute evidence in support of the theory of continental drift. However, the conclusions based on paleomagnetic measurements sometimes disagree with palynological observations. Paleomagnetic data obtained in northeastern Italy, southern France and northern Spain differ considerably from those from Mesc-Europe. In recent geotectonical considerations this has been attributed to the so-called Tethys twist having effected a post-Carboniferous westward displacement of the structural units of Italy, southern France and Spain. Palynology, however, reveals a highly uniform geological history of both Meso-Europe and a part of Alpine Europe during Permian and Triassic times. Biostratigraphical correlations between the two realms are possible by studying the palynological assemblages obtained from Permian and Triassic evaporites or associated sediments. Contemporaneous, short periods of evaporite deposition in both Meso-Europe and the Mediterranean region are suggested by the striking uniformities in Lower Mesophytic vegetations as reflected by sporae dispersae. There is every indication that there was a comparable evolution in the physiographical and climatological conditions which opposes the hypothesis of a mobile Tethys belt during Permian and Triassic times.

Description: Three important plant communities were studied on the salt marsh “the Beschplaat” on the Westfriesian island of Terschelling: the Centaurieto-Saginetum moniliformis D., S. et W. 1940, the Sagineto maritimae-Cochlearietum danicae Tx. et G. 1957 and the Juncetum gerardii W. 1906 (Table 1). The boundary lines of these associations are determined by soil moisture, salinity and density of vegetation. Five bare field plots were prepared in the transition zone. The establishment of species was followed during one year. For most species the original pattern was rapidly restored with some exceptions e.g. Centaurium vulgare Rafn (Table 3). Lifecycle and distribution pattern of Centaurium vulgare were more exactly investigated on one field plot (Table 4). Competition, density of adult plants, density of seedlings and soil moisture appeared to de dependent on each other in this sequence.

Description: This paper, the fourth in this series, presents some new data on chromosome numbers of the Loganiaceae. 6 species will be treated, of which five had not been investigated cytologically before.

Description: An investigation was made of wood samples from some browncoal quarries in the southwestern part of the Rhenish browncoal district. The results that were obtained are compared with those of palynological studies on material from the same quarries. Possibilities of correlating the data from the two kinds of studies are discussed.

Description: A description is given of the history of the development of palynology in The Netherlands. This development is traced from the appearance in 1777-1779 of the book Katechismus der Natuur by J. F. Martinet, through the increased interest, begun in the 1920’s with the appearance of a thesis by Miss B. Polak on the investigation of peat bogs in the western Netherlands, to the culmination with the establishment of palynological divisions in several universities and other institutions in The Netherlands.

Description: The Loganiaceae is a heterogeneous, eurypalynous family with colpate, colporate or porate pollen grains (Erdtman 1952). Some years ago Dr. Leeuwenberg, specialist in the taxonomy of African Loganiaceae, asked the senior author to undertake an investigation of the pollen grains of that family. Unfortunately that was impossible at the time because of other commitments. Later, however, a possibility presented itself for carrying out the investigation in connection with a sojourn at the Palynological Laboratory at Solna. I am much indebted to Professor Erdtman for the invitation to work at this Laboratory, for his approval of the subject, and for many discussions on pollen morphology. I am also much indebted to Dr.Leeuwenberg, Wageningen, and Dr. Leenhouts, Leiden for interesting, carefully determined plant material and for kind advice in taxonomic problems. I also want to express my thanks to all those in the Solna Laboratory, who kindly helped me in various ways during my visit. My work was supported by a grant from the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission to the Palynological Laboratory.

Description: In deze oecologische studie wordt een beschrijving en analyse gegeven van het milieu van de plantensoort Centaurium vulgare Rafn (Duizendguldenkruid). Voorzover mogelijk wordt aangetoond hoe de verspreiding en de wijze van voorkomen van deze plantensoort bepaald worden door de milieufactoren. Het onderzoek is gebaseerd op gegevens verzameld in het veld, vooral in de duinen en op de kwelders van het eiland Terschelling. Centraal in het onderzoek stond het object Centaurium vulgare, waarvan verschillende facetten besproken worden zoals de nomenclatuur, de morphologie, de levensloop, de variabiliteit en het areaal. De volgende belangrijke punten uit deze bespreking kunnen genoemd worden: De levenscyclus van Centaurium vulgare duurt twee jaren. Naast de rechtopstaande typische planten komen in Nederland twee andere vormen voor, die opnieuw beschreven worden als: var. iberoides (Jonker) Freijsen stat.nov. en var. latifolium (Marsson) Freijsen nov.comb. De eerste variëteit wordt gekenmerkt door een liggende-opstijgende habitus, de tweede door bredere (roze-)bladeren. Enige verschilpunten in de oecologie van de onderscheiden vormen van Centaurium vulgare worden behandeld. Het areaal van Centaurium vulgare valt uiteen in twee gedeelten. Allereerst komt de soort voor langs de kusten van NW. Europa en verder verspreid in continentaal Europa. Het plantengezelschap van Centaurium vulgare staat bekend als de ass. Centaurieto-Saginetum moniliformis D., S. et W. 1940. Het bleek nodig te zijn deze associatie een nieuwe samenstelling te geven. In principe is het gezelschap steeds opgebouwd uit drie groepen van plantensoorten nl. enkele karakteristieke constante soorten die optimaal ontwikkeld zijn binnen vegetaties van het gezelschap bijv. Centaurium vulgare, een groep van droogteminnende soorten die gewoonlijk hoger en droger voorkomen en tenslotte een groep van vochtminnende (soms ook zoutminnende) planten waarvoor het tegendeel geldt. Anders gezegd, vegetaties van Centaurium vulgare komen steeds voor in het overgangsgebied van droge duintop naar natte duinvallei of in soortgelijke situaties. Een van de gevolgen hiervan is, dat de associatie moeilijk te classificeren is in de bestaande hogere eenheden van het systeem van plantengezelschappen. Afgezien van het gezelschap in zijn typische constellatie wordt een „zoute” subassociatie: subass. van Sagina maritima Freijsen subass.nov. op kwelders aangetroffen. Tenslotte, een onderscheiding van droge en natte varianten binnen het plantengezelschap is mogelijk. Over de eerste levensphasen van de plant werden waarnemingen en tellingen uitgevoerd op veldjes van beperkte omvang. Ofschoon het zaad van Centaurium vulgare reeds in september rijp is en verspreid wordt, vindt de kieming eerst in de daarop volgende lente plaats. Ontkieming van het zaad treedt pas op wanneer de temperatuur bepaalde niveaus bereikt heeft, zoals die in mei buiten voorkomen. Belangrijk bij de kieming zijn de vochtomstandigheden van het milieu. Het vochtgehalte van de bodem bepaalt, waar ontkieming mogelijk is, hoeveel zaden per eenheid van oppervlak zullen ontkiemen en hoelang ontkieming mogelijk is. Het grondwater speelt een overheersende rol in het milieu van Centaurium vulgare. De plant komt slechts voor op plaatsen met een hoge grondwaterstand: maximale zomerdiepte 100 cm en maximale diepte tijdens ontkieming 55 cm. Dit laatste hangt samen met de capillaire opstijging van het grondwater in duinbodems, die hoger bleek te zijn dan meestal verondersteld wordt in de literatuur (max. 55 cm). Slechts daar vindt ontkieming plaats, waar de oppervlakte tijdens de kieming bevochtigd wordt door opstijgend capillair water. Tengevolge van de invloed van de diepte van het grondwater en van het bodemvocht enerzijds op de dichtheid van de ontkiemende zaden anderzijds kan men uiteindelijk in populaties van volwassen planten van Centaurium vulgare op duinhellingen steeds een zonale opbouw onderscheiden. Bovenaan een subzone van wijduiteenstaande grote planten, in het midden een dichte begroeiing van kleinere planten en onderaan een subzone van kleine verspreide exemplaren. Een verder gevolg van de rol van het grondwater is, dat jaarlijkse schommelingen in de grondwaterstand tot uiting komen in schommelingen in de hoogte van de bovengrens van de zone van Centaurium vulgare en in wisselingen in de samenstelling van de vegetaties. Voor een nader inzicht in de vochtomstandigheden werd gedurende een geheel seizoen op een aantal uiteenlopende standplaatsen van Centaurium vulgare in de allerbovenste bodemlaag van 0-1 cm en in de daarop aansluitende laag van 1-20 cm het watergehalte bepaald. In het typische bodemmilieu van Centaurium vulgare kan direct na de kiemtijd, nl. in de tweede helft van mei sterke oppervlakkige uitdroging plaats vinden. Elke onderscheiden standplaats van Centaurium vulgare bezit een eigen vochtniveau en wordt gekenmerkt door specifieke wisselingen van het vochtgehalte van de bodem. Op lagere niveaus in het duinlandschap is een overmaat aan water beperkend voor het voorkomen van Centaurium vulgare. In het bodemvocht uit het milieu van Centaurium vulgare is steeds een (geringe) hoeveelheid zout (NaCl) aanwezig, waardoor men per definitie dit bodemwater als brak en Centaurium vulgare als zoutplant moet beschouwen. Deze voorkeur van Centaurium vulgare voor zoute bodems blijkt ook uit het areaal dat immers bestaat uit een verspreidingsgebied langs de zeekusten en uit zoutgebieden in het binnenland. Een aantal andere bodemfactoren in het milieu van Centaurium vulgare zijn geanalyseerd. Ofschoon de plant als een pionier van jonge zandige duinbodems beschouwd wordt, treedt zij eerst op, nadat de bodemoppervlakte enigszins is vastgelegd door wieren. Deze bodems bevatten altijd enige vrije koolzure kalk en zijn daardoor neutraal tot alkalisch. Zij zijn daarnaast bijzonder arm aan voedingselementen.

Description: The genus Symphytum contains about 25 species (Bucknall, 1913). In the Netherlands it is represented by one indigenous species, S. officinale L.; two others, S. asperum Lepech. and S. bulbosum Schimp., have been introduced but have not become established. S. officinale is a variable species. Keener (1863) described a segregate, S. uliginosum, which was reduced to subspecific rank by Nyman (1878): S. officinale L. ssp. uliginosum (Kern.) Nym. The differences between subspecies officinale and uliginosum are: in ssp. officinale the stems and leaves are more or less densely hispid, in ssp. uliginosum they are provided with small white deciduous prickles with tubercular base. Furthermore in the first-mentioned ssp. the upper stem-leaves are entirely decurrent but in the last named they are not or partially decurrent. There is also a difference in the colour of the flowers: white, yellowish, or dark purple in ssp. officinale, and red-purple or violet in ssp. uliginosum.

Description: Single vegetation plots in forests and bogs in the deciduous and coniferoushardwood formation in northwestern Minnesota were studied according to the field methods of the Zürich-Montpellier system. Plots and species were arranged so that the greatest coincidence of occurrences was obtained. Species that show approximately similar amplitudes were united in sociological groups. Plant communities typified by these groups were placed in a hierarchy. The plant communities appear to intergrade but are not completely continuous. Definite concentrations of occurrences remain present in the ordination. Fourteen main types of vegetation are recognized. Their relations to the environment are discussed, and their relations to vegetation in other regions are indicated. Thirteen main types of vegetation (alliances) are recognized in the Itasca State Park region. Lowland vegetation has been divided into five alliances. In three of them the pathway of lake filling, starting in a eutrophic sedge mat and proceeding towards a mesotropic Picea mariana bog forest, is depicted. The two remaining lowland types represent eutrophic swamp forest of Fraxinus nigra and Ulmus americana on shallow peat or young alluvial soils. Upland forests have been divided into three “rich” deciduous types and five “poor” coniferous types. The rich types are represented by Tilia americana forests, Acer saccharum forests, Quercus rubra forests, and Populus tremuloides-Quercus sp. forests, all showing representatives of the rich flora of the mesic Tilia-Acer forest. The coniferous forest types are represented by Populus tremuloides-Quercus sp. forests and closely related Pinus resinosa-Pinus banksiana forests, Pinus banksiana forests on sandy outwash soils, and Abies balsamea forests in a young stage of development. Of these types the Pinus banksiana forest is floristically the best defined.

Description: In 1909 Mimosa invisa was found first in Malesia by Dr. G. Roepke, then attached to the Central Experiment Station at Salatiga, Central Java, who spotted this American weed introduced on Mt Lawu. He used it for groundcover in some estates and since that time it became very popular and common, up to c. 600 m over Java. It shows a vigorous growth forming dense thickets at the expense of other plants which are suffocated and suppressed. In areas subject to a strong dry season it is limited to moist depressions and streambanks, under everwet climatic conditions it is found in abundance in the same moist places but also in dryland localities (1). It is also very common in Sumatra and it was especiallyutilized in the tobacco fields in Deli as a groundcover (and green manure) at the suggestion of the late Dr. de Bussy because of two reasons: Its vigorous mono-dominant growth and the fact that it is resistant against bacterial slime disease with which so many Indonesian soils are infected made it a most desirable acquisition, because during the fallow period of the Deli tobacco fields it prohibited the multiplication of Bacterium solanacearum on various other Solanums and other plants susceptible to this.

Description: A note on lampro- and skeletocystidia and the introduction of the new term ‘gloeoplerous hyphae’ for the hyphal system that often produces the gloeocystidia in the hymenium is followed by a historical survey of the generic names proposed for resupinate and effused polypores (the so-called porias) and by an enumeration of these names and their type species together with a key to these species as far as they occur in Europe. Emended descriptions are given for Chaetoporellus Bond. & S., Chaetoporus P. Karst., and Schizopora Velen., while the name Perenniporia Murrill is re-introduced for the group of Poria medulla-panis sensu Pers., the species now often taken as type of the name Poria Pers. per S. F. Gray. It is proposed that this last-mentioned name be retained for the as yet unclassified porias. Amyloporia Bond. & S. is discussed. Some remarks are made on a redefined genus Oxyporus; it is treated as distinct from Rigidoporus. The bulk of the paper is made up of discussions on individual species, in alphabetical order. A recapitulation briefly reviews many conclusions about specific names. Poria romellii Donk and Sistotrema eluctor Donk are new species introduced to replace Poria byssina Romell and Poria onusta (P. Karst.) Sacc. of modern authors. New combinations are made with Chaetoporus (1), Cristella (1), Schizopora (1), Perenniporia (2) and Rigidoporus (1).

Description: In zahlreichen Arbeiten dienten Algen als Objekte für das Studium von Regenerationsvorgängen und Erscheinungen der Polarität. Dagegen ist — von Chara abgesehen — über das normale Wachstum, den zeitlichen Ablauf von Teilung und Streckung der Zellen und die Entstehungsgeschichte des typischen Thallus nur wenig bekannt. Für solche Untersuchungen bietet sich die Kultur von Algen im Laboratorium an. Formen von einfachem Aufbau sind hervorragend geeignet, um Wachstumsvorgänge in ihrer Abhängigkeit von den sie beeinflussenden Faktoren zu erforschen. Das interkalare Wachstum wurde an der monosiphonen, mehrkernigen Urospora wormskioldii studiert (Kornmann 1966). Die Entstehung eines verzweigten monosiphonen Thallus aus einer vielkernigen Apikalzelle konnte an dem Beispiel von Acrosiphonia verfolgt werden (1965). Spongomorpha aeruginosa ist äusserlich gleichartig aufgebaut, hat aber einkernige Zellen und stellt damit das einfachste Muster eines solchen Thallus dar.

Description: Tapeinidium is the second largest of the Lindsaeoid fern genera. In the present study 17 species are distinguished. Until Tapeinidium was recognized as a genus its species were included in Microlepia, where it was originally described as an infrageneric division, or in Davallia. Fée (1852), then Diels (1902), treated it as a genus, but under the incorrectly interpreted name Wibelia Bernhardi, which is actually a synonym of Davallia (see Copeland, 1947). The species described so far have mainly been distinguished by their leaf architecture, especially the degree of dissection; see, e.g., van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh (1909). In my opinion this is at best one of several useful characters. At least equally important is the structure of the petiole and the other axes of the lamina, a character diat proved to be very valuable for diagnostic purposes in the neotropical Lindsaea species (Kramer, 1957a) but is much less serviceable in the paleotropical ones. In some cases the rhizome scales are also distinctive. These characters have been grossly neglected in the past, and the species distinguished by most authors are generally far too widely circumscribed. Diels (l.c.), for example, listed three species at a time when more than twice as many were known. Accordingly there proved to be a surprisingly large number of undescribed species, viz. 8 out of the 17 recognized here, some of them represented by numerous specimens in many herbaria and collected long ago but never recognized, e.g., T. novoguineense and T. melanesicum. This contrasts sharply with the situation in Lindsaea in the same region where the number of new species is comparatively very small and relatively many more species have to be placed in synonymy.

Description: Sous le nom de Neevea repens, Batters (1900) décrivit une petite Algue rouge microscopique et endozoïque récoltée par J. T. Neeve à Deal (Kent). Cette Algue vivait dans un Bryozoaire ( (Flustra foliacea) formant, associée à 1’ Erythropeltis discigera Schmitz var. flustrae Batt., de petites taches roses à peine perceptibles. Batters considéra cette algue comme le représentant d’un genre nouveau qu’il rapprocha d’une part des Goniotrichum et d’autre part des Erythropeltis. S’il ressemble au premier par sa reproduction, qui se manifeste par la libération de cellules isolées hors de l’enveloppe gélatineuse du thalle, il en diffère par sa morphologie et sa situation endozoïque. La disposition des cellules en disque très irrégulier éloigne également le genre Neevea des Erythropeltis.

Description: In the Flora Malesiana area recent authors have distinguished the following genera in the Lindsaea group of ferns: Isoloma J. Smith, Lindsaea Dryander (often misspelled “Lindsaya”; see Copeland 1947, p. 53, and Kramer 1957a, p. 156), Odontosoria Fee, Protolindsaya Copeland, Schizoloma Gaudichaud (or Schizolegnia Alston), Sphenomeris Maxon, Tapeinidium (Presl) C. Christensen, and Xyropteris Kramer. In my account of the American species (Kramer 1957a) I included the Asiatic genus Schizolepton Fee in the Lindsaea group, on Copeland’s authority, without sufficiently looking into the matter. Holttum (1958) has shown since that its affinities are with Syngramma and has subsequently (1960) combined it with Taenitis, although Pichi-Sermolli (1966) denies any close affinity of the two last-named genera. As stated before (Kramer 1957a, 1967) I am convinced that Schizoloma cannot be maintained as a distinct genus and prefer to treat it as a section of Lindsaea. With regard to Isoloma I have reached the same conclusion, as explained below. Odontosoria sensu stricto does not occur in Asia. Xyropteris is still monotypical, as originally described (Kramer 1957b), and Tapeinidium, including Protolindsaya, as correctly stated by Christensen (1934), forms the subject of a separate paper (Kramer 1968). The notes in the present paper can thus be restricted to Lindsaea and Sphenomeris.

Description: Although the Indonesian Archipelago is phycologically rather well-known, information about the freshwater algae in New Guinea is very scanty. There are only a few papers, e.g. by Bernard (1910) and Cholnoky (1963), but these give only a glimpse of the phycocoenoses of the New Guinea lakes, especially those of the high mountains. Many of these lakes have been mentioned in travel books, and some seem to be promising localities for freshwater algae. The biogeographical relations between Malesian and Australian regions have been much discussed. A number of biogeographers have attempted to unravel the complex of transition in this part of the world. Phytogeographers often accept the Torres Strait as a boundary between the Malesian and the Australian floras. This is only true in a general statistical way; the flora of the dry savannahs of the southern lowland shows a great similarity to that of northern Australia, while the high-mountain flora shows distinct affinities with both the northern temperate Asiatic flora and the temperate South Pacific flora. Zoogeographers, however, include New Guinea mostly in the Australian region because of the existence of a land-bridge between Australia and New Guinea during past geological epochs (see fig. 11—5, in Knight, 1965). In this connection the character and relations of the freshwater algal flora of New Guinea is of some interest. It has been shown by Scott & Prescott (1958) that the freshwater algal flora of northern Australia is closely related to that of the Indo-Malayan region.

Description: Joséphine Th. Koster entered her service at the Rijksherbarium as an assistant, April 1930, in the midst of the economic crisis. She was engaged as an, unsalaried collaborator, the then current type of position the Netherlands’ State could offer its scientific offspring. When Prof. Dr. H. J. Lam, freshly appointed Director in August 1933, ordered her to start work each morning as early as the salaried staff-members, she resigned from her unremunerative post by 31 Dec. 1933. She then continued, as a guest of the Rijksherbarium, her investigations on the Compositae of the Dutch East Indies, and in 1935 she took her doctor’s degree on the thesis ‘The Compositae of the Malay Archipelago’ at Leyden University. Her promotor was Prof. Lam. In the end the unfavourable labour-market of that time appeared to have favourable consequences for algology; for Miss Koster, she once confessed to me, had a great ambition to teach biology in secondary schools!

Description: In the eyes of most aquarists plants have merely a decorative function in the aquarium. Several aquarists, however, have made the plants the subject of their special interest, and it is for these people that Professor De Wit actually wrote his book. In order to make it easier for them he has not followed the usual systematic arrangement of the species but has arranged the species according to their habit. The following growthforms are dealt with successively: 1. Plants freely floating on the surface; 2. Submerged but freely floating plants; 3. Rooting plants with rosettes of filiform, linear, or ribbon-shaped leaves; 4. Plants with leaf-rosettes on the bottom; 5. Rooting plants with floating leaves; 6. Plants with creeping stems and erect leaves; and 7. Plants with erect leaf-bearing stems. There are, however, many species that can be classified in more than one of these vague categories, e.g. Elisma natans, Potamogeton octandrus, many species of Sagittaria and Echinodorus, and all Ceratophyllum species. Two species, Wolffiella floridana and Riccia fluitans, are erroneously classified as plants floating on the surface; they are submerged pleustophytes.

Description: The term ‘brackish water’ is used in several senses and, therefore, I want at first to explain what I consider to be brackish water and what not. Redeke (1933) defined brackish water as a mixture of fresh water and sea water sensu stricto. This definition excludes the continental salt waters which have a different origin. There exist, however, salt waters which have lost long ago their contact with the sea and have now a chemical composition completely aberrant from sea water, due to the joint effect of continual inflow of new electrolytes with river water, evaporation, and precipitation. As examples the Caspian and the Aral Sea may be mentioned. Other investigators prefer to include on grounds of hydrological and hydrochemical similarities also the continental salt waters which at no time in their history have been in contact with the sea, e.g. the Great Salt Lake in Utah, U.S.A. They regard as brackish all salt waters which have a lower salinity than the sea. According to Schmitz (1959) the differences between the continental and marine salt waters are only of a relative value as both categories have the following four hydrological characters in common: 1. The total salinity is generally between that of fresh and sea water. 2. The waters show often salinity stratification. 3. Horizontal differences in salinity occur e.g. where a river discharges in a salt lake. 4. Large seasonal fluctuations in salinity occur.

Description: Herba terrestris infirma ca. 7—13 cm alta, iolio profunde cordato margine subtilissime crenulato, bracteis late ovatis acutis ovario sub-aequilongis, sepalo dorsali attenuatim lineari, sepalis lateralibus petalisque filiformibus, labello latissime rhombico glabro, in fauce callo compresso-linguiformi acuto praedito, ad columnam appendice ventrali acuto-mucronato aliformi. Distinctus ab omnibus speciebus notis Acianthi callo compresso-linguiformi et columna alata. Typus: R. Schodde and L. Craven 3889, South rim of Lake Loloru crater, Bougainville Island, 23-8-1964; holotypus: CANB.

Description: The mineralizations of Fe, Cu, Li, Sn, W in W. Galicia are discussed. Sulphidic mineralization of Fe and Cu is exemplified by a description of the mine of Fornás (SE. of Santiago de Compostela). Field and laboratory data (including geothermometry of the phases of the Fe-Zn-S system) suggest that the deposit has been subjected to regional metamorphism of amphibolite facies grade. Li-bearing pegmatites (with spodumene, petalite, montebrasite, beryl, cassiterite, columbite and alteration products) are locally rather common in the area. It is argued that they have intruded as masses of silicate melt along faults. Cassiterite and wolframite are found in quartz veins with pockets of alcaline feldspar, suggesting a genetic relationship with the pegmatitic rocks. The mineralized dykes and veins are related to the hercynian two-mica granites. In Portugal similar mineralizations are considered to be connected with post-tectonic biotite granites. Alternative explanations of this apparent discrepancy are given. A primera vista la mineralización en Galicia no parece muy complicada. Se presentan dos tipos principales relacionados especialmente con dos unidades petrológicas: 1) los yacimientos de sulfuros de hierro y cobre asociados con el complejo máfico (el lopolito) y, 2) la mineralización de litio, estaño y wolframio asociada con los granitos.

Description: The broad outlines of the taxonomy and distribution of the Antillean ameivas have been sketched by BARBOUR & NOBLE (1915). Two principal ancestral stocks were recognized: (1) One gave rise to the Ameiva ameiva group whose center of origin and dispersal was northeastern South America, and which extended westward into Central America and also up the Lesser Antilles to Puerto Rico and Hispaniola.¹ (2) The other gave rise to the Ameiva undulata group which originated in and dispersed from Central America, moving into northwestern South America and into the Greater Antilles as far eastward as Hispaniola. In addition to these two main stocks, they postulated still a third origin for a small group of species in the Bahamas – Puerto Rico – St. Croix area (A. maynardi, A. wetmorei and A. polops), but which they allied more closely to the A. undulata than to the A. ameiva group. A final, somewhat problematic group consists of the South American Ameiva bifrontata and its subspecies. They postulated that it either arose from the Ameiva ameiva group or from still a fourth stock. Accordingly to BARBOUR & NOBLE’S view, then, the Antilles comprise two main groups which have invaded the area from opposite directions and which overlap on Hispaniola (or from Hispaniola to St. Croix if Ameiva wetmorei and A. polops are considered allied to the A. undulata group – see below).

Description: This study is based principally on chiggers collected by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK (Zoologisch Laboratorium, Utrecht) and associates. Supplemental material from Dr. THOMAS H. G. AITKEN (Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory, Port-of-Spain) has provided several new records, and Mr. A. VENTURA (University College of the West Indies, Kingston), has supplied additional records of Eutrombicula batatas in Jamaica. – The bat hosts collected by HUMMELINCK have been identified by Dr. A. M. HUSSON (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden). In all, our knowledge of trombiculid mites in the Caribbean has been substantially increased. Forty-five species are now known from the West Indies and chiggers are recorded for the first time from Saint-Barthélemy, Dominica, Patos Island (Venezuela), Margarita, Curaçao and Aruba.

Description: In this article the results of a pollen analytical investigation of a section in the tropical lowland of Colombia are discussed. The section has been taken from a lake in the lower course of the River Magdalena (fig. 1). This lake, called ”Cienaga de Morrocayal”, is situated about 20 metres above sea-level; the section represents the greater part of the Subatlantic, and in the course of this period there was a succession of humid and drier periods. These fluctuations seem to represent a cyclic phenomenon. Two C14 analyses of charcoal-samples from the peatlayers, found in this section, showed that these layers were formed at about 1470 A.D. and about 1230 A.D.

Description: The investigated area forms part of the crystalline basement of the southwestern half of the Iberian peninsula (Hesperian Massif). In it, Precambrian paragneisses of predominantly greywacke composition surround granite-gneisses with whole-rock Rb-Sr ages of 486-500 m.y. Hercynian granites are intrusive into the older rocks. It is argued that the paragneisses underwent a Barrovian type regional metamorphism (probably low P-T portion of the almandine-amphibolite facies) in the Precambrian, were locally thermometamorphosed by some types of the Cambro-Ordovician granite complex, while in the hercynian orogeny they were again subjected to regional metamorphism, but now of the Abukuma-type (andalusite-cordierite-muscovite subfacies of cordierite-amphibolite facies). The Precambrian metamorphism is represented by elongated quartz, biotite flakes and relics of garnet, all enclosed within early-hercynian minerals, the thermometamorphism by altered, fine-grained cordierite and by fine-grained rock structures, the hercynian metamorphism by the occurrence of cordierite, andalusite and cummingtonite, in appropriately composed rocks, on a regional scale. The granite-gneiss complex consists of per-alkaline gneiss (containing quartz, albite, microcline, riebeckite, aegirine, lepidomelane, astrophyllite, zircon, fluorite, xenotime, pyrochlore and some less frequent accessories), biotite gneiss (composed of quartz, microcline, plagioclase, biotite, occasionally muscovite or green amphibole, accessories) and a hybrid series of basic rocks both enclosed within and assimilated by alkaline granite-gneiss. Evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that the per-alkaline gneisses were onefeldspar granites before their (hercynian) gneissification, which caused separation of the perthites into very pure albite and microcline, both in the maximum low-temperature state and that riebeckite in its present composition was not an original constituent of the per-alkaline granite either. Considerations on the stability of riebeckite, aegirine and lepidomelane yield P-T conditions compatible with those deduced from the paragneiss mineral assemblage. Sodium, apparently mobile after the separation of the perthites into their composing minerals, migrated into neighbouring rocks, causing the formation of albite porphyroblasts. The influence of prehercynian alkali metasomatism from per-alkaline granite is also locally visible. The hercynian megacrystal, muscovite, two-mica and coarse-grained biotite granites and cordierite-quartzdiorite are petrographically described and their origin and mode of emplacement discussed. Chemical analyses were made of paragneiss, metasomatosed paragneiss, per-alkaline gneiss, amphibolites, rocks of the hybrid series and of microcline, riebeckite, aegirine and lepidomelane. Optical data of albite, microcline, riebeckite, aegirine, lepidomelane and cummingtonite and X-ray data of albite, microcline, riebeckite and aegirine are given. Of microcline and riebeckite the cell parameters were calculated.

Description: Eight species of Collembola are recorded from an ant nest in Guatemala. Two species, described by Denis (1931a) from Costa Rica are redescribed more extensively. A new species of Pseudosinella is described.

Description: In a same macroclimate on the islands of the Leeward Group of the Netherlands Antilles two types of vegetation are chiefly found. A vegetation pertaining to the dry evergreen formation series on limestone and a vegetation on diabase belonging to the seasonal formation series. Study was made of the water relation at the end of the rainy season during which transpiration, water deficit, suction pressure and soil water were investigated. From the course of transpiration curves it was concluded that water relations in diabase soil are more sever than those in the limestone. Water deficit in plants, growing on diabase appears to be much higher than those of limestone. Suction pressure divergates strongly in both cases. In the upper soil layers the amount of water that can be taken up by plants is small both in limestone and diabase. In deeper layers of the limestone soil there is more water than in diabase of the same level. Vegetation on diabase is determined by a sufficient amount of water in the soil during the rain season and a great drought during the other months. On the other hand in limestone the amount of water in the soil is larger during a longer period. Because of the higher suction pressure of this soil only plants developing a higher suction pressure can occur.

Description: In material of Cardamine pratensis from many localities in the Netherlands, the following somatic chromosome numbers were counted: 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36, 38, 39, 45, 46, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 60, 62, 64, 64 à 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, (80), 84, and (118) 1). Many numbers were due to intra-individual deviation of the normal number. As main groups tetraploids with 28-32, octoploids with 56-64, and decaploids with 70-80 chromosomes could be distinguished; the normal numbers of the ploidy levels were 30, 60, and 74-76, respectively. Two subspecies could be distinguished on the basis of morphological, ecological, and cytological characters.

Description: The present paper is the first of a series of regional revisions of the Old World Lindsaeoid ferns centering around a revision of the group in the Flora Malesiana area where the largest number of species occurs. In the few cases where modern revisions are already available the present author’s contribution will be limited to critical and additional notes; otherwise they will be in the nature of monographic treatments, although widespread species will, of course, as a rule not be described more than once. The botanically isolated position of New Caledonia is well-known, and most floristic phytogeographers agree in regarding it as a separate floristic region (e.g. Good, 1947; Van Balgooy, 1960). Endemism is high in the ferns as well as in the flowering plants, although the number of endemic fern genera is very small (Brownlie, 1965). In the absence of a comprehensive modern fern flora I am unable to quote any reliable figures. The last paper dealing with the New Caledonian fern flora as a whole by Fournier (1873) is nearly 100 years old. Later contributions were made notably by Copeland (1929b), Christensen (in: Däniker, 1932), and Guillaumin (1962- 1964). Christ (1910), on the basis of Fournier’s (1873) data, reported 259 species, 86 endemic, but stated that Fournier’s species concept was apparently too narrow (p. 234), which I can confirm for the Lindsaea group, as shown by the synonymy in the present paper. On the other hand, additional species have been found or distinguished since. A more important factor limiting our knowledge of endemism in the New Caledonian ferns (and other plants) is, I think, the poor state of knowledge of the Melanesian flora, particularly of the Solomon Islands. The exploration that is now in progress in this archipelago may be expected to furnish important additional data.

Description: It is well known that the chromosome number of a plant may be a character of importance to taxonomy; it can often give a better insight with respect to the place of a taxon in the System. It is, therefore, particularly important to determine for any species the chromosome number of as many individuals from as many localities as possible. Publications of lists of documented chromosome numbers as presented by Love in the IOPB reports in Taxon are very valuable and so are lists of chromosome numbers of plants from more restricted areas (Greenland: Jörgensen et al., 1958; Iceland: Löve and Löve, 1956; the Netherlands: Gadella and Kliphuis, 1963; Poland: Skalinska, 1950, Skalinska et al., 1957, 1959, 1961; Sweden, Skåne: Lövkvist, 1962). These lists enable us to ascertain whether or not there are differences in chromosome numbers within a species and whether or not there is a relation with the geographical distribution or the ecological preference. Apart from the number, however, the size and shape of the chromosomes and, consequently, their ‘portrait’ may be of value. In the Angiospermae this character plays an important role almost exclusively in the Monocotyledones.

Description: The alpine vegetation of the West Dome (Mt Biota) of the Albert Edward Range is a combination of secondary and primary aspects which alternate mosaiclike and often form distinct seral vegetations. Towards the original shrubberies seral communities are growing with treeferns increasing in number towards the shrubberies’ edges. A true alpine vegetation is found only towards the summit and consists of a wide open vegetation with few scattered plants.

Description: The indument on vegetative parts of Apeiba is examined. Some taxonomic problems left after Uittien’s revision of the genus are reconsidered.

Description: This study was undertaken in 1963 at the suggestion of Prof. Dr. J. Lanjouw. As the genus Convolvulus is so large that a revision of all its species would have taken too much time, and as a revision of the African ones alone would not have been interesting because these species do not form a natural group, it was decided to choose a middle way, and to take into consideration also the species occurring in the adjoining countries. This was all the more Indicated as the Convolvulus species of the area which includes besides the Mediterranean region also the area extending eastwards of the latter to the western border of Afghanistan, i. e. such countries as Iraq and Iran, show many signs of affinity. During our study of the species occurring in these parts, it was realized that it would be desirable to consider also those occurring in Afghanistan and Turkmeniskaya and further to the west in the Caucasus, Armenia and a part of the area surrounding the Black Sea. The Canary and Madeira Isles were also included, as they are close to the North African part of this region and as these islands moreover are interesting because they show a high degree of endemism and because some of the Convolvulus species occurring here were regarded by some authors as sufficiently distinct from those found elsewhere to be referred to a genus of their own, a genus for which the name Rhodorrhiza was proposed. The genus Convolvulus was introduced by Linnaeus (1753). In 1789 it was revised by Desrousseaux, who described 107 species under the heading “Liseron”; he divided the genus into two subdivisions, viz. 1° “peduncles with solitary flowers” and 2° “peduncles with numerous flowers”; in the delimitation of the genus he followed Linnaeus.

Description: Artificial hybridization experiments were carried out between two species-pairs in the genus Campanula, viz. between C. persicifolia and C. latiloba, and between C. alliariifolia and C. ochroleuca. The hybrid between C. persicifolia and C. latiloba is completely sterile. For this reason the treatment as separate species of these closely allied taxa is justified. The hybrid between C. alliariifolia and C. ochroleuca. on the other hand, is completely fertile. Therefore, it is advisable to regard C. ochroleuca and C. alliariifolia as conspecific, as was previously done by Kem. Nathadze.

Description: Some pollen types occurring in the genus Phyllanthus are arranged into two morphological series. These series are based on seven “evolutionary trends”.

Description: Baehni, Ch. (1906-1964) R. Weibel, l’Oeuvre scientifique de Charles Baehni. Trav. Soc. Bot. Genève 8 (1966) 18-21. — Obituary and concise bibliography. Banks & Solander E.W. Groves, Notes on the botanical specimens collected by Banks and Solander on Cook’s first voyage, together with an itinerary of landing localities. J. Soc. Bibliogr. Nat. Hist. 4 (1962) 57-62. — Precise localities with geographical latitudes and longitudes! and dates. An excellent source for herbalists.

Description: Mr. A. G. Alphonso, curator of the Singapore Herbarium, attended the 5th World Orchid Conference at Los Angeles, U.S.A. on 13-22 April 1967, and delivered a paper on ”The need for conservation of Malaysian Orchid species”. He was elected a member of the International Orchid Committee on Classification, Nomenclature and Registration. Mr. R. Angus is now Principal of the School of Forestry at Bulolo, New Guinea.

Description: At Singapore, Mr. H. M. Burkill began a study of the marine genus Avrainvillea, and of the aerophilous genus Trentepohlia, on which he had made observations for a long time. Many anatomical drawings were prepared of both genera.

Description: Since the genus Ascobolus was established in 1791, several more genera of Ascobolaceae with coloured ascospores became known, each with a fair number of species. Some species previously described in other genera were later recognized to belong to the Ascobolaceae and a large number of new species, subspecies, varieties and forms have been described through the years. Numerous species of Ascobolus have been described as new simply because the same fungus was found on a different substratum or because its asci opened by an operculum. Others were described several times under different names because of the lack of a complete survey and inadequate knowledge of specific variability. This has also led to many erroneous interpretations and identifications.

Description: 1. The cryosestonic organism, Gyoerffyella tatrica Kol 1928, described as a green alga, shows very close morphological conformity with the conidia of fungi published under the names Titaea rotula von Höhnel 1904 and Ingoldia craginiformis Petersen 1962, so that the classification of these species in two unrelated groups is untenable. On the basis of a detailed analysis, we consider that they belong to the same genus of Hyphomycetes, the correct name of which is Gyoerffyella Kol 1928. 2. The data which we had at our disposal have not produced any reliable feature which would enable us to keep Titaea rotula and Gyoerffyella tatrica as two independent species. We therefore consider both names to be taxonomic synonyms, with the correct name for this species being Gyoerffyella rotula (Höhn.) Marvanová. 3. Ingoldia craginiformis R. H. Peters, differs a little from the above two species, both morphologically and ecologically. We could not justify its identity with G. rotula, but do not exclude this possibility in the future. Its specific epithet has been recombined with Gyoerffyella as G. craginiformis (R. H. Peters.) Marvanová. 4. Two species of Ingoldia have been transferred to Gyoerffyella as G. tricapillata (Ingold) Marvanová and G. entomobryoides (Boerema & Arx) Marvanová. 5. Gyoerffyella spec., found in the High Tatras is closely related to G. rotula and G. craginiformis. We refrain from naming it, as we have seen neither the conidiophores nor the mycelium. Our description and illustrations therefore deal only with the conidia.

Description: There has not been an extensive taxonomical treatment of the Lemnaceae since the publication of the famous works of Hegelmaier (1868, 1895). As the quantity of preserved and dried material of this family has increased considerably since Hegelmaier’s time, and as some new species have been described and the flowers and fruits of some other species have become known, there is, according to Daubs, a ’need for a critical review of the family in the light of this later knowledge, as well as some synthesis of the widely scattered data into a more readily available form’. I have used this revision and it must at once be praised for the clear and adequate descriptions of the taxa and the excellent, accurate drawings.

Description: Phycopeltis kosteriana A. B. Cribb, sp. n. — Thallus pallidus viridis, usque ad 250 μ diam., margine inaequale; filamenta prostrata, inaequaliter radiata, plerumque contigua extra margine; thallus paucis parvis foraminibus; cellulae inaequales, plerumque inaequaliter 1, 2 vel 3-furcatae, (1.5)2—3(3.5) X (5)7—12(15) μ; gametangia (?) in thallo usque ad 4 μ; ab Phycopeltis ceteris in cellulis parvis et inaequalis differt. Typus: In lamina, Kuranda, N. Queensland, 28-5-1963.

Description: Schischkiniella Steen., nom. nov. — Gastrocalyx Schischkin, Bull. Mus. Cauc. Tifls 12 (1919) 200; non Gastrocalyx Gardn. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. I (1838) 176, based on G. connatus Gardn. l.c., descr. geti.-spec. (Gentianaceae). S. ampullata (Boiss.) Steen., comb. nov. — Silene ampullata Boiss. Diagn. sér. I, 1 (1842) 26; Fl. Orient. 1 (1867) 606. — Gastrocalyx ampullata (Boiss.) Schischk. l.c.

Description: Fimbristylis ovata (Burm .ƒ.) Kern, comb. nov. — Carex ovata Burm. ƒ. Fl. Ind. (1768) 194; Kük., Pfl. Reich, Heft 38 (1909) 103. — Cyperus monostachyos L., Mant. 2 (1771) 180. — Abildgaardia monostachya (L.) Vahl, En. Plant. 2 (1806) 296. — Fimbristylis monostachya (L.) Hassk., Pl. Jav. Rar. (1848; 61. — Iriha monostachya (L.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 751. Burman’s description of his Carex ovata is very short: ‘Spica terminali ovata feminea. Missa ex Java’. Raymond, Mém. Jard. Bot. Montréal no 23 (1959) 78, suggested that the neglected name might be the correct one for Carex tricephala Boeck. (1875), the only Carex species of the area that would fit Burman’s description. To me this supposition seemed unlikely, as Carex tricephala is a very rare species not known to occur in Java. Merrill, Philip. J. Sc. 19 (1921) 341, already suspected that Burman’s plant does not belong in Carex, but perhaps in Eleocharis or possibly in Fimbristylis.

Description: In Index Kewensis the name Stalagmites erosipetala Miq., J. Bot. Néerl. 1 (1851) 126, was taken up as a synonym, printed in italics, because the generic name Stalagmites was referred to Garcinia. However, no transfer or reduction was given for this species, but it was added ‘(sp. dub.)’. After the revision of Cratoxylum by Mr. A. J. F. Gogelein was in print it was found that among odd unlocalized sheets there was the type of this species, ticketed by Miquel himself. It is in the Utrecht Herbarium, sheet 112525B. It appears to have been collected in South China by B. Krone (B. Krone no. 168).

Description: Paragneisses and associated mafic igneous rocks have been subjected twice to regional metamorphism and extensive folding. During the first, catazonal, metamorphism, the mafic rocks have been converted to eclogites and pyrigarnites (hornblende-granulite facies rocks); both characterized by the association clinopyroxene — pyralmandine garnet. Later on, mesozonal regional metamorphism has caused extensive amphibolization; the accompanying deformation has caused refolding, mylonitization and large-scale boudinage. E-W trending faults are later than the mesozonal metamorphic phase. Criteria to distinguish between retrograde eclogites and retrograde pyrigarnites are given.

Description: The structures along the southern boundary of the flysch-filled Yuso Basin bear witness to continuous epeirogenic activity during the Upper Carboniferous. The Carda\u0148o Line foems the boundary proper but other structures, somewhat similar to this fundamental feature e.g. the Pe\u0148a Prieta line, trend away into the basin subdividing it, demonstrating their control over deposition. Sedimentary structures indicate the instability of the deposits near the edge of this basin. The present structures have grown out of initial subbasins most probably by a simple continuation of a similar type of epeirogenic movements. Recrystallization of the shales into slates accompanied some of this deformation, the other rocks though recrystallised show little sign of an oriented fabric. The slaty cleavage mainly developed as a concentric cleavage with a flatlying attitude dips on average 15° less than the bedding. Although some flap folds have such flatlying axial planes that it could be axial plane cleavage to them. The slaty cleavage deformation increased the dimensions of the bedding planes it seems as much, or even more, than demanded by the growing structures. The west plunge corresponding to the slope of the basin reveals a spectrum of the structural developments at different levels. The Curavacas syncline, only moderately asymmetric in the extreme east, becomes rapidly steeper to the west. The north limb becomes overturned against the Pefias Matas fault causing complicated cascade folds in the Lechada Formation. The Pefias Matas fault controls the box-form of the Lechada syncline to the west until it is lost in the Cardano Line near Barniedo. The syncline is then more symmetrical but cross folding here and near Portilla divert the trend to NW-SE. Westwards very complex cascade and flap folds develop on either flank of the syncline folded inwards towards the core. In the extreme west the southern fold is dominant even involving Devonian rocks, one slab of which has been let-down by recent erosion to form a slip sheet. The slaty cleavage is generally cut by a fracture cleavage found in almost all slates often parallel to the axial planes of minor folds. These range from the Portilla structure to minute puckers. Overall shortening must have been brought about during this deformation but due to the usual inclination this does not need to be more than 10 %: all could have been brought about by block tilting. The fracture cleavage deformation has had its orientation perhaps more directly controlled by the fundamental lines. Hence, it cuts across the trend of the major structure especially where it swings NW. Here very steeply plunging folds with axial faults have developed. Some of these like the Portilla fold show younger rocks faulted upon older—typical for drape folds and suggesting further underlying control. The evolution of the Lechada and Curavacas synclines is a single line of descent from the movements forming the basin in which the sediments were deposited through all the stages of deformation. Vertical and tilting movements are all that are required to induce such structures.

Description: A review is given of pre-hercynian metasediments and granites (including per-alkaline aegirineriebeckite granites) found in W. Galicia. These rocks were subsequently deformed and metamorphosed by the hercynian orogeny. Evidence in favour of the existence of a pre-hercynian metamorphism that affected the metasediments is presented. Some special relations between granite-gneisses and metasediments, e.g., the development of thermo-metamorphic aureoles around some pre-hercynian granites and the influence of sodium-metasomatism from riebeckite gneiss upon rocks surrounding them are discussed. La presente contribución trata exclusivamente de las regiones investigadas por la Escuela de Leiden, menos la zona de Cabo Ortegal descrita por D. E. Vogel en una contribución subsecuente. Los trabajos desarrollados por los distintos estudiantes se encuentran en estadios muy variables de elaboración; en consecuencia, muchos datos deben ser considerados como provisionales.

Description: Recent contributions by penologists of Leiden University to the present state of knowledge concerning crystalline Galicia are summarized. An enumeration of the most important rock-types is given and their grouping in geotectonic units is attempted. The structural and metamorphic history is outlined and shown to comprise a variety of pre-hercynian (pre-Cambro-ordovician) as well as hercynian and post-hercynian elements. It is argued that originally geosynclinal rocks of the pre-hercynian orogen (frequently attaining the eclogite, granulite or charnockite metamorphic facies) were intruded by Cambro-ordovician granitic rocks, and were subsequently incorporated in the hercynian orogen, where they were re-deformed, predominantly to N-S trending isoclinal folds, and re-metamorphosed, locally reaching a wet anatextitic climax in the cordieriteamphibolite facies of Winkler. The hercynian orogenic cycle is claimed to have terminated in W. Galicia with further episodes of tectonization and recrystallization, and with retrograde metamorphism and granitic intrusions of an increasingly high-level nature. A synoptic table, presenting a tentative correlation of geological events in crystalline Galicia, is appended.

Description: The Upper Devonian Fairholme Group in the Canadian Foothills and Rocky Mountains is correlated to the reef-bearing subsurface Woodbend-Beaverhill Lake Formations of the Alberta Plains. The group is divisible into the upper Southesk and the basal Cairn Formation, each of which occurs in a carbonate and a clastic facies, commonly referred to as the reef and shale provinces. This thesis reports the results of a detailed study of the transition between the carbonate and shale provinces, which is well exposed in the Cripple Creek area of the Front Range of the southern Rocky Mountains. This transition only occurs in the Southesk Formation at this locality and takes place gradually over a distance of eight miles, reflecting depositional patterns in successive positions on a shallowing shelf. Biostratigraphic zonation allows the delineation of areally segregated carbonate facies, characterized by distinctive lithological and faunal criteria. A concentration of coral biostromes occurs at the transition between the shallow shelf and deeper water marginal seas. This zone of biostromal dolomite grades seaward through fossiliferous, nodular and argillaceous limestones to calcareous, open marine shales. The transition from shelf to sea areas coincides with transition from complete to incomplete dolomitization. Complete dolomitization is indicated to occur when no argillaceous admixture is present. The zone of biostromes grades shoreward into intertidal and algal deposits towards the central platform area. A progressive increase in water salinity is indicated by a marked decrease in faunal content accompanied by a differentiation in the faunal composition from predominantly coralline to an algal-ostracod-calcisphere assemblage. The dolomite sequences are assigned to the semi-restricted and restricted dolomite facies. Regional studies indicate the presence of other types of carbonate-shale transitions in the Fairholme of the Rockies. The abrupt juxtaposition of dolomites and shales at Wapiabi Creek is in sharp contrast to the gradational nature of the Cripple Creek transition. The occurrence of detrital carbonates, swept off the platform, indicates the presence of relief between the carbonate and shale provinces. At Cripple Creek, a buffer zone of intervening carbonate types indicates the absence of any appreciable amount of relief. The Cripple and Wapiabi types constitute the end members of a range of carbonate-shale transitions. The areal distribution of these transition types are explained by variation in terms of paleogeographic setting during Southesk time. The gradational Cripple Creek type transition is postulated to occur in areas on the leeward side of the Fairholme shelves, protected from the influences of direct wind and current action. The Wapiabi type occurs in windward areas. This postulation infers the predominance of northeasterly winds during Southesk time. The study of the spatial arrangement of the Upper Devonian carbonate facies in the Cripple Creek area has resulted in the definition of a depositional carbonate pattern, designated as the ”carbonate model”. This model constitutes a synthesis of all pertinent data, necessary to represent the areal configuration, composition and environmental milieu of the major facies, into a simple and orderly form. The model can be applied profitably on a world-wide basis to illustrate the facies distribution of carbonate-shale transicions in other geologic systems with only minor changes in the composition of the faunal assemblages.

Description: A re-examination of the types of Lithobius occultus Silvestri, 1894, and Lithobius excellens Silvestri, 1894, from Italy, has shown that the two are based on specimens of the same species which takes the name of Eupolybothrus (Schizopolybothrus) excellens (Silvestri, 1894), and is probably most closely related to E. tabularum (Verhoeff, 1937). A tentative survey of the subgenera of the genus Eupolybothrus Verhoeff, 1907, is given, and a new subgenus, Leptopolybothrus nov. subgen., type-species Lithobius leptopus Latzel, 1880, is erected.

Description: The water-strider Gerris najas is found on running waters and lakeshores. In the Netherlands it occurs mainly in brooks. It preys upon insects fallen on the water-surface. In order to ascertain the recent distribution in the Netherlands, the author visited most of the running waters and lakes in this country in the years 1962 to 1966 inclusive.

Description: In the course of a routine investigation of fungi growing on dung pellets of hares collected in the Melville Koppies Nature Reserve in Johannesburg some rather small coremia were noticed. Slides were prepared and an attempt made to isolate the organism in pure culture was successful. The structure of the coremium appeared to be the same as in the genera Doratomyces (Morton and Smith, 1963) and Triehurus (Swart, 1964), and in addition the conidia were seen to occur in chains on annellophores. No setae were present and therefore the organism was classified as a species of Doratomyces, however it did not fit the description of any of the species as summarised by Morton and Smith (1963), for this reason the organism is described here as a new species. The description is based on the study of the original material and of material from cultures on oatmeal decoction agar and oatmeal-dung extract agar.

Description: The Netherlands Antilles comprise the islands Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire of the Leeward Group, and St. Eustatius, Saba and the southern part of St. Martin (St. Maarten) of the Windward Group. The northern part of St. Martin belongs to the French territory (Departement de la Guadeloupe). Botanical investigations were started already in the 18th century, but it was not before 1909 that an enumeration of the vascular plants of part of the Netherlands Antilles appeared in print (Boldingh, 1909; the other part appeared in 1914). In 1913 Boldingh published a Flora of the Netherlands Antilles (in Dutch). Brother M. Arnoldo published a Flora of Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire (in Dutch, 1954; second edition 1964). An elaborate study of the vegetation of the islands was published by Stopfers (1956). Some of the data given below are borrowed from that paper. A new Flora is now in the course of publication (edited by Stoppers since 1962).

Description: The genus Caltha comprises approximately 12-16 species growing in wet, marshy places in arctic and North and South temperate regions. The genus in classed in the tribe Helleboreae of the Ranunculaceae. A. de Candolle (1818) subdivided the genus into two sections: Psychrophila and Populago, the distinguishing features being that in the former the calyx is persistent, the auricles of the leaf laminae having upturned to erect appendages, whereas in the latter the calyx is deciduous and the leaves are cordate to reniform. In the section Psychrophila he placed two species of the Southern Hemisphere, the other section including all the species of the Northern Hemisphere. The peculiar leaf characters of the species of the Southern Hemisphere (5-8) are highly distinctive. Not only the morphological characters of some species of the genus vary considerably, but also in terms of cytology differentiation within the genus and even within species occurs. Therefore, various authors differ in that opinion with regard to the taxonomic treatment of the many forms.

Description: Because the palm family is almost entirely tropical with many species of a very great size, it has attracted only a few botanists to study them. As a consequence palms are poorly represented in herbaria and little understood in almost every respect. Notably their taxonomy is in a very poor condition since many taxa are described on inadequate material which allows only an arbitrary interpretation and, moreover, the family is grossly overnamed. Hence the second author (1965) proposed a large-scale lumping in his critical treatment of the Suriname palms. The present paper is intended to give some palynological evidence to support a few of these lumpings on the generic level. Palynological evidence shall especially be rewarding in the genus Attalea in the broad sense inclusive of Maximiliana, Markleya, Orbignya, Parascheelea and Scheelea. These genera have been separated on the morphology of the staminate flowers only; no correlation with other characters could be worked out in a satisfactory way. Apart from the very distinct staminate flower types representing Attalea, Maximiliana, Orbignya, and Scheelea, in recent times also a few intermediate flower types have been found, again evaluated as separate genera: Markleya and Parascheelea. The main argument for accepting these single character genera is a feeling that the evolution of the staminate flowers in the palms has been very extraordinary. If this feeling is correct, it may be expected that the differences in the staminate flower morphology run parallel with the differences in the pollen morphology. To check this was one of the purposes of the investigation the results of which are presented in this paper.

Description: It has been shown that there were more coniferous genera to be found in Europe during the Tertiary than there are at the present-day. Some of the genera now occur only in America and the Far East. Many such genera were present in the Neogene of Europe and one of these, Tsuga, remained in Europe into the Late Pleistocene. Other genera found in Europe at the present-day had, in a number of cases at least, somewhat of a different distribution than now. In the present undertaking much use is made of results derived from pollen studies and it is suggested that pollen may be one of the major lines of evidence leading to a solution of certain phytogeographical problems.

Description: The genus Stichothamnion (Rhodomelaceae) was described by Borgesen in 1930, on the basis of material from the north western coast of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands). During our investigation of marine algae collected from the Netherlands Antilles it appeared that on St. Eustatius (Lesser Antilles) an unknown species was gathered, that also has to be placed in the genus Stichothamnion. This material was of sufficient quality to allow a complete description of the species.

Description: A short historical survey is given of the various kinds of pollen studies that had already been started before the twentieth century: pollen morphology, the identification and treatment of pollen-induced diseases such as hay fever, and the analysis of the origin of honey by its pollen content. Observations on fossil pollen are mentioned, which prepared the way for the studies by Von Post. Also described is the development in the peat studies of Von Post, which led to the method of pollen analysis and the introduction of the pollen diagram, in 1916. This opened a gateway to a most fruitful field of modern scientific activity, now half a century old, which is only very briefly discussed here.

Description: In our Bulletin no 20, pp. 1272-1273, Dr. M. Jacobs made some notes on the nature and occurrence of domatia. His full paper has now appeared (Proc. Kon. Akad. Wet. A’dam C 69, 1966, 275-316, repr. 1-44) and this means to be a great step forward in the study of these peculiar structures, which are diverse in structure, though still obviously homologous, and not due to the action of acari. Their function is obscure and may be nil; it is remarkable that they are restricted to ligneous plants and that though occurring in plants of both cold and hot climates, they have not yet been found in plants growing in permanently dry climates. In ’placing' plants, inadequate material in particular, it was in my experience always a great help to me if domatia were present, as they represent an indicator character. This in turn points to their systematical value in specified cases.

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae, b) Fungi & Lichenes, c) Bryophytes, d) Pteridophytes, e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. – Books have been marked by an asterisk.

Description: Gazetteers for location. The finding of localities and of the coordinates of longitude and latitude required to plot them on a distribution map is so time- and patience-consuming to the botanist, that we were happy to get wind of a collection of Gazetteers containing just these data. For instance: TJIBODAS STRM 6 38 S 107 14 E 474 11. This STReaM occurs in Java (code number 474) on the topographical map series indicated under code number 11. The above item can be found in the 2-volume Gazetteer no 13: Indonesia, Netherlands New Guinea, Portuguese Timor (1955), containing 50,000 names. Similar books exist of other countries, all over the world; part of them out of print, but new editions frequently appear, some of them costing a few dollars, others free on request. A catalogue is available with the U.S. Board on Geographic Names, Office of Geography, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240, U.S.A.; communications to the Executive Secretary.

Description: During the Thai-Dutch botanical expedition to Thailand which lasted from November 1965 to February 1966, several interesting botanical discoveries were made. Among these we found Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz, a conifer which was formerly known only from southern China and Birma. Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz, J. Bot. II (1873) 196, t. 133; Florin, Taxon 5 (1963) 191. — Libocedrus macrolepis (Kurz) Benth. & Hook .ƒ., Gen. Plant. 3 (1880) 426; Hickel, in Fl. Gén. I.-C. 5 (1931) 1084, fig. 126—127; Raizada & Sahni, Ind. For. Rec. n.s. Bot. 5 (1960) 145, t. 10 fig. 5.