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  • Lepidoptera  (27)
  • hypertension  (27)
  • Springer  (54)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1980-1984  (54)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (54)
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  • Springer  (54)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1980-1984  (54)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 174-178 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Maruca testulalis ; Pod borer ; Development ; Nutritional suitability ; Host plant ; Crotalaria ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les possibilités de développement larvaire de Maruca testulalis sur les fleurs de huit espèces végétales ont été examinées en laboratoire. La comparaison a porté sur Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. saltiana, C. misereniensis, C. mucronata, C. amazonas, Cajanus cajan et l'hôte principal de cette chenille, Vigna unguiculata. En tenant compte de la mortalité larvaire et des indices de croissance (G.I.), ces plantes ont été divisées en trois catégories principales: 1 celles provoquant une mortalité larvaire de 0–30% et ayant des G.I. ≥60%, constituent les plantes hôtes convenables (Vigna unguiculata seule); 2 les plantes qui provoquent une mortalité larvaire de 30≤50% et ont des G.I. de 30 à 60% de la plante hôte principale (Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria amazonas, C. saltiana, C. mucronata; 3 les plantes qui causent 50–100% de mortalité larvaire et dont les G.I. sont inférieurs à 30% de la plante hôte principale (Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. misereniensis). Les résultats déjà publiés sur les choix du lieu de ponte des femelles et l'utilisation de C. juncea comme plante piège, sont discutés à la lumière de ces données nouvelles.
    Notes: Abstract Flowers of eight plant species were evaluated under laboratory conditions for their suitability as larval growth media for the cowpea pod borer, Maruca testulalis. The plants tested were Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. saltiana, C. misereniensis, C. amazonas, Cajanus cajan and the principal host of the borer, Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), was included for comparison. Based on the data obtained on larval mortality and growth indices (GI) the plants were divided into 3 categories namely: I: Those causing 0–30% mortality and having GI value ≥60% form suitable host plants. This group only included V. unguiculata. — II: Those plant species causing 30≤50% larval mortality and having GI value 30%≤60% of the principal host plant (Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria amazonas, C. saltiana, C. mucronata). This group of species is marginally suitable as hosts. — III: Plants causing 50–100% larval mortality and having GI value ≤30% of principal host plant (C. retusa, C. juncea and C. misereniensis). Previously published data on the oviposition preference of the adult moth are discussed in the light of the present findings and the use of C. juncea as a possible trap crop.
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  • 2
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 203-205 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; Synanthedon vespiformis ; Paranthrene tabaniformis ; Chamaesphecia empiformis ; Chamaesphecia tenthrediniformis ; Attractants ; Pheromones ; Clearwing moths ; Nemapogon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 3
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 20-26 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dioryctria abietella ; Cone pyralid ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Sex pheromone, (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate ; Single sensillum recordings ; Electroantennography ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'analyse en chromatographie gazeuse associée à une détection électroantennographique a montré que l'acétate (Z,E)-9,11-tétradécadiényle (Z,E)-9,11–14:Ac est l'un des composants de la phéromone de Dioryctria abietella Schiff (Lepid.: Pyralidae). Couplage chromatographie en phase gazeuse spectrometrie de masse a montré la présence d'acétate tétradécadiényle avec un spectre de masse et un indice de rétention identiques au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac Un récepteur cellulaire sensible à la fois au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac et à un extrait de la femelle a été identifié sous l'antenne du mâle. Les analyses des antennogrammes et de la cellule isolée ont étayé la caractérisation du composant de la phéromone comme étant Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. Un récepteur cellulaire additionnel sensible à l'acétate (Z.)-9-tétradécadiényle et à l'acétate (Z.E.)-9,12-tétradécadiényle a été trouvé sur l'antenne du mâle, mais il n'était pas activé par l'extrait de la femelle. Sur le terrain Z,E-9,11–14:Ac, présenté seul, attirait des nombres importants de mâles de D. abietella. L'addition de l'acétate (Z)-9-tétradécényle a inhibé l'attraction des mâles par les pièges.
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic analyses coupled with electro-antennographic detection indicated that (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z,E-9, 11–14:Ac) is a pheromone component of the cone pyralid Dioryctria abietella. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses confirmed the presence of a tetradecadienyl acetate with mass spectrum and retention index identical to Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. A receptor cell sensitive to both Z,E-9,11–14:Ac and the female extract was identified on the male antenna. An additional receptor cell sensitive to (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate was found on the male antenna but was not activated by the female extract. In the field Z,E-9,11–14:Ac presented alone attracted significant numbers of male D. abietella. Addition of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate inhibited the attraction of males to traps.
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 65-70 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insect growth regulators ; Anti-juvenile hormone ; Fluoromevalonate ; Precocious metamorphosis ; Premature pupation ; Ecdysis ; Fall webworm ; Hyphantria cunea ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Fluormevalosäure (FMev), bekannt als ein spezifischer Inhibitor der Biosynthese des Juvenilhormons (JH) in Insekten, wurde in 0,1–50 μg/Tier Dosis topikal an 3., 4. und 5. Larvenstadien von Hyphantria cunea getestet. Die Raupen wurden auf einem semi-synthetischen, künstlichen Nährboden bei 25° und unter Langtagsbedingungen (18 : 6 St., Licht/Dunkel) gezüchtet. Diese Verbindung rief drei verschiedene Typen spezifischer Reaktionen hervor: 1) verfrühte Metamorphose, 2) gehemmte Häutung und 3) verlängerte Larvenentwicklung. Vor der verfrühten Verpuppung wurde normales Verhalten beobachtet. Die Larven des 3. oder 4. Stadiums häuteten sich meist erst nach einem interkalaren Larvenstadium in verfrühte Puppen. Unter den drei Larvenstadien erwies sich das 5. Stadium gegen die Anti-JH-Verbindung am empfindlichsten. In allen getesteten Entwicklungsphasen wiesen die frisch gehäuteten Larven die höchste Empfindlichkeit gegen FMev auf. Nach der Häutung wurde stufenweises Absinken der FMev-Empfindlichkeit beobachtet, im 5. Larvenstadium verursachte die Verbindung jedoch selbst am letzten Tag des Wachstums zu einen relativ hohen Prozentzahl verfrühte Verpuppung. Eine zweite typische Wirkung von FMev war die Hemmung der Häutungsprozesse. Zwei grundlegende Stufen der Häutungsstörungen unterschieden sich voneinander: 1) Als Folge der Anwendung hoher Dosen von FMev konnte die Mehrzahl der Raupen die alte Larvenkutikula nicht öffnen und ging deswegen in kurzer Zeit zugrunde. 2) Bei Behandlung mit niedrigen Dosen der Anti-JH-Verbindung häuteten sich einige Hyphantria-Larven scheinbar normal; nach der Häutung waren aber alle unfähig, die normalen Bewegungen und die Nahrungsaufnahme fortzusetzen. Auch die vorzeitigen Puppenhäutungen wurden in meisten Fällen durch die Anti-JH-Behandlung gehemmt. Die morphogenetischen Wirkungen von FMev konnten durch eine topikale Behandlung mit Hydroprene, einem hochaktiven JH-Analogen, vollständig oder teilweise verhindert werden.
    Notes: Summary Fluoromevalonate (FMev, ZR-3516) known as an inhibitor of JH biosynthesis was topically applied in 0.1 to 50 μg/specimen doses to the 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar caterpillars of Hyphantria cunea Drury. The anti-JH compound induced 3 main types of specific responses: 1) precocious metamorphosis, 2) inhibition of ecdysis, and 3) prolongation of larval development. Precocious pupation was accompanied by behavioural events typical of normal pupation. Third and 4th instar larvae metamorphosed prematurely mostly with the intervention of an intercalary larval instar. The 5th instar exhibited the highest sensitivity to the anti-JH agent. Within each larval stage the freshly moulted insects proved to be the most susceptible to FMev. Afterwards, the incidence of morphogenetic reaction gradually decreased with age. In another fraction of Hyphantria larvae not responding with precocious pupation, FMev evoked varying degrees of ecdysial disturbance which always resulted in the death of caterpillars. In most cases the anti-JH compound inhibited the premature pupal moult, too, and these affected insects died as tanned pharate pupae. A complete or partial “rescue” from the effects of FMev was elicited, if simultaneously or subsequently, a single topical dose of a JH analogue, hydroprene was also administered.
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  • 5
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 155-162 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Apanteles bignellii ; Euphydryas aurinia ; Multivoltinism ; Synchronisation ; Weather
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer Population von Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) bei Oxford, England treten während einer Generation von E. aurinia drei Normalgenerationen von Apanteles bignellii Marshall auf. Jede Generation des Parasitoids kann charakterisiert werden durch das befallende Wirtsstadium und durch die aus einem Wirt schlüpfende Zahl Parasitoide. Parasitoide schlüpfen in Normalgenerationen aus dem 3., dem 4. und dem 6. Stadium des Wirts; in Ausnahmegenerationen schlüpfen sie aus dem 2. und 5. Stadium. Bis zu 70 Parasitoide können aus einer Altraupe (6. Stadium) schlüpfen und die Dauer dieses Stadiums kann bis auf 2 Wochen verlängert werden. Die Ausnahmegenerationen von A. bignellii aus Zweitlarven dürften aus Eiablagen in frühe Erstlarven stammen. Fünftlarven des Wirts, aus denen Parasitoide schlüpfen, sind ungewöhnlich klein und fressen nicht; sie dürften das Resultat sein eines Uebermasses von Apenteles-Eiern, die in frühe Viertlarven gelegt wurden. Die Synchronisation zwischen dem Parasitoiden und dem Wirt während der Zeit, da E. aurinia im Puppen-, Adult- oder Eistadium ist, wird aufrechterhalten durch ein verlängertes Coconstadium von Apanteles. Die Puppen des Parasitoiden entwickeln sich normal und die Adulten schlüpfen, bleiben aber bis 4 Wochen lang im Cocon, bevor sie sich eine Ausgangsöffnung machen. Das Wetter kann den Parasitierungsgrad der letzten Wirtsstadien beeinflussen. Wenn der Frühling kalt ist mit klarem Himmel, kann die Synchronisierung zwischen Parasitoiden, die aus Viertlarven des Wirts schlüpfen und potentiellen Fünft- und Sechtstlarven des Wirts schlecht werden. Die Entwicklung von Apanteles-Puppen wird durch die Umgebungstemperatur beeinflusst, während E. aurinia-Larven ihre Temperatur erhöhen, indem sie sich sonnen und deshalb rasch wachsen. Wenn die Parasitoiden unter solchen Bedingungen schlüpfen, sind die meisten potentiellen Wirte schon verpuppt und damit nicht mehr geeignet für die Parasitierung. Die Mechanismen der Synchronisation und der Wettereinfluss auf diese Vorgänge wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The gregarious endoparasite, Apanteles bignellii Marshall is specific to the nymphalid butterfly, Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) in the British Isles. The synchronisation between host and parasitoid is described at a site near Oxford, England where both occur. Three regular generations of A. bignellii occur in one generation of the host in the studied population. Relevant features of the biology of A. bignellii and E. aurinia are described, including a method of distinguishing the number of Apanteles larval instars based upon shed cuticle remnants. Mechanisms for host-parasitoid synchronisation are outlined, especially a protracted parasitoid cocoon stage when the host is unavailable for attack during the chrysalis, adult and egg stages. Cool, but sunny weather conditions in spring can influence the degree of parasitisation experienced by final instar host caterpillars. The timing of adult A. bignellii emergence and subsequent attack on early instar hosts can lead to additional, partial, generations of parasitoids from second and fifth instar hosts.
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  • 6
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 121-122 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Earias insulana ; Bollworm ; Artificial diets ; Insect fecundity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 7
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 157-161 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; cadralazine ; single dose ; dose response curve ; hypotensive action ; prolonged effect ; side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cadralazine (ISF 2469) was administered to 24 hypertensive patients in single oral doses of 7.5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 mg, according to a single-blind, placebo-controlled, within-patient change-over design. The study was done in 2 stages: in the first a range including the upper and lower doses was studied (7.5, 15, 30 mg and placebo), and in the second the range of doses was restricted (10, 15, 20 mg and placebo). The drug produced a significant decrease in blood pressure in the supine and standing positions. The decrease became clinically important starting from the 15 mg dose. Its action was still significant 12 h after administration. A significant increase in heart rate was also observed. All the effects were correlated with the dose. Side effects occurred mainly after the 30 mg dose. Thus, cadralazine, in a single oral dose in man, showed good antihypertensive activity starting from the 15 mg dose, and its effect was dose-related, slow in onset and long-lasting.
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  • 8
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 217-220 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: metoprolol ; pregnancy ; hypertension ; kinetics ; pre-eclampsia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The disposition of oral metoprolol was studied in 5 women during the last trimester of pregnancy and 3 to 5 months after delivery. After a single oral dose of 100 mg the individual peak plasma concentration in the pregnant state was only 20–40% of that after pregnancy. The plasma half-lives of metoprolol were about the same during (average 1.3 h) and after pregnancy (average 1.7 h). By contrast, the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve was much smallerduring (mean 262 nmol/l×h) thanafter (mean 1298 nmol/l×h) pregnancy, resulting in an average apparent oral clearance (Clo) of metoprolol that was 4.4times higher during (362 ml×kg−1 body-weight×min−1) than after pregnancy. The increased Clo in pregnancy is assumed to be due to enhanced hepatic metabolism of the drug. The possible clinical consequence of the difference in the disposition of metoprolol is discussed.
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  • 9
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 307-314 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: endralazine ; hypertension ; blood pressure ; heart rate ; renal clearance ; plasma renin activity ; plasma aldosterone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of endralazine, a new antihypertensive hydrazinopyridazine derivative, on heart rate, mean blood pressure (mBP), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (CPAH), urine volume (V), the clearance of Na, K, urea (Ur) and uric acid (UA), plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (PA) were studied in hypertensive patients after a single oral dose of 10–15 mg, and after 8–17 days of treatment with daily doses of 15–90 mg. In the acute experiments, heart rate increased by 27%, mBP decreased on average by 17% and GFR by 33% and CPAH fell by only 5%. Urine volume and electrolyte clearance were also depressed. There was a significant increase in PRA and PA. The fall in GFR correlated directly with mBP, CPAH and the product (mBP×CPAH). The logarithms of the Na clearance and V were correlated with GFR and mBP. The logarithms of the fractional excretion of Na and water also correlated with mBP, suggesting that tubular reabsorption of sodium and water may be affected by change in mBP. The fractional potassium excretion correlated directly with CPAH and ln PA. In contrast, on sustained daily treatment, mBP was less depressed (9%), but GFR increased strikingly by 27% and CPAH by 46%. The body weight increased by 4.5% as a consequence of salt and water retention. GFR was correlated with CPAH, the product (mBP×CPAH) and the increase in body weight. Thus, the improvement in GFR and effective renal plasma flow observed under these conditions may be due, in part, to volume expansion. However, a direct renal vasodilating effect of the drug appears to be the more important determinant.
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  • 10
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 579-583 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: indapamide ; hypertension ; baroreflex ; vascular reactivity ; heart rate ; blood pressure change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of chronic treatment with indapamide on blood pressure (BP), baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS) and vascular reactivity (VR) were investigated in 10 patients with essential hypertension. After 3 months of therapy with indapamide 2.5 mg/d the mean arterial pressure (MAP) had decreased from 135±6 to 112±2 mmHg (p〈0.001); the heart rate (HR) had not changed, VR had decreased from 6.1±1.2 to 4.8±1.8 (pg·min·kg)−1 (p〈0.05), and BRS had increased from 8.3±3.7 to 12.2±5.3 ms/mmHg (p〈0.005), with a leftshift of the relationship between BP and heart period. An inverse correlation was found between the pre-treatment systolic blood pressure and the change in baroreceptor sensitivity after indapamide (r=0.59; p〈0.05). In conclusion, chronic treatment with indapamide enhances BRS and resets the reflex. The resetting may account for the lack of tachycardia at rest observed after treatment with indapamide. The mechanism by which indapamide interferes with the baroreceptor reflex requires further investigations.
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  • 11
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 143-144 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; nifedipine ; plasma concentration ; blood pressure response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: furosemide ; hypertension ; plasma renin activity ; plasma adrenaline ; plasma noradrenaline ; body fluid loss ; diuretic response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To evaluate the role of adrenergic mechanisms in the acute response of renin to furosemide, plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma catecholamine concentrations were measured for 3 h after i.v. administration of furosemide 1 mg/kg to 8 patients with mild essential hypertension. Furosemide induced a prompt and long-lasting increase in renin, with PRA more than doubled at all times. The increase in PRA within the first 30 min paralleled the peak increases in urinary water and sodium flow rates, and significant decreases in plasma volume and central venous pressure. There was no change in plasma catecholamine concentrations. Plasma noradrenaline was increased significantly at 60 min and adrenaline at 90 min, once furosemide had induced a marked loss of body-fluid and ∼65% decrease in central venous pressure. Both catecholamines remained elevated until the end of the study, whereas urinary water and sodium flow rates had returned to their pre-treatment values by 150 min. Mean blood pressure was essentially unchanged throughout the study, whereas heart rate increased significantly after 90 min. The findings suggest that in mildly hypertensive patients adrenergic mechanisms are not involved in the initial renin response to furosemide, but they come into play later, probably as a result of reflex sympathetic activation triggered by marked volume depletion.
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  • 13
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 307-312 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ketanserin ; hypertension ; blood pressure ; plasma noradrenaline ; exercise ; orthostatic reflexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ketanserin is a new, specific serotonin receptor blocking agent, which causes vasodilatation, presumably by an action on the vascular wall. The antihypertensive response to ketanserin 40 mg twice daily as monotherapy was assessed in 8 patients with essential hypertension. The investigation was an 8 week, double-blind, cross over study, which also included measurements during isometric (handgrip) and dynamic exercise (bicycle ergometry), as well as determination of plasma catecholamines and ketanserin. Ketanserin caused a reduction of supine and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) during rest and a slight bradycardia. Although there was attenuation of the pressor response to handgrip, treatment with ketanserin did not really affect the changes in BP or heart rate during exercise, i.e. the base-line differences remained the same. There was no significant correlation between the effect on BP and the plasma level of ketanserin. The changes in BP produced by ketanserin showed little correlation with the initial levels of plasma catecholamines or with alterations in those levels. Although the results did not indicate direct interference by ketanserin with sympathetic tone, the lack of reflexogenic tachycardia, as well as the lack of increase in plasma noradrenaline during hand grip, indicates at least some modulation of autonomic function. It is concluded that ketanserin lowers BP in essential hypertension without interference with cardiovascular reflexes during standing or exercise, and that the compound may offer an alternative approach in the treatment of hypertension.
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  • 14
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 571-575 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: beta-blocker ; felodipine ; calcium antagonist ; hypertension ; vasodilator ; side effects ; plasma levels ; metoprolol ; propranolol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a double-blind, cross-over trial, 10 men with primary hypertension, not adequately controlled with a β-blocker alone, were also given felodipine or placebo for periods of one week. Placebo was administered single-blind for 2 weeks and 1 week, respectively, before randomization and between treatments. The dose of felodipine ranged from 6.25 mg to 25 mg. The addition of felodipine resulted in a pronounced (20%), statistically significant reduction in blood pressure (BP) and a small but significant increase in heart rate (HR). The effects were seen within 1–2 h and were maximal after 3–4 h. During steady state treatment the duration of BP reduction was at least 12 h. No orthostatic reaction was seen. There was a significant correlation between the plasma concentration of felodipine and change in BP. The most frequently reported side-effects were headache and ankle oedema, the latter probably being due to pronounced pre-capillary vasodilatation. There was no weight increase and thus no indication of general water retention. No clinically significant change in laboratory variables and no influence on the P-Q time were seen. Thus, felodipine in combination with a β-blocker seems to be a useful addition to the treatment of hypertensive patients whose BP is not adequately controlled with a β-blocker alone.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: prizidilol ; hypertension ; exercise test ; beta-blockade ; vasodilatation ; haemodynamic effects ; vascular tone ; muscle blood flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fourteen men with moderately severe essential hypertension were treated with prizidilol hydrochloride 400–700 mg once daily (mean±S.D. 612±56 mg/day). The study was open and ambulatory, with an initial placebo period followed by dose titration of prizidilol. Prior to treatment and during optimal control of blood pressure cardiovascular adaptation was examined in a submaximal exercise test. Plethysomographic assessment of vascular flow, resistance and tone in the calf musculature during supine rest and during maximal vasodilatation was also performed. A highly significant reduction in systolic (from 164±4.5 to 141±2.7 mmHg; p〈0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (from 105±1.6 to 87±1.3 mmHg; p〈0.001) at supine rest was noted during therapy with prizidilol. There was no significant change in heart rate. Systolic pressure in the standing position was reduced (from 159±4.2 to 139±2.9 mmHg; p〈0.001) and so was the diastolic pressure (from 111±2.5 to 95±1.9 mmHg; p〈0.001). The heart rate in the standing position was significantly increased compared to supine rest in the placebo period and during optimal treatment with prizidilol. The β-adrenoceptor blocking properties of prizidilol were apparent as a reduction in the exercise-induced heart rate response at even the lowest work load. During prizidilol therapy an increase in resting calf muscle blood flow was found from 3.1±1.5 ml/min·100 ml to 4.3±2.1 ml/min·100 ml (p〈0.025). Vascular resistance and vascular tone were significantly reduced. No change regarding blood flow or resistance during maximal vasodilatation was noted. It is considered that prizidilol has a clear antihypertensive effect combining β-receptor blocking and vasodilator properties.
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  • 16
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 15-19 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; mianserin ; clonidine ; methyldopa ; depression ; α2 receptors ; interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The concurrent administration of tricyclic antidepressants has been shown in man to result in a clinically significant impairment of the antihypertensive effect of clonidine. This interaction is thought to be related to competition for central α2 receptors where clonidine acts as an agonist and the tricyclics act as antagonists. Although it seems to cause less cardiovascular effects than tricyclic antidepressants, the tetracyclic antidepressant, mianserin also has been reported to be an α receptor antagonist and may, therefore, also interfere with the antihypertensive activity of centrally-acting drugs. This study investigates the effects of acute and chronic mianserin administration in patients with essential hypertension established on long term treatment with either clonidine or methyldopa. The first dose of mianserin was not associated with an increase in blood pressure and during a further two weeks of mianserin therapy there were no significant alterations in blood pressure, supine or erect. Similarly, mianserin did not alter heart rate either after acute or after chronic administration. Mianserin itself had a sedative effect but there was no interference with the sedation attributable to clonidine or methyldopa. Mianserin caused no reduction in salivary flow and did not influence the reduced saliva production caused by clonidine. Both clonidine and methyldopa are associated with a reduction in sympathetic outflow but there was no evidence in this study of any further change in plasma noradrenaline or 24 h urinary catecholamine excretion. This study demonstrates that if mianserin is given acutely or chronically, it does not interfere with the effects of the centrally acting antihypertensive drugs, clonidine and methyldopa. Mianserin may therefore be a suitable antidepressant for patients receiving these antihypertensive agents if drug treatment for depression is indicated.
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  • 17
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; nifedipine ; calcium antagonists ; beta-blockers ; vasodilators ; diuretics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nifedipine has been assessed as a possible alternative to other third line drugs in the management of patients with difficult to control hypertension. A group of 20 patients whose blood pressure was unsatisfactory on a 3 drug regimen had their third drug stopped and after a 2 week period nifedipine was added to their beta-blocker plus diuretic therapy. Eleven became normotensive on 30 mg nifedipine daily and a further 6 on 60 mg daily; giving on overall success rate of 85%. This result was achieved with a reduction in side effects and an absence of any haemodynamic or metabolic complications.
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  • 18
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 301-305 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: endralazine ; hypertension ; pindolol ; peripheral vasodilator ; acetylator phenotypes ; antinuclear antibodies ; SLE-syndrome ; side-effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nineteen out-patients with moderate to severe essential hypertension were treated daily for 3 years, with an average dose of 13 mg endralazine, a new peripheral vasodilator, in free combination with pindolol 3×5 mg. The blood pressure showed a statistically significant reduction from 172/110 mmHg to 154/92 mmHg after treatment for 3 weeks. Tachyphylaxis was not observed during the 3 year period. Oedema was the most frequent side-effect, but it disappeared spontaneously. No difference in efficacy and tolerance between slow and fast acetylators was found. Only 2 patients developed a weak positive antinuclear antibody titre, which disappeared spontaneously from one during continued treatment. No clinical evidence of a systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome was noted. It is concluded that the differences between endralazine and hydralazine in dosage and metabolism may explain the lower immunogenic activity of endralazine.
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  • 19
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 481-490 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: propranolol ; pharmacokinetics ; pregnancy ; hypertension ; naphthoxylactic acid
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of propranolol (P) and its major metabolites, propranolol glucuronide (PGLUC), 4-hydroxypropranolol (4OHP), 4-hydroxypropranolol glucuronide (4OHPGLUC) and naphthoxylactic acid (NLA), (Walle et al. 1972) were determined, whenever possible, in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy in thirteen patients and also when these patients were at least three months post-partum. No correlations were found between the mean arterial blood pressure (post-therapy) or the fall in blood pressure as a result of the P therapy (p〉 〉0.05) and P dose, peak P plasma concentrations, peak 4-hydroxypropranolol (4OHP) plasma concentrations or peak (P plus 4OHP) plasma concentrations. However, a positive nonlinear relationship was found between the daily P dose (independent variable) and peak P plasma concentrations over the daily dose range 30–160 mg/day. The elimination half-lives of NLA for patients in the third trimester of pregnancy were significantly shorter (p=0.072, df=13) than those when the patients were at least three months post-partum. Also, the areas under the plasma level-time curves of NLA were significantly less (p〈0.05, df=13) for patients in the third trimester of pregnancy than when these patients were at least three months post-partum. The results of this study indicate that the pharmacokinetics of P, PGLUC, 4OHP and 4OHPGLUC are not significantly altered by pregnancy. However, the kinetics of NLA do appear to be altered. The formation of NLA by N-dealkylation of P and further oxidation, appears to be competitively inhibited by unidentified substances, perhaps endogenous steroids, especially in the third trimester when compared to at least three months post-partum.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pinacidil ; hypertension ; side effects ; pharmacokinetics ; fluid retention ; retarded release tablet
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an open study increasing doses of a retarded tablet formulation of pinacidil were given twice daily for four weeks to 9 patients with untreated essential hypertension (WHO I–II). In all patients a decrease in diastolic blood pressure to below 100 mmHg, or a fall exceeding 15 mmHg, was obtained 2 h after tablet intake (p〈0.02), but in only two patients was the effect maintained after 10 hours (n.s.). At a mean serum concentration of 100 ng/ml 2 h after pinacidil 30 mg, the mean blood pressure had decreased by 14 and 12.7 mmHg in the supine and erect positions, respectively (p〈0.05). In contrast, mean blood pressure 10 h after the same dose was unchanged, when the mean serum concentration was 47.5 ng/ml. No change in heart rate was observed. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations showed a tendency towards a more gradual and longer lasting antihypertensive effect and serum concentration-time curve after the retarded tablet than the previous tablet. Pinacidil 40 mg in the retarded tablet reduced mean blood pressure and increased heart rate for at least 8 h. There was a linear correlation between the serum concentration and the changes in mean blood pressure, and between the changes in mean blood pressure and in heart rate. There was no indication of tachyphylaxis. A serum level of 50 ng/ml of pinacidil appeared to be the minimal effective concentration. The side effect consisted of fluid retention, and the body weight increased by 1.0 kg (p〈0.05); four patients complained of oedema. Therapy was discontinued in one patient after a fainting episode following an increase in the dose. Thus, pinacidil was able to lower blood pressure during monotherapy for 4 weeks provided that an adequate serum concentration was achieved. The present retarded tablet formulation is not suitable for b. d. dosing. The tendency towards fluid-retention suggests that pinacidil should be used in combination with a diuretic.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: captopril ; propranolol ; sympathetic nervous system ; noradrenaline ; aldosterone ; renin ; angiotensin converting enzyme ; hypertension ; isometric exercise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of captopril and propranolol on blood pressure, heart rate and plasma noradrenaline, renin and aldosterone, and on the responses to changes in posture and to isometric exercise were measured in patients with essential hypertension. During placebo administration blood pressure, heart rate and plasma noradrenaline rose on standing and during isometric exercise. The rise in diastolic blood pressure during isometric exercise correlated significantly with the rise in plasma noradrenaline. During captopril treatment blood pressure was significantly lower than during placebo administration when the patients were lying, standing or sitting, but the reduction during isometric exercise was not significant. Plasma renin increased, but heart rate, plasma noradrenaline and plasma aldosterone remained unchanged. The acute changes in blood pressure, heart rate and plasma noradrenaline produced by standing and isometric exercise during captopril treatment were similar to those during placebo administration. During propranolol treatment diastolic blood pressure was significantly lower than during placebo administration when the patients were lying, standing or sitting and during isometric exercise. Heart rate also fell. Plasma noradrenaline during standing, sitting and isometric exercise was significantly greater than during placebo administration. The changes in plasma noradrenaline measured during propranolol treatment with the patients supine were negatively correlated with noradrenaline values obtained during placebo administration: plasma noradrenaline fell in patients with higher, and increased in those with lower, initial concentrations. The expected acute increase in heart rate on standing and during isometric exercise was blunted by propranolol, but the changes in blood pressure and plasma noradrenaline were unaffected. We conclude that in essential hypertension noradrenaline is involved in the pressor response to isometric exercise. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition by captopril did not interfere with the responses of the sympathetic nervous system to postural changes and isometric exercise. During propranolol treatment there was no evidence that reduced sympathetic activity was involved in the hypotensive response.
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  • 22
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 145-150 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nifedipine ; hypertension ; pharmacokinetics ; tablet formulation ; dose-response
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A tablet formulation of nifedipine was given to 8 hospitalized hypertensive men, W.H.O. stage I or II, mean age 45 years. After an initial placebo test, nifedipine 20, 40 or 60 mg was given in random order at 72-h intervals, in a single administration crossover study. The placebo and the active drug were given at 8 a.m. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured twice by the same observer, every 20 min from 7 to 8 a.m., and then hourly until 8 p.m., first in recumbency and again after 1 min of standing upright. Plasma nifedipine was assayed in samples taken hourly from 8 a.m. to noon, every 2 h from noon to 8 p.m., and 24 and 48 h after drug administration. All 3 doses significantly lowered blood pressure; the fall during recumbency was significantly larger (−18%) and lasted longer (12 h) after 60 mg than after 20 mg (−11% and 7 h). All 3 doses caused a similar increase in heart rate (+29 to +38%), which reached its maximum after 2 h and lasted for 5 h. The maximum plasma concentration and the area under the plasma concentration — time curve were dose-dependent despite large inter-subject variation. Absorption, bioavailability and elimination were linear between the 20 and 60 mg doses. Plasma nifedipine levels were strongly correlated with the concomitant decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (r=0.61,p〈0.001). Four patients experienced mild side effects (headaches, flushes, drowsiness or weakness). This tablet form of nifedipine has a potent antihypertensive action which lasts longer than that of the capsule presentation.
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  • 23
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 467-473 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hydralazine ; heart failure ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; metabolism ; hypertension ; dapsone ; acetylator phenotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of various disease states, other than hypertension, on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of hydralazine is not completely known. In the present study the pharmacokinetics of oral hydralazine has been evaluated in 7 patients with severe, chronic heart failure, using 8 compensated hypertensives as controls. The pharmacokinetics was evaluated by measuring the plasma concentrations of hydralazine (“apparent” and “real” hydralazine) and hydralazine pyruvate hydrazone, and by assessing acetylator phenotype after a small dose of dapsone. The AUC (area under the plasma concentration curve) following a single, oral 50 mg dose was significantly larger in patients with chronic heart failure NYHA Class III–IV than in patients with essential hypertension without cardiac decompensation. A decreased rate of hepatic elimination of hydralazine is suggested as a major contributory factor to this finding.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: guanfacine ; hypertension ; phenobarbital ; withdrawal syndrome ; enzyme induction ; pharmacokinetics ; renal insufficiency
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The unusual observation of a withdrawal syndrome due to guanfacine in a hypertensive patient with chronic renal failure led to a study of the kinetics of the drug in this patient. The principal pharmacokinetic parameters of guanfacine were greatly altered, with extended biotransformation and a decrease in the half-life compared to the values observed in other cases of severe renal insufficiency. Associated treatment with phenobarbital had had a considerable effect, as shown by the results of a further kinetic study 2 months after withdrawal of the phenobarbital. The findings then were in good agreement with reference values which strongly suggests a consequence of the enzyme inducing effect of phenobarbital. Advice about the dosage regimen in such cases is given.
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  • 25
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 713-715 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nifedipine ; hypertension ; calcium antagonist ; plasma renin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nifedipine, a calcium antagonist with a predominant vasodilator action, was evaluated for the treatment of hypertension. A 20 mg-tablet, with a slower absorption and a more sustained blood-level than provided by the 10 mg-capsule was administered to 20 patients. The duration of the trial was 20 weeks. All patients achieved a significant reduction in both systolic (p〈0.05) and diastolic (p〈0.001) blood-pressure (B.P.), but 10 patients were withdrawn before completion of the trial period. Two patients, although achieving a fall in B.P. which was significant, did not reach to target level (〈160/90) on maximal dosage, one patient suffered a stroke due to a cerebral infarct, and seven patients were withdrawn because of side-effects due mainly to vasodilatation. The remaining 10 patients obtained a satisfactory response. In nine patients, who had achieved a satisfactory result, there was no change in plasma renin activity (P.R.A.) during chronic nifedipine administration.
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  • 26
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 835-837 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tienilic acid ; hydrochlorothiazide ; amiloride ; blood pressure control ; biochemical effects ; serum uric acid ; serum potassium ; prolonged treatment ; hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A comparison has been made of arterial pressure and major metabolic parameters during long term treatment with tienilic acid and a hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride combination, using a randomized single-blind study without cross-over. A significant fall in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and no change in most biochemical parameters was observed with both drugs. Serum uric acid concentration was decreased during tienilic acid and was slightly increased whilst subjects took the hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride combination; serum potassium was slightly decreased on tienilic acid. No sign of hepatotoxicity was detected.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: bufuralol ; hypotensive therapy ; pharmacokinetics ; hypertension ; 1-hydroxybufuralol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship between the plasma concentrations of bufuralol and its major hydroxymetabolite (Ro 3-7410) and β-blocking activity was studied in 10 patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. Blood samples and haemodynamic data were obtained during rest and after a single-level exercise test on a bicycle cycloergometer, prior to and up to 32 h after administration of a single oral dose of bufuralol 30 mg. Bufuralol was rapidly absorbed, following a first-order process with a lag time. The calculated maximal plasma concentration ranged from 44.6 to 200.3 ng/ml. The half-life of bufuralol was 2.75±1.15 h (mean±SD). Up to 50% of the parent drug was transformed into Ro 3-7410, which showed less interpatient variability in concentration and a fairly constant half-life, which was three times longer than that of the parent drug. In general, the heart rate (HR) was slightly decreased, although 2/10 patients showed an initial increase. The resting HR returned to its pre-treatment level within 6 h, the exercise HR took up to 32 h to return to the pre-treatment level. The drug reduced both resting and exercise blood pressure (BP). The former was reduced from 153.0±14.2/93.5±8.5 to 134.5±14.0/77.0±6.8 mmHg (systolic/diastolic BP; mean±SD) with 6 h after treatment. Similarly, the exercise BP was reduced from 199.0±15.2/98.5±8.8 to 171.0±9.9/88.5±8.5 mmHg at the 6th h post-dosing. The BP values had not returned to their pre-treatment levels even 32 h after treatment. Thus, bufuralol and its metabolite Ro 3-7410 induced a long-lasting antihypertensive effect and inhibited the cardio-acceleratory effect of exercise, and there was a good correlation between the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour of the drug.
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  • 28
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 581-583 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; metoprolol ; hydrochlorothiazide ; drug combination ; adverse reactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 27 hypertensive patients whose blood pressure could not be adequately controlled with 200 mg metoprolol Durules alone, the effect of a double dose of metoprolol Durules® (400 mg once daily) was compared with a fixed combination of 200 mg metoprolol and 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide (Selokomb®). The study followed a double-blind cross-over schedule in 2 parallel groups. The reduction in diastolic blood pressure (p〈0.01) was comparable in the two groups. A significant fall (p〈0.01) in systolic blood pressure occurred with the metoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide combination. The subsequent change from the double dose of metoprolol Durules to the combination therapy also resulted in a fall in systolic blood pressure (p〈0.05). Mean serum potassium and blood glucose levels did not change after each alteration in therapy. Most of the side-effects mentioned were mild and transient in character.
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  • 29
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 573-577 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: beta-blockers ; serum lipoproteins ; atenolol ; metoprolol ; hypertension ; VLDL ; HDL ; hypertriglyceridaemia ; hypercholesterolaemia ; side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several β-blockers increase VLDL-TG and decrease HDL-cholesterol concentrations. The underlying mechanism ist not yet clear. Some studies have suggested that the effect is less pronounced during treatment with selective β-blockers. The effects of 2 such drugs, metoprolol 200 mg/day and atenolol 50 mg/day, have been compared in 50 hypertensive patients (WHO Stage I–II), mean age 47 years. Serum lipoproteins were determined in 20 patients before treatment and after treatment with either drug for 3 months. Both drugs were equally effective in reducing blood pressure. After atenolol the initial VLDL-cholesterol concentration of 1.04 mmol/l had not changed, but it rose to 1.29 mmol/l after metoprolol (p〈0.05). The HDL-cholesterol concentration 1.42 mmol/l did not fall during atenolol treatment, but during metoprolol there was a small reduction to 1.31 mmol/l (p〈0.05). Hyperlipoproteinaemia is common in hypertensive patients, 40% of the present group had hypertriglyceridaemia and 25% had hypercholesterolaemia. Thus, atenolol 50 mg was found not to affect lipoproteins, whereas metoprolol 200 mg increased the VLDL concentration in 75% of the patients.
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  • 30
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 49-53 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: felodipine ; hypertension ; cardiac failure ; haemodynamic effects ; non-invasive monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The haemodynamic effects of a new vasodilating drug, felodipine, were studied in eight, healthy, male subjects, aged 22–31 years. The drug was given as an oral solution in the dose of 0.15 mg/kg. Thirty-five minutes later further dose of 0.15 mg/kg was administered. Felodipine induced a pronounced decrease in diastolic blood pressure (maximal effect 15±4 mm Hg) and in the systemic vascular resistance. Cardiac output increased (maximum by 4.2±0.3 l/min), due to an increase both in the stroke volume and the heart rate. The maximal increase in the stroke volume (measured from echo cardiograms) and the heart rate were 33±5 ml and 23±3 beats/min, respectively. Felodipine caused a significant decrease in the pre-ejection period (23±3 ms) and an increase in the left ventricular ejection time (29±3 ms). The quotient PEP/LVET fell from 0.36±0.01 to 0.28±0.01. Significant activity of felodipine could be recorded at a plasma level of about 15 nmol/l. When the maximal haemodynamic effects were recorded the plasma level was about 40 nmol/l. After a cumulative dose of 0.30 mg/kg, there was a twofold variation in the maximal plasma level (from 31 to 61 nmol/l). The results of the present investigation are in agreement with previous haemodynamic studies in animals. It would appear that felodipine is a potent arteriolar vasodilator and it might well be of considerable value in the management of patients with hypertension or congestive cardiac failure.
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  • 31
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 191-197 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; beta-blocker ; diuretic ; screening ; naturalistic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A naturalistic study was set up to screen, identify and treat hypertensive patients aged 20–60 years in a rural general practice. 3,222 patients (92%) of a stable population of 3,489 were screened by 2 nurse research assistants and of these 455 patients (14%) were found to be hypertensive or borderline hypertensive. After careful assessment, 192 of these patients were found suitable for treatment and subsequently 138 entered the study. Two well recognised treatment regimes were used and no significant difference between patient response resulted. 84 patients (60.9%) completed the 2 year duration of the study discussed here. The cost of the study is not feasible in an average general practice, but day to day running of such a project, run along clearly defined treatment regimes was managed easily by 2 research assistants: this reduced, therefore, the work load on individual general practitoners.
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  • 32
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Cossus cossus ; Lepidoptera ; Cossidae ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-5-dodecenol ; (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-3-decenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female tip washings of the European goat moth,Cossus cossus L., were found to contain the following compounds that are structurally similar to known pheromone components of Lepidoptera (%): decyl acetate (1.5), (Z)-5-dodecenol (1), (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate (66), dodecyl acetate (12), (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate (14), tetradecyl acetate (4), and hexadecyl acetate (1.5). The washes contained an average of 125 ng of (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate per female equivalent. EAG responses to nanogram amounts of the identified products indicated that (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate was the most potent olfactory stimulant followed by (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-5-dodecenol, whereas the saturated acetates caused only weak depolarization. A strong EAG response was also recorded for (Z)-3-decenyl acetate, which was not detected in the female tip washings. Field results showed that (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate was essential for the attraction of the males and that (Z)-3-decenyl acetate improved the attractiveness of (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate alone or in combination with (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate.
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  • 33
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 219-223 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Synthesis ; sex pheromone ; processionary moth ; Thaume-topoea pityocampa ; Lepidoptera ; Notodontidae ; (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-yn-1-yl acetate ; acetylene ; carbocupration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis of the major component of the sex pheromone of the processionary mothThaumetopoea pityocampa is described. The synthesis uses the carbocupration of acetylene, followed by the coupling with the appropriate 1-iodoalkyne. This synthetic pheromone was shown to be of 98.8%Z purity.
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  • 34
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 335-346 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Euxoa drewseni ; Chorizagrotis thanatologia ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; attractant inhibitor ; parapheromone ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-pentadecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Eleven compounds structurally similar to known lepidopterous pheromone components were identified in the extract from 18 calling female moths ofEuxoa drewseni (Staudinger). The identifications were done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-resolution gas chromatography with flame ionization and electroantennographic detectors simultaneously. Detector antennae were from five species of moths. In the field, male moths were specifically attracted to a three-component blend of dodecyl, (Z)-5-dodecenyl, and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetates in a ratio of 2∶6∶1. This blend at 1000 μg/rubber septum dispenser is recommended as a trap bait for monitoring purposes. Low concentrations of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate or (Z)-7-tetradecenol inhibited the attraction of moths to the three-component blend. (Z)-7-Pentadecenyl acetate functioned as a parapheromone in place of (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate in the pheromone blend, and they appear to react via the same antennal receptor.
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  • 35
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 33-37 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Disparlure ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; gypsy moth ; pheromone persistence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Positive attraction of male gypsy moths to the body of the author, now four years after his last known direct contact with disparlure, the synthetic pheromone, is documented. A designed test showed that moths responded to him in highly significantly greater numbers than to others who had had less or no previous exposure to the insect and / or disparlure. The data present persuasive evidence of bodily contamination with disparlure and suggest that the material is very persistent.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Behavior ; Caenurgina erechtea (Cramer) ; forage looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-eicosatriene ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene ; flight tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Eicosatriene and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene have been identified as components of the sex pheromone of the noctuid,Caenurgina erechtea (Cramer), the forage looper. Structural assignments were made on the basis of spectroscopic and chromatographic data and were confirmed by comparison with synthetic material. Flight tunnel behavioral studies demonstrated that either component, when tested individually, would elicit wing fanning responses in males; however, mixtures of the two components increased this response and were essential for initiation of upwind flight and landing. In field experiments, traps baited with either component alone captured few or no adult forage looper males while those baited with both components captured several target males.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; 3,6,9-heneicosatriene ; 3,6,9-eicosatriene ; velvetbean caterpillar ; Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; attractant ; hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A sex pheromone produced by female velvetbean caterpillar moths,Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, that attracts conspecific males was isolated and identified as a blend of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-eicosatriene and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene in a ratio of ca. 5∶3, respectively, when combined. The synthesized compounds elicited responses by velvetbean caterpillar moth males equivalent to those elicited by females in both laboratory wind tunnel bioassays and field trapping experiments.
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  • 38
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 657-672 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pseudoplusia includens ; soybean looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Epilachna varivestis ; Mexican bean beetle ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; feeding preferences ; nutrition ; food utilization ; host-plant resistance ; induced resistance ; glyceollin ; isoflavonoids ; soybean ; phytoalexins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of soybean phytoalexins on the feeding of the soybean looper and Mexican bean beetle were investigated to test the hypothesis that phytoalexins might be a defense mechanism of plants against insects as well as against pathogens. Short-term behavioral responses to the phytoalexins were analyzed using dual-choice tests with phytoalexin-rich and phytoalexin-poor (control) tissues. Phytoalexin production was elicited with ultraviolet radiation. Results from the dual-choice tests indicated that 6th instar soybean looper larvae fed equally on the control and phytoalexin-rich tissues. Feeding by adult and 4th instar Mexican bean beetles, however, was strongly deterred by the phytoalexins as evidenced by “single-bite” mandible scars on the phytoalexin-rich cotyledon discs. Nutritional effects of the isoflavonoid phytoalexin glyceollin on early instar soybean looper larvae were tested by incorporating the phytoalexin into an artificial medium at a level of 1% dry weight (0.15% fresh weight). The larvae were reared for 7 days from emergence on diets of control and glyceollin-containing media. Although survival on the glyceollin diets was initially less than on the control diets, under the experimental conditions glyceollin had no significant effect on the growth, development, or subsequent survival of the larvae. Efficiency of food utilization (ECI) was reduced, indicating that the phytoalexins may be a mild digestibility-reducing factor for the loopers. Implications of the results for host-plant resistance are discussed.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Driedfruit moth ; Vitula edmandsae serratilineella ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Phycitinae ; sex pheromone ; attractant inhibitor ; (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienol ; (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienal ; alcohol ; aldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sixteen pheromone-like compounds were identified in abdomen tip washes and excised abdomen tip extracts of calling females of driedfruit moth,Vitula edmandsae serratilineella Ragonot. Identifications were by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography with flame ionization and electroantennographic detectors. Male moths were attracted to a blend of (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienol and (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienal in a ratio of 100∶1 at 500 μg/rubber septum dispenser, which is recommended for monitoring purposes. Low concentrations of (Z)-9-tetradecenol (0.5%) and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (0.1%) may be beneficial for the attraction of males, but 1–2% of (E)-9,(E)-12- or (Z)-9,(Z)-12-tetradecadienol, or (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienyl acetate inhibited their attraction. Gravid female moths were attracted to traps that captured large numbers of males. Females may be attracted to male hairpencil or forewing gland secretions emitted near the traps or that accumulate in the traps.
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  • 40
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 95 (1983), S. 412-414 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: brain ; blood-brain barrier ; hypertension ; angiotensin ; noradrenalin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 41
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1631-1633 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: smooth muscles ; calcium ; intracellular vesicles ; hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex attractant ; sex pheromone ; processionary moth ; Thaumetopoea pityocampa ; Lepidoptera ; Notodontidae ; (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-ynyl acetate ; field test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Synthetic (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-ynyl acetate has been shown to be highly active in catchingThaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis and Schiff.) males in field trials carried out in different parts of Spain. A variety of formulations containing antioxidants or solid paraffin were tested. Formulations containing 3 and 10% ofE isomer showed a decrease of activity compared with those prepared with pureZ isomer. Dodecyl acetate, also found in the virgin female gland, did not show any synergistic effect when tested in a 9∶1 mixture with the synthetic pheromone. The product exhibited a remarkable persistence of activity under the field conditions even in the absence of stabilizer.
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  • 43
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 95-104 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone ; rubber septa ; (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol ; beet armyworm ; trapping sticky trap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Field tests were conducted with various blends of acetates and alcohols previously identified as components of the sex pheromone for the beet armyworm (BAW),Spodoptera exigua (Hübner). The compounds were formulated on rubber septa and placed in sticky traps positioned in fields populated withAmaranthus sp., a favored host of this species. Moth captures were highest in traps baited with septa containing a blend of 0.1 mg (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate (Z9,E12–14∶Ac) and 0.01 mg(Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (Z9–14∶OH). Additionally, we confirmed that all combinations of acetates tested alone captured significantly fewer males than blends containing a 10∶1 ratio ofZ9,E12–14∶Ac andZ9–14∶OH. A 10∶1 formulation ofZ9,E12–14∶Ac andZ9–14∶OH in hollow fibers was also attractive to feral BAW males.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diamondback moth ; Plutella xylostella ; Crymodes devastator ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; Noctuidae ; sex attractant ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In addition to three known sex lure components [(Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, and (Z)-11-hexadecenol], (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate was field-proven as a trace coattractant for malePlutella xylostella, with an optimal content below 0.01% in blends. This potent four-component lure for diamondback males also attractedCrymodes devastator males, and in this respect is not different in its attractancy from virgin diamondback females. Replacement of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate in the four component lure with (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol, at the level of 10% of the total lure mixture, did not alter its attractancy for diamondback males, but it did inhibit attraction ofCrymodes devastator. The status of biologically active components as possible sex pheromones or para-pheromones is discussed.
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  • 45
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1425-1437 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Range caterpillar ; Hemileuca oliviae ; Lepidoptera ; Saturniidae ; C4 plants ; C3 plants ; tannins ; grasses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When provided a choice between grass species with C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathways, larvae of range caterpillar,Hemileuca oliviae Cockerell, selected C4 grasses. The basis for host selection was examined by conducting analyses of moisture, crude protein, total available carbohydrate, sucrose, glucose, astringency, condensed tannin, silica, and pubescence of 14 grass species, and correlating host plant chemical characteristics with host preference. Most of the variation in host preference was explained by tannin characteristics (astringency and condensed tannin); C3 grass species had significantly higher tannin levels than C4 species.
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  • 46
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 503-512 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Epiphyas postvittana ; Lepidoptera ; Fortricidae ; lightbrown apple moth ; sex pheromone ; (E)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate ; (E,E)-9,11-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two compounds, (E)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate and (E,E)-9,11-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate, have been identified in extracts of females of the lightbrown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana (Walker). The two compounds are active as a coalitive pair and are present in extracts of females in a ratio of about 20∶1.
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  • 47
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 475-493 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Iridoid glycoside ; catalpol ; Scrophulariaceae ; Euphydryas ; checkerspot ; host-plant specificity ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; coevolution ; insect-plant interaction ; chemical ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The potential role of iridoid glycosides as feeding stimulants forEuphydryas chalcedona larvae was examined in three laboratory experiments. The first experiment examined larval behavior in choice tests between an artificial diet with no additives (AD) and an artificial diet with the iridoid glycoside, catalpol, added (AD + I) in one group; and AD and AD plus a crude extract from which the iridoid glycoside catalpol was crystallized (AD + Ex) in the second group. The larvae were found more often on AD + I or AD + Ex. The second experiment quantified larval consumption of artificial diets when given a choice of AD or AD + I, and AD or AD + Ex, and showed that larvae ate significantly more AD + I or AD + Ex than AD. The third experiment compared growth and survival on six diets: AD; AD + I; artificial diet with dried, ground upScrophularia californica leaves (AD + S); artificial diet with dried, ground upPlantago lanceolata leaves (AD + P);S. californica leaves (S); andP. lanceolata leaves (P). Growth was best onS. californica leaves, and survival was highest onS. californica andP. lanceolata leaves. There were no differences in growth rate or survival between AD andAD + I. Thus, iridoid glycosides serve as feeding attractants and stimulants for larvae ofEuphydryas chalcedona and are suggested as the basis of radiation in butterflies of the genusEuphydryas.
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  • 48
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 695-701 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; pheromone ; parasitoid ; Telenomus remus ; Hymenoptera ; Scelionidae ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; fall armyworm ; (Z)-9-tetradecene-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-dodecene-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Telenomus remits Nixon is a parasitoid that attacks egg masses ofSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Increased host-seeking behavior was elicited fromT. remus females in Y-tubes, Petri dish, and greenhouse bioassays byS. frugiperda female abdominal tips as well as (Z)-9-tetradecene-1-ol acetate and (Z)-9-dodecene-1-ol acetate.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Epiphyas postvittana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; dose-response surface ; isobole ; male response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bioassay studies with mixtures of the two components from the sex pheromone ofE. postvittana are used to construct a dose-response surface. The surface clearly shows the existence of a response maximum and that an optimum ratio of the two components applies over a wide range of concentrations. Probit transformations of the same data are used to construct an isobologram. The isobole has a sharp minimum at a ratio for the two components close to the ratio produced by the females.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tobacco budworm ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; flight tunnel ; sex pheromone ; moth behavior ; rubber septa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Each of the seven compounds that have been identified from femaleHeliothis virescens sex pheromone glands was examined for its ability to elicit sexual responses from male moths in a flight tunnel. The two compounds initially described as pheromone components, (itZ)-11-hexadecenal and (itZ)-9-tetradecenal, were necessary for behavioral activity to occur. Of the remaining five compounds, hexadecanal was most consistent in elevating behavioral activity of males when it was added to treatments. Live, calling females elicited greater sexual activity from males than did the 7-compound mixture on rubber septa.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; Autographa gamma L. ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; silver Y moth ; (Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol ; ester ; alcohol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-7-Dodecen-1-yl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol were synthesized and tested on males of the silver Y moth (Autographa gamma L.) for sex attractant activity. The key step of the synthesis was the isomerization of acetylenic alcohol (III) with potassium 3-amino-propylamide. In EAG tests with a series of dodecen-1-yl acetates and alcohols, the highest activity was elicited by these two compounds. In field tests using three different kinds of dispensers, highest catches were achieved with a mixture of (Z)-7-dodecen-1 -yl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecen-1 -ol which contained 1–5% of the alcohol. Some evidence was also found for the presence of both compounds in extracts of the abdominal tip of females. The quantities of these components in the extract was 1.0 ng/female for the acetate, and 1.1 ng/female for the alcohol.
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  • 52
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 521-532 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cycnia tenera ; Arctiidae ; Lepidoptera ; Asclepias ; milkweeds ; cardenolides ; cardiac glycosides ; allelochemics ; plant-insect interactions ; plant secondary chemistry ; chemical ecology ; chemical defense ; kin selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cycnia tenera adults, reared as larvae onAsclepias humistrata, had 10 times higher cardenolide concentrations, and contained 15 times more total cardenolide, than did moths reared onA. tuberosa. Thin-layer chromatography confirmed that each individual cardenolide visualized in the adult moths reared on the former host plant corresponds to one present in the plant, thus demonstrating that the insects' cardenolides are indeed derived from the larval food. Adult weights were significantly greater when the larvae had been fed upon the higher cardenolide plant species,A. humistrata. Similar results for other milkweed-feeding insects have been interpreted by some authors as evidence against a metabolic cost of handling cardenolides. However, such interpretations confound cardenolide differences among milkweed species with other differences in plant primary and secondary chemistry that affect insect growth and development. While the cooccurrence inC. tenera of other noxious chemicals (e.g., alkaloids) is not precluded, cardenolides sequestered from larval host plants have probably contributed to the evolution of visual and auditory aposematism in this species. As the eggs are laid in large clutches and larvae are gregarious, such aposematism may have evolved via kin selection.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: (Z)-13-Hexadecen-11-yn-1-yl acetate ; pine processionary moth ; Thaumetopoeapityocampa ; Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni ; Lepidoptera ; Notodontidae ; sex pheromone ; synthesis ; biological activity ; ester
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A short and stereoselective synthesis of (Z)-13-hexadecen-1 1-yn-1-yl acetate is described. The main feature is a low-temperature Wittig reaction of a triphenylpropylphosphonium bromide with a long-chain alkylated propargyl aldehyde.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spruce budworm moths ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; attractants ; isomeric blends
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract E∶Z blends of (E)-11-tetradecenal were field tested (three experiments) for their attractiveness to male spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), moths in northern Maine. Blends of 92.5–99%E isomer caught the most moths (three experiments); blend 95%E had the highest cumulative catch throughout two experiments. Rates of catch per hour for the four most attractive blends (92.5–99%E) showed highly variable responses among experiments; however, similarities were noted for rates of catch within the same experiment. For all experiments and observation hours, blend 95%E had the highest mean rate of catch.
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