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  • 1
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-26
    Beschreibung: Results of an assessment of the public risk associated with the release of carbon fibers from crash-fire accidents of civil aircraft having carbon composite structures are presented. The overall national impact is shown to be extremely low in 1993. Personal injury is found to be extremely unlikely. Based on these findings, the risk of electrical failure from carbon fibers should not prevent the exploitation of composites in aircraft, and additional protection of aircraft avionics to guard aginst carbon fibers is unnecessary.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Selected NASA Res. in Composite Mater. and Struct.; p 183-234
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  • 2
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-26
    Beschreibung: A fatigue analysis technique developed to predict damage growth in notched laminates is described. Features of the analysis include: criteria to relate matrix failure to cyclic stresses in and between plies; correlation of delamination growth with strain-release rate; and in-plane shear modulus change is related to cyclic shear stresses. A simplified finite element model is used to determine stresses in laminates that contain matrix damage. Failure criteria are integrated with the finite element model to form the fatigue analysis.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Selected NASA Res. in Composite Mater. and Struct.; p 79-106
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  • 3
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-26
    Beschreibung: The damage tolerance of composites was investigated. Results show that severe degradation in material strength may occur due to impact damage and that reduced strain allowables should be considered to compensate for possible impact damage. The mechanisms of failure involved in impact so that local damage will be reduced and arrest of propagating fracture initiated at impact locations are examined. Compression strength reductions for damage due to impact by a 1.27 cm diameter spherical projectile in thick laminates representative of wing skin panels are presented. Also discussed are the results of concepts recently evaluated to improve damage tolerance. These concepts range from improvements at the materials level to advanced structural configurations designed to arrest or limit the growth of propagating fractures. The results indicate that substantial improvements in the damage tolerance of graphite-epoxy composite structures can be achieved through the proper combination of materials and structural design.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Selected NASA Res. in Composite Mater. and Struct.; p 107-142
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  • 4
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-26
    Beschreibung: Progress in the development of verified design technology for generic advanced-composite structural components loaded in compression is reported. Generic structural configurations material systems and load ranges of interest for a given application were investigated using structural procedures, structural analysis procedures, and laboratory testing of structural specimens. Both flat and curved composite compression panels that are designed either to be buckling resistant or to have postbuckling strength depending on the expected application of the panels were considered.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Selected NASA Res. in Composite Mater. and Struct.; p 35-78
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  • 5
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-26
    Beschreibung: The degree of notch sensitivity of composites in compression and whether their failures can be predicted over a wide range of plate and hole sizes. The notch sensitivity of composites is investigated by comparing actual failure loads of laminates with circular holes, with the extreme failure that would be expected from an ideal notch insensitive material and from an ideal notch sensitive material. The predictability question is addressed by applying the point stress failure criterion to a wide range of plate widths and hole sizes and comparing with available experimental data. The severity of impact is explored by comparing strength reductions resulting from impact with those resulting from comparable size circular holes. Finally, comparison is made of the differences to be expected from the effects of cracks and circular holes on failure strength.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Selected NASA Res. in Composite Mater. and Struct.; p 1-33
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  • 6
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The objective of this experiment is to determine the effects of long-term orbital exposure on the materials used in solid-rocket space motors. Specifically, structural materials and propellants from the STAR/PAM-D series motors and the PAM DII/IPSM-II motors will be tested, as well as advanced composite case and nozzle materials planned for future use. The experiment approach is to expose samples of solid-rocket propellant, liner, insulation, case, and nozzle specimens to the space environment and to compare preflight and postflight measurements of various mechanical, chemical, and ballistic properties.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 94-96
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  • 7
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Research on three classes of materials that show potential for allowing significant increases in operating temperatures in gas turbine engines is discussed. Monolithic ceramics, ceramic matrix composites, and carbon-carbon composites are discussed. Sintering, hot pressing, and densification are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Advan. Mater. Technol.; p 275-292
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  • 8
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: The fabrication of several composite structural articles including DC-10 upper aft rudders, L-1011 vertical fins and composite biomedical appliances are discussed. Innovative composite processing methods are included.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Advan. Mater. Technol.; p 115-140
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  • 9
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Manufacturers are developing composite versions of structural components on existing aircraft. Development involves testing of various material options before selecting one and then extensive testing to develop an adequate data base of material strength and stiffness properties. Design options are narrowed through analysis and a varied spectrum of development tests on small and large subcomponents. In parallel with this, a suitable production process including economical ply preparation and cure at high temperature and pressure is evolved, tools are designed and fabricated, and full scale components are then manufactured for ground qualification tests, flight tests, and airline service. The various tests include many that are required by the FAA for flight certification, which must precede airline service. Inspection and repair methods to insure adequate maintenance in service are also developed.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Advan. Mater. Technol.; p 1-28
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  • 10
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: The fatigue, fracture, and impact behavior of composite materials are investigated. Bolted and bonded joints are included. The solutions developed are generic in scope and are useful for a wide variety of structural applications. The analytical tools developed are used to demonstrate the damage tolerance, impact resistance, and useful fatigue life of structural composite components. Standard tests for screening improvements in materials and constituents are developed.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Advan. Mater. Technol.; p 91-114
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  • 11
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The hydraulic actuation system of the space shuttle main engine is discussed. The system consists of five electrohydraulic actuators and a single engine filter used to control the five different propellant valves, which in turn control thrust and mixture ratio of the space shuttle main engine. The hydraulic actuation system provides this control with a precision of 98.7 percent or an error in position no greater than 1.3 percent of full scale rotational travel for critical positions.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: the 15th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 291-301
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  • 12
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The system components and operation of the space shuttle solid rocket booster (SRB) dewatering set are described. The SRB dewatering set consists of a nozzle plug, control console, remote control unit, power distribution unit, umbilical cable, interconnect cables, and various handling and storage items. The nozzle plug (NP) is a remotely controlled, tethered underwater vehicle that is launched from the retrieval vessel (RV) by a crane, descends down the side of the SRB, and is positioned below the SRB nozzle. A TV camera mounted at the top of the NP central core is used by the control console operator to visually guide the NP during descent and docking. The NP is then driven up and locked into the nozzle. Compressed air is passed through the umbilical from the RV, through the NP and into the SRB motor. The water inside the SRB is expelled causing the SRB to rotate to a near horizontal attitude on the surface of the water.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The 15th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 279-289
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  • 13
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Zero gravity testing in the KC-135 aircraft of flat fold flexible solar array test specimens sufficiently demonstrated the adequacy of the panel design. The aircraft flight crew provided invaluable assistance and significantly contributed to the design and development of the flexible solar array, and ultimately to the potential success of the solar electric propulsion solar array shuttle flight experiment program.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: The 15th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 115-136
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  • 14
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The objective of this experiment is to determine the effect of various lengths of exposure to a space environment on the mechanical properties of selected commercial polymer matrix composite materials. Fiber materials will include graphite, boron, S-glass, and PRD-49. The mechanical properties to be investigated are orthotropic elastic constants, strength parameters (satisfying the tensor polynomial relation), coefficients of thermal expansion, impact resistance, crack propagation, and fracture toughness. In addition, the effect of laminate thickness on property changes will also be investigated.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 41-43
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  • 15
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The objective is to test different types of materials (laminates, thermal coatings, and adhesives) to determine their actual useful lifetime. These experiments will also make is possible to integrate the histories of the thermal and mechanical characteristics into models of the composite structures. The experiment is passive and is located in one of the boxes in a 12-in.-deep peripheral tray with nine other experiments from France. The box will provide protection for the samples from contamination during the launch and reentry phases of the Long Duration Exposure Facility mission. The experiment revolves around four themes of study: thermal coatings, adhesives, dimensional stability, and mechanical characteristics. The various materials will be arranged in six levels within the box, so only the first level will be subjected to direct solar radiation. Each level will consist of plates from which test specimens will be cut after the mission.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 32-34
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  • 16
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The immediate objectives of this experiment are to understand changes in the properties and structure of materials after exposure to the space environment and to compare these changes with predictions based on laboratory experiments. The experiment consists of 19 subexperiments involving a number of DOD laboratories and contractor organizations. In general, the experimental approach with each of the subexperiments will involve comparison of preflight and postflight analyses. Typical analyses will include the measurement of optical properties (reflectance, transmittance, and refractive index), and macrophysical properties. In addition to measuring changes in the macroscopic properties of the returned specimens, microstructural properties will also be examined. Thus, it may be possible to increase our understanding of the changes induced by the environment. This increased understanding can then be used to predict the performance of materials based on knowledge of the space environment and the results of laboratory tests. This experiment will be a coopperative effort and will provide an opportunity for DOD space programs and laboratories to evaluate materials and components after long exposures to the space environment.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 44-48
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  • 17
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The primary objective of this experiment is to accumulate the needed operational data associated with the exposure of graphite-polyimide and graphite-epoxy material to the environments of space. The experiment will be mounted in two 3-in.-deep peripheral trays. Graphite-polyimide specimens will occupy 1 1/3 trays and the graphite-epoxy specimens will occupy two-thirds of a tray. The experiment approach requires two matched sets of specimens with traceable records that are maintained for materials processing and specimen quality. After fabrication, one set of each test specimen will be sectioned and structurally tested to serve as a data baseline. After the flight, the other set of specimens will undergo extensive measurements of mechanical properties for comparison with the original data baseline. Structural testing of the graphite-polyimide specimens will provide strength and elastic data in tension, compression, and shear. Transverse tension microcracking and crack propagation will be evaluated by photomicroscopy. Structural testing of the graphite-epoxy specimens will include verification of laminate, core, adhesive, and fatigue properties as applied to the design and analysis of the payload bay door. Microcracking and crack propagation will also be analyzed by photomicroscopy.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 38-40
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  • 18
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: This experiment has three objectives. The first and main objective is to detect a possible variation in the coefficient of thermal expansion of composite samples during a 1-year exposure to the near-Earth orbital environment. A second objective is to detect a possible change in the mechanical integrity of composite products, both simple elements and honeycomb sandwich assemblies. A third objective is to compare the behavior of two epoxy resins commonly used in space structural production. The experimental approach is to passively expose samples of epoxy matrix composite materials to the space environment and to compare preflight and postflight measurements of mechanical properties. The experiment will be located in one of the three FRECOPA (French cooperative payload) boxes in a 12-in.-deep peripheral tray that contains nine other experiments from France. The FRECOPA box will protect the samples from contamination during the launch and reentry phases of the mission. The coefficients of thermal expansion are measured on Earth before and after space exposure.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 27-31
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  • 19
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the effects of the near-Earth orbital environment on the physical and chemical properties of laminated continuous-filament composites and composites resin films for use in large space structures and advanced spacecraft. The experiment is passive and occupies about one-half of a 6-in.-deep peripheral tray. Specimens of composite materials and polymeric and resin films are arranged above and below the experiment mounting plate to enable both exposure and nonexposure to sunlight. This provides a comparison of the effects of ultraviolet plus vacuum plus thermal cycling and those of vacuum plus thermal cycling on these materials. The experiment tray is thermally isolated from the Long Duration Exposure Facility structure to allow the material specimens to experience a wide range of thermal cycles. Tensile and compression specimens will be used to evaluate the laminated composite materials. A number of the specimens are precut and ready for testing after space exposure, whereas other specimens will be prepared from larger samples.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 24-26
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  • 20
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Graphite-epoxy composites are promising candidates for structural use in space vehicles because of their high strength and elastic modulus properties. The problem of low fracture toughness was solved by use of recently developed techniques of intermittent interlaminar bonding. Before this material can be adapted for space use, however, confidence must be gained that its mechanical properties are not degraded by exposure to the space environment. The objective of this experiment is to test the effect of extended exposure to a space environment on the mechanical properties of a specially toughened T300/5208 graphite-epoxy composite material. Specimens made by recently developed techniques of intermittent interlaminar bonding will be exposed and afterward tested for fracture toughness, tensile strength, and elastic modulus. The approach of this experiment is to provide a frame on which the specimens can be mounted with their flat sides normal to the Long Duration Exposure Facility radius, each specimen with an unobstructed exposure of about 2 pi sr. The specimens will be mounted so that they neither fracture from high stress nor fail from excessive heating during launch and return.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 19-20
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  • 21
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A space based orbital transfer vehicle (SBOTV) and ground based OTV's (GBOTV) are compared for debris protection, space based OTV maintenance provisions, flight performance, onorbit refueling, and launch and return operations. Debris protection has a severe impact on the SBOTV, while the penalty for the GBOTV is much less severe. A key technology issue is the protection capability of composite materials. Onorbit maintenance is critical for SBOTV. Reduction of losses during the various transfers is th maine problem with refueling a SBOTV. Zero-g propellant storage and transfer is an important technology area for SBOTV. A reusable shroud must be developed to return GBOTV's if a Shuttle derivative vehicle is used. The advantage of space basing lies in more efficient use of the launch vehicle. Since most of the mass going to LEO is OTV propellant, and the launches to deliver the SBOTV propellant are generally mass limited, substantially fewer launches are required to support the SBOTV.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: NASA. Lewis Research Center Large Space Systems(Propulsion Interactions; p 127-134
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  • 22
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Confidence in the long term durability of advanced composites is developed through a series of flight service programs. Service experience is obtained by installing secondary and primary composite components on commercial and military transport aircraft and helicopters. Included are spoilers, rudders, elevators, ailerons, fairings and wing boxes on transport aircraft and doors, fairings, tail rotors, vertical fins, and horizontal stabilizers on helicopters. Materials included in the evaluation are boron/epoxy, Kevlar/epoxy, graphite/epoxy and boron/aluminum. Inspection, maintenance, and repair results for the components in service are reported. The effects of long term exposure to laboratory, flight, and outdoor environmental conditions are reported for various composite materials. Included are effects of moisture absorption, ultraviolet radiation, and aircraft fuels and fluids.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Advan. Mater. Technol.; p 335-356
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  • 23
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Carbon-carbon materials and new oxidation resistant coating developments are discussed. Potential areas of application are highlighted. A short bibliography of selected references is included that describe carbon-carbon materials and related technology in detail.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Advan. Mater. Technol.; p 293-312
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  • 24
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: NASA Technol. Appl. Team; p 38
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  • 25
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Larger, more complex spacecraft of the future such as a manned Space Station will require electric power systems of 100 kW and more, orders of magnitude greater than the present state of the art. Power systems at this level will have a significant impact on the spacecraft design. Historically, long-lived spacecraft have relied on silicon solar cell arrays, a nickel-cadmium storage battery and operation at 28 V dc. These technologies lead to large array areas and heavy batteries for a Space Station application. This, in turn, presents orbit altitude maintenance, attitude control, energy management and launch weight and volume constraints. Size (area) and weight of such a power system can be reduced if new higher efficiency conversion and lighter weight storage technologies are used. Several promising technology options including concentrator solar photovoltaic arrays, solar thermal dynamic and ultimately nuclear dynamic systems to reduce area are discussed. Also, higher energy storage systems such as nickel-hydrogen and the regenerative fuel cell (RFC) and higher voltage power distribution which add system flexibility, simplicity and reduce weight are examined. Emphasis placed on the attributes and development status of emerging technologies that are sufficiently developed so that they could be available for flight use in the early to mid 1990's.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 26
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 21; 473-480
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  • 27
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A unified set of composite micromechanics equations of simple form is summarized and described. This unified set can be used to predict unidirectional composite (ply) geometric, mechanical, thermal and hygral properties using constituent material (fiber/matrix) properties. This unified set also includes approximate equations for predicting (1) moisture absorption; (2) glass transition temperature of wet resins; and (3) hygrothermal degradation effects. Several numerical examples are worked-out to illustrate ease of use and versatility of these equations. These numerical examples also demonstrate the interrelationship of the various factors (geometric to environmental) and help provide insight into composite behavior at the micromechanistic level.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: SAMPE Quarterly (ISSN 0036-0821); 15; 14-23
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  • 28
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Tensile properties of unidirectional Celion 6000 graphite/PMR 15 polyimide composites prepared by hot molding and cold molding processes were measured at room temperature and 316 C, the upper use temperature of the polyimide resin, at both 45 and 90 deg to the fiber axis. The resulting fractures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and materialographic techniques. Variation in tensile properties with processing history occurred in the elastic modulus and strain to failure for specimens loaded at 90 deg at 316 C, and in the fracture stress, and hence the in-plane shear stress, for those loaded at 45 deg at room temperature. Significant plastic deformation was observed in the 45 deg orientation at 316 C for material produced by both processing methods. In general, fracture occurred by both failure within the matrix and at the fiber-matrix interface; the degree of interfacial failure increased with temperature. Secondary cracking below the primary fracture surface was also observed.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Polymer Composites (ISSN 0272-8397); 5; 179-185
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  • 29
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Transmission of power in space using lasers will require devices for converting the laser power to electrical power. One such type of device for accomplishing this is the photovoltaic converter. This paper reviews photovoltaic converters and their application for conversion of monochromatic laser power to electrical power. Laser power densities greater than 1000 W/sq cm are considered. For a converter operated at 300 K a lower bandgap limit of 0.67 eV (1.80 micron) is defined. For ideal conditions, an efficiency of 47.8 percent is calculated for Nd/Liquid laser radiation incident on an Si converter. Several types of photovoltaic converters are discussed. Series resistance is identified as a major problem. Vertical multijunction converters are the most promising photovoltaic devices for use as laser to electric power converters.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 30
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A solar power plant suitable for earth orbits passing through Van Allen radiation belts is described. The solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency is estimated to be around 9 percent, and the expected power-to-weight ratio is competitive with photovoltaic arrays. The system is designed to be self-contained, to be indifferent to radiation belt exposures, store energy for periods when the orbiting system is in earth shadow (so that power generation is contant), have no moving parts and no working fluids, and be robust against micrometeorite attack. No electrical batteries are required.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 31
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Many future satellites and spacecraft with spun and despun configurations will require the transfer of power across rotating interfaces in lieu of slip-rings and/or flexures. This is particularly true of spacecraft that have to demonstrate a long life expectancy. The rotary transformer has the desirable characteristics of high reliability and low noise, which qualify it as a potential replacement for slip rings. Development of a rotary power transformer follows the successful completion of a task to develop rotary signal-level transformers for the Galileo Spacecraft Project. The physical configuration of a rotary power transformer has a significant effect on its magnetic and electrical characteristics and therefore impacts the design of the dc/ac inverter driver. Important characteristics addressed during this development effort include: operating frequency, efficiency, transformer gap size, leakage inductance, and leakage flux. A breadboard inverter and rotary transformer were designed, fabricated and tested.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 32
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Several silicon-carbide fiber reinforced titanium matrix composite systems were investigated to determine composite degradation mechanisms and to develop techniques to minimize loss of mechanical properties during fabrication and in service. Emphasis was on interface control by fiber or matrix coatings. Fibers and matrix materials were sputter coated with various metals to determine the effects of the coatings on basic fiber properties, fiber-matrix interactions, and on composite properties. The effects of limited variations in fabrication temperature on composite properties were determined for composites consolidated by standard press-diffusion-bonding techniques.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
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  • 33
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Twenty-four different epoxy resin systems were evaluated by a variety of test techniques to identify materials that exhibited improved impact damage tolerance in graphite/epoxy composite laminates. Forty-eight-ply composite panels of five of the material systems were able to sustain 100 m/s impact by a 1.27-cm-diameter aluminum projectile while statically loaded to strains of 0.005. Of the five materials with the highest tolerance to impact, two had elastomeric additives, two had thermoplastic additives, and one had a vinyl modifier; all the five systems used bisphenol A as the base resin. An evaluation of test results shows that the laminate damage tolerance is largely determined by the resin tensile properties, and that improvements in laminate damage tolerance are not necessarily made at the expense of room-temperature mechanical properties. The results also suggest that a resin volume fraction of 40 percent or greater may be required to permit the plastic flow between fibers necessary for improved damage tolerance.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
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  • 34
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Statistical analysis and multiple regression were used to determine and quantify the significant hygrothermomechanical variables which influence the tensile durability/life (cycle loading, fatigue) of boron-fiber/epoxy-matrix (B/E) and high-modulus-fiber/epoxy-matrix (HMS/E) composites. The use of the multiple regression analysis reduced the variables from fifteen, assumed initially, to six or less with a probability of greater than 0.999. The reduced variables were used to derive predictive models for compression and intralaminar shear durability/life of B/E and HMS/E composites assuming isoparametric fatigue behavior. The predictive models were subsequently generalized to predict the durability/life of graphite/fiber-r generalized model is of simple form, predicts conservative values compared with measured data and should be adequate for use in preliminary designs. Previously announced in STAR as N82-14287
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  • 35
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: For an investigation of problems of composites at high strain rates with dominant wave propagation effects, such as dynamically loaded composite jet engine blades, the longitudinal, transverse, and in-plane shear properties of unidirectional SP 288/AS graphite/epoxy were measured at various strain rates ranging from quasi-static to over 500/s. The test specimens were rings 10.16 cm in diameter, 2.54 cm long, 6 to 8 plies thick, and with fibers at 0, 90, and 10 deg off-axis. Quasi-static testing was conducted in a fixture which applies hydraulic pressure to the ring specimens, and dynamic testing was conducted by applying an internal pressure pulse through a liquid in a special fixture. Dynamic stress-strain curves are presented. For the 0-deg specimens, the modulus increases with strain up to 20 percent of the static value. The modulus and strength increase sharply in the 90-deg rings with strain rate reaching values two to three times the corresponding static rate.
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  • 36
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The composite material 'buffer strip' concept is presently investigated at elevated temperatures for the case of graphite/polyimide buffer strip panels using a (45/0/45/90)2S layup, where the buffer strip material was 0-deg S-glass/polyimide. Each panel was loaded in tension until it failed, and radiographs and crack opening displacements were recorded during the tests to determine fracture onset, fracture arrest, and the extent of damage in the buffer strip after crack arrest. At 177 + or - 3 C, the buffer strips increased the panel strength by at least 40 percent in comparison with panels without buffer strips. Compared to similar panels tested at room temperature, those tested at elevated temperature had lower residual strengths, but higher failure strains.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Journal of Composite Materials (ISSN 0021-9983); 17; 549-560
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  • 37
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The paper describes the design of the solar array system (SAS) for the Solar Maximum Mission, the unique features of the SAS, and the results of its successful in-orbit operation. It is noted that the array was unique in that: (1) major weight concessions were made to produce a dynamically stiff array; (2) it was the first array designed to be compatible with the NASA Multimission Modular Spacecraft; (3) it is the first jettisonable solar array; and (4) it represents the first use of FEP-bonded overslides on a prime power array. It is concluded that the array performed as predicted with no evidence of the FEP causing any unusual array power degradations. In addition, the deployment and telemetry systems performed as designed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 38
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A broad overview is presented of current and near-term solar array technology that could be suitable for space use. Particular consideration is given to such advanced concepts as high power arrays, concentrator arrays, and ultrathin solar cell arrays. It is concluded that if such ambitious concepts as geosynchronous space platforms, orbital space stations, and alternate forms of propulsion are realized, the type of new technology described in this paper may find acceptance for space.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 39
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The processing and oxidation resistance of fused Al-Si and Ni-Si slurry coatings on ATJ graphite was studied. Ni-Si coatings in the 70 to 90 percent Si range were successfully processed to melt, wet, and bond to the graphite. The molten coatings also infiltrated the porosity in graphite and reacted with it to form SiC in the coating. Cyclic oxidation at 1200 C showed that these coatings were not totally protective because of local attack of the substrate, due to the extreme thinness of the coatings in combination with coating cracks. Previously announced in STAR as N83-27019
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings (ISSN 0196-6219); 4; 757-783
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  • 40
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: To analyze the fatigue behavior of a simple composite-to-composite bonded joint, a combined experimental and analytical study of the cracked-lap-shear specimen subjected to constant-amplitude cyclic loading was undertaken. Two bonded systems were studied: T300/5208 graphite/epoxy adherends bonded with adhesives EC 3445 and with FM-300. For each bonded system, two specimen geometries were tested: (1) a strap adherend of 16 plies bonded to a lap adherend of 8 plies, and (2) a strap adherend of 8 plies bonded to a lap adherend of 16 plies. In all specimens tested, the fatigue failure was in the form of cyclic debonding with some 0 deg fiber pull-off from the strap adherend. The debond always grew in the region of adhesive that had the highest mode I (peel) loading and that region was close to the adhesive-strap interface. Furthermore, the measured cyclic debond growth rates correlated well with total strain energy release rates G(T) as well as with its components G(I) (peel) and G(II) (shear) for the mixed-mode loading in the present study.
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  • 41
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A novel class of addition-type polyimides has been developed in response to the need for high temperature polymers with improved processability. The new plastic materials are known as PMR (for in situ polymerization of monomer reactants) polyimides. The highly processable PMR polyimides have made it possible to realize much of the potential of high temperature resistant polymers. Monomer reactant combinations for several PMR polyimides have been identified. The present investigation is concerned with a review of the current status of PMR polyimides. Attention is given to details of PMR polyimide chemistry, the processing of composites and their properties, and aerospace applications of PMR-15 polyimide composites.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
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  • 42
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The feasibility and performance parameters for beam microwave power supplies from a space station to nearby orbiting satellites are examined. A 5.8 GHz transmission frequency is found suitable for beaming 1-10 kW over a distance of 1-10 km. The antenna could have a 15 m diameter, a 64 kW output, provide uniform illumination, and have a retrodirective phase control system. A LEO to ground demonstration project is described, involving power levels of 0.0025 mW/sq cm and yielding 202 W at a 100 x 100 m rectenna.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 43
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A convenient procedure is described to determine the hygral behavior (moisture expansion coefficients and moisture stresses) of angleplied fiber composites using a pocket calculator. The procedure consists of equations and appropriate graphs for various (+ or - theta) ply combinations. These graphs present reduced stiffness and moisture expansion coefficients as functions of (+ or - theta) in order to simplify and expedite the use of the equations. The procedure is applicable to all types of balanced, symmetric fiber composites including interply and intraply hybrids. The versatility and generality of the procedure is illustrated using several step-by-step numerical examples. Previously announced in STAR as N82-16181
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: SAMPE Quarterly (ISSN 0036-0821); 14; 30-39
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  • 44
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: It is found that the mechanical properties of fibrous refractory composite insulation (FRCI) can be improved if a higher calcination temperature is used before final processing. The results also reveal that a higher density FRCI containing 60 wt pct aluminoborosilicate fibers will exhibit minimal surface recession at 1480 C in a convective-heating environment. Another finding is that the material performance in the convective-heating environment is limited by the coating and the temperature capability of its emittance agent. A table is included giving the coating compositions used with the composite insulation and tested in the convectively heated environment at a surface temperature of 1480 C.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings (ISSN 0196-6219); 4; 551-563
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  • 45
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A Programmable Power Processor (P3) has been developed for application in future large space power systems. The P3 is capable of operation over a wide range of input voltage (26 to 375 Vdc) and output voltage (24 to 180 Vdc). The peak output power capability is 18 kW (180 V at 100 A). The output characteristics of the P3 can be programmed to any voltage and/or current level within the limits of the processor and may be controlled as a function of internal or external parameters. Seven breadboard P3s and one 'flight-type' engineering model P3 have been built and tested both individually and in electrical power systems. The programmable feature allows the P3 to be used in a variety of applications by changing the output characteristics. Test results, including efficiency at various input/output combinations, transient response, and output impedance, are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 46
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Previously cited in issue 15, p. 2361, Accession no. A82-31876
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: Journal of Energy (ISSN 0146-0412); 7; 442-448
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  • 47
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Previously cited in issue 13, p. 2034, Accession no. A82-30118
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 22; 128-134
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  • 48
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Previously cited in issue 13, p. 2024, Accession no. A82-30099
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 21; 1722-172
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  • 49
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 13 p
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  • 50
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 19 p
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  • 51
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 19 p
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  • 52
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 11 p
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  • 53
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 22 p
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  • 54
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 15 p
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  • 55
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 5 p
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  • 56
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 16 p
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  • 57
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 5 p
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  • 58
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 21 p
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  • 59
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 13 p
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  • 60
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 6 p
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  • 61
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 4 p
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  • 62
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 7 p
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  • 63
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 10 p
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  • 64
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 16 p
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  • 65
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 25 p
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  • 66
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 7 p
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  • 67
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 33 p
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  • 68
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 100 p
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  • 69
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 13 p
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  • 70
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 109 p
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  • 71
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 39 p
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  • 72
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 12 p
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  • 73
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 13 p
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  • 74
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 19 p
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  • 75
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 27 p
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  • 76
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAFF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 5 p
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  • 77
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: JANNAFF Handbook: Rocket Exhaust Plume Technol., Chapter 5; 5 p
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  • 78
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: An improved design, shallow junction heteroface, n-p, gallium arsenide solar cell for space applications is reported, with a predicted AM0 efficiency in the 21.9 to 23.0 percent range. The optimized n-p structure, while slightly more efficient, has the added advantage of being less susceptible to radiation-induced degradation by virtue of this thin top junction layer. Detailed spectral response curves and an analysis of the loss mechanisms are reported. The details of the design are readily measurable. The optimized designs were reached by quantifying the dominant loss mechanisms and then minimizing them by using computer simulations.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices (ISSN 0018-9383); ED-31; 689-695
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  • 79
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: In the experimental phase of the present study of the interlaminar fracture behavior of a randomly oriented short fiber sheet molding compound (SMC) composite, the double cantilever beam fracture test is used to evaluate the mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of different composite thicknesses. In the analytical phase of this work, a geometrically nonlinear analysis is introduced in order to account for large deflections and nonlinear load deflection curves in the evaluation of interlaminar fracture toughness. For the SMC-R50 material studied, interlaminar toughness is an order of magnitude higher than that of unreinforced neat resin, due to unusual damage mechanisms ahead of the crack tip, together with significant fiber bridging across crack surfaces. Composite thickness effects on interlaminar fracture are noted to be appreciable, and a detailed discussion is given on the influence of SMC microstructure.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Journal of Composite Materials (ISSN 0021-9983); 18; 574-594
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  • 80
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The syntheses and general features of addition-type maleimide resins based on bis(m-aminophenyl)phosphine oxide and tris(m-aminophenyl)phosphine oxide have been reported previously. These resins have been used to fabricate graphite cloth laminates having excellent flame resistance. These composites did not burn even in pure oxygen. However, these resins were somewhat brittle. This paper reports the modification of these phosphorus-containing resins by an amine-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer (ATBN) and a perfluoroalkylene diaromatic amine elastomer (3F). An approximately two-fold increase in short beam shear strength and flexural strength was observed at 7 percent ATBN concentration. The tensile, flexural, and shear strengths were reduced when 18 percent ATBN was used. Anaerobic char yields of the resins at 800 C and the limiting oxygen indexes of the laminates decreased with increasing ATBN concentration. The perfluorodiamine (3F) was used with both imide resins at 6.4 percent concentration. The shear strength was doubled in the case of the bisimide with no loss of flammability characteristics. The modified trisimide laminate also had improved properties over the unmodified one. The dynamic mechanical analysis of a four-ply laminate indicated a glass transition temperature above 300 C. Scanning electron micrographs of the ATBN modified imide resins were also recorded.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
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  • 81
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Prospective missions requiring large power supplies that might be satisfied with space nuclear reactors (SNR) are discussed, along with design concepts and problems and other potential high-power space systems. Having a minimum economic output of 10 kWe, SNR seem well-suited as the power sources for DBS systems, space-based ATC systems manned planetary missions, an expanding Space Station, materials processing, and outer planets missions. SNR avoid the large area problems of solar cell arrays, short lifetimes of thermionic converters, and vibration and heat control in Stirling engines. Design problems exist for SNR in the heat transfer and rejection systems, radioactive emissions and degradation of reactor materials, and size. The latter is a function of Shuttle payload constaints and raises the possibility of having to load the fuel while in orbit. The earliest operational date of SNRs is projected for the early 1990s, if progress is good in the current SP-100 program.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: IEEE Spectrum (ISSN 0018-9235); 21; 58-65
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  • 82
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The chemical compatibility of lithium with tows of carbon and aramid fibers and silicon carbide and boron monofilaments was investigated by encapsulating the fibers in liquid lithium and also by sintering. The lithium did not readily wet the various fibers. In particular, very little lithium infiltration into the carbon and aramid tows was achieved and the strength of the tows was seriously degraded. The strength of the boron and silicon carbide monofilaments, however, was not affected by the liquid lithium. Therefore lithium is not feasible as a matrix for carbon and aramid fibers, but a composite containing boron or silicon carbide fibers in a lithium matrix may be feasible for specialized applications.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Composites (ISSN 0010-4361); 15; 305-309
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  • 83
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 21; 563-572
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  • 84
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: An experimental study is reported in which a nondestructive technique involving the use of a transparent fiberglass-epoxy composite birefringent material has been used to investigate compression failure mechanisms in graphite-epoxy laminates. It is shown that the birefringency and transparency of the fiberglass-epoxy material permits regions of high stress to be located and the mechanisms of local failure propagation to be identified within the laminate. The material may also be useful for studying stress fields and for identifying failure initiation and propagation mechanisms in a wide variety of composite-structure problems.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Experimental Techniques (ISSN 0732-8818); 8; 24
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  • 85
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The feasibility of modifying resin matrix composites to reduce the potential of electrical shorting from fire released fiber was explored. The effort included modifications to or coatings for graphite fibers, alternative fibers, modifications to matrix materials, and hybrid composites. The objectives included reduction of the conductivity of the graphite fiber, char formation to reduce fiber release, glass formation to prevent fiber release, catalysis to assure fiber consumption in a fire, and replacement of the graphite fibers with nonconductive fibers of similar mechanical potential.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Executive Office of the President Carbon(Graphite Composite Material Study; p 101-105
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  • 86
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The state of the art of PAN based carbon fiber manufacture and the science of fiber behavior is surveyed. A review is given of the stabilization by oxidation and the subsequent carbonization of fibers, of the apparent structure of fibers deduced from scanning electron microscopy, from X-ray scattering, and from similarities with soft carbons, and of the known relations between fiber properties and heat treatment temperature. A simplified model is invoked to explain the electrical properties of fibers and recent quantum chemical calculations on atomic clusters are used to elucidate some aspects of fiber conductivity. Some effects of intercalation and oxidative modification of finished fibers are summarized.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: American Chemical Society The 16th Natl. Symp. on Polymers in the Serv. of Man; p 125-130
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  • 87
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper employs relative defect concentrations, energy levels, capture cross sections, and minority carrier diffusion lengths in order to identify the defect responsible for the reverse annealing observed in a radiation damaged n(+)/p silicon solar cell. It is reported that the responsible defect, with the energy level at +0.30 eV, has been tentatively identified as boron-oxygen-vacancy complex. In conclusion, it is shown that removal of this defect could result in significant cell recovery when annealing at temperatures well below the currently required 400 C.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: Applied Physics Letters; 36; Apr. 15
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  • 88
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A method for making aluminum-mica particle composites is presented in which mica particles are stirred in molten aluminum alloys followed by casting in permanent molds. Magnesium is added either as an alloying element or in the form of pieces to the surface of the alloy melts to disperse up to 3 wt% mica powders in the melts and to obtain high recoveries of mica in the castings. The mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy-mica composite decrease with increasing mica content; however, even at 2.2% it has a tensile strength of 14.22 kg/sq mm with 1.1% elongation, a compression strength of 42.61 kg/sq mm, and an impact strength of 0.30 kgm/sq cm. Cryogenic and self-lubricating bearing are mentioned applications.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Journal of Materials Science; 15; May 1980
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  • 89
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The status of a fluorine/hydrazine thruster development program is discussed. A solid rhenium metal sea-level thrust chamber was successfully fabricated and tested for a total run duration of 1075 s with 17 starts. Rhenium fabrication methods are discussed. A test program was conducted to evaluate performance and chamber cooling. Acceptable performance was reached and cooling was adequate. A flight-type injector was fabricated that achieved an average extrapolated performance value of 3608 N-s/kg (368 lbf-s/lbm). Altitude thrust chambers were fabricated. One chamber incorporates a rhenium combustor and nozzle with an area ratio of 15:1, and a columbium nozzle extension with area ratios from 15:1 to 60:1. The other chamber was fabricated completely with a carbon/carbon composite. Because of the attributes of rhenium for use in high-temperature applications, a program to provide the materials and processes technology needed to reliably fabricate and/or repair vapor-deposited rhenium parts of relatively large size and complex shape is recommended.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: APL The 1983 JANNAF Propulsion Meeting, Vol. 1; p 85-90
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  • 90
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The group of techniques that as a class are referred to as synthetic battery cycling are described with reference to spacecraft battery systems. Synthetic battery cycling makes use of the capability of computer graphics to illustrate some of the basic characteristics of operation of individual electrodes within an operating electrochemical cell. It can also simulate the operation of an entire string of cells that are used as the energy storage subsystem of a power system.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: ESA 4th ESTEC Spacecraft Power-Conditioning Seminar; p 129-134
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  • 91
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Rechargeable nickel-hydrogen systems are described that more closely resemble a fuel cell system than a traditional nickel-cadmium battery pack. This was stimulated by the currently emerging requirements related to large manned and unmanned low Earth orbit applications. The resultant nickel-hydrogen battery system should have a number of features that would lead to improved reliability, reduced costs as well as superior energy density and cycle lives as compared to battery systems constructed from the current state-of-the-art nickel-hydrogen individual pressure vessel cells.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: ESA 4th ESTEC Spacecraft Power-Conditioning Seminar; p 115-121
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  • 92
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Partitioning of hydrogen chloride between the aerosol and gaseous phases in the first Space Shuttle exhaust cloud was experimentally investigated as the exhaust cloud was diluted with ambient air. Airborne measurements were obtained of gaseous hydrogen chloride (HCl), total HCl, relative humidity, and temperature to determine the conditions controlling HCl aerosol formation in the Shuttle exhaust cloud. Two segments of the cloud, each at a significantly different relative humidity, were monitored. Equilibrium predictions of HCl aerosol formation agreed with the measured HCl partitioning at the higher and lower relative humidity conditions, but do not agree at the aerosol formation threshold region. Measurements were taken in the Shuttle exhaust cloud from 8.6 min until 2 h and 8 min after launch. HCl concentrations ranged from 17.5 to 0.9 ppm and relative humidity from 86% to less than 10%.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 19; July-Aug
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  • 93
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Results of an exploration of the relationship between ultrasonic attenuation and fatigue survivability of graphite fiber epoxy composites fabricated under different cure conditions are reported. A total of 9 27 x 40 cm eight-ply graphite epoxy laminated specimens were formed, and fatigue tests were run on five partial samples at 73.5 N varying at 30 Hz, with tests ending at a 1.27 cm deflection. A pulsed oscillator generated sinusoidal waves and transducers recorded the passage of the ultrasonic waves for display on oscilloscopes. Cure pressures ranged from 0.52-0.85 MPa and cure temperatures were in the 150-200 C interval. Ultrasonic through-transmission at 4 MHz was performed prior to and during fatigue testing. The minimum void volume fraction occurred at 175 C and 0.86 MPa. The flexural stiffness decreased with the number of fatigue cycles past 10,000, when the attenuation also increased. Correlations were found between the 4.0 MHz signal attenuation and the void volume fraction, and between the number of fatigue cycles to failure and the 4.0 MHz signal attenuation.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Materials Evaluation; 40; Apr. 198
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  • 94
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The subject interface measurements are described for the Ion Auxiliary Propulsion System (IAPS) flight test of two 8-cm thrusters. The diagnostic devices and the effects to be measured include: 1) quartz crystal microbalances to detect nonvolatile deposition due to thruster operation; 2) warm and cold solar cell monitors for nonvolatile and volatile (mercury) deposition; 3) retarding potential ion collectors to characterize the low energy thruster ionic efflux; and 4) a probe to measure the spacecraft potential and thruster generated electron currents to biased spacecraft surfaces. The diagnostics will also assess space environmental interactions of the spacecraft and thrusters. The diagnostic data will characterize mercury thruster interfaces and provide data useful for future applications.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 95
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A study has been made of the changes in the mass, thickness and flexural properties of initially wet and dry specimens of graphite/epoxy composite material due to the equivalent of eight weeks of exposure to nonionizing space environmental parameters. The parameters were near and middle solar UV irradiance, high vacuum, and temperature. The flexural properties were not affected by the exposures. Changes occurred to the mass, dimensions, and surface morphology of the specimens which varied with individual and combined parameter exposures. The combined UV and elevated thermal environment had synergistic effects on the properties of the specimens.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Journal of Composite Materials; 14; Oct. 198
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  • 96
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The positron lifetime technique of monitoring absorbed moisture is applied to several composites, including graphite/polymides which are candidates for high-temperature (over 260 C) applications. The experimental setup is a conventional fast-slow coincidence system wherein the positron lifetime is measured with respect to a reference time determined by the detection of a nuclear gamma ray emitted simultaneously with the positron. From the experiments, a rate of change of positron mean lifetime per unit mass of water can be determined for each type of specimen. Positron lifetime spectra are presented for a graphite/polyimide composite and for a pure polyimide.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
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  • 97
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A comprehensive assessment of the possible damage to electrical and electronic equipment caused by accidental release of carbon fibers from burning civil aircraft with carbon composite parts was completed. The study concluded that the amount of fiber likely to be released is much lower than initially predicted. Carbon fiber released from an aircraft crash fire was found (from atmospheric dissemination models) to disperse over a much larger area than originally estimated, with correspondingly lower fiber concentrations. Long term redissemination of fiber was shown to be insignificant if reasonable care is exercised in accident cleanup. The vulnerability of electrical equipment to structural fibers in current use was low. Consumer appliances, industrial electronics, and avionics were essentially invulnerable to carbon fibers. Shock hazards (and thus potential injury or death) were found to be extremely unlikely.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Executive Office of the President Carbon(Graphite Composite Material Study; p 48-100
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  • 98
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The accidental release of carbon fibers from civil aircraft and the need for protection of civil aircraft systems from such fibers were studied. It was concluded that the electrical hazard from carbon fibers accidentally released in an aircraft crash fire pose no threat to human life. Overall costs associated with carbon fiber release are predicted to be extremely low. The risk of electrical or electronic failures due to carbon fibers is so minimal that future exploitation of carbon composites in aircraft should be continued. Additional protection of aircraft avionics to guard against carbon fibers is unnecessary. A program to develop alternate materials specifically to overcome the potential electrical hazard is not justified.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: Executive Office of the President Carbon(Graphite Composite Material Study; p 6-10
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  • 99
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The value of resin/carbon fiber composites as lightweight structures for aircraft and other vehicle applications is dependent on many properties: environmental stability, strength, toughness, resistance to burning, smoke produced when burning, raw material costs, and complexity of processing. A number of woven carbon fiber and epoxy resin composites were made. The epoxy resin was commercially available tetraglycidylmethylene dianiline. In addition, composites were made using epoxy resin modified with amine and carboxyl terminated butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer. Strength and toughness in flexure as well as oxygen index flammability and NBS smoke chamber tests of the composites are reported.
    Schlagwort(e): COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Materialart: American Chemical Society The 16th Natl. Symp. on Polymers in the Serv. of Man; p 131-135
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  • 100
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Small quantities of solid rocket motor propellant, of the type to launch the Space Shuttle, were burned at ambient pressure in the laboratory to provide aerosol samples for characterization. A portion of each sample was injected into an isothermal cloud chamber and the remainder into a 770-liter holding tank. Portable ice nucleus (IN) counters, filter devices for IN determinations and a cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) counter sampled from the tank. The measurements show that particles resulting from the combustion of the propellant are active IN (3.3 times 10 to the 8th to 1.5 times 10 to the 11th/g active at 20 C). The portable counters and filters detected significantly fewer IN than the isothermal cloud chamber. The propellant aerosol is a prolific source of CCN that swamped the instrument.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Materialart: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 19; Feb. 198
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