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  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (25,033)
  • SPACE SCIENCES  (12,837)
  • Adaptation
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  • 1
    Unknown
    Advances in Applied Self-organizing Systems (2008)
    London : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Artificial Life ; Bio-inspired Computing ; Bio-inspired Robotics ; Collective Behaviour ; Complex Systems ; Decentralized Management ; Distrbuted Management ; Distributed Computing ; Emergence ; Evolutinary Algorithms ; Immune Networks ; Information Transfer ; Multi-agent Systems ; Pattern Formation ; Self-assembly ; Self-organization ; Self-organizing Computation
    Description / Table of Contents: The main challenge faced by designers of self-organizing systems is how to validate and control non-deterministic dynamics. Over-engineering the system may completely suppress self-organization with an outside influence, eliminating emergent patterns and decreasing robustness, adaptability and scalability. Whilst leaving too much non-determinism in the system’s behaviour may make its verification and validation almost impossible. This book presents the state-of-the-practice in successfully engineered self-organizing systems, and examines ways to balance design and self organization in the context of applications. As demonstrated throughout, finding this balance helps to deal with diverse practical challenges. The book begins with the more established fields of traffic management and structural health monitoring, building up towards robotic teams, solving challenging tasks deployed in tough environments. The second half of the book follows with a deeper look into the micro-level, and considers local interactions between agents. These interactions lead towards self-modifying digital circuitry and self-managing grids, self-organizing data visualization and intrusion detection in computer networks, immunocomputing and nature-inspired computation, and eventually to artificial life. The case studies described illustrate the richness of the topic and provide guidance to its intricate areas. Many algorithms proposed and discussed in this volume are biologically inspired and readers will also gain an insight into cellular automata, genetic algorithms, artificial immune systems, snake-like locomotion, ant foraging, birds flocking and mutualistic biological ecosystems, amongst others. Demonstrating the practical relevance and applicability of self-organization, this book will be of interest to advanced students and researchers in a wide range of fields.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 375 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9781846289828
    URL: http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-1-84628-981-1/
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Louisiana's Response to Extreme Weather : A Coastal State's Adaptation Challenges and Successes (2020)
    Cham : Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Coastal Resilience ; Social Justice ; Extreme Weather ; Natural Disaster ; Disaster Recovery ; Adaptation ; Severe Storm ; Climate Change management ; Coastal hazards ; Hurricane ; Katrina ; Flood ; Gentrification ; Environmental Policy ; Water Policy ; Environmental Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction to the Book: “Ahead of the Curve” / Shirley Laska / Pages 1-31 --- Louisiana’s Risks Anticipating the Future Challenges to Other U.S. Coastal Communities --- Managing Risks in Louisiana’s Rapidly Changing Coastal Zone / Donald F. Boesch / Pages 35-62 --- Climate Adaptation Challenges and Solutions --- Connecting the Dots: The Origins, Evolutions, and Implications of the Map that Changed Post-Katrina Recovery Planning in New Orleans / Zachary Lamb / Pages 65-91 --- Antagonisms of Adaptation: Climate Change Adaptation Measures in New Orleans and New York City / Kevin Fox Gotham, Megan Faust / Pages 93-112 --- Adapting to a Smaller Coast: Restoration, Protection, and Social Justice in Coastal Louisiana / Scott A. Hemmerling, Monica Barra, Rebecca H. Bond / Pages 113-144 --- Relocation and Resettlement: An Extreme Adjustment --- Community Resettlement in Louisiana: Learning from Histories of Horror and Hope / Nathan Jessee / Pages 147-184 --- Sojourners in a New Land: Hope and Adaptive Traditions / Kristina J. Peterson / Pages 185-214 --- Types/Locations of Communities and Their Responses to Extreme Weather: Urban --- Post-disaster Development Dilemmas: Advancing Landscapes of Social Justice in a Neoliberal Post-disaster Landscape / Anna Livia Brand, Vern Baxter / Pages 217-240 --- Reimagining Housing: Affordability Crisis and Its Role in Disaster Resilience and Recovery / Andreanecia M. Morris, Lucas Diaz / Pages 241-259 --- Types/Locations of Communities and Their Responses to Extreme Weather: Suburban/Mid State --- The 2016 Unexpected Mid-State Louisiana Flood: With Special Focus on the Different Rescue and Recovery Responses It Engendered / Michelle Annette Meyer, Brant Mitchell, Shannon Van Zandt, Stuart Nolan / Pages 263-281 --- Types/Locations of Communities and Their Responses to Extreme Weather: Rural --- Challenges of Post-Disaster Recovery in Rural Areas / Alessandra Jerolleman / Pages 285-310 --- Types/Locations of Communities and Their Responses to Extreme Weather: Coupled Coastal-Inland --- Regional Resilience: Building Adaptive Capacity and Community Well-Being Across Louisiana’s Dynamic Coastal–Inland Continuum / Traci Birch, Jeff Carney / Pages 313-340
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 361 pages) , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    ISBN: 9783030272050
    URL: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-27205-0
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Chapter Teatro e violenza in Moby Dick — Rehearsed di Orson Welles (2024)
    Firenze University Press | USiena Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: Moby Dick Rehearsed is a magnificent experiment in the style of Orson Welles, whose talent explores in depth the texture of Melville's novel in an attempt to put it on stage. The analysis shows how the play - performed in New York in 1955 - sheds light on Welles's idea of the theater as a laboratory to experiment with the possibilities of this peculiar form of entertainment. The novel's inner violence and theatrical power become evident when Welles stages a rehearsal of Moby Dick by a company of actors used to act in Shakespeare's Hamlet in 1955. The well-known influence of Shakespeare on Melville's novel emerges from the play, which became a book published by Samuel French in 1965 in New York. Its Italian translation by Cristina Viti - Moby Dick. Prove per un dramma in due atti - provides the base for Elio De Capitani's mise en scene of the play in Milan in 2022, under the title of Moby-Dick alla prova.
    Keywords: Adaptation ; violence ; rehearsal ; experiment ; performance ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATD Theatre studies
    Language: Italian
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  • 4
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    People or Property (2023)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: This open access book explores the intersection of property law, relocation, and resettlement processes in the United States and among communities that grapple with migration as an adaptation strategy. As communities face the prospect of relocating because of rising seas, policy makers, disaster specialists, and community leaders are scrambling to understand what adaptation pathways are legally possible. While in its ideal application, law functions blindly and without variation, the authors find that legal contradictions come to bear on resettlement processes and place certain communities further in harm’s way. This book will unearth these contradictions in order to understand why successful community-based resettlement has presented such a challenge to communities that are experiencing increasing land deterioration as a result of climate change.
    Keywords: Environmental politics ; Property Law ; Migration ; United States ; Relocation ; Resettlement ; Climate Change ; Climate justice ; Adaptation ; Climate disaster ; Community-based resettlement ; Land deterioration ; Policy ; Emergency management ; Public administration ; Disaster ; Emergencies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPQ Central government::JPQB Central government policies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPP Public administration ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LA Jurisprudence & general issues::LAF Systems of law::LAFD Civil codes / Civil law ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPA Political science & theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Chapter Tres ingenios al servicio de un canónigo: de La cortesana en la sierra… a L’infanta villana de Carlo Celano (2022)
    Firenze University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: Analysis of the seventeenth-century theatrical adaptation of the Neapolitan Carlo Celano, L’infanta villana, and the Spanish source identified, La cortesana en la sierra y fortunas de don Manrique de Lara, written in collaboration by Juan de Matos Fragoso (I act), Juan Bautista Diamante (II act) and Juan Vélez de Guevara (III act). It focuses in particular on two sequences - one serious and one comic - that allow to verify the degree of dramatic and rhetorical adaptation and the translatability of humor compared with the prototext.
    Keywords: Italian Comedy spagnoleggiante ; Carlo Celano ; Juan de Matos Fragoso ; Juan Bautista Diamante ; Juan Vélez de Guevara ; Adaptation ; Translation
    Language: Spanish
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  • 6
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    Phenotypic Plasticity & Evolution (2021)
    Taylor & Francis | CRC Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Phenotypic plasticity – the ability of an individual organism to alter its features in direct response to a change in its environment – is ubiquitous. Understanding how and why this phenomenon exists is crucial because it unites all levels of biological inquiry. This book brings together researchers who approach plasticity from diverse perspectives to explore new ideas and recent findings about the causes and consequences of plasticity. Contributors also discuss such controversial topics as how plasticity shapes ecological and evolutionary processes; whether specific plastic responses can be passed to offspring; and whether plasticity has left an important imprint on the history of life. Importantly, each chapter highlights key questions for future research. Drawing on numerous studies of plasticity in natural populations of plants and animals, this book aims to foster greater appreciation for this important, but frequently misunderstood phenomenon. Key Features Written in an accessible style with numerous illustrations, including many in color Reviews the history of the study of plasticity, including Darwin’s views Most chapters conclude with recommendations for future research
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Developmental Mechanisms ; Epigenetics ; Origins of Novelty ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAJ Evolution ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSG Microbiology (non-medical)
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Successes at the Interface of Ocean, Climate and Humans (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
    Keywords: Resilience ; Adaptation ; Blue Carbon ; Ecosystems ; Ocean Optimism ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBK Hydrology and the hydrosphere::RBKC Oceanography (seas and oceans)
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Chapter New Features of the rivershore: climate change and new relations between town and water (2022)
    Firenze University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: Climate scenarios show that Mediterranean areas will be affected by torrential patterns of rain, that can cause difficulties in urban life in coastal areas, mainly due to the draining systems and to the sea-level. Lisbon is on the estuary of Tagus river, which would be probably affected by run-off and by the forecasted rising sea-level. Redesigning its relationship with water, trying to make this urban area more resilient, becomes crucial and asks to study run-off and sea-level rise for 2100 and for intermediate steps, to adapt the urban life and its spaces to the occurring scenarios.
    Keywords: Waterfront ; Climate Change ; Adaptation ; Resilience ; Urban Strategic Projects
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Hidden Depths (2022)
    White Rose University Press | White Rose University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-06
    Description: In Hidden Depths, Professor Penny Spikins explores how our emotional connections have shaped human ancestry. Focusing on three key transitions in human origins, Professor Spikins explains how the emotional capacities of our early ancestors evolved in response to ecological changes, much like similar changes in other social mammals. For each transition, dedicated chapters examine evolutionary pressures, responses in changes in human emotional capacities and the archaeological evidence for human social behaviours. Starting from our earliest origins, in Part One, Professor Spikins explores how after two million years ago, movement of human ancestors into a new ecological niche drove new types of collaboration, including care for vulnerable members of the group. Emotional adaptations lead to cognitive changes, as new connections based on compassion, generosity, trust and inclusion also changed our relationship to material things. Part Two explores a later key transition in human emotional capacities occurring after 300,000 years ago. At this time changes in social tolerance allowed ancestors of our own species to further reach out beyond their local group and care about distant allies, making human communities resilient to environmental changes. An increasingly close relationship to animals, and even to cherished possessions, appeared at this time, and can be explained through new human vulnerabilities and ways of seeking comfort and belonging. Lastly, Part Three focuses on the contrasts in emotional dispositions arising between ourselves and our close cousins, the Neanderthals. Neanderthals are revealed as equally caring yet emotionally different humans, who might, if things had been different, have been in our place today. This new narrative breaks away from traditional views of human evolution as exceptional or as a linear progression towards a more perfect form. Instead, our evolutionary history is situated within similar processes occurring in other mammals, and explained as one in which emotions, rather than ‘intellect’, were key to our evolutionary journey. Moreover, changes in emotional capacities and dispositions are seen as part of differing pathways each bringing strengths, weaknesses and compromises. These hidden depths provide an explanation for many of the emotional sensitivities and vulnerabilities which continue to influence our world today.
    Keywords: Human demography ; Group size ; Lithic transfers ; Raw material movements ; Bonobos ; Dog burial ; Comfort ; Symbolic objects ; Symbolism ; Mobiliary art ; Attachment fluidity ; Hypersociability ; Human-animal relationships ; Dog domestication ; Attachment object ; Approachability ; Approach behaviour ; Avoidance behaviour ; Androgens ; Physiological responses ; Cognitive Archaeology ; Autism Spectrum Condition ; Handaxe ; Biface ; Neurodiversity ; Palaeolithic stone tools ; Evolution of neurodiversity ; Rock art ; Ice age art ; Material Culture ; Cultural transmission ; Emotional commitment ; Biopsychosocial approach ; Social tolerance ; Attachment ; Genus Homo ; Acheulian ; Cultural evolution ; Skeletal abnormality ; Injury ; Illness ; Interdependence ; Emotional sensitivity ; Moral emotions ; Evolution of Altruism ; Hominins ; Upper Palaeolithic ; Lower Palaeolithic ; Ecological niche ; Selective pressure ; Behavioural ecology ; Wolves ; Affective empathy ; Cognitive empathy ; Theory of mind ; Human Cognition ; Vulnerability ; Evolutionary Psychology ; Developmental psychology ; Helping behaviours ; Social cognition ; Social mammals ; Human Emotion ; Human social collaboration ; Generosity ; Emotional brain ; Social emotions ; Comparative behaviour ; Evolution ; Social carnivores ; Primate behavioural ecology ; Primate social systems ; Human Evolution ; Human ancestors ; Collaboration ; Evolutionary Biology ; Emotional vulnerability ; Social connection ; Decolonisation ; Social networks ; Middle Palaeolithic ; Community resilience ; Convergent evolution ; Chimpanzee ; Origin of modern humans ; Social safeness ; Wolf domestication ; Cherished possessions ; Compensatory attachment ; Loneliness ; Palaeolithic art ; Stress reactivity ; Bonding hormones ; Humans ; Hunter-gatherers ; Intergroup collaboration ; Tolerance ; Emotional connection ; Autism ; Trust ; Early Prehistory ; Palaeopathology ; Origins of healthcare ; Human self-domestication ; Palaeolithic Archaeology ; Social brain ; Care-giving ; Empathy ; Neanderthals ; Compassion ; Social Connection ; Evolution of Emotions ; Human Origins ; Adaptation ; Prehistory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HD Archaeology ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAJ Evolution ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPW Political activism::JPWQ Revolutionary groups & movements ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    The Mediatization of the O.J. Simpson Case (2023)
    transcript Verlag | transcript Verlag
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: F. Scott Fitzgerald once said: »Show me a hero, and I'll write you a tragedy.« In the 1990s, nobody fell deeper than O.J. Simpson. Once considered a national treasure, the athlete was accused of brutally slaying his ex-wife Nicole Brown and her friend Ronald Goldman on June 12, 1994. Within days, the media and public developed an unprecedented obsession with the story, turning a murder investigation and trial into a sensationalized reality show. Tatjana Neubauer examines the mediatization, deliberate manipulation, and the simplification of popular criminal trials for profit on television. She demonstrates that TV conflated legal proceedings into entertainment programming by commodifying events, people, and places.
    Keywords: Mediatization ; O.J. Simpson ; Reality Television ; Court TV ; Adaptation ; Media ; America ; Television ; Media Theory ; Cultural Studies ; Media Studies ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATJ Television ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCT Media studies::JBCT2 Media studies: TV and society ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCC Cultural studies
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: This open-access book explores the security dynamics amid the polarization, shifting borders, and liquid governance that define the Zeitenwende era in Europe's eastern neighbourhood and Central Asia. Presenting various case studies, the volume unveils the intricate web of border dynamics and practices, including the nuanced interplay of border disputes within the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) member states. The contributions shed new light on how contested borders and liquid modes of governance have impacted the engagement of international organizations such as the European Union (EU), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and OSCE in security crises and conflict prevention. Delving deeper, a special part dissects the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict and examines European and international responses. By analyzing the stances of diverse European countries, their neighborhood, and international organizations, this section uncovers commonalities and disparities in their approaches to the Ukrainian crisis.
    Keywords: Norm diffusion ; Public diplomacy ; Adaptation ; Feminist Foreign Policy ; Russian War ; War in Ukraine ; Human rights ; Transitional justice ; Sustaining peace ; Localization ; Globalization ; Security ; Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ; OSCE ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPQ Central government ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPV Political control & freedoms::JPVH Human rights ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations::JPSD Diplomacy
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Methode zur Messung des Einflusses von Lichtimpulsen auf die visuelle Leistungsfähigkeit (2021)
    KIT Scientific Publishing | KIT Scientific Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Due to its dynamic range, the human eye can adapt to a wide variety of light situations within a very short time. If the dynamic range of the eye is insufficient, glare occurs. There is no suitable objective measurement method to describe the effects on visual performance and its course. This was developed and validated as part of this work.
    Keywords: Blendung ; Adaptation ; Licht ; Visuelle Wahrnehmung ; Kurzzeitgedächtnis ; Glare ; Adaption ; Light ; VisualPperception ; Short Time Memory ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TH Energy technology and engineering::THR Electrical engineering
    Language: German
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  • 13
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    Genetics and Genomics of Forest Trees (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Forest tree genetics and genomics are advancing at an accelerated rate, thanks to recent developments in high-throughput, next-generation sequencing capabilities, and novel biostatistical tools. Population and landscape genetics and genomics have seen the rise of new approaches implemented in large-scale studies that employ the use of genome-wide sampling. Such studies have started to discern the dynamics of neutral and adaptive variation in nature and the processes that underlie spatially explicit patterns of genetic and genomic variation in nature. The continuous development of genetic maps in forest trees and the expansion of QTL and association mapping approaches contribute to the unravelling of the genotype-phenotype relationship and lead to marker-assisted and genome-wide selection. However, major challenges lie ahead. Recent literature suggests that species demography and genetic diversity have been affected both by climatic oscillations and anthropogenically induced stresses in a way calls into question the possibility of future adaptation. Moreover, the pace of contemporary environmental change presents a great challenge to forest tree populations and their ability to adapt, taking into consideration their life history characteristics. Several questions emerge that include, but are not limited to, the interpretation of forest tree genome surveillance and their structural/functional properties, the adaptive and neutral processes that have shaped forest tree genomes, the analysis of phenotypic traits relevant to adaptation (especially adaptation under contemporary climate change), the link between epigenetics/epigenomics and phenotype/genotype, and the use of genetics/genomics as well as genetic monitoring to advance conservation priorities.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; GE1-350 ; SD1-669.5 ; QTL/Association Mapping ; Management of Forest Genetic Resources ; Phylogeography ; Epigenetics/Epigenomics ; Molecular Evolution ; Proteomics ; Functional Genomics ; Population/Landscape Genetics/Genomics ; Conservation Genetics/Genomics ; Adaptation ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Dialogues between Media (2021)
    De Gruyter
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-26
    Description: This book unites essays on the interplay of media or inter-arts studies, as well as papers with a focus on comics studies, further testimony to the fact that comics have truly arrived in mainstream academic discourse. "Adaptation" is a key term for the studies presented in this volume various articles discuss the adaptation of literary source texts in different target media - cinematic versions, comics adaptations, TV series, theatre, and opera.
    Keywords: Adaptation ; intermediality ; comics studies ; world literature ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism::DSB Literary studies: general
    Language: English , German , French
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  • 15
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    Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: This open-access book explores the security dynamics amid the polarization, shifting borders, and liquid governance that define the Zeitenwende era in Europe's eastern neighbourhood and Central Asia. Presenting various case studies, the volume unveils the intricate web of border dynamics and practices, including the nuanced interplay of border disputes within the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) member states. The contributions shed new light on how contested borders and liquid modes of governance have impacted the engagement of international organizations such as the European Union (EU), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and OSCE in security crises and conflict prevention. Delving deeper, a special part dissects the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict and examines European and international responses. By analyzing the stances of diverse European countries, their neighborhood, and international organizations, this section uncovers commonalities and disparities in their approaches to the Ukrainian crisis.
    Keywords: Norm diffusion ; Public diplomacy ; Adaptation ; Feminist Foreign Policy ; Russian War ; War in Ukraine ; Human rights ; Transitional justice ; Sustaining peace ; Localization ; Globalization ; Security ; Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ; OSCE ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPH Political structure & processes ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPA Political science & theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations::JPSD Diplomacy
    Language: English
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feeding rats a diet enriched with saturated fatty acids prevents the inhibitory effects of acute and chronic ethanol exposure on the in vitro uptake of hexoses and lipids
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 1084 (1991), S. 122-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: Absorption ; Adaptation ; Alcohol ; Cholesterol ; Fatty acids ; Galactose ; Glucose ; Hexose
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2760(91)90210-9
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New trends in photobiology - Intracellular processing of a spatially non-uniform stimulus: Case study of phototropism in Phycomyces
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 19 (1993), S. 161-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1011-1344
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Directional growth ; Lens effect ; Pattern of excitation ; Symmetry breaks ; UV-receptor.
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/1011-1344(93)87082-X
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New trends in photobiology - Adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus of cyanobacteria to light and co"2
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 21 (1993), S. 3-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1011-1344
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Carbon ; Cyanobacteria ; Light quality/intensity ; Photosystems I/II ; Phycobilisomes
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/1011-1344(93)80159-7
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid exploration of alternatives via chaos
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biosystems 32 (1994), S. 93-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0303-2647
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Analytic maps ; Temporary chaos
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0303-2647(94)90034-5
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic implications of structural modification in protein turnover
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biosystems 22 (1989), S. 241-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0303-2647
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Catastrophe ; D1 protein ; Degradation ; Homeostasis ; Model
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0303-2647(89)90065-8
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptive modification of membrane lipids in Tetrahymena pyriformis during starvation - Alterations in phospholipid composition and positional distribution of fatty acyl chains
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 666 (1981), S. 36-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: (Tetrahymena) ; Acyl chain ; Adaptation ; Membrane lipid ; Phospholipid ; Positional distribution ; Starvation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2760(81)90088-6
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    Purification and partial characterization of a procaryotic glycoprotein from the plasma membrane of Thermoplasma acidophilum
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 556 (1979), S. 265-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Mass spectrometry, Thermoplasma acidophilum) ; Adaptation ; Plasma membrane ; Prokaryotic glycoprotein
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(79)90047-6
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    Crypt cell production rate, enterocyte turnover time and appearance of transport along the jejunal villus of the rat
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 1191 (1994), S. 197-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Jejunum) ; Abdominal radiation ; Absorption ; Adaptation ; Crypt cell production rate ; Diabetes ; Enterocyte turnover time ; Intestinal resection
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(94)90249-6
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    Dietary regulation of pancreatic protein synthesis - II. Kinetics of adaptation of protein synthesis and its effect on enzyme content
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    BBA Section Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis 654 (1981), S. 119-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2787
    Keywords: (Rat pancreas) ; Adaptation ; Dietary regulation ; Enzyme synthesis ; Protein synthesis
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2787(81)90143-X
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    Effect of diet composition on the protein synthetic pattern of the rat pancreas after a feeding period of five days
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    BBA Section Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis 606 (1980), S. 138-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2787
    Keywords: (Pancreas) ; Adaptation ; Diet effect ; Protein synthesis ; Secretory proteins
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2787(80)90105-7
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  • 26
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    Characterization of an Escherichia coli gene encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) : structural similarity to mammalian ALDHs and a plant BADH
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Gene 103 (1991), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0378-1119
    Keywords: Adaptation ; cloning ; eukaryote-prokaryote divergence ; evolution ; fungal ALDH ; homeostatic functions ; nucleotide sequence ; osmoregulation ; protein homology ; salt tolerance
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0378-1119(91)90389-S
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    Dietary regulation of pancreatic protein synthesis - I. Rapid and specific modulation of enzyme synthesis by changes in dietary composition
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    BBA Section Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis 654 (1981), S. 111-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2787
    Keywords: (Rat pancreas) ; Adaptation ; Dietary regulation ; Enzyme synthesis ; Protein synthesis
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2787(81)90142-8
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  • 28
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    Comparative behavior of three wheat cultivars and their mixture in India, Nepal and Pakistan
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Field Crops Research 39 (1994), S. 71-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0378-4290
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Crop mixtures ; G x E interaction ; Multilines ; Stability ; Sustainability ; Varietal mixtures
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(94)90010-8
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  • 29
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    Calcium regulates the rate of rhodopsin disactivation and the primary amplification step in visual transduction
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    FEBS Letters 242 (1989), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Ca^2^+ ; Light scattering ; Phosphorylation ; Photoreception ; Rhodopsin ; Transducin disactivation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0014-5793(89)80479-X
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    The mechanism of neuronal resistance and adaptation to hypoxia
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    FEBS Letters 224 (1987), S. 4-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Ca^2^+ influx ; Hypoxia ; Neuronal resistance ; Taurine
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0014-5793(87)80411-8
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  • 31
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    Biochemical basis for glyphosate-tolerance in a bacterium and a plant tissue culture
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    FEBS Letters 157 (1983), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Keywords: 5-Enolpyruvylshikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase ; Adaptation ; Enzyme inhibition Tolerance ; Glyphosate
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0014-5793(83)81143-0
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  • 32
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    Myosin isozyme changes in the heart following constriction of the ascending aorta of a 25-day old rat
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    FEBS Letters 161 (1983), S. 230-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Cardiac hypertrophy ; Light chain ; Myosin isozyme
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0014-5793(83)81014-X
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  • 33
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    Microbial responses to experimental sea-ice formation: Implications for the establishment of Antarctic sea-ice communities
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 173 (1993), S. 273-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-0981
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Antarctica ; Bacteria ; Physiology ; Phytoplankton ; Sea-ice formation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(93)90058-V
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    Pheromone-induced second-messenger signaling in insect antennae
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 23 (1993), S. 757-762 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-1748
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Cyclic GMP ; Heliothis virescens ; Inositol trisphosphate ; Pheromones ; Primary reaction
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0965-1748(93)90063-X
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    New trends in photobiology - Short-term adaptation of plants to changing light intensities and its relation to Photosystem II photochemistry and fluorescence emission
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 26 (1994), S. 3-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1011-1344
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Chlorophyll ; Fluorescence ; Photoinhibition ; Photosynthesis ; Photosystem II
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/1011-1344(94)85032-1
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    Carbon affinity adaptation of Synechococcus and its phycocyanin mutant to various CO"2 concentrations and light intensities
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 26 (1994), S. 97-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1011-1344
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Carbon uptake ; Phycocyanin mutant ; Synechococcus
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/1011-1344(94)85040-2
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    Some electrical properties of the cercal anemoreceptors of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part A: Physiology 107 (1994), S. 357-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 0300-9629
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Cercus ; Cereal filiform sensilla ; Insect ; Mechanoreceptor ; Periplaneta americana ; Receptor potentials ; Sensory neurons
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(94)90393-X
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    Ovarian melanotropic peptides and adaptation in two teleostean species: Sparus aurata L. and Dicentrarchus labrax L.
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Peptides 15 (1994), S. 927-931 
    Details
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Melanotropic peptides ; Sea bass ; Sea bream
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0196-9781(94)90052-3
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    The lifetime of photosensory signals in Halobacterium halobium and its dependence on protein methylation
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Molecular Cell Research 1052 (1990), S. 96-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0167-4889
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Archaebacteria (H. halobium) ; Photobehavior ; Protein methylation ; Signal lifetime ; Signal transduction
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0167-4889(90)90062-I
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    Thermal properties of NAD malate dehydrogenase and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase in two genotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana (Cruciferae) from contrasting environments
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Plant Science Letters 31 (1983), S. 35-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0304-4211
    Keywords: Acclimation ; Adaptation ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; Ecotypes ; Enzymes ; Thermostability
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4211(83)90127-X
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    The effect of inositol hexaphosphate in the high-affinity hemoglobin of the Andean chicken (Gallus gallus)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part B: Biochemistry and 109 (1994), S. 437-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0305-0491
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Chicken ; Hemoglobin affinity ; High altitude ; Hypoxia ; Inositol hexaphosphate ; Inositol pentaphosphate ; P50
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0305-0491(94)90026-4
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    Basic mechanisms in thermal long-term and short-term adaptation
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Thermal Biology 11 (1986), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0306-4565
    Keywords: Adaptation ; brown adipose tissue ; nonshivering thermogenesis ; nucleus raphe magnus ; subcoeruleus area ; thermal receptors
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306-4565(86)90022-7
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    Transposable elements in mosquitoes and other insect species
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part B: Biochemistry and 109 (1994), S. 531-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 0305-0491
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Biodiversity ; Gene amplification ; Insecticide resistance ; LINE ; Molecular evolution ; Mosquitoes ; Repetitive sequences ; Transposable elements
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0305-0491(94)90115-5
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    Thermal adaptation and acclimation of ecotypic populations of Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. (Lemnaceae): Morphology and growth rates
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Thermal Biology 6 (1981), S. 121-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0306-4565
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Lemnaceae ; Spirodela polyrhiza ; acclimation ; acclimatory changes ; clones ; ecotypes ; greater duckweed ; growth rates ; morphology ; thermal effects
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306-4565(81)90047-4
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    Thermal adaptation and acclimation of ecotypic populations of Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) schleid. (lemnaceae): Temperature dependency of K"m of nad malate dehydrogenase
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Thermal Biology 8 (1983), S. 289-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0306-4565
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Lemnaceae ; Michaelis-Menten constant ; NAD malate dehydrogenase ; Spirodela polyrhiza ; acclimation ; acclimatory changes ; clones ; ecotypes ; greater duckweed ; specific activity ; thermal effects K"m
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306-4565(83)90011-6
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    Adaptation of Drosophila enzymes to temperature-VI. Acclimation studies using the malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) systems
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Thermal Biology 14 (1989), S. 55-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0306-4565
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Drosophila ; acclimation ; development ; enzyme kinetics ; enzymes ; lactate dehydrogenase ; malate dehydrogenase
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306-4565(89)90013-2
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    Increased intestinal iron absorption in rats with normal hepatic iron stores. Kinetic aspects of the adaptative response to parenteral iron repletion in dietary iron deficiency
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects 1033 (1990), S. 277-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0304-4165
    Keywords: (Rat) ; Adaptation ; Ferritin ; Instestine ; Iron absorption ; Kinetics ; Non-heme iron
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0304-4165(90)90133-H
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    Modeling adaptive biological systems
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biosystems 23 (1989), S. 113-137 
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    ISSN: 0303-2647
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Complex systems ; Evolution ; Modeling ; Networks ; Self-organization
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0303-2647(89)90016-6
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    The growth of Escherichia coli in glucose-limited chemostat cultures: a re-examination of the kinetics
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects 1201 (1994), S. 424-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 0304-4165
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Continuous culture ; E. coli ; Kinetics ; Non-equilibrium thermodynamics ; Oligotrophy ; Sugar analysis
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0304-4165(94)90072-8
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    Microbial ecology of the subsurface at an abandoned creosote waste site (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 109-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Ground water ; Biodegradation ; Hydrocarbon ; Adaptation ; Subsurface ; Creosote ; Microorganism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The microbial ecology of pristine, slightly contaminated, and heavily contaminated subsurface materials, and four subsurface materials on the periphery of the plume at an abandoned creosote waste site was investigated. Except for the unsaturated zone of the heavily contaminated material, mineralization of glucose (13.5 ppb) indicated a metabolically active microflora in all subsurface materials. However, mineralization (〈40%) of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and 2-methylnaphthalene was observed in contaminated material and material from the periphery of the plume, but not in pristine material. Pentachlorophenol was mineralized in material from the periphery of the plume. Inorganic and organic nutrient amendments and changes in pH and temperature did not increase the extent of mineralization of the aromatic compounds. An array of organic compounds found in creosote were biotransformed in contaminated ground water; however some compounds were still detected after 7 months of incubation. The data suggest that the subsurface microflora in slightly and heavily contaminated subsurface materials and materials from the periphery of the plume has adapted to degrade many compounds found in creosote.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569795
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    The role of culture in the technological advancement process (1993)
    Springer
    AI & society 7 (1993), S. 248-252 
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    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: Culture ; Technology ; Cold utilitarianism ; Adaptation ; Civilization ; Western culture ; Eastern culture ; Instrumentality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The role of cultural models in the process of adaptation to the new technologies is very different according to different civilizations. Some basic cultural items seem to be particularly crucial, such as, for example, the levels of pragmatism or rationalism which characterize a civilization or some periods of its history. This paper presents a sketch aimed at setting up a comparison between Western and Eastern cultures facing the problem of adapting to new technologies. The concept ofcold utilitarianism is introduced. It allows a way of defining adaptation which is only partial and contradictory in Western culture, while it completely describes, though perhaps provisionally, the Eastern way of making and using technology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01901820
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    The bioenergetic coordination of a complex biological system is revealed by its adaptation to changing environmental conditions (1996)
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 44 (1996), S. 283-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Anacystis nidulans ; Cyanobacteria ; Flow-force relationship ; Growth ; Phosphate uptake ; Selforganization of aquatic ecosystems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The properties of the phosphate uptake system of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans have been studied during the transition from a phosphate-deficient non-growing state to a non-deficient growing state. In the phosphate-deficient state the high affinity phosphate transport system in the cell membrane is extremely adaptive. As a result of these adaptive features the phosphate transport system cannot be described by determinate, fixed parameters, because the transport system is influenced by the measurement of the uptake process itself. When the growing state has been initiated by a persisting phosphate pulse, the transport system rapidly loses its adaptive features and can then be characterized by determinate parameters that remain unchanged for a long period of time, even if no uptake occurs in that time. Depending on the amount of phosphate stored during a pulse the cell makes a choice between slow or fast growth. In the latter case the light harvesting and energy converting machinery is completely reorganized before growth commences. Thereby the components of this machinery conform to each other and to the stable properties of the phosphate transport system. It is suggested that the mutual adjustment of these adaptive energy converting subunits is guided by attractors that function as the final cause for the development of the whole system. An application of this model to an analysis of the selforganization of aquatic ecosystems is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046534
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    Bacteria tolerant to organic solvents (1998)
    Springer
    Extremophiles 2 (1998), S. 229-238 
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    ISSN: 1433-4909
    Keywords: Key words Solvent-tolerant bacteria ; Adaptation ; Resistance ; Toxicity ; Log P ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The toxic effects that organic solvents have on whole cells is an important drawback in the application of these solvents in environmental biotechnology and in the production of fine chemicals by whole-cell biotransformations. Hydrophobic organic solvents, such as toluene, are toxic for living organisms because they accumulate in and disrupt cell membranes. The toxicity of a compound correlates with the logarithm of its partition coefficient with octanol and water (log P ow). Substances with a log P ow value between 1 and 5 are, in general, toxic for whole cells. However, in recent years different bacterial strains have been isolated and characterized that can adapt to the presence of organic solvents. These strains grow in the presence of a second phase of solvents previously believed to be lethal. Different mechanisms contributing to the solvent tolerance of these strains have been found. Alterations in the composition of the cytoplasmic and outer membrane have been described. These adaptations suppress the effects of the solvents on the membrane stability or limit the rate of diffusion into the membrane. Furthermore, changes in the rate of the biosynthesis of the phospholipids were reported to accelerate repair processes. In addition to these adaptation mechanisms compensating the toxic effect of the organic solvents, mechanisms do exist that actively decrease the amount of the toxic solvent in the cells. An efflux system actively decreasing the amount of solvents in the cell has been described recently. We review here the current knowledge about exceptional strains that can grow in the presence of toxic solvents and the mechanisms responsible for their survival.
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    Bacillus sp. WW3-SN6, a novel facultatively alkaliphilic bacterium isolated from the washwaters of edible olives (2000)
    Springer
    Extremophiles 4 (2000), S. 201-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-4909
    Keywords: Key words Olive wastes ; Bacillus ; Alkaliphile ; Growth characteristics ; Lipid composition ; Phylogeny ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A novel Gram-positive facultatively alkaliphilic, sporulating, rod-shaped bacterium, designated as WW3-SN6, has been isolated from the alkaline washwaters derived from the preparation of edible olives. The bacterium is nonmotile, and flagella are not observed. It is oxidase positive and catalase negative. The facultative alkaliphile grows from pH 7.0 to 10.5, with a broad optimum from pH 8.0 to 9.0. It could grow in up to 15% (w/v) NaCl, and over the temperature range from 4° to 37°C, with an optimum between 27° and 32°C: therefore, it is both halotolerant and psychrotolerant. The bacterium is sensitive to a range of β-lactam, sulfonamide, and aminoglycoside antibiotics, but resistant to trimethoprim. The range of amino acids, sugars, and polyols utilized as growth substrates indicates that this alkaliphile is a heterotrophic bacterium. d(+)-glucose, d(+)-glucose-6-phosphate, d(+)-cellobiose, starch, or sucrose are the substrates best utilized. The major membrane lipids are phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol, with smaller amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine and an unknown phospholipid. During growth at high pH, the proportion of phosphatidylglycerol is increased relative to phosphatidylethanolamine. The fatty acyl components in the membrane phospholipids are mainly branched chain, with 13-methyl tetradecanoic and 12-methyl tetradecanoic acids as the predominant components. The G + C content of the genomic DNA is 41.1 ± 1.0 mol%. The results of 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis place this alkaliphilic bacterium in a cluster, together with an unnamed alkaliphilic Bacillus species (98.2% similarity).
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    Biochemical ecology of deep-sea animals (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 537-543 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Adaptation ; deep sea ; hydrostatic pressure ; hydrothermal vents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Deep-sea ecosystems contain unique endemic species whose distributions show strong vertical patterning in the case of pelagic animals and sharp horizontal patterning in the case of benthic animals living in or near the deep-sea hydothermal vents. This review discusses the biochemical adaptations that enable deep-sea animals to exploit diverse deep-sea habitats and that help establish biogeographic patterning in the deep-sea. The abilities of deep-sea animals to tolerate the pressure and temperature conditions of deep-sea habitats are due to pervasive adaptations at the biochemical level: enzymes exhibit reduced perturbation of function by pressure, membranes have fluidities adapted to deep-sea pressures and temperatures, and proteins show enhanced structural stability relative to homologous proteins from cold-adapted shallow-living species. Animals from the warmest habitable regions of hydrothermal vent ecosystems have enzymes and mitochondria adapted to high pressure and relatively high temperatures. The low metabolic rates of bathypelagic fishes correlate with greatly reduced capacities for ATP turnover in locomotory muscle. Reduced light and food availability in bathypelagic regions select for low rates of energy expenditure in locomotory activity. Deep-sea animals thus reflect the importance of biochemical adaptations in establishing species distribution patterns and appropriate rates of metabolic turnover in different ecosystems.
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    The prospects for an evolutionary psychology: Human language and human reasoning (1996)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 6 (1996), S. 541-557 
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    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Keywords: Adaptation ; cognition ; evolutionary psychology ; human evolution ; language ; rationality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Evolutionary psychology purports to explain human capacities as adaptations to an ancestral environment. A complete explanation of human language or human reasoning as adaptations depends on assessing an historical claim, that these capacities evolved under the pressure of natural selection and are prevalent because they provided systematic advantages to our ancestors. An outline of the character of the information needed in order to offer complete adaptation explanations is drawn from Robert Brandon (1990), and explanations offered for the evolution of language and reasoning within evolutionary psychology are evaluated. Pinker and Bloom's (1992) defense of human language as an adaptation for verbal communication, Robert Nozick's (1993) account of the evolutionary origin of rationality, and Cosmides and Tooby's (1992) explanation of human reasoning as an adaptation for social exchange, are discussed in light of what is known, and what is not known, about the history of human evolution. In each case, though a plausible case is made that these capacities are adaptations, there is not enough known to offer even a semblance of an explanation of the origin of these capacities. These explanations of the origin of human thought and language are simply speculations lacking the kind of detailed historical information required for an evolutionary explanation of an adaptation.
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    Ubiquitin gene expression: response to environmental changes (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 17-23 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Ubiquitin ; Regulation ; Adaptation ; Transcripts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary It has previously been shown that the yeast ubiquitin genes UBI1, 2 and 3 are strongly expressed during the log-phase of batch culture growth, whereas the UBI4 gene is weakly expressed. We found that heat shock, treatment with DNA-damaging agents, starvation, and the feeding of starved cells all transiently induced UBI4. These results suggest that UBI4 is induced whenever a change in culture conditions dictates a dramatic shift in cellular metabolism, and that UBI4 expression returns to lower levels once cellular metabolism has adapted to the new conditions. In contrast, all of the treatments tested, except starvation, transiently repressed the UBI1, 2 and 3 genes. Although starvation also repressed UBI1, 2 and 3 its effect was not transient, and expression only recovered upon the addition of fresh media. These results, together with others presented here, suggest that high levels of UBI1, 2 and 3 expression are dependant upon ongoing cell growth, and that treatments which slow or stop growth repress their expression.
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    Resolution of pheromone pulses in receptor cells of Antheraea polyphemus at different temperatures (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 179 (1996), S. 301-310 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Pheromone receptor cells ; Single sensillum recording ; Temperature dependence ; Nerve-impulse response ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ability of pheromone receptor cells of male Antheraea polyphemus (Saturniidae) to resolve stimulus pulses was determined at different temperatures (8°, 18°, 28°C). The cells were stimulated by repeated 20-ms puffs of the pheromone components (E, Z)-6, 11-hexadecadienyl acetate and (E, Z)-6,11-hexadecadienal. At higher temperatures, higher frequencies of stimulus pulses were resolved by the nerve-impulse response: about 1.25 pulses per second at 8°C, 2.5 pulses/s at 18°C and 5 pulses/s at 28°C. The decreased ability of receptor cells to resolve stimulus pulses at low temperatures may reduce the male moth's chance of reaching the pheromone source. The peak nerve-impulse frequency increased whereas the duration of nerve-impulse responses to single stimulus pulses decreased at higher temperatures. At a given temperature and stimulus intensity the peak nerveimpulse frequency decreased with shorter intervals between the stimulus pulses, but the duration of the responses remained almost constant. The time needed for recovery from adaptation caused by a single stimulus pulse was longer at lower temperatures. The aldehyde receptor cell recovered more quickly than the acetate cell. At low stimulus concentration, the resolution ability of the acetate cell was strongly decreased, whereas in the aldehyde cell it was only slightly impaired.
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    Temporal coding of pheromone pulses and trains in Manduca sexta (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 171 (1992), S. 505-512 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: anduca sexta ; Olfaction ; Pheromones ; Temporal coding ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We investigated the ability of pheromone-sensitive olfactory receptors of male Manduca sexta to respond to 20-ms pulses of bombykal, the major component of the conspecific pheromonal blend. Isolated pulses of bombykal elicited a burst of activity which decreased exponentially with a time constant of 160–250 ms. Trains of pulses delivered at increasing frequencies (0.5–10 Hz) elicited temporally modulated responses at up to 3 Hz. Concentration of the stimulus (1, 10, 100 ng per odor source) had a marginal effect on the temporal resolution of the receptors. Within a train, the responses to individual pulses remained constant, except for 10-Hz trains (short-term adaptation). A dose-dependent decline of responsiveness was observed during experiments (long-term adaptation). Although individual neurons may not respond faithfully to each pulse of a train, the population of receptors sampled in this study appears to be capable of encoding the onset of odor pulses at frequencies of up to at least 3 Hz.
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    Light-induced changes in extracellular calcium concentration in the compound eye of Calliphora, Locusta and Apis (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 171 (1992), S. 573-581 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Insect retina ; Extracellular calcium ; Species differences ; Photoreceptor ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ion-selective microelectrodes inserted into the compound eyes of Calliphora, Locusta and Apis were used to monitor the changes in extracellular concentration of Ca2+ (Cao) brought about by a 1-min exposure to white light (maximal luminous intensity ca. 103 cd/m2). In the blowfly retina such stimulation causes a decrease in Cao. At high light intensities the Cao signal is phasic, falling over about 6 s to a transient light-induced minimum (ΔCao= -6.2% ± 0.4%, n = 20, SE) and then rising to an approximately stable plateau (-3.3% ± 0.6%). In migratory locusts the light-induced minimum corresponds to a ΔCao of -13.8% ± 1.6% (n = 10), and at the plateau the Cao decrease is-13.2% ± 1.5%. In honey-bees Cao at first decreases only slightly, by -2.6% ± 1.0% (n = 10); by the end of the 1-min stimulus the extracellular concentration averages 33.6% ± 14.6% above the dark level. The results suggest a relationship between the position of the characteristic curve of the photoreceptor in the dark-adapted state, the occurrence of quantum bumps, and light-induced increases or decreases in Cao. Therefore the species differences might be interpreted as a consequence of differences in the intracellular dark concentration of Ca2+.
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    Three modes of spatiotemporal preprocessing by eyes (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 172 (1993), S. 583-591 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Natural images ; Spatiotemporal filtering ; Adaptation ; Eye design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1. Optimal spatiotemporal filters for early vision were computed as a function of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and α, a parameter defined as the ratio of the width of the probability distribution of velocities as perceived by the naturally behaving animal, and the characteristic velocity of the photoreceptors (the velocity required to move across a receptor's receptive field in a receptor's integration time). Animals that move slowly, on average, compared with the characteristic velocity of their photoreceptors have α ≪ 1, animals that move fast have α ≫ 1. 2. For α ≪ 1, the temporal part of the optimal filter adapts more to different SNRs (light levels) than the spatial part, leading to large adjustments in temporal resolving power and strong self-inhibition at high SNR, but little lateral inhibition. 3. For α ≫ 1, the spatial part of the filter adapts more strongly than the temporal part, leading to strong lateral inhibition at high SNR, and little self-inhibition. 4. For α ≈ 1, both spatial and temporal properties change about equally much when varying SNR. 5. Varying the width of the angular sensitivity of the photoreceptors shows that for every combination of α and SNR there is an optimal width. Visual systems with large α need wider angular sensitivities, in particular at low SNR, in order to reach the information maximum than visual systems with small α.
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    Altered mechanoreceptor response in Drosophila bang-sensitive mutants (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 175 (1994), S. 267-278 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Bang sensitivity ; Mechanotransduction ; Adaptation ; Sensory coding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bang-sensitive mutants of Drosophila melano gaster (bas 1, bssMW1, eas2, tko25t) display seizure followed by paralysis when subjected to mechanical shock. However, no physiological or biochemical defect has been found to be common to all of these mutants. In order to observe the effects of bang-sensitive mutations upon an identified neuron, and to study the nature of mechanically induced paralysis, we examined the response of a mechanosensory neuron in these mutants. In each single mutant and the double mutant bas 1 bssMW1, the frequency of action potentials in response to a bristle displacement was reduced. This is the first demonstration of a physiological defect common to several of the bang-sensitive mutations. Adaptation of spike frequency, cumulative adaptation to repeated stimulation (fatigue) and the time course of recovery from adaptation were also examined. Recovery from adaptation to a conditioning stimulus was examined in two mutants (bas 1 and bss MW1), and initial recovery from adaptation was greater in both mutants. Quantification of receptor potentials was complicated by variability inherent in extracellular recording conditions, but examination of the waveform and range of amplitudes did not indicate clear mutant defects. Therefore the differences observed in the spike response may be due to an alteration of the transfer from receptor potentials to action potential production. DNA sequence analysis of tko and eas has indicated that they encode apparently unrelated biochemical products. Our results suggest that these biochemical lesions lead to a common physiological defect in mechanoreceptors. Although this defect does not provide a straightforward explanation for bang sensitivity, the altered cellular process may lead to bang sensitivity through its action in different parts of the nervous system.
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    Song recognition in the grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus is not impaired by shortening song signals: implications for neuronal encoding (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 183 (1998), S. 729-735 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Grasshoppers ; Acoustic communication ; Neuronal encoding ; Adaptation ; Neuronal reliability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The communication signals in many grasshopper species are composed of multiple repetitions of highly stereotyped subunits, and thus provide redundancy. In a behavioural paradigm, we tested the ability of males of the grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus to recognize shortened versions of the communication signals of conspecific females. Males reliably responded to a three-subunits signal (250 ms), i.e. to a signal of less than a quarter of the natural duration. This performance is remarkable in view of the substantial adaptation and the variability present in the spiking responses of auditory interneurones. These behavioural results will impose constraints for investigating possible encoding mechanisms used by the grasshoppers' auditory system.
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    Chemosensory responses of Tetrahymena thermophila to CB2, a 24-amino-acid fragment of lysozyme (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 184 (1999), S. 529-534 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Chemorepellent ; Chemosensory transduction ; Receptor potential ; Adaptation ; Receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract While lysozyme is a depolarizing chemorepellent in Tetrahymena, the entire lysozyme molecule is not necessary to activate the lysozyme receptor. Reduced lysozyme was cut into three fragments by cyanogen bromide cleavage and the fragments (CB1, CB2 and CB3) were separated by HPLC. Behavioral bioassays showed that the carboxy-terminal 24-amino-acid fragment, which we call CB2, is 100 times more active than intact lysozyme as a chemorepellent. CB2 appears to activate the same receptor as lysozyme because behavioral cross-adaptation is seen between these two compounds and an antibody generated to the purified lysozyme receptor blocks responses to both lysozyme and CB2. This is further supported by the observation that neomycin, which is a competitive inhibitor of lysozyme binding, also inhibits CB2 responses. This inhibition may be due to the fact that neomycin is highly positively charged (+5 at pH 7.0) and CB2 has a net charge of +4 at pH 7.0. Intracellular electrophysiological recordings documented that CB2 elicits a transient, depolarizing receptor potential that is similar to the lysozyme-induced depolarizations except they are much smaller. CB2 is a more potent and specific ligand for use in studies of the lysozyme receptor of Tetrahymena.
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    The future of DNA-DNA hybridization studies (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 30 (1990), S. 196-201 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Human evolution ; Australian songbirds ; Convergent evolution ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This article draws on many vertebrate examples to assess the future of DNA-DNA hybridization studies. I first discuss whether applications of the method have reached the point of diminishing returns, or rather the start of a great leap forward, in our evolutionary understanding. Vertebrate groups whose relationships are especially likely to be illuminated include parrots, pigeons, bats, pinnipeds, mammalian carnivores, frogs, and rodents. There are at least two reasons why classifications based on DNA-DNA hybridization may prove to differ from classifications based on particular character, whether these be noncoding DNA sequences or protein sequences or anatomical characters. Because evolutionary relationships can now be deduced independently of anatomical characters, this should permit a renaissance in comparative anatomical studies of adaptation. The origin of major functional shifts from changes in a small fraction of the genome is illustrated by polar bears, sea otters, warblers, vultures, and especially by humans.
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    Evolution of regulatory genes and patterns: Relationships to evolutionary rates and to metabolic functions (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 37 (1993), S. 590-599 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Evolution ; Gene regulation ; Drosophila ; Adaptation ; Enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In an effort to understand the forces shaping evolution of regulatory genes and patterns, we have compared data on interspecific differences in enzyme expression patterns among the rapidly evolving Hawaiian picture-winged Drosophila to similar data on the more conservative virilis species group. Divergence of regulatory patterns is significantly more common in the former group, but cause and effect are difficult to discern. Random fixation of regulatory variants in small populations and/or during speciation may be somewhat more likely than divergence driven by selection. Within the picture-winged group, we also have compared enzymes that fulfill different metabolic roles. There are highly significant differences between individual enzymes, but no obvious correlations to functional categories.
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    Time course of color induction in the honeybee (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 177 (1995), S. 207-217 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Honeybee ; Color vision ; Behavior ; Adaptation ; Color induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Color induction in the honeybee is investigated in color discrimination experiments. An individual bee walks in a dark arena and is trained to a self-luminant stimulus presented from below. In the dual-choice tests the dark background is replaced by a colored induction stimulus. Choice behavior is recorded by TV camera and analyzed by computer. Successive color induction is separated from simultaneous induction by analysis of the walking paths. Only successive color induction occurs. Simultaneous effects are not observed. That is a stimulus acts as a color inducing stimulus only when the bee crosses this stimulus. Thus, the color perceived by a given eye region is found to be dependent on the viewing history, but not on the stimuli presented simultaneously on neighboring parts of the retina. Color induction in the honeybee described in terms of selective sensitivity decrease (adaptation) does not explain all behavioral effects induced by the stimulus. The time course of successive color induction is calculated from the exposure times to the induction stimulus and from the choice behavior. The data suggest that color induction is complete after a few seconds. Photoreceptor adaptation is sufficient to explain the observed time course.
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    Regulation of sex-specific feeding behavior in fiddler crabs: physiological properties of chemoreceptor neurons in claws and legs of males and females (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 176 (1995), S. 513-526 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Chemosensation ; Crustacea ; Disadaptation ; Sexual dimorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study examined properties of chemoreceptor neurons in the claws and legs of the fiddler crabs Uca pugilator and U. pugnax. The primary goal was to establish the neural basis of previously observed greater female sensitivity to feeding stimulants, and secondarily to compare physiological properties of chemoreceptor neurons in these semi-terrestrial crustaceans with those of fully aquatic forms. Sensitivity of chemoreceptor neurons in claws and legs is sex-specific; individual neurons of females respond to lower stimulus concentrations than male chemoreceptor neurons, and equivalent concentrations elicit greater spiking in female vs male chemoreceptor neurons. Thus, the population of chemoreceptor neurons in females expresses lower thresholds and greater average sensitivity than in males. Greater sensitivity of claw neurons explains observations indicating that females continue to feed at food levels too low to stimulate males. Sensitivity differences in leg neurons of males vs females have no clear behavioral correlate, but suggest that females can orient to more dilute stimuli than males. Chemoreceptor neurons of fiddler crabs have low sensitivities and slow rates of adaptation compared to other crustaceans. Also, neurons in claws adapt less slowly than neurons in legs, which may reflect subtle differences in the chemical stimulus environment experienced by claws vs legs.
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    Location and dynamic properties of the spike generator in an insect mechanosensory neuron (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 179 (1996), S. 235-243 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Insect ; Dendrite ; Encoding ; Mechanoreceptor ; Power law
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1.The cereal bristle hairs of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, are each innervated by one mechanosensory cell and 1–5 chemosensory cells. In transepithelial recordings, chemo- and mechanosensory spikes could be discriminated from each other by their relative amplitude. 2. When current steps were applied via the sensory hair, trains of impulses were triggered whatever the polarity of the current. 3. All responses adapted to the current, but the time course of adaptation was fitted by a power law for outward currents and an exponential law for inward currents. 4. During application of outward currents, the spikes showed a negative initial phase on which a small positive component was superimposed; strong polarizations produced purely negative spikes. More classical spikes with a positive initial phase were induced by inward currents. 5. The present work supports the hypothesis of a direct excitability of the apical dendrite in cereal bristle mechanoreceptors and confirms previous results suggesting that spikes are normally triggered within that region during mechanical stimulations. It is also established, for the first time, that adaptation to currents may be different in the apical dendrite and in more basal regions of the same mechanosensory neuron.
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    A quantitative model of successive color induction in the honeybee (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 177 (1995), S. 219-234 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Color vision ; Honeybee ; Behavior ; Adaptation ; Lateral filtering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intensity discrimination experiments are performed with individual walking honeybees trained to color stimuli (UV, blue and green) of constant intensity. The choice behavior to stimuli of identical wavelength spectrum but different intensities is tested. A graded choice behavior is found. The training intensity is chosen with the highest probability in most cases. Phototaxis as well as brightness discrimination can be excluded. The choice behavior is explained exclusively by discrimination of chromaticness (hue and saturation) according to the Bezold-Brücke shift. The bees adapt to the chromatic stimuli during their choices. From the behavioral data, it is concluded that in adaptation, adjustment in photoreceptor sensitivity in one receptor also affects the sensitivity of the other receptors (“co-adaptation”). The linear adaptation model corresponding to the von Kries Coefficient Law used up to now to describe adaptation to white light in the honeybee does not describe this type of adaptation. A quantitative model of adaptation to chromatic stimuli extending the linear adaptation model is developed. The most reasonable mechanism of co-adaptation is optical coupling by lateral filtering. Other mechanisms such as electrical coupling are unlikely, since their effects on color vision would lead to effects inconsistent with Graßmann's Laws.
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    Acute and chronic stressor effects on the antibody response to sheep red blood cells
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 46 (1993), S. 445-452 
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    ISSN: 0091-3057
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Immunity ; Neuroimmunomodulation ; Stress
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(93)90377-6
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    Enhanced locomotor reactivity to apomorphine following repeated cocaine treatment
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 49 (1994), S. 247-251 
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    ISSN: 0091-3057
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Behavioral sensitization ; Cocaine ; Dopamine receptors ; Receptor plasticity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(94)90485-5
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    Clastogenic adaptation triggered by S-phase-independent clastogens in Vicia faba
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mutation Research Letters 190 (1987), S. 131-135 
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    ISSN: 0165-7992
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Bleomycin ; Clastogens ; S-phase-independent ; Vicia faba ; X-rays, small doses
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-7992(87)90044-3
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    Adaptation, selection, and benefit-cost balances: Implications of behavioral-physiological studies of social dominance in male vervet monkeys
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 5 (1984), S. 269-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Basal cortisol ; Benefit-cost balances ; Selection ; Social dominance ; Vervet monkey ; Whole blood serotonin
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(84)90006-2
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    Adaptation, selection, and benefit-cost balances: Implications of behavioral-physiological studies of social dominance in male vervet monkeys
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 5 (1984), S. 269-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Basal cortisol ; Benefit-cost balances ; Selection ; Social dominance ; Vervet monkey ; Whole blood serotonin
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0162-3095(84)90006-2
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    An evolutionary analysis of psychological pain following rape: - I. The effects of victim's age and marital status
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 11 (1990), S. 155-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Age ; Evolutionary psychology ; Marriage, Psychological pain ; Rape ; Sociobiology
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0162-3095(90)90008-T
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    A critique of Darwinian anthropology
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 10 (1989), S. 131-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Behavior ; Darwinian anthropology ; Darwinian psychology ; Evolutionary psychology ; Reproductive success
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0162-3095(89)90016-2
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    Anorexia nervosa, amenorrhea, and adaptation
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 8 (1987), S. 47-61 
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    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Anorexia nervosa ; Female reproductive strategy ; Puberty delay
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(87)90018-5
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    Losing behavior (yielding subroutine) and human depression: Proximate and selective mechanisms
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 8 (1987), S. 99-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Agonistic behavior ; Depression ; Difference amplification ; Dominance ; Hierarchy ; Inclusive fitness ; Ritual ; Submissiveness
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(87)90022-7
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    An evolutionary perspective on substance abuse
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 15 (1994), S. 339-348 
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    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Drugs ; Evolution ; Psychiatry ; Substance abuse
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0162-3095(94)90007-8
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    Which humans behave adaptively, and why does it matter?
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 11 (1990), S. 305-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Adaptiveness ; Cultural evolution ; Demographic transition ; Evolutionary psychology ; Nonadaptive evolution ; Reference groups ; Reproductive success
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0162-3095(90)90013-V
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    Three sensible paradigms for research on evolution and human behavior?
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 11 (1990), S. 353-359 
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    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Cultural Transmission ; Optimization ; Psychology
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0162-3095(90)90015-X
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    The past explains the present - Emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environments
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 11 (1990), S. 375-424 
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    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Adaptationist program ; Emotion ; Environment of evolutionary adaptedness ; Evolutionary psychology
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0162-3095(90)90017-Z
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    The problem of adaptation in the study of human behavior
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 8 (1987), S. 61-72 
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    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Evolutionay biological anthropology ; Natural selection ; Reproductive success
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(87)90058-6
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    The use and abuse of Darwinian psychology: Its impact on attempts to determine the evolutionary basis of human rape
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 13 (1992), S. 289-299 
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    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; By-product ; Darwinian psychology ; Rape
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(92)90028-3
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    Further comment on allomothering and adaptation
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 3 (1982), S. 135-137 
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    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Allomothering ; Aunting ; Infant handling ; Selfishness
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0162-3095(82)90013-9
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    Fat, sex, class, adaptive flexibility, and cultural change
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 13 (1992), S. 523-542 
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    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Competition ; Cultural change ; Fatness ; History ; Nutrition ; Sex differences ; Social class ; Thinness
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0162-3095(92)90015-V
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    Adaptiveness and adaptation
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 11 (1990), S. 427-444 
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    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Adaptiveness ; Darwinism ; Environment of evolutionary adaptedness ; Evolutionary psychology
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0162-3095(90)90019-3
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    Rethinking human ethology - A response to some recent critiques
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 10 (1989), S. 315-324 
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    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Fitness ; Human evolution
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0162-3095(89)90021-6
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  • 90
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    Energiebilanz bei wiederholter Unter- und Überernährung im Modellversuch an Sauen (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 178-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Thermogenese ; Adaptation ; Energiebilanz ; Unterernährung ; Überernährung ; thermogenesis ; adaptation ; energy balance ; underfeeding ; overfeeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a model experiment eight adult sows were used to examine the effect of successive periods of under- and oversupply of energy (MÜMÜ) on thermogenesis and efficiency of energy utilization in comparison to a constant maintenance supply (NNNN). Each treatment sequence was assigned to each animal according to a change-over design over 8 weeks. Before and after the treatment periods all the animals were fed at maintenance level (N). Energy deficiency (M) was performed by use of a basal diet with 45 % of maintenance energy requirements and values for all the other nutrients sufficient for requirements. Normal (N) and excessive (Ü) intakes of energy was provided with supplements of starch. The total intake of gross energy during the periods MÜMÜ was exactly the same as during NNNN. Complete energy balances were performed for each animal and period as well as during the pre- and post-experimental phase. There was no or little response of altered energy intake on carbon and energy excretion in faeces, urine and methane. However, heat production was significantly decreased by 4.1 % on energy deficiency, and increased by 15.1 % during energy oversupply. Summed up over the total sequence the animals produced 5.4 % more heat on MÜMÜ than during NNNN. This response was associated with a mobilization of 1.1 MJ/d tissue energy and a decrease in body weight by 2.0 kg. The efficiency of utilization of ME was 88 % with energy undersupply and 75 % during overnutrition. Criteria of energy balance did not differ between the pre- and post-treatment periods. It could be demonstrated that the increase in energy expenditure at oversupply was entirely explainable by the so-called obligatory thermogenesis. At the energy deficiency periods the efficiency of energy utilization reflected both energy costs of ingestion and processing of nutrients as well as a slight reduction in metabolic rate. Finally, there were no residual effects of the treatment on the energy expenditure of the animals at the end of the experiment.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem Modellversuch mit 8 nichtgraviden, nichtlaktierenden Sauen wurde eine alternierende Mangel- und Überfütterung an Energie über 8 Wochen im Vergleich zur Fütterung auf Erhaltungsniveau durchgeführt. Das Experiment war in Form eines changeover-Plans angelegt. Energiemangel wurde mit einer Basisration realisiert, die 45 % des energetischen Erhaltungsbedarfs lieferte, alle anderen Nähr- und Wirkstoffe aber bedarfsdeckend enthielt. Normalzufuhr an Energie und Energieüberschuß wurden durch Zulage von Stärke hergestellt. Die Zufuhr an Bruttoenergie war in der Summe von Energiemangel und Energieüberschuß exakt gleich der Fütterung auf Normalniveau. Von jedem Tier wurde in jeder Rationsperiode eine vollständige Messung der C-, N- und Energiebilanz durchgeführt. Zusätzlich wurde der Bilanzstatus aller Sauen unter Normalfütterung vor und nach den change-over-Perioden ermittelt. Die alternierende Energiezufuhr hatte keine oder nur minimale Effekte auf die C- und Energieausscheidung in Kot, Harn und CH4. Dagegen war die Wärmeproduktion bei Energiemangel signifikant um 4,1 % erniedrigt und bei Energieüberschuß um 15,1 % erhöht. In der Summe lag die Wärmebildung bei alternierender Versorgung um 5,4 % höher als bei Normalfütterung. Dies hatte eine Mobilisation von täglich 1,1 MJ Körperenergie zur Folge und erklärte auch die Abnahme der Lebendmasse der Tiere um 2,0 kg. Die Wirkungsgrade der ME beliefen sich auf 88 % bei Energiemangel und auf 75 % bei Energieüberversorgung. Die Bilanzdaten nach der Versuchsbehandlung waren gegenüber den vor Versuch ermittelten Werten nicht verändert. Unter den vorliegenden Bedingungen des Energieüberschusses konnte kein Hinweis auf eine diätinduzierte regulatorische Komponente der Thermogenese gefunden werden. Die beobachteten Effekte ließen sich vollständig durch die Theorie der obligatorischen Wärmebildung bei Nährstofftransformation erklären. Im Energiemangel war dagegen eine Adaptation der Stoffwechselrate festzustellen.
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    Alkalosis and renal excretion of ammonia by rat kidney (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 453-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Adaptation ; diffusion trapping ; sulfate infusion ; PpH ; UpH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Upon sulfate administration, UpH falls more in alkalotic rats than in controls. Alkalosis can lead to a reduction in UNH 3V at highly acidic urine. The significance of this process is doubtful at UpH ranging from about 6 to 7. At lower UpH less NH3 would be excreted, thereby less H+ would be trapped in urine and some acid would be conserved.
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    Inbreeding considerations in a REM sleep model for rat swimming activity (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 134-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Adaptation ; animal models ; animal vendor effects ; evolutionary mechanisms ; rat strain effects ; rat swimming ; sleep
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Over the past few years, our laboratory group has elaborated a repeated measures rat swimming test. It provides an animal base for showing that the REM sleep mechanism is important to both emotional responsiveness and environmental adaptations. All of that work has been done with Sprague-Dawley rats obtained from a local supplier. Work done with two European rat stocks (by researchers in France and The Netherlands) shows general agreement with our own. In this presentation, we directly compare rats derived from an English vendor's Sprague-Dawley stock with the U.S. based Sprague-Dawley stock which we have been using. We also make strain comparisons via the F344 and the Long Evans strains. Although the literature has numerous examples of swimming test differences between inbred and wild rat stocks, strain difference effects have not been reported. We report that there are significant differences attributable to inbred strain but not to vendor on this measure.
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    Can strains give adequate information for adaptive bone remodeling? (1984)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. S118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Strain ; Remodeling ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary For bone to remodel adaptively, the cells responsible should follow some algorithm. Nine different loading situations and structures are discussed. It seems that either algorithm must be extremely complex, or cells in different structures must follow different algorithms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406144
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    Development of sweating ability in winter- and summer-born Friesian calves aged 1 to 6 weeks (1989)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 33 (1989), S. 246-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Sweating in calves ; Age and heat tolerance ; Sweating, age effects ; Sweating, seasonal effects ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Sweating rate, rectal and skin temperatures and respiration rate were measured at weekly intervals from 7 days of age (for 4 weeks in Experiment 1; 6 weeks in Experiment 2) in winter- and summer-born Friesian calves exposed to a temperature of 39°C dry bulb and 32°C wet bulb in a climate chamber. Four calves were studied in each season in both experiments. In Experiment 1, ambient temperatures were from 3° to 9°C higher in early summer than in late winter. During each 39°C exposure, sweating rate increased from basal levels of 40–90 to plateau levels of 120–300 g/m2 per h after 90–120 min. The increase in sweating rate with age was most pronounced in winter-born calves, but summer-born calves had higher values at 1 week of age (167±52.4 vs 94.4±30.1 g/m2 per h). Seasonal differences in ambient temperature were greater in Experiment 2 (11° to 17°C). In this case summer-born calves had higher sweating rates at each age (plateau values of 220–320 g/m2 per h), and showed a more rapid increase in sweating rate during each 39°C exposure than winter-born calves (plateau values of 100–250 g/m2 per h). The results demonstrate major changes in sweating competence during the first 4–6 weeks of life in Friesian calves, a quite pronounced effect of season (ambient temperature) on the levels of sweating achieved, and indicate that low sweating rates in newborn calves are a contributing factor in deaths due to hyperthermia in semi-arid grazing areas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051085
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    Plasticity or fixed adaptive traits? Strategies for predation avoidance in Rana arvalis tadpoles (1998)
    Springer
    Oecologia 117 (1998), S. 119-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Amphibians ; Predation ; Plasticity ; Adaptation ; Life history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tadpoles of Rana arvalis originating from seven island populations were tested for responses to non-lethal predator presence. In general, tadpole growth was reduced and the relative tail depth was increased at predator presence. There was no effect of predator presence on the predicted size at metamorphosis. The differentiation rate, translating as length of the larval period, was lower at predator presence, but this seems to be merely an effect of the reduced growth. Although populations differed with respect to growth, relative tail length, relative tail depth, differentiation rate and predicted size at metamorphosis, no obvious differences were found in their responses to predator presence. Data on predator occurrences in the source ponds show that tadpoles originating from ponds with a high predation pressure have a higher differentiation rate, i.e. they will metamorphose at an earlier date than those from “safe” ponds (if raised under the same conditions). Moreover, they are also predicted to metamorphose at a smaller size, which is in accordance with theoretical models. Despite the fact that populations differed in growth, no correlation was found between growth and predation risk in the source ponds.
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    Life history patterns in female moose (Alces alces): the relationship between age, body size, fecundity and environmental conditions (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 106 (1996), S. 212-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Fecundity ; Body size ; Climate ; Survival ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract I examined the relationship between age, body size and fecundity in 833 female moose (Alces alces) from 14 populations in Sweden sampled during 1989–1992. Data on population density, food availability and climatic conditions were also collected for each population. Age and body mass were both significantly positively related to fecundity, measured as ovulation rate, among female moose. The relationship between the probability of ovulation and body mass was dependent on age with (1) a higher body mass needed in younger females for attaining a given fecundity, and (2) body mass having a stronger effect on fecundity in yearling (1.5 year) than in older (≥2.5 year) females. Thus, a 40 kg increase in yearling body mass resulted in a 42% increase in the probability of ovulation as compared to a 6% increase in older females. The lower reproductive effort per unit body mass, and the relatively stronger association between fecundity and body mass in young female moose compared to older ones, is likely to primarily represent a mechanism that trades off early maturation against further growth, indicating a higher cost of reproduction in young animals. In addition to age and body mass, population identity explained a significant amount of the individual variation in fecundity, showing that the relationship between body mass and fecundity was variable among populations. This variation was in turn related to the environment, in terms of climatic conditions forcing female moose living in relatively harsh/more seasonal climatic conditions to attain a 22% higher body mass to achive the same probability of multiple ovulation (twinning) as females living in climatically milder/less seasonal environments. The results suggests that the lower fecundity per unit body mass in female moose living in climatically harsh/more seasonal environments may be an adaptive response to lower rates of juvenile survival, compared to females experiencing relatively milder/less seasonal climatic conditions.
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    Geographic variation in embryonic development time and stage of diapause in a grasshopper (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 97 (1994), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Diapause ; Development ; Grasshopper ; Adaptation ; Geographic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Embryonic development times and the stage at which embryonic diapause occurs varied dramatically among 23 populations of the Melanoplus sanguinipes/ devastator species complex in California, USA. Grasshoppers were collected from a wide range of latitudes (32°57N to 41°20N) and altitudes (10m to 3031 m), spanning much of the variation in climatic conditions experienced by these insects in California. When reared in a “common garden” in the laboratory, total embryonic development times were positively correlated to the mean annual temperature of the habitat from which the grasshoppers were collected (varying from about 19 days to 32 days when reared at 27°C). These grasshoppers overwinter as diapausing eggs and the proportion of embryonic development completed prior to diapause was significantly higher in populations collected from cool habitats (〉70%) than in populations collected from warm environments (〈26%). The length of pre-diapause development time is determined by the stage of embryonic development at which diapause occurs, and varies considerably among populations of these grasshoppers; grasshoppers from warmer environments tend to diapause at very early stages of embryogenesis, while grasshoppers from cooler environments diapause at very late stages. The combined effect of variation in embryonic development times and variation in the stage at which diapause occurs results in a dramatic reduction in the time needed to hatch in the spring; populations from warm environments required up to 20 days (at 27°C) to hatch while populations from cool environments required as few as 5 days to complete embryonic development prior to hatching. Egg size also varied significantly among populations, but tended to be larger in populations with shorter embryonic development times. Significant family effects were observed for development time and stage of diapause, suggesting significant heritabilities for these traits, although maternal effects may also contribute to family level variation. We interpret these findings to support the hypothesis that embryonic development time and the stage of embryonic diapause have evolved as adaptations to prevailing season lengths in the study populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323147
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    Behavioural evolution in the cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapae) (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 72 (1987), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Cabbage butterfly ; Pieris rapae ; Evolution ; Adaptation ; Colonisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Australian and U.K. Pieris rapae differ markedly in their oviposition behaviour; U.K. females produce a more aggregated egg distribution, and lay their eggs more quickly, than do Australian females. The adaptive reason for this divergence probably lies in the relative costs of increased flight time (more costly in the U.K.) and increased local crowding (more costly in Australia). There is also a strong relationship between juvenile developmental rate (at constant temperature) and oviposition behaviour, but the form of this relationship differed between the two populations. The adaptive reasons for the link between developmental rate and behaviour is not clear. It may be that this link represents the tip of the iceberg; i.e. that physiological, developmental, and behabioral characters all co-vary in ways and for reasons that we do not yet understand.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00385047
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    Adaptive variation in structure and function of kidneys of speciating subterranean mole rats (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 79 (1989), S. 366-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Speciation ; Urine ; Kidney ; Spalax ehrenbergi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We report on kidney structure and function in subterranean mammals of four chromosomal species (2n=52, 54, 58 and 60) belonging to the Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies, in relation to their speciation and adaptive radiation from mesic (2n=52) to xeric (2n=60) environments in Israel. Structural variables measured involved: (1) Relative Medullary Thickness, (RMT); (2) Relative Kidney Weight. (RKW); and (3) Percentage of Kidney out of Body Weight (PKW). Functional variables involved: (i) Urine Solid Concentration, (USC); and (ii) Urine Osmotic Concentration (UOC). The results for chromosomal species 2n=52, 54, 58 and 60 indicated nonsignificant increase southward for RMT, but displayed significant increase along the same transect for RKW, PKW, and USC. The UOC was significantly lower in mesic 2n=52 as compared to the other three species when experimental animals were fed in the laboratory on regular carrot food. However, protein stress food (soybean) and salt stress of 0.45 mol NaCl, caused significant, three and a half fold increase of UOC in 2n=52, 54 and 58; but four and a half fold increase in 2n=60, significantly higher than in the other three species. We conclude that both structurally and functionally, the kidneys differentiated adaptively during the Pleistocene evolution of S. ehrenbergi in Israel, in accordance with aridity stress and halophyte food resources towards the desert. Nevertheless, Spalax generally shows clear upper limits in kidney structural and functional capacities, preventing it from colonizing the true desert, south of the 100 mm isohyete.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384316
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative ecophysiology of Encelia farinosa and Encelia frutescens (1988)
    Springer
    Oecologia 76 (1988), S. 553-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Carbon isotope ratio ; Leaf conductance ; Water-use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Encelia farinosa and Encelia frutescens are drought-decidous shrubs whose distributions overlap throughout much of the Sonoran Desert. During hot and dry periods, leaves of E. farinosa utilize increased leaf reflectance to reduce leaf temperature, whereas leaves of E. frutescens have substantially higher leaf conductances and rely on increased transpirational cooling to reduce leaf temperature. E. farinosa is common on the dry slope microhabitats, whereas E. frutescens occurs only in wash microhabitats where greater soil moisture is available to provide the water necessary for transpirational cooling. E. farinosa tends not to persist in wash microhabitats because of its greater susceptibility to flashfloods. The consequences and significance of increased leaf reflectance versus increased transpirational cooling to leaf temperature regulation are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397869
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