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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Don't underestimate the death rate from Chernobyl (2005)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 437 (2005), S. 1089-1089 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Sir Your News story “Chernobyl: poverty and stress pose 'bigger threat' than radiation” (Nature 437, 181; 200510.1038/437181b) suggests that the health and environmental effects of the Chernobyl accident ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/4371089a
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Female mating bias results in conflicting sex-specific offspring fitness (2004)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 429 (2004), S. 65-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Indirect-benefit models of sexual selection assert that females gain heritable offspring advantages through a mating bias for males of superior genetic quality. This has generally been tested by associating a simple morphological quality indicator (for example, bird tail length) with offspring ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02492
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Altitudinal variation in life cycle syndromes of California populations of the grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) (1990)
    Springer
    Oecologia 84 (1990), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Life-cycles ; Grasshopper ; Diapause ; Altitudinal variation ; Development time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Life cycles of California populations of the grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes, varied along an altitudinal gradient. Temperature records indicate a longer season at low altitude on the coast, based on computation of degree days available for development, even though summer air temperatures are cooler than at high altitude; this is a result of warm soil temperatures. At high and low altitudes there was a high proportion of diapause eggs oviposited, while intermediate proportions of diapause eggs occurred at mid altitudes. The low altitude, and especially sea level, populations diapaused at all stages of embryonic development, while at high altitudes most diapause occurred in the late stages just before hatch. Diapause was more intense at high altitudes. One result of diapause differences was delayed hatching in the sea level population. Nymphal development and development of adults to age at first reproduction were both accelerated at high altitude relative to sea level. At lower temperatures (27° C) there was a tendency for short days to accelerate development of sea level nymphs, but not high altitude nymphs. In both sea level and high altitude grasshoppers, short days accelerated maturation of adults to onset of oviposition at warm temperature (33° C); there was little reproduction at 27° C. Population differences for all traits studied appear to be largely genetic with some maternal effects possible. We interpret diapause variation at low and mid altitudes to be responses to environmental uncertainty and variations in development rates to be adaptations to prevailing season lengths.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318272
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geographic variation in embryonic development time and stage of diapause in a grasshopper (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 97 (1994), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Diapause ; Development ; Grasshopper ; Adaptation ; Geographic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Embryonic development times and the stage at which embryonic diapause occurs varied dramatically among 23 populations of the Melanoplus sanguinipes/ devastator species complex in California, USA. Grasshoppers were collected from a wide range of latitudes (32°57N to 41°20N) and altitudes (10m to 3031 m), spanning much of the variation in climatic conditions experienced by these insects in California. When reared in a “common garden” in the laboratory, total embryonic development times were positively correlated to the mean annual temperature of the habitat from which the grasshoppers were collected (varying from about 19 days to 32 days when reared at 27°C). These grasshoppers overwinter as diapausing eggs and the proportion of embryonic development completed prior to diapause was significantly higher in populations collected from cool habitats (〉70%) than in populations collected from warm environments (〈26%). The length of pre-diapause development time is determined by the stage of embryonic development at which diapause occurs, and varies considerably among populations of these grasshoppers; grasshoppers from warmer environments tend to diapause at very early stages of embryogenesis, while grasshoppers from cooler environments diapause at very late stages. The combined effect of variation in embryonic development times and variation in the stage at which diapause occurs results in a dramatic reduction in the time needed to hatch in the spring; populations from warm environments required up to 20 days (at 27°C) to hatch while populations from cool environments required as few as 5 days to complete embryonic development prior to hatching. Egg size also varied significantly among populations, but tended to be larger in populations with shorter embryonic development times. Significant family effects were observed for development time and stage of diapause, suggesting significant heritabilities for these traits, although maternal effects may also contribute to family level variation. We interpret these findings to support the hypothesis that embryonic development time and the stage of embryonic diapause have evolved as adaptations to prevailing season lengths in the study populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323147
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clutch size manipulations in two seed beetles: consequences for progeny fitness (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 108 (1996), S. 88-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Bruchidae ; Resource patches ; Clutch size ; Larval survival ; Larval development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seed beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) lay their eggs on discrete resource patches, such that competition among larvae for food is an important component of their biology. Most seed beetles, including Stator limbatus, lay eggs singly on individual seeds and avoid superparasitism except when seeds are limiting. In contrast, S. beali, a closely related congener, lays eggs in clutches on a single seed. We tested the hypothesis that natural selection on larval life history characters favors small clutches (selection against large clutches) in S. limbatus, but that selection against large clutches is relaxed in S. beali because of the large size of its host's seeds. We manipulated clutch size and examined its relationship to offspring fitness. Clutch size affected the survivorship of S. limbatus larvae(r 2=0.14), but had no detectable effect on the survivorship of S. beali larvae (r 2=0.04). Also, clutch size had a large effect on development time and body weight of S. limbatus, but not of S. beali. We discuss the implications of this result for the evolution of clutch size in S. limbatus and S. beali.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333219
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Larval host plant affects fitness consequences of egg size variation in the seed beetle Stator limbatus (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 107 (1996), S. 541-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Acacia greggii ; Cercidium floridum ; Egg size ; Survivorship ; Stator limbatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Egg size variation often has large effects on the fitness of progeny in insects. However, many studies have been unable to detect an advantage of developing from large eggs, suggesting that egg size variation has implications for offspring performance only under adverse conditions, such as during larval competition, periods of starvation, desiccation, or when larvae feed on low-quality resources. We test this hypothesis by examining the consequences of egg size variation for survivorship and development of a seed-feeding insect, Stator limbatus, on both a low-quality (Cercidium floridum) and a high-quality (Acacia greggii) host plant. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis. S. limbatus larval performance was affected by egg size only when developing on the poor-quality host (C. floridum); larvae from large eggs survived better on C. floridum than those from small eggs, while there was no evidence of an effect of egg size on progeny development time, body weight, or survivorship when larvae developed on A. greggii. These results indicate intense selection for large eggs within C. floridum-associated populations, but not in A. greggii-associated populations, so that egg size is predicted to vary among populations associated with different hosts. Our results also support this hypothesis; females from a C. floridum-associated population (Scottsdale) laid larger eggs than females from an A. greggii-associated population (Black Canyon City).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333946
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host-associated fitness variation in a seed beetle (Coleoptera: Bruchidae): evidence for local adaptation to a poor quality host (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 99 (1994), S. 329-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Geographic variation ; Genotypeenvironment interactions ; Host range Oviposition preference ; Stator limbatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The geographic distributions of many generalist herbivores differ from those of their host plants, such that they experience coarse-grained spatial variation in natural selection on characters influencing adaptation to host plants. Thus, populations differing in host use are expected to differ in their ability to survive and grow on these host plants. We examine host-associated variation in larval performance (survivorship, development time, and adult body weight) and oviposition preference, within and between two populations ofStator limbatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) that differ in the hosts available to them in nature. In one population,Acacia greggii (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) andCercidium microphyllum (Fabaceae: Caesalpininoideae) are each abundant, while in the second population onlyC. floridum andC. microphyllum are present. In both populations, egg-to-adult survivorship was less than 50% onC. floridum, while survivorship was greater than 90% onA. greggii. Most of the mortality onC. floridum occurred as larvae were burrowing through the seed coat; very low mortality occurred during penetration of the seed coat ofA. greggii. Significant variation was present between populations, and among families (within populations), in survivorship and egg-to-adult development time onC. floridum; beetles restricted toCercidium in nature, without access toC. floridum, survived better and developed faster onC. floridum than beetles that had access toA. greggii. Large host effects on body size were detected for female offspring: females reared onA. greggii were larger than those reared onC. floridum, whereas male offspring wee approximately the same size regardless of rearing host. Trade-offs between performance onC. floridum andC. floridum were not detected in this experiment. Instead, our data indicate that development time and survivorship onC. floridum may be largely independent of development time and survivorship onA. greggii. Patterns of oviposition preference corresponded to the observed patterns of host suitability: in laboratory preference tests, beetles with access toA. greggii in nature tended to prefer this host more than beetles without access to this host in nature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00627746
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An odometre for underwater transects (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 184 (1989), S. 191-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: methodology ; apparatus ; transects ; SCUBA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A simple device for the measurement of length (or area) along an underwater transect is described. This instrument is pushed or pulled by SCUBA divers along lake or river bottoms and the rotation of a paddle wheel is recorded on a digital counter. The device eliminates the need for straight line and smooth bottom transects, and allows for greater versatility than that provided by the more usual rope line transect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027027
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An odometre for underwater transects (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 184 (1989), S. 191-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: methodology ; apparatus ; transects ; SCUBA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A simple device for the measurement of length (or area) along an underwater transect is described. This instrument is pushed or pulled by SCUBA divers along lake or river bottoms and the rotation of a paddle wheel is recorded on a digital counter. The device eliminates the need for straight line and smooth bottom transects, and allows for greater versatility than that provided by the more usual rope line transect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02392955
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ecology of diet expansion in a seed-feeding beetle: Pre-existing variation, rapid adaptation and maternal effects? (1997)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 11 (1997), S. 183-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Cercidium floridum ; Chloroleucon ebano ; diet breadth ; host range ; Stator limbatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Most studies of insect dietary evolution suffer from limited information on the history of host use patterns; historical patterns can only be inferred from modern patterns. We examine the ecology of a recent diet breadth expansion onto an introduced host by the seed beetle, Stator limbatus, to (1) determine if pre-existing variation for survival on Chloroleucon ebano is present in natural populations of S. limbatus, and (2) test whether natural selection has resulted in local adaptation to C. ebano in a population where this host is used. Our results indicate that variation in survival on C. ebano does exist in natural populations of S. limbatus that have historically never encountered this host, providing the variation necessary for adaptation to this host. However, we found no evidence that S. limbatus have locally adapted to C. ebano. Our most interesting discovery, however, was that the use of C. ebano by S. limbatus is facilitated by non-genetic effects of parental host plant on progeny survival; parents reared on Cercidium floridum produce progeny with substantially higher survivorship on C. ebano than parents reared on Acacia greggii due to an environmentally based parental effect. We argue that such host-plant-mediated maternal effects are likely to be common and thus important for our understanding of herbivorous insect evolution and population dynamics. This paper provides one example of how an understanding of environmentally based maternal effects can provide important information on the evolution of life-history patterns observed in nature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018499832664
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