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  • Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology  (223)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (223)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (223)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1925-1929
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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (223)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental results contradicting claimed 1009-MHz influence on erythrocyte mobility (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 85-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: erythrocytes ; electrophoretic mobility ; UHF radiation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: An attempt was made to detect the influence of ultrahigh frequency radiation (1009 MHz) on the electrophoretic mobility of human erythrocytes. Ines. In contradiction to an earlier report by Ismailov no effect was observed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020111
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of short electromagnetic pulses on brain acetylcholine content and spontaneous motor activity of mice (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 89-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave pulse ; motor activity ; brain acetylcholine ; 2,450 MHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Mice were exposed to a single 15-ms or 25-ms pulse of 2,450-MHz microwaves which increased brain temperature by 2 °C or 4 °C, respectively. Immediately after exposure, the mice became hypokinetic but began recovering within 5 minutes. The 25-ms pulse (18.7 j deposited in the brain) caused a significant decrease in acetylcholine content of the whole brain, probably owing to increased permeability of the membrane.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020112
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of millimeter-wave radiation on monolayer cell cultures. II. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 141-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: millimeter-wave radiation ; BHK-21/C13 cells in monolayer culture ; scanning electron microscopy ; transmission electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Both thermal and athermal effects of millimeter-wave radiation on BHK-21/C13 cells were sought using scanning and transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with an in vitro technique that allows direct exposure of monolayer cultures to high average power densities. Culture dishes were irradiated by placing them on the open end of an E- or U-band wave guide. This technique exposes different regions of the cell monolayer lying along the longer axis of the wave guide aperture to varying power densities ranging from zero at each edge to twice the average power density at the center.Cell ultrastructure was unaffected by microwave radiation for 1 hour (41.8 or 74.0 GHz, average power densitites = 320 or 450 mW/cm2, respectively) with or without cooling by rapid recirculation of the culture medium. Temperature in recirculated cultures was held at 37.2 °C, and that in noncooled cultures never exceeded 42 °C during irradiation at either power density. In contrast, cell morphology was affected by microwave exposure whenever irradiation conditions were altered so that the temperature of the monolayer reached or exceeded 44.5 °C. Ultrastructural alterations included breakage of cell processes, progressive detachment of cells from the substrate, increased clumping of heterochromatin in the nuclei, and the appearance of large empty vesicles in the cytoplasm. Such morphological changes resulted from either application of higher average power densities or irradiation at the power densities described above at a higher ambient temperature (〉38.5°C).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020205
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  • 4
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    Effects of millimeter-wave radiation on monolayer cell cultures. I. Design and validation of a novel exposure system (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 123-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: millimeter-wave radiation ; BHK-21/C13 cells in monolayer culture ; quantitative autoradiography ; ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis ; protein synthesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A method has been devised whereby both the thermal and possible athermal biological effects resulting from microwave radiation can be assessed. Monolayer cultures of BHK-21/C13 cells were grown on microwave-transparent polystyrene coverslips, placed directly on the open end of a wave guide, and irradiated for 1 hour. In experiments seeking athermal biological effects of millimeter waves, culture medium was continuously recirculated over the cells to prevent temperature increases greater than 0.1 °C. Incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA and of 3H-methionine into protein was quantified by measurement of optical densities of the autoradiographs in contiguous rectangular regions corresponding to portions of the cell monolayer immediately above the wave guide aperture and lying along its longer axis. Since power density was shown to vary with position along this axis according to a cosine2 relationship, it was possible to assess the extent of microwave effects on macromolecular synthesis at power densities ranging from zero at each edge to twice the average power density at the center of the waveguide.Monolayer cultures maintained at 37.2 °C by recirculation of the medium did not show microwave-induced changes in synthesis of RNA and protein (41.8 or 74.0 GHz at average power densities of 320 or 450 mW/cm2, respectively). Since macromolecular synthesis was examined both during and after irradiation, our results exclude both transient and persistent athermal biological effects of acute exposure to millimeter waves. In contrast, irradiation of cultures incubated in a small volume of nonrecirculated medium resulted in 1) marked heating of the monolayer, 2) a graded decline in macromolecular synthesis with increasing incident power, and 3), in some cases, destruction of the cell monolayer in the region immediately above the center of the waveguide aperture.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020204
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Effects of millimeter-wave radiation on monolayer cell cultures. III. A search for frequency-specific athermal biological effects on protein synthesis (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: protein synthesis ; quantitative autoradiography ; BHK-21/C13 cells ; millimeter-wave radiation ; frequency-specific biological effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A method recently developed in this laboratory has been used to directly expose BHK-21/C13 cells to high levels of microwave radiation without significant microwave-induced heating (≤ 0.1 °C). Monolayer cultures were grown on microwave-transparent polystyrene coverslips, placed on the open end of a wave guide, and maintained at 37.2 °C during irradiation at frequencies in both the E- and U-bands (average power densities 292 and 177 mW/cm2, respectively). Effects of microwave radiation were assessed at 0.1 GHz increments in the ranges of 38-48 GHz and 65-75 GHz. Protein synthesis was measured in quadruplicate cultures that were allowed to incorporate labeled methionine during the 15-minute period of microwave irradiation. Autoradiographs of each monolayer culture were scanned along the region corresponding to the longer axis of the wave guide aperture using a microdensitometer to quantify incorporation. Since microwave power incident on the cells was previously shown to vary along this axis according to a cosine2 relationship from zero at each edge of the wave guide to twice the average power density at the center of the wave guide, this technique should reveal biological effects that might only be manifested in narrow amplitude domains or “power windows.” Observations of protein synthesis in monolayer cultures irradiated at 202 closely spaced frequencies in the E- and U-bands failed to reveal changes associated with microwave exposure. Thus no evidence was obtained in support of the existence of frequency-specific athermal biological effects of microwaves. In addition, no support was found for the existence of amplitude-specific “power windows”.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020206
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  • 6
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    In vitro study of microwave effects on calcium efflux in rat brain tissue (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 161-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave effects on CNS ; pulsed microwaves ; brain calcium efflux ; 1 GHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In this study we investigated the prospect of microwave-induced alteration of 45Ca2+ efflux from rat neural tissue at low pulse repetition frequencies and low power densities under in vitro conditions. Rat cerebral tissue, preloaded with 45Ca2+, was exposed to pulsed-microwave radiation (1-GHz carrier frequency) according to one of several PRF-power density exposure schemes: 16 Hz at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 15 mW/cm2, or 32 Hz at 1.0 or 2.0 mW/cm2 average power density. Measurements of radioactivity in the efflux medium and in the tissue sample were used to calculate an efflux value for each sample. The results indicate that the radiation conditions used did not alter calcium efflux in rat brain tissue.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020207
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  • 7
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    Humoral and cell-mediated immune function in adult japanese quail following exposure to 2.45-GHz microwave radiation during embryogeny (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 269-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; radiation ; Japanese quail ; immunity ; leukocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, eggs were subjected to 2.45-GHz CW microwave radiation at 5 mW/cm2 (SAR = 4.03 mW/g) during the first 12 days of embryogeny. Following hatching the exposed embryos, as well as nonexposed controls, were reared to 22 weeks of age. Humoral immune potential, as indicated by comparable anti-CRBC antibody, IgM and IgG, levels at 0, 4, and 7 days postimmunization in both exposed and control quail was not affected significantly. However, cell-mediated immune potential, measured by the reaction to intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin-P in the wing web, was reduced in the exposed females, but not in the exposed males. Additionally, total leukocyte numbers and absolute circulating numbers of lymphocytes, monocytes, and heterophils were increased significantly only in the exposed females. These data show that exposure of Japanese quail during embryogenesis reduced cell-mediated immune potential and induced a general leukocytosis in females.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020308
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  • 8
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    Inhibition and recovery of growth processes in roots of pisum sativum L. Exposed to 60-Hz electric fields (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 329-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; 60 Hz ; biologic effects ; membrane potentials ; recovery ; Pisum sativum ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Roots of Pisum sativum L. were chronically exposed in aqueous inorganic nutrient medium to 60-Hz electric fields between 140 and 490 V/m (growth medium conductivity ∼ 0.08 S/m). The growth rate, meristematic mitotic index, and growth rate recovery of the roots were determined. At 140 V/m there was no perturbation in growth rate or mitotic index. At 430 V/m the growth rate and the mitotic index were reduced. The mitotic index had a maximum depression (∼ 55% of control), which occurred at 4 h. The depression in growth rate was immediate and constant over time. When roots were exposed to an electric field at 430 V/m for 2 days, the growth rate was depressed by about 40%. When the field was terminated, the growth rate steadily increased and was almost normal after 5 days. At 490 V/m root growth rate was almost completely arrested. According to these results, there is a narrow range of induced membrane potentials that span the range from slightly altered to almost completely arrested growth rates.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020405
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  • 9
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    Chronic exposure to 60-Hz electric fields: Effects on pineal function in the rat (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 371-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; 60 Hz ; pineal gland ; circadian rhythm ; melatonin ; 5 methoxytryptophol ; acetyl transferase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: As a component of studies to search for effects of 60-Hz electric field exposure on mammalian endocrine function, concentrations of melatonin, 5-methoxytryptophol, and serotonin-Nacetyl transferase activity were measured in the pineal glands of rats exposed or sham-exposed at 65 kV/m for 30 days. In two replicate experiments there were statistically significant differences between exposed and control rats in that the normal nocturnal increase in pineal melatonin content was depressed in the exposed animals. Concentrations of 5-methoxytryptophol were increased in the pineal glands of the exposed groups when compared to shamexposed controls. An alteration was also observed in serotonin-N-acetyl transferase activity, with lower levels measured in pineal glands from exposed animals.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020408
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Temporal variation of the static electric field inside an animal cage (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 391-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Static electric field ; exposure systems ; animal caging ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The temporal variation of a static electric field inside an animal cage was investigated with a newly developed small, simple field meter. The field inside the cage was found to be highly dependent on the surface conductivity of the dielectric material. As the surface of the cage became dirty because of animal occupancy, the static electric field inside it became considerably smaller from the moment the field was turned on. Clean cages also modified the static electric field inside them, the field decaying from an initial to a much lower value over several hours. The mechanism of field attenuation for both cases is surface leakage. Surface leakage for a clean cage takes place much more slowly than for a dirty cage. This was confirmed by measuring DC insulation resistance. To examine this phenomenon further, the field in a metal cage with high electrical conductivity was measured. The static electric field inside the metal cage was also found to be reduced. An improved cage design that avoids these problems, is suggested for the study of the biologic effects of static electric fields.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020410
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  • 11
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    Equalizing the electric field intensity within chick brain immersed in buffer solution at different carrier frequencies (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 411-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: calcium efflux ; complex permittivity ; amplitude windows ; concentric spheres ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Presented here are the numerical relationships between incident power densities that produce the same average electric field intensity within a chick brain half immersed in buffered saline solution and exposed to a uniform electromagnetic field at carrier frequencies of 50, 147, and 450 MHz. Calculations are based on modeling the buffer solution as a spherical shell in air with an inner concentric sphere of brain tissue. The results support our earlier conclusion that calcium efflux results obtained at different carrier frequencies are in agreement when related by the electric field within the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020413
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Dielectric probe of the electric-field-sensitive peptide alamethicin (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 25-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dielectric dispersion ; alamethicin ; dipole moment ; molecular shape ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric constant and loss of alamethicin in solvents of various degrees of lipophilicity (namely mixtures of n-octanol and dioxane) have been measured at frequencies from 5 kHz to 50 MHz. By means of a conventional Cole-Cole approach, dielectric properties were evaluated to obtain information about the structural and dipolar properties of the peptide in view of its function as a voltage-dependent pore former in membranes. The results for a pure octanol solvent (together with an apparent molecular weight determined by ultracentrifugation) indicate the existence of primarily monomeric particles of quite elongated shape and of comparatively high dipole moment. Adding dioxane was found to yield considerable aggregation and a decrease of polarity.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030107
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  • 13
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    Electromagnetic absorption in an inhomogeneous model of man for realistic exposure conditions (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 81-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dosimetry ; far-fields/near-fields ; inhomogeneous dielectric properties ; SAR distribution ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The advances made in quantifying electromagnetic absorption and its distribution for various exposure profiles are described. The conditions that have been studied extensively are: free-space irradiation and its variations, such as the presence of ground and reflecting surfaces and other humans in close proximity. Using an inhomogeneous block model of man, work has recently been extended to leakage-type near-fields such as those from RF heat sealers and other electronic equipment. Projections are made for the extension of this work to evaluate coupled near-fields, design of multielement near-field applicators to obtain physician-prescribed uniform or nonuniform rates of regional heating, and for the inverse scattering problem necessary for electromagnetic biomedical imaging. Accurate information about the dielectric properties of various tissues becomes increasingly important for proper inhomogeneous modeling of man.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030112
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  • 14
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    An approach to inverse scattering problems (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Born approximation ; Eikonal approximation ; hyperthermia ; inverse problem ; scattering ; imaging ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: There are several reasons for investigating the inverse scattering problem in medical image processing. A typical case, that of ultrasonic fields, is considered. Assuming that a plane wave illuminates a weakly inhomogeneous two-dimensional object, the fundamental equation is derived for the scattered waves in integral as well as in differential forms. It is shown that the scattered waves observed on a circle surrounding the object is sufficient to specify the structure of the object. This information is summarized in a single term, which is a function of the wavenumber as well as the angles of incidence and observation. A successive approximation is applied to reconstruct the image of the object from this function. Since no analytic solution is available, several methods of approximations are proposed, and examples of computations are shown for the case of a cylindrical object.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030111
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  • 15
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    Active electric properties of cardiac muscle (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: cardiac muscle ; electric properties ; syncytium ; cable theory ; cell membrane ; intracellular potential ; extracellular potential ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A model of electrical activity in the heart has been developed that treats the intracellular domain and the extracellular domain as electrical syncytia with anisotropic resistivities (bi-syncytial model). At the microscopic level, propagation is assumed to proceed primarily along the axes of individual cells. Considerations at the macroscopic level relate the transmembrane current to the intracellular and extracellular resistivity and the transmembrane potential. The result is a relationship between instantaneous extracellular potentials and cardiac action potentials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030116
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  • 16
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    A comparative study of human sensory thresholds: 2450-MHz Microwaves vs far-infrared radiation (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 117-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; infrared ; human ; thresholds ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Three male and three female adults individually placed the ventral surface of the right and upright forearm against a 15-cm-diameter aperture in a wall of microwave-absorbent material. Tensecond exposures occurred to E-vector-vertically polarized, 2450-MHz-CW microwave (MW) fields. Comparable exposure to infrared (IR) waves was repeated with four of the six observers. Thresholds of detection of just-noticeable warming by MW and IR radiation were determined by the double-staircase psychophysical method. Although the exposed surface areas of male observers' arm were larger than those of female observers, thresholds of warming by either source of energy overlapped; the pooled means of irradiance at threshold are 26.7 mW/cm2 (MW) and 1.7 mW/cm2 (IR). Dosimetric measures on saline models indicated virtually perfect absorption of the incident IR, but nearly two-thirds of the MW energy was scattered. Accordingly, the 15-fold difference in means of MW and IR thresholds resolves to a 5-fold difference in threshold quantities of absorbed energy. In the light of the high correlation between thresholds of IR and MW irradiation (r = .97), it is concluded that the same set of superficial thermoreceptors was being stimulated, only less efficiently so, by the more deeply penetrating, more diffusely absorbed MW energy.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030115
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  • 17
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    Wideband acoustic energy studies of pulmonary airways (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 167-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: impulse response ; pulmonary system ; analog correlator ; cross correlation techniques ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The impulse response of the pulmonary system has been measured by exciting the system with wideband acoustic noise introduced through the mouth. The transmitted sound is detected using microphones placed on the patient's back at appropriate locations. A specially designed analog correlator is used to obtain the impulse response of the pulmonary system through cross-correlation techniques. Uniquely characteristic responses have been obtained from smoking and nonsmoking patient groups.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030120
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  • 18
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    Investigation of the effects of continuous-wave, pulse- and amplitude-modulated microwaves on single excitable cells of chara corallina (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 203-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: S-band microwaves ; modulation ; action potential ; resting potential ; Chara corallina ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Single internodal excitable cells of Chara corallina were exposed to CW, pulse-modulated and sinusoidally modulated S-band microwave fields in a temperature-controled waveguide exposure chamber. All electrical measurements were made external to the waveguide (ie, under no impressed microwave field). The dependent variables measured before, during, and after exposure to the S-band microwave fields included: resting potential, amplitude of the action potential, rise and decay time of the action potential, conduction velocity, and excitability. Cells maintained at 22 ± 0.1 °C during exposure showed no consistent or statistically significant microwave-dependent alterations in any of the dependent variables.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030204
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  • 19
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    Influence of 2.45-GHz CW microwave radiation on spontaneously beating rat atria (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 219-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave radiation ; nonionizing radiation ; atria ; heart rate ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The chronotropic and inotropic effects of 2.45-GHz continuous wave (CW) microwave radiation were investigated in the isolated spontaneously beating rat atria. Isolated atria were placed in specially designed tubes inserted into a waveguide exposure system. The atria were then irradiated for a period of 30 min, followed by a 30-min recovery period. The control atria were prepared simultaneously and sham exposed. Experiments were conducted at two temperatures, 22 and 37 °C, and two specific absorption rates, 2 mW/g and 10 mW/g. At both temperatures the rate of atrial contraction was not altered by a 30-min exposure at either 2 or 10 mW/g. The average rate (beats per min) was approximately 100 for both the control and exposed atria at 22 °C and 215 beats per min for both the control and exposed atria at 37 °C. In addition, no inotropic effects on the spontaneously beating atria were noted at any exposure level. These data suggest that 2.45-GHz CW microwave radiation at these intensities has no overt effect on these variables in isolated rat atria.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030206
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  • 20
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    Comparative effects of pulsed and continuous-wave 2.8-GHz microwaves on temporally defined behavior (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 227-235 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; pulsed-wave ; continuous-wave ; operant behavior ; DRL schedule ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of pulsed-(PW) and continuous-wave (CW) 2.8-GHz microwaves were compared on the performance of rodents maintained by a temporally defined schedule of positive reinforcement. The schedule involved food-pellet reinforcement of behavior according to a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) contingency. The rats were independently exposed to PW and to CW fields at power densities ranging from 1 to 15 mW/cm2. Alterations of normal performance were more pronounced after a 30-minute exposure to the PW field than to the CW field. The rate of emission of appropriately timed responses declined after exposure to PW at 10 and 15 mW/cm2, whereas exposure at the same power levels to the CW field did not consistently affect the rate of responding. Change in performance associated with microwave exposure was not necessarily related to a general decline in responding: in some instances, increases in overall rates of responding were observed.
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    Near-field absorption in a circular cylinder from electric and magnetic line sources (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 253-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: radiofrequency ; nearfield ; hyperthermia ; dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A homogeneous, lossy circular cylinder is used as a simple model of a biological object in which interior heating is produced by the absorption of electromagnetic waves. For this model, we determined the optimum frequency, polarization, orientation and shape of applicators. Analytical and numerical results are given for both electric and magnetic line sources, with three different polarizations relative to the cylinder. Coupling efficiencies and contour plots are presented for a range of parameters. One particularly interesting result is the production of maximum energy deposition at the center of a cylinder of muscle tissue when exposed in the 100-MHz frequency range by the use of four applicators surrounding the cylinder.
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    Erratum (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 293-293 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Reduced weight in mice offspring after in utero exposure to 2450-MHz (CW) microwaves (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 285-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: mice ; microwaves ; body mass ; development ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Time-bred CD-1 mice (100) were sham-irradiated or irradiated with 2450-MHz (CW) microwaves at 28 mW/cm2 for 100 minutes daily from the 6th through 17th day of gestation. The offspring were examined either as fetuses after hysterotomy on the 18th day of gestation or as naturally born neonates on the 1st and 7th day of age. Fetuses of half of the dams were examined on the 18th day of gestation. The incidence of pregnancy and the numbers of live, dead, resorbed, and total fetuses were similar in both groups. The mean weight was significantly lower (10%) in live microwave-irradiated fetuses, and ossification of sternal centers was significantly delayed. In the offspring that were born naturally, the mean weight of microwave-irradiated 7-day-old suckling mice was significantly lower (10%) than that of the sham-irradiated group. Survival rates of neonates in these two groups were not different. These data demonstrate that the decreased fetal weight seen in microwave-irradiated mice is retained at least 7 days after birth. Evidence from other published studies is presented to show that the retarded growth is persistent and might be interpreted as permanent stunting.
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    Postresonance electromagnetic absorption by man and animals (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 333-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic dosimetry ; man and animal models ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A surface integral equation (SIE) method is used to calculate the specific absorption rate (SAR) in spherically capped cylindrical models irradiated by an axially incident electromagnetic plane wave (K polarization) in a frequency range for which calculations previously have not been available (80-400 MHz for man models). In the SIE method, the electromagnetic (EM) field relations are formulated in terms of electric and magnetic currents on the surface of the model. The average SAR is calculated from the far scattered EM fields by means of the forward scattering theorem. SAR data calculated by the SIE method agree with data calculated by the extended boundary condition method (EBCM) for frequencies up to 80 MHz (the upper frequency limit of the EBCM) for man models. For rat models exposed to 1-3 GHz radiation, reasonable agreement was also obtained with the limited experimental data available.
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    Determination of electric current distributions in animals and humans exposed to a uniform 60-Hz high-intensity electric field (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 47-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; 60 Hz ; induced current ; scaling ; SAR ; thermograph ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The thermographic method for determining specific absorption rate (SAR) in animals and models of tissues or bodies exposed to electromagnetic fields was applied to the problem of quantifying the current distribution in homogeneous bodies of arbitrary shape exposed to 60-Hz electric fields. The 60-Hz field exposures were simulated by exposing scale models of high electrical conductivity to 57.3-MHz VHF fields of high strength in a large 3.66 × 3.66 × 2.44-m TE101 mode resonant cavity. After exposure periods of 2-30 s, the models were quickly disassembled so that the temperature distribution (maximum value up to 7 °C) along internal cross-sectional planes of the model could be recorded thermographically. The SAR, W′, calculated from the temperature changes at any point in the scale model was used to determine the SAR, W, for a full-scale model exposed to a 60-Hz electric field of the same strength by the relation W = (60/ f2 · (σ′/σ) · W′ where f′ is the model exposure frequency, σ′ is the conductivity of the scale model at the VHF exposure frequency, and σ is the conductivity of the full-scale subject at 60 Hz. The SAR was used to calculate either the electric field strength or the current density for the full-scale subject. The models were used to simulate the exposure of the full-scale subject located either in free space or in contact with a conducting ground plane. Measurements made on a number of spheroidal models with axial ratios from 1 to 10 and conductivity from 1 to 10 s/m agreed well with theoretical predictions. Maximum current densities of 200 nA/cm2 predicted in the ankles of man models and 50 nA/cm2 predicted in the legs of pig models exposed to 60-Hz fields at 1kV/m agreed well with independent measurements on full-scale models.
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    Analysis of inphase interaction pattern in EEG (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 133-146 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: time domain analysis of EEG ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Inphase interactions among EEG signals recorded using eight electrodes were investigated. The inphase interaction parameters are presented in two ways: (1) matrix form in which the number of inphase interactions are tabulated; and (2) histogram in which the number of inphase interactions are plotted pair-wise between two sites as a function of phase delays in milliseconds. The highest number of interactions occurs between 0 and 8 ms in normal brains.The values of interaction parameters are enhanced by various activities. For example, inphase interaction parameters increase in the motor area in the right hemisphere if the EEG is recorded during repeated left fist clenching. Inphase interactions are drastically altered by the presence of a tumor. We studied the inphase interactions of the EEG of a patient having an occipital tumor. The interaction parameters are greatly diminished in this area, indicating a severe impairment of neuronal communications between both hemispheres in the occipital region.The confidence limits of the changes in inphase interaction parameters during fist clenching are tested statistically using the Student's t test. The test shows that the interaction parameters increase, in general, with 1-5% confidence limits in respective cortex areas as a result of fist clenching.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030201
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    Effects of electromagnetic radiation in the range 20-300 MHz on the vacuolar potential of characean cells (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 193-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: characean cells ; thermal response ; electromagnetic bioeffects ; real time measurement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A giant cell (circa 10 mm long) of Chara braunii or Nitella flexilis was placed in a microstrip exposure apparatus, and the vacuolar potential at one end was monitored with a micropipette while the other end was exposed to pulses of VHF radiation at electric field strengths up to 6250 V/m. With suitable filtering and signal averaging, offsets of the vacuolar potential could be detected in real time and at levels as low as 1 μU V. The only effect that has been reproducibly observed in the carrier frequency range 20-300 MHz was the slow ramp-like hyperpolarization previously reported [Pickard and Barsoum, 1981] and tentatively attributed to electromagnetic heating of the system. The slopes of these ramps became more pronounced with increasing frequency and behaved in accordance with theoretical predictions.
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    Effect of high-voltage pulses on the viability of human leucocytes in vitro (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 213-218 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: leucocytes ; transient currents ; spark discharges ; biological effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Human leucocytes were exposed to high-voltage pulses (transient currents) produced by discharging a capacitor through a test chamber containing the cell suspension then tested for viability using trypan blue. With the pulse discharge times of 1 and 3 μs increases in the number of dyeloaded cells were seen for field strengths above 2.6 kV/cm in the sample. For 0.2-μs pulses the critical field strength was about 5 kV/cm.
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    Temperature dependence of ultrasound-induced cell killing: The role of membrane fluidity (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 247-251 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ultrasound ; temperature-dependent cell killing ; membrane fluidity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Chinese hamster cells in suspension were exposed to 20 kHz ultrasound (US) at 54 W/cm2 and various temperatures between 2 and 44 °C. Activation energies were 2.6 and 24 kcal/mole below and above 35 °C, respectively. Procaine, a local anaesthetic drug known to increase membrane fluidity, enhanced cellular inactivation by US above 41 °C, increasing the activation energy to 62 kcal/mole. The inactivation of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium by US was also dependent on the exposure temperature, with an activation energy of 2.9 kcal/mole between 2 and 44 °C. These data are most simply explained by the hypothesis that membranes are a major target for cellular inactivation by US and that the fluidity of the membranes is important in this respect.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030301
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    Low frequency amplitude modulated microwave fields change calcium efflux rates from synaptosomes (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 309-322 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave fields ; calcium efflux ; synaptosomes ; rate constants ; perfusion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Calcium(45Ca2 +) efflux from preloaded synaptosomes was studied with a continuous perfusion technique and the rate constants of a two-phase efflux process calculated. When 16-Hz sinusoidally amplitude modulated 450-MHz microwave field (maximal incident intensity 0.5 mW/ cm2, modulation depth 75%) was applied during the second phase, the rate constant increased by 38%. Unmodulated or 60-Hz modulated signals were not effective. This microwave fieldinduced change can be distinguished from CaCl2-stimulated 45Ca2 + efflux which is most probably derived intracellularly. These data suggest that the microwave-field-induced change in calcium efflux probably did not involve intracellular calcium. Also, this change in the dynamic property of synaptosomes did not require gross anatomically intact tissue as a substrate for field tissue interaction.
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    Effects of 60-Hz electric fields on specific humoral and cellular components of the immune system (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 341-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: immunology ; mice ; 60-Hz electric fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We evaluated humoral and cellular functions of the immune system of Swiss-Webster mice exposed to 60-Hz electric fields at 100 kV/m. No significant differences were observed in primary antibody response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (precipitating antibody levels) between exposed (30 or 60 days) and control mice, nor were there significant changes in mitogen-stimulation response of spleen cells from mice similarly exposed for 90 or 150 days when compared to sham-exposed animals.
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    Electromagnetic dosimetry in a sitting rhesus model at 225 MHz (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 385-389 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic dosimetry ; rhesus model dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Dosimetric measurements in a 9.5-kg tissue-equivalent rhesus model were conducted at 225 MHz using a nonperturbing temperature probe and a gradient-layer calorimeter. Temperature probe measurements showed deep penetration of electromagnetic energy, and calorimeter experiments showed an average SAR (0.285 W/kg per mW/cm2) that was nearly three times greater than that observed for the same model at 1.29 GHz.
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    The vacuolar potential of characean cells subjected to electromagnetic radiation in the range 200-8,200 MHz (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 393-400 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Characean cells ; electromagnetic bioeffects ; real time measurement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Single giant cells of Chara braunii and Nitella flexilis were placed in a microstrip exposure apparatus and subjected to bursts of electromagnetic radiation (carrier frequencies from 200 to 8,200 MHz) at a nominal power level of 100 W/m2. The vacuolar potential was monitored with a micropipette, and offsets as low as 1 μ V could be resolved in real time by suitable filtering and signal averaging; under these conditions, no offsets of the vacuolar potential were detected. At much higher power levels (corresponding to 〉 2 V rms between microstrip and ground plane), the slow hyperpolarizing ramp reported at lower frequencies could be seen but, because of insufficient power, could not be accurately measured. It appeared to decay beyond 500 MHz and to be absent at and above 950 MHz. To investigate reports that snail neurons irradiated for 1 h at 2,450 MHz and approximately 15.5 W/kg developed lowered membrane resistivities, Characean cells were exposed in the microstrip apparatus for 1 h at 2,450 MHz and 230 W/m2; their membrane resistivities were found to be lowered about 18.5%.
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    Effects of X-band microwave exposure on rabbit erythrocytes (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 453-466 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; whole blood ; washed red cells ; permeability alterations ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rabbit erythrocytes were exposed in vitro to continuous wave (CW) and pulse-modulated X-band microwaves in wave guide exposure chambers. Erythrocytes were exposed as whole (hep-arinized) blood suspensions or as washed cells in 1:1 isotonic buffered K+-free saline suspensions. Statistically significant increases in K+ efflux relative to thermal controls were detected when red cells were exposed in whole blood suspensions to either CW or pulsed 8.42-GHz microwaves at SARs that resulted in equilibrium sample temperatures of approximately 24 °C. Under the same exposure conditions, no statistically significant K+ efflux occurred in the case of 1:1 red cell suspensions. Measured differences in sample heating rates and temperature gradients between microwave-exposed and heated control suspensions may account in part for the differential effect of microwave exposure but such effects do not appear to explain the results of this study fully.
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    Cardiovascular alterations in Macaca monkeys exposed to stationary magnetic fields: Experimental observations and theoretical analysis (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Macaca monkeys ; electrocardiogram ; blood pressure ; stationary magnetic fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Simultaneous measurements were made of the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the intraarterial blood pressure of adult male Macaca monkeys during acute exposures to homogeneous stationary magnetic fields ranging in strength up to 1.5 tesla. An instantaneous, field strength-dependent increase in the ECG signal amplitude at the locus of the T wave was observed in fields greater than 0.1 tesla. The temporal sequence of this signal in the ECG record and its reversibility following termination of the magnetic field exposure are consistent with an earlier suggestion that it arises from a magnetically induced aortic blood flow potential superimposed on the native T-wave signal. No measurable alterations in blood pressure resulted from exposure to fields up to 1.5 tesla. This experimental finding is in agreement with theoretical calculations of the magnetohydrodynamic effect on blood flow in the major arteries of the cardiovascular system.
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    An optical method for investigating the microwave absorption characteristics of DNA and other biomolecules in solution (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 21-42 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: biomolecules ; DNA ; microwave absorption ; optical method ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Direct determination of the microwave absorption characteristics of biological molecules in solution by an optical heterodyne technique is described. A visibly transparent sample is irradiated in a spatially nonuniform manner with pulsed microwaves, and the spatial variation in temperature increase measured by detecting the phase chirp impressed on a single-frequency He—Ne laser beam passing through the heated region. Results for several liquids and solutions such as water, methanol, various saline solutions, and solutions of DNA and DNA sodium salt in water are described. Where direct comparison is possible the results agree very well with published values. A significant increase in the absorption of DNA solutions compared with pure water has been observed that is consistent with microwave absorption by the longitudinal mode of the double helix.
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    Masthead (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Effects of microwaves and hyperthermia on capping of antigen-antibody complexes on the surface of normal mouse B lymphocytes (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 115-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave biological effects ; hyperthermia ; B lymphocytes ; capping ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Normal mouse B lymphocytes were tested for the ability to cap plasma membrane antigenantibody complexes following exposure to 2.45-GHz continuous wave (CW) microwaves at power densities up to 100 mW/cm2 (45 W/kg specific absorption rate), at 37, 41, and 42.5 °C. After a 30-minute treatment, the irradiated cells and the nonirradiated controls were tested for capping by the direct immunofluorescence technique. First, the cells were incubated for nine minutes at 37 °C with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated goat antimouse immunoglobulin. After fixing and washing, the percentage of capped cells was determined under a fluorescence microscope. The results show that for the nonirradiated controls, capping is reduced from 90% at 37 °C, to 52% 41 °C. to less than 5% for cells that were pretreated at 42.5 °C. There was no significant difference between the microwave-treated cells and the controls when both were maintained at the same temperature. In another experiment, there was no significant difference in the percentage of capping between controls and cells that were exposed to microwave radiation during capping, when the temperature in both preparations was kept at 38.5 °C. The results demonstrate that B-lymphocyte capping is sensitive to temperature in the range that is proposed for use in tumor therapy.
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    Immunological effects of amplitude-modulated radio frequency radiation: B lymphocyte capping (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 157-165 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: amplitude-modulated RF fields ; hyperthermia ; B lymphocytes ; capping ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: B lymphocytes collected from normal ICR Swiss mouse spleens were exposed in vitro in a Crawford cell to 147-MHz radiofrequency (RF) radiation, amplitude modulated by a 9-, 16-, or 60-Hz sine wave. The power densities ranged between 0.11 and 48 mW/cm2. The irradiated samples and the controls were maintained at 37 °C or 42 °C, with temperature variations less than 0.1 °C. Immediately after a 30-minute exposure, the distribution of antigen-antibody (Ag—Ab) complexes on the cell surface was evaluated at 37 °C by immunofluorescence. Under normal conditions (37 °C, no RF), Ag—Ab complexes are regrouped into a polar cap by an energy-dependent process. Our results demonstrate that the irradiated cells and the nonirradiated controls capped Ag—Ab complexes equally well after exposure at 37 °C. Capping was equally inhibited at 42 °C in both the controls and irradiated cells. No statistically significant differences in capping were observed between the RF-exposed and control samples at any of the modulation frequencies and power densities employed as long as both preparations were maintained at the same temperature.
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    Inhalation chambers for air ion research (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 167-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: air ions ; corona discharge inhalation system ; DC electric fields ; small animal exposure system ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Many previous problems in establishing the nature of biological and behavioral effects of small air ions have been due to poor control over the ion-inhalation microclimate, resulting in nonuniform electrical fields and highly uneven concentrations of small air ions. We have developed a corona discharge air ion-inhalation system for use with animals that incorporates rigorous control over the microclimate and produces highly uniform concentrations of small air ions throughout the exposure area.
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    Microwave effects on immobilized peroxidase chemiluminescence (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 193-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; immobilized peroxidase ; chemiluminescence ; luminol ; horseradish peroxidase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Protein gels formed by crosslinking bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase with glutaraldehyde were used to measure effects on peroxidase activity of 400-MHz (CW) radiofrequency radiation (RFR) at an average specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.45 W/ kg. The enzyme activity was measured by luminol chemiluminescence recorded on photographic film after hydrogen peroxide activation. Activity was measured during RFR exposure of gels or after exposure of gels polymerized in the RFR field. During exposure, a significant (P 〈 .05) reversible increase occurred in overall mean peroxidase activity of gels activated with 0.88 M H2O2 but not in those activated with 8.8 M H2O2. Gels containing solubilized luminol and formed in the field showed no overall mean increase in peroxidase activity, but did display a highly significant (P 〈 .001) alteration in the distribution of local activities when compared to unexposed gels. These results are apparently due to changes in the rate of diffusion (concentration equilibration) of hydrogen peroxide in the gel.
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    Teratogenicity of 27.12-MHz radiation in rats is related to duration of hyperthermic exposure (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: radiofrequency radiation ; 27.12 MHz ; hyperthermia ; teratology ; rat ; embryo ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Five groups of pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were either sham exposed or were irradiated in a 27.12-MHz radiofrequency (RF) field at 55 A/m and 300 V/m on gestation day 9. The absorbed power (approximately 11 W/kg) caused a relatively rapid increase in the rat's colonic temperature. Rats in group I were sham irradiated for 2.5 h at 0 A/m, 0 V/m. In group II RF irradiation was terminated after the rat's colonic temperature reached 41.0 °C. In group III the 41.0- °C temperature was maintained an additional 15 min by varying the field strength. At both temperatures the teratogenic and embryotoxic effects of the RF-induced hyperthermia increased as the exposure duration increased, but the increase was especially noticeable at 42.0 °C. The results indicate that the teratogenic and embryotoxic effects of RF-induced hyperthermia are related to both the temperature of the dam during exposure and the length of time the dam's temperature remains elevated.
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    Experimental determination of whole body average specific absorption rate (SAR) of mice exposed to 200-400 MHz CW (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 267-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: mice ; specific absorption rate ; calorimetry ; TEM chamber ; 200-400 MHz CW ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A maximum of six live mice, mouse cadavers, prolate spheroids molded from muscle-equivalent tissue, or saline-filled culture flasks, were exposed to continuous wave radiation in a TEM cell at frequencies between 200 and 400 MHz. Whole-body average specific absorption rate (SAR) was determined from power meter measurements of incident, reflected, and transmitted powers. The SARs for both live mice and cadavers were approximately twice that for the prolate spheroid models, and when housed in Plexiglas restraining cages, about 2 1/2 times greater. An error multiplying factor is identified, that quantitatively expresses how SAR data obtained by the three -power-meter method becomes progressively more noisy as the irradiation frequency is lowered or as the TEM cell cross section is increased.
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    Erratum (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 294-294 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040310
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    Effects of magnetic field exposure on fertilization success in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 295-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: fusion reactors ; magnetic fields ; biological effects ; fertilization ; fish ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The sensitivity of trout ova and sperm to 1-T magnetic fields was investigated. It was determined that (1) overall test results combining seven independent Z-statistics demonstrated a significant (α 〈 0.0001) enhancement of fertilization when ova alone were exposed to the magnetic field prior to fertilization; (2) similarly, overall test results combining Z-statistics from eight independent experiments indicated a significant (α 〈 0.0004) enhancement when sperm alone were exposed; and (3) statistical analysis of nine independent experiments confirmed enhanced fertilization (α 〈 0.0001) when both ova and sperm were exposed to the magnetic field prior to fertilization. Although these data indicated that both ova and sperm were sensitive to magnetic fields, simultaneous exposure of both gametes did not have a greater total effect on fertilization rate than the sum of their individual effects.
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    A microwave-hyperthermia model of febrile convulsions (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 341-355 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; microwave hyperthermia ; fever ; febrile convulsions ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: While convulsions associated with fever represent a serious problem in pediatric medicine, conventional animal models of febrile convulsions suffer numerous technical limitations. A microwave-hyperthermia model that eliminates these problems was tested. Microwave energy was used to increase the core temperature of 13- and 17-day-old rats, resulting in convulsions similar to febrile convulsions in human infants. Rats were irradiated for 10 min in circularly polarized waveguides at 918 MHz, CW (average SAR = 9.4 W/kg at 13 days and 18.0 W/kg at 17 days as determined by twin-well calorimetry). Day 17 irradiated rats were less susceptible to convulsions than were day 13 irradiated rats, indicating an age-dependent decline in susceptibility. Contrary to findings of earlier models using infrared or hot-oven heating, convulsions induced with microwave hyperthermia impaired neither brain growth nor subsequent performance during behavioral testing. Simultaneous measurement of brain and rectal temperatures during microwave irradiation revealed differential heating rates that favor thermal homeostasis in brain tissue.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050101
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    Electric-field exposure of persons using video display units (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: video display unit (VDU) ; electric field ; ELF ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Electric fields produced by a selection of video display units have been measured over a frequency range from DC to 1 MHz. The magnitude and the time variation of the electric fields were both recorded by means of a single broadband capacitive sensor located on the surface of a simple simulation of the human body. The electric field at a given location was found to be the sum of three discrete components, each having a different spatial and time variation. These components are produced by, respectively, the charged CRT screen, the flyback transformer, and the low-voltage circuitry. For the units tested, operator exposures are substantially below the limits of existing workplace guidelines.
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    Minimal changes in hypothalamic temperature accompany microwave-induced alteration of thermoregulatory behavior (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 13-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: preoptic temperature ; thermode ; behavioral thermoregulation ; 2,450-MHz CW microwaves ; brain thermostat ; squirrel monkey ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This study probed the mechanisms underlying microwave-induced alterations of thermoregulatory behavior. Adult male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), trained to regulate the temperature of their immediate environment (Ta) behaviorally, were chronically implanted with Teflon reentrant tubes in the medical preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area (PO/AH), the brainstem region considered to control normal thermoregulatory processes. A Vitek temperature probe inserted into the tube measured PO/AH temperature continuously while changes in thermoregulatory behavior were induced by either brief (10-min) or prolonged (2.5-h) unilateral exposures to planewave 2,450-MHz continuous wave (CW) microwaves (E polarization). Power densities explored ranged from 4 to 20 mW/cm2 (rate of energy absorption [SAR] = 0.05 [W/kg]/[mW/cm2]). Rectal temperature and four representative skin temperatures were also monitored, as was the Ta selected by the animal. When the power density was high enough to induce a monkey to select a cooler Ta (8 mW/cm2 and above), PO/AH temperature rose ∼ 0.3°C but seldom more. Lower power densities usually produced smaller increases in PO/AH temperature and no reliable change in thermoregulatory behavior. Rectal temperature remained constant while PO/AH temperature rose only 0.2-0.3°C during 2.5-h exposures at 20 mW/cm2 because the Ta selected was 2-3°C cooler than normally preferred. Sometimes PO/AH temperature increments greater than 0.3°C were recorded, but they always accompanied inadequate thermoregulatory behavior. Thus, a PO/AH temperature rise of 0.2-0.3°C, accompanying microwave exposure, appears to be necessary and sufficient to alter thermoregulatory behavior, which ensures in turn that no greater temperature excursions occur in this hypothalamic thermoregulatory center.
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    The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 63-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: hyperthermia ; microwaves ; brain ; ATP ; CP ; energy metabolism ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of hyperthermia, alone and in conjunction with microwave exposure, on brain energetics were studied in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. The effect of temperature on adenosine triphosphate concentration [ATP] and creatine phosphate concentration [CP] was determined in the brains of rats that were maintained at 35.6, 37.0, 39.0, and 41.0°C. At 37, 39, and 41°C brain [ATP] and [CP] were down 6.0, 10.8, and 29.2%, and 19.6, 28.7, and 44%, respectively, from the 35.6°C control concentrations. Exposure of the brain to 591-MHz radiation at 13.8 mW/cm2 for 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 min caused further decreases (below those observed for 30°C hyperthermia only) of 16.0, 29.8, 22.5, and 12.3% in brain [ATP], and of 15.6, 25.1, 21.4, and 25.9% in brain [CP] after 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 min, respectively. Recording of brain reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence before, during, and after microwave exposure showed an increase in NADH fluorescence during microwave exposure that returned to preexposure levels within 1 min postexposure. Continuous recording of brain temperatures during microwave exposures showed that brain temperature varied between -0.1 and +0.05°C. Since the microwave exposures did not induce tissue hyperthermia, it is concluded that direct microwave interaction at the subcellular level is responsible for the observed decrease in [ATP] and [CP].
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    System for the exposure of cell suspensions to power-frequency electric fields (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 117-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF ; electric fields ; exposure systems ; biological effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A system is described that uses an oscillating magnetic field to produce power-frequency electric fields with strengths in excess of those produced in an animal or human standing under a high-voltage electric-power transmission line. In contrast to other types of exposure systems capable of generating fields of this size, no electrodes are placed in the conducting growth media: the possibility of electrode contamination of the exposed suspension is thereby eliminated. Electric fields in the range 0.02-3.5 V/m can be produced in a cell culture with total harmonic distortions less than 1.5%. The magnetic field used to produce electric fields for exposure is largely confined within a closed ferromagnetic circuit, and experimental and control cells are exposed to leakage magnetic flux densities less than 5 μT. The temperatures of the experimental and control cell suspensions are held fixed within ±0.1°C by a water bath. Special chambers were developed to hold cell cultures during exposure and sham exposure. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells incubated in these chambers grew for at least 48 h and had population doubling times of 16-17 h, approximately the same as for CHO cells grown under standard cell-culture conditions.
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    Behavioral studies with mice exposed to DC and 60-Hz magnetic fields (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 147-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: DC and 60-Hz magnetic fields ; animal behavior ; memory retention ; locomotor activity ; pentylenetetrazole sezure threshold ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Behavioral measures were evaluated in adult CD-1 and LAF-1 mice continuously exposed for 72 h to a 1.5-Tesla (1 T = 104 Gauss) homogeneous DC magnetic field, and in LAF-1 mice continuously exposed for 72 h to a sinusoidal 60-Hz, 1.65-mT (rms) homogeneous AC field. Three types of behavioral tests were employed: (1) Memory of an electroshock-motivated passive avoidance task was assessed in animals that had been trained immediately prior to the field exposure. The strength of memory was varied either by altering the strength of the electric footshock during training, or by administering a cerebral protein synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin, at the time of training. (2) General locomotor activity was measured using a quadrant-crossing test immediately after termination of the magnetic field exposure. (3) Sensitivity of the experimental subjects to the seizure-inducing neuro-pharmacological agent, pentylenetetrazole, was assessed immediately after the field exposure on the basis of three criteria: (a) the percentage of subjects exhibiting a generalized seizure, (b) the mean time to seizure, and (c) the mean seizure level. The results of these studies revealed no behavioral alterations in exposed mice relative to controls in any of the experimental tests with the 1.5-T DC field or the 60-Hz, 1.65-mT (rms) AC field.
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    Effects of acute low-level microwaves on pentobarbital-induced hypothermia depend on exposure orientation (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 203-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; pentobarbital ; hypothermia ; exposure orientation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Two series of experiments were performed to study the effects of acute exposure (45 min) to 2,450-MHz circularly polarized, pulsed microwaves [1 mW/cm2, 2-μs pulses, 500 pps, specific absorption rate (SAR) 0.6 W/kg] on the actions of pentobarbital in the rat. In the first experiment, rats were irradiated with microwaves and then immediately injected with pentobarbital. Microwave exposure did not significantly affect the extent of the pentobarbital-induced fall in colonic temperature. However, the rate of recovery from the hypothermia was significantly slower in the microwave-irradiated rats and they also took a significantly longer time to regain their righting reflex. In a second experiment, rats were first anesthetized with pentobarbital and then exposed to microwaves with their heads either pointing toward the source of microwaves (anterior exposure) or pointing away (posterior exposure). Microwave radiation significantly retarded the pentobarbital-induced fall in colonic temperature regardless of the orientation of exposure. However, the recovery from hypothermia was significantly faster in posterior-exposed animals compared to those of the anterior-exposed and sham-irradiated animals. Furthermore, the posterior-exposed rats took a significantly shorter time to regain their righting reflex than both the anterior-exposed and sham-irradiated animals.
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    Ethanol-induced hypothermia and ethanol consumption in the rat are affected by low-level microwave irradiation (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; ethanol ; hypothermia ; fluid consumption ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Microwave irradiation of rats by circularly polarized, 2,450-MHz, pulsed waves (2-μs pulses; 500 pps) was performed in waveguides to determine effects on ethanol-induced hypothermia and on ethanol consumption. Rats injected intraperitoneally with ethanol (3 g/kg in a 25% v/v water solution) immediately after 45 min of microwave irradiation exhibited attenuation of the initial rate of fall in body temperature, which was elicited by the ethanol, but exhibited no significant difference in maximal hypothermia as compared with that of sham-irradiated rats. Microwave irradiation did not affect the consumption of a 10% sucrose (w/v) solution by water-deprived rats. However, it enhanced the consumption of a solution of 10% sucrose (w/v) + 15% ethanol (v/v) by water-deprived animals. These results were obtained at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.6 W/kg, which rate of energy dosing would require a power density of 3-6 mW/cm2 if exposure of the animals had occurred to a 12-cm plane wave.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050301
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    Internal field strength measurements in chick forebrains at 50, 147, and 450 MHz. This paper has been reviewed by the Health Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 293-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: brain tissue ; radiofrequency (RF) radiation ; dosmetry ; calcium ions ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This report describes some experimental measurements of the internal field levels induced within isolated chick-forebrains irradiated at 50, 147, and 450 MHz, under essentially the same conditions as those used in the in vitro calcium-ion efflux experiments. Ratios of incident power at 50/147 MHz and 147/450 MHz that are needed to establish the same probe output are given and comparisons made with values predicted by different spherical models. Data predicted by the layered-sphere model were found to be in close agreement with measured values for the 50/147-MHz ratio. Agreement for the 147/450-MHz ratio was poorer.
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    Cerebrovascular permeability to 86Rb in the rat after exposure to pulsed microwaves (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 323-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: pulsed microwaves ; rat ; blood-brain barrier ; 86Rb permeability ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Microwaves (pulsed, 2,450 MHz) at an average power density of 3 W/cm2 were applied directly to the head for 5, 10, or 20 min, producing a peak specific absorption rate of 240 W/kg in the brain, which, after a 10-min exposure, resulted in brain temperatures in excess of 43°C. A bolus of 86Rb in isotonic saline was injected intravenously and an arterial sample was collected for 20 s to determine cardiac output. Compared with unexposed controls, uptake of 86Rb increased most in those regions directly in the path of the irradiation, namely, the occipital and parietal cortex, as well as the dorsal hippocampus, midbrain, and basal ganglia. In a separate group of animals, regional brain-vascular spaces were found to increase with brain temperature. These results support previous observations indicating that reliably demonstrable increases of blood-brain barrier permeability are associated with intense, microwave-induced hyperthermia, and that the observed changes are not due to field-specific interaction.
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    Alterations in protein kinase activity following exposure of cultured human lymphocytes to modulated microwave fields (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 341-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; amplitude modulation ; human lymphocytes ; protein kinase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Cultures of human tonsil lymphocytes were exposed in a Crawford cell to a 450-MHz field (peak envelope intensity 1.0 mW/cm2), sinusoidally amplitude modulated (depth 80%) at frequencies between 3 and 100 Hz for periods up to 60 min. The Crawford cell was housed in a temperature-controlled chamber (35°C) and control cultures were placed in the same chamber. Activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase relative to controls remained unaltered by fields modulated at 16 or 60 Hz with exposures of 15, 30, and 60 min. By contrast, total non-cAMP-dependent kinase activity fell to less than 50% of unexposed control levels after 15 and 30 min exposures, but, despite continuing field exposure, returned to control or preexposure levels by 45 and 60 min. A smaller reduction (20-25%) also occurred with 60-Hz modulation and was also restricted to exposure durations of 15 and 30 min. CW 450-MHz fields were without effect. Reduced enzyme activity occurred with 16-, 40-, and 60-Hz modulation frequencies, but not with 3-, 6-, 80-, or 100-Hz modulation. The specific identity of this kinase is unknown. This rapid but transient reduction in lymphocyte protein kinase activity restricted to modulation frequencies between 16 and 60 Hz and to less than 30 min exposure is consistent with „windowing“ with respect to modulation frequency and exposure duration.
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    Short-circuit currents, surface electric fields, and axial current densities for guinea pigs exposed to ELF electric fields. Pacific Northwest Laboratory is operated for the Department of Energy by Battelle Memorial Institute. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 361-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; ELF ; 60 Hz ; guinea pig ; dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Short-circuit currents, surface electric fields, and axial current densities were measured in electrically grounded guinea pigs exposed to a uniform, vertical, ELF electric field. These data are 70-110% of corresponding values obtained in grounded rats exposed to the same electric field.
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    Design of a magnetic field generator for experiments on magnetic effects in cell cultures (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 399-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: magnet ; magnetic field ; tissue culture ; exposure system ; biological effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A magnetic field generator constructed of rare earth-cobalt magnets is proposed for examining the biological effects of static magnetic fields (less than 1 T) on tissue cultures. Important quantities of a magnetic field from a biological-effects viewpoint, ie, its strength and the product of strength and gradient, are analysed. A practical procedure for designing the generator with optimum parameters is given. Also, parameters are determined which will yield a sinusoidal spatial field distribution.
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    Formulas for preparing phantom muscle tissue at various radiofrequencies (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 435-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: RF fields ; muscle ; phantom tissue ; tumor ; temperature ; dielectric constant ; conductivity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The dielectric properties of various test samples of phantom tissue were measured using an automated and temperature-controlled slotted line. The ingredients for phantom materials were determined for simulating high-water content tissue at 13.56, 27.12, 40.68, 70, 100, 200, 300, 433, 750, 915, and 2,450 MHz. The ingredients consisted of water, TX-150 (a gelling agent), sodium chloride, and polyethylene powder (200-2,450 MHz) or aluminum powder (13.56-100 MHz). The dielectric constant and conductivity of these materials at different temperatures (15, 22, 30°C) were characterized.
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    Calibration of flat 60-Hz electric field probes (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 447-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: calibration ; electric field ; ELF ; instrumentation ; measurement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of nearby ground planes, perturbation of surface charge distributions, and fringing fields on the electric field between parallel plates are characterized to define a parallel plate system that can be used to calibrate flat 60-Hz electric field probes.
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    Effects of microwave exposure on the hamster immune system. II. Peritoneal macrophage function (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 141-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave bioeffects ; hamster macrophages ; immunology ; viricidal macrophages ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Acute exposure of hamsters to microwave energy (2.45 GHz; 25 mW/cm2 for 60 min) resulted in activation of peritoneal macrophages that were significantly more viricidal to vaccinia virus as compared to sham-exposed or normal (minimum-handling) controls. Macrophages from microwave-exposed hamsters became activated as early as 6 h after exposure and remained activated for up to 12 days. The activation of macrophages by microwave exposure paralleled the macrophage activation after vaccinia virus immunization. Activated macrophages from vacciniaimmunized hamsters did not differ in their viricidal activity when the hamsters were microwave or sham-exposed. Exposure for 60 min at 15 mW/cm2 did not activate the macrophages while 40 mW/cm2 exposure was harmful to some hamsters. Average maximum core temperatures in the exposed (25 mW/cm2) and sham groups were 40.5 °C (±0.35 SD) and 38.4 °C (±0.5 SD), respectively. In vitro heating of macrophages to 40.5 °C was not as effective as in vivo microwave exposure in activating macrophages to the viricidal state. Macrophages from normal, shamexposed, and microwave-exposed hamsters were not morphologically different, and they all phagocytosed India ink particles. Moreover, immune macrophage cytotoxicity for virus-infected or noninfected target cells was not suppressed in the microwave-irradiated group (25 mW/cm2, 1 h) as compared to sham-exposed controls, indicating that peritoneal macrophages were not functionally suppressed or injured by microwave hyperthermia.
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    Masthead (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040301
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    Behavioral detection of 60-Hz electric fields by rats (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 215-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric field ; 60-Hz ; detection ; psychophysics ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rats partially deprived of food were trained individually to press a lever in the presence of a vertical, 60-Hz electric field and not to press in its absence. Correct detections that occurred during brief, 3- or 4-s trials occasionally produced a food pellet. The probability of detecting the field was found to increase as field strength increased. The threshold of detection, ie, the field strength required for detections at a probability of 0.5 after correction for errors, was generally between 4 and 10 kV/m. The range of field strengths between almost zero and almost 100% correctness of detection was approximately 8 kV/m. A logistic function provided a good description of the increase in the detection probability with increasing field strength. These performances occurred reliably in 19 rats, some of which were studied for 2 years. Control procedures showed that the behavior required that the rat be in the electric field; the behavior was not controlled by any of several potentially confounding variables.
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    Electrical discontinuity of tissue substitute models at 27.12 MHz (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: shortwave ; diathermy applicators ; heating ; attenuation ; conductivity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Tissue-substitute models consisting of layers of synthetic, electrically equivalent subcutaneous fat, muscle, and bone shaped in conformation with the normal anatomy are used for rapid determination of distribution of temperature and specific absorption rate throughout the tissues when exposed to electromagnetic radiation. The surfaces of the bisected models are approximated during a short exposure period, then separated and scanned with a thermograph. A method was developed to eliminate the electrical discontinuity at the bisected surfaces while allowing separation and subsequent thermographic scanning. A thin layer of silk screen wetted with propylene glycol saturated with sodium chloride was used at the fat interface and a 0.9% sodium chloride solution was used to wet the screen at the muscle interface to eliminate electrical discontinuity during exposure to 27.12-MHz diathermy. Tests showed that in the presence of an electrical discontinuity the heating pattern was grossly distorted. With the method used, the electrical discontinuity is minimized and the subsequent thermographic scanning reveals that the heating pattern is equivalent to that of an intact model.
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    Masthead (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040401
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    Oviposition and development of Drosophila modified by magnetic fields (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 315-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Drosophila ; ELF electromagnetic effects ; oviposition ; development ; viability ; magnetic fields ; DC magnetic fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Drosophila flies placed in a habitat with two lateral boxes demonstrated sensitivity to magnetic fields: Oviposition decreased by exposure to pulsated extremely low frequency (ELF) (100)Hz, 1.76 miliTesla (mT) and sinusosidal fields (50 Hz, 1 mT), while there was no initial effect of exposure to a static magnetic field (4.5 mT). Drosophila eggs treated for 48 h with the above described fields showed that (1) mortality of eggs was lower in controls than in eggs exposed to all tested magnetic fields; (2) mortality of larvae increased when a permanent magnet was used; (3) mortality of pupae was highest when a permanent magnet was used; and (4) general adult viability was highest in controls (67%) and diminished progressively when eggs were exposed to pulsated (55%), sinusoidal (45%), and static (35%) magnetic fields.
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    Offset of the vacuolar potential of Characean cells in response to electromagnetic radiation over the range 250 Hz-250 kHz (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Characean cells ; vacuolar potential ; electromagnetic radiation ; Nitella flexilis ; Chara braunii ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements were made of the small, transient offsets of vacuolar potential produced in single cells of Nitella flexilis and Chara braunii by isolated bursts of audio frequency electromagnetic radiation. The offsets increased in magnitude with decreasing frequency of the electromagnetic radiation and, below about 6 kHz, seemed to approach a lowfrequency asymptote. This frequency dependence for the offset is shown to be in accordance with a previously developed model in which the incident radiation is weakly rectified by the cell's membrane system.
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    The frequency dependence of an analytical model of an electrically stimulated biological structure (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 47-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: digital computer simulation ; alternating electrical field ; electromagnetic field ; biological sturcture ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A digital computer simulation has been carried out of the exposure of a cell, modeled as a multilayered spherical structure, to an alternating electrical field. Electrical and electrochemical quantities of possible biological interest can be evaluated everywhere inside the cell. A strong frequency behavior in the range 0-10 MHz has been obtained.
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    A circular waveguide irradiation system for nonhuman primates: Design and dosimetry (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 79-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: circular waveguide exposure system ; radiofrequency dosimetry ; rhesus monkey ; radiofrequency exposure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A 275-MHz exposure system, consisting of a circular waveguide irradiator and a transparent plastic animal cage, has been developed to accommodate rhesus monkeys weighing up to 15 kg. The vertically oriented waveguide is composed primarily of stainless steel and is fitted with an inner cage fabricated from a tubular section of acrylic plastic. Circularly polarized electromagnetic energy at 275 MHz, either pulsed or continuous wave (CW), can be propagated from the removable top section of the waveguide. The cage is designed to function as the monkey's permanent home. It is fitted with a lever-actuated behavioral performance device on which the monkey responds according to a predetermined schedule to obtain a daily food ration. The system can be adapted to provide for the collection of metabolic and physiologic data as well. Dosimetric measurements were conducted with six rhesus monkeys weighing 3.0-7.2 kg and with a 4-kg model. The dosimetric results show that about one-third of the net incident energy is absorbed by a subject in this system at a normalized specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.33 (W/kg)/(mW/cm2).
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    Theoretical and experimental determination of SAR patterns for spherical tissue models in a rectangular resonant cavity (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 89-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: specific absorption rate ; resonant cavity ; spheres ; Mie theory ; superposition ; thermography ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Specific absorption rates (SARs) were determined theoretically and experimentally for several spherical models of tissue exposed to electrical fields of TE101 mode in a rectangular cavity of 57.3 MHz resonant frequency. The approximate theoretical SAR can be calculated according to the Mie theory by superposition of four plane waves representing the fields excited in the cavity. The theoretical and thermographically determined SAR patterns in spheres with radii of 5, 7.5, and 10 cm and with conductivities of 0.1, 1, and 10 S/m were compared. For a sphere with radius less than 7.5 cm and conductivity less than 1 S/m, the SAR was quite uniform. When conductivity was increased to 10 S/m, the SAR patterns showed higher absorption in the periphery of the largest sphere (10-cm radius). These characteristics are important in evaluating the scaling technique of exposing a model of a human to very-high-frequency fields to obtain power absorption data in humans exposed to high-frequency or very-low-frequency fields.
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    Cell membrane temperature rate sensitivity predicted from the Nernst equation (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 113-115 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Nernst equation ; temperature derivatives ; cell membranes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A hyperpolarized current is predicted from the Nernst equation for conditions of positive temperature derivatives with respect to time. This ion current, coupled with changes in membrane channel conductivities, is expected to contribute to a transient potential shift across the cell membrane for silent cells and to a change in firing rate for pacemaker cells.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050201
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    The effect of frequency and grounding on whole-body absorption of humans in E-polarized radiofrequency fields (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 131-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: human ; dosimetry ; safety ; radio frequency ; high frequency ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The radiofrequency absorption rates of five male human volunteers have been measured from 3 to 41 MHz. The subjects were exposed at about 10 μW/cm2 inside a very large transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell and never absorbed more than 1 W. Both the EKH and EHK orientations were employed under both free-space and grounded conditions. Absorption rates for the EKH orientation exceed those of the EHK orientation by 40% in free space, but only by 6% when grounded. The absorption rates for the grounded men vary with frequency, f, as f1.9 from 3 to 25 MHz and then level off at the peak. The freespace absorption rates vary as f1.7 from 3 to 18 MHz and as f2.9 from 18 to 41 MHz. The average measured absorption rates at 10 MHz exceed the average of the standard model calculations by a factor of three (for free space) or four (grounded). The average man, when exposed grounded in an EKH orientation to the maximum permitted exposure levels under ANSI standard C95.1-1982, will absorb 0.58 ± 0.14 W/kg over most of the 3 to 41-MHz frequency range. This slightly exceeds the whole-body maximum of 0.40 W/kg underlying the standard.
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    A reference curve for axial bioelectric potentials in rabbit tibia (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 193-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: bioelectricity ; bone ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A high coefficient of variation is characteristic of the bioelectric potentials recorded from living long bones. As a consequence, the data collected from animal and human experiments are difficult to use in practical ways. A distribution curve for bone bioelectric potentials has been calculated using polynomial regression analysis to process the voltage values recorded on the whole length of rabbit tibiae, with reference electrodes positioned in three different points of the bone. The distribution curve so obtained is presented to fulfill the need for a reference curve for the bioelectric potentials recorded from rabbit tibial surfaces.
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    Operant behavior and colonic temperature of Macaca mulatta exposed to radio frequency fields at and above resonant frequencies (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 233-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: operant behavior ; observing-responses ; radiofrequency radiation ; colonic temperature ; rhesus monkeys ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Five food-deprived rhesus monkeys were exposed to 225-MHz continuous-wave, and 1.3-GHz, and 5.8-GHz pulsed radiation to determine the minimal power densities affecting performance. The monkeys were trained to press a lever (observing-response) thereby producing signals that indicated availability of food. In the presence of the aperiodically appearing food signals, a detection response on a different lever was reinforced by a food pellet. Continuous, stable responding during 60-min sessions developed and was followed by repeated exposures to radiofrequency radiation. The subjects, restrained in a Styrofoam chair, were exposed to free-field radiation while performing the task. Colonic temperature was simultaneously obtained. Observing-response performance was impaired at increasingly higher power densities as frequency increased from the near-resonance 225 MHz to the above-resonance 5.8 GHz. The threshold power density of disrupted response rate at 225 MHz was 8.1 mW/cm2; at 1.3 GHz it was 57 mW/cm2, and at 5.8 GHz it was 140 mW/cm2. These power densities were associated with reliable increases in colonic temperatures above sham-exposure levels. The mean increase was typically in the range of 1°C, and response-rate changes were not observed in the absence of concomitant temperature increases. In these experiments increase of colonic temperature was a much better predictor of behavioral disruption than was either the power density of the incident field or estimates of whole-body-averaged rates of energy absorption.
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    Attempts to produce taste-aversion learning in rats exposed to 60-Hz electric fields (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 271-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Electric fields ; 60 Hz ; rats ; behavior ; gastrointestinal distress ; taste aversion ; behavior toxicolgy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A measure of taste-aversion (TA) learning was used in three experiments to 1) determine whether exposure to intense 60-Hz electric fields can produce TA learning in male Sprague-Dawley rats, and 2) establish a dose-response function for the behavior in question. In Experiment 1, four groups of eight rats each were distributed into one of two exposures (69 ± 5 kV/m or 133 ± 10 kV/m) or into one of two sham-exposure groups. Conditioning trials paired 0.1% sodium saccharin in water with 3 h of exposure to a 60-Hz electric field. Following five conditioning trials, a 20-min, two-bottle preference test between water and saccharin-flavored water failed to reveal TA conditioning in exposed groups. In Experiment 2, four groups of eight rats each (34 ± 2 kV/m or 133 ± 10 kV/m and two sham-exposed groups) were treated as before. Electric-field exposure had no effect on TA learning. Experiment 3 tested for a possible synergy between a minimal dose (for TA learning) of cyclophosphamide (6 mg/kg) and 5 h of exposure to 133 ± 10 kV/m electric fields in a dark environment under conditions otherwise similar to those of Experiments 1 and 2. The results indicated no TA learning as reflected in the relative consumption of saccharin.
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    Biological effects of a 765-kV, 60-Hz transmission line on honey bees (Apis mellifera L.): Hemolymph as a possible stress indicator (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Apis mellifera ; 765-kV transmission line ; E-field ; stress ; hemocytes ; hemoproteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Number of circulating hemocytes and hemolymph protein patterns of adult worker honey bees were analyzed as possible indicators of stress resulting from colony placement under a 765-kV transmission line. Although exposure to 55, 80, and 95 μA total induced hive current (THC) produced colony behavioral disturbance, there were no consistent effects on mean hemocyte counts at 55- or 95-μA THC. Age-dependent declines in circulating hemocyte number were similar in all exposure groups. There were no consistent differences in tube-gel electropherograms. No consistent differences were found in two-density slab-gel electropherograms based on ultrasensitive silver stain. The 67 positively charged and four negatively charged protein fractions from overwintering bees are two- to threefold more than currently reported in the literature.
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    The effects of microwave radiation on avian dominance behavior (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 331-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; avian behavior ; solar energy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Seventeen birds from 12 flocks were exposed to microwave radiation under various combinations of power density and duration; three birds from two additional flocks served as sham-exposed controls. Experiments were conducted outdoors at Manomet, Massachusetts (41°56′N, 70°35′W) under normal winter ambient temperatures. Although irradiated birds maintained their positions within a flock hierarchy with one exception, some appeared to have a change in their level of aggression after exposure.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984) 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050401
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    The relationship between flash evoked potentials and evoked amplitude modulation patterns of an applied UHF electromagnetic field in the rat (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 365-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic fields ; evoked potentials ; amplitude modulation ; electrophysiological processes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Pilot studies demonstrate evidence that the electrophysiological processes associated with flash stimulation of the central nervous system (CNS) of rats, as seen in the recordings of visual-evoked potentials, may also be detectable using an ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic field (UHFEMF). Patterns of amplitude modulation of an applied UHFEMF, when recorded and averaged, show strong correlations with simultaneously recorded evoked potentials. The data support the hypothesis that the UHFEMF amplitude is altered in a dynamic fashion by the tissue's electrophysiological processes that are involved with the generation of CNS electric fields.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050402
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    Effects of microwave exposure on the hamster immune system. III. Macrophage resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus infection (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 377-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave bioeffects ; peritoneal macrophages ; viricidal macrophages ; LPS ; immunology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Exposure of hamsters to microwave (MW) energy (2.45 GHz, 25 mW/cm2, 1 h) resulted in activation of peritoneal macrophages (PM) to a viricidal state restricting the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). The PM from MW-exposed hamsters were viricidal as early as 1 day after exposure and remained active for 5 days. Immunization of hamsters with vaccinia virus induced viricidal PM by 3 to 4 days and they remained active for 7 days. To test the hypothesis that thermogenic MW exposure results in the release of endotoxin across the intestinal epithelium which subsequently activates PM, hamsters were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and their viricidal activity was studied. Lipopolysaccharide in vitro (0.2 μg) and in vivo (0.5 μg) activated macrophages to a viricidal state. When administered in vivo, LPS (0.5 μg) activated macrophages as early as 1 day and the activity remained for 3 days. While MW exposure of PM in vitro failed to induce viricidal activity, exposure of PM to LPS in vitro induced strong viricidal activity. This suggests that the in vivo response of PM to MW is an indirect one, which is consistent with the hypothesis that MW-induced PM viricidal activity may be mediated via LPS. In preliminary experiments, MW exposure resulted in extended survival time for hamsters challenged with a lethal dose of vesicular stomatitis virus, supporting the concept that MW-activated PM may be a useful therapeutic modality.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050403
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    Assessment of the immune responsiveness of mice exposed to a 1.5-Tesla stationary magnetic field (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 443-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: stationary magnetic fields ; LAF1/J mice ; immune response ; sheep erythrocytes ; mitogen stimulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were assayed following a 6-day exposure of LAF1/J mice to a 1.50 Tesla (1 T = 104 Gauss) stationary magnetic field. In tests of the immune response to sheep erythrocytes, the number of Jerne plaques formed by spleen lymphocytes and the level of serum IgM were not significantly different for the exposed mice in comparison with control animals. Tests for mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation also demonstrated no significant differences in the response of spleen lymphocytes from exposed and control groups of mice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050409
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    Referees for bioelectromagnetics, 1984 (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 451-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050411
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  • 88
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    Evidence for electrostatic enhancement of odor receptor function by worker honeybee antennae (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 413-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: honeybee ; olfaction ; electrostatics ; electret ; chemosensillae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Pore plates (placoid chemosensillae) on the antennae of dead worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) apparently retained a static electric charge that was significantly different from that of the surrounding cuticle. Residual charge resulted in the concentration of airborne particulate matter over the rim of exposed pore plates to the virtual exclusion of such deposition on surrounding cuticle. Postmortem integrity of polar lipids associated with the pore plate and adjacent sense cells is hypothesized as the source of the static potential. Such a lipoidal matrix, if functioning as an electret and if attracting odorous molecules to receptor cells from outside the odor stream of individual receptors, would greatly enhance receptor efficiency of living bees.
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  • 89
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    In vivo and in vitro dielectric properties of animal tissues at radio frequencies (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 421-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dielectric properties ; radio frequencles ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: An open-ended coaxial line and an improved measurement method employing a computer controlled network analyzer were used to measure the permittivity of cat tissues. Muscle, spleen, kidney cortex, liver,and brain cortex were measured in vivo and in vitro at frequencies between 100 MHz and 8 GHz. The differences between the permittivities of these cat tissues, in the aforementioned range of frequencies, when measured in vivo and a few (up to four) hours after death, were found to be within the experimental uncertainty.
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  • 90
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    Far-field dosimetric measurements in a full-sized man model at 2.0 GHz (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 433-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic dosimetry ; microwave absorption ; man-sized model ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Electromagnetic dosimetry was conducted in a tissue-equivalent full-sized model of man irradiated at 2 GHz inside a microwave-anechoic chamber. A nonperturbing temperature probe and a gradient-layer calorimeter were used to determine local and whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR), respectively. Relatively high SAR values were found in the limbs compared to the axis of the trunk of the model. The calorimeter experiments yielded an average SAR about three times higher than that estimated theoretically for a prolate spheroidal model of man. It is suggested that resonant interactions involving the limbs may be responsible for the disparity between theory and experiment.
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  • 91
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    The effect of exposure of acetylcholinesterase to 2,450-MHz microwave radiation (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 165-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: acetylcholinesterase ; microwave ; microwave spectrophotometer-fluorometer ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of 2,450-MHz pulsed microwave radiation on the enzyme activity of membranefree acetylcholinesterase was studied while the enzyme was in the microwave field. We found no significant effect of microwave radiation on enzyme activity using a wide variety of power densities, pulse widths, repetition rates, and duty cycles. This suggests that simple, direct modification by microwave energy of acetylcholinesterase structure and enzymic activity is not related to microwave alteration of acetylcholinesterase central nervous system levels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050205
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  • 92
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    Interaction between electromagnetic fields and cells: Microelectrophoretic effect on ligands and surface receptors (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 173-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic field ; surface receptors ; cell reactivation ; lectins ; phytohemagglutinin ; lymphocytes ; microelectrophoresis ; mitogenic gain ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The aggregation between lectins and lymphocyte surface receptors can be affected strongly by a low-level electric field induced in the cell suspension by a time-varying magnetic field. One of the possible mechanisms is the microelectrophoretic effect due to the electric field, which influences the distance (in the mean square sense) between charged ligands and receptors when they are about to separate. On a purely theoretical basis, it is shown that, at low frequencies, an externally induced periodic electric field always decreases the mean lifetime of ligand-receptor complexes. As a consequence, the mitogenic gain obtained by lectin addition to cell suspension is decreased. These results suggest that such a mechanism, if effective, reduces the lectin mitogenic capability and offers a way of handling similar phenomena which have been described for other biological systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050206
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  • 93
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    In utero exposure to microwave radiation and rat brain development (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 315-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: brain ; rat ; development ; microwaves ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Timed-pregnancy rats were exposed in a circular waveguide system starting on day 2 of gestation. The system operated at 2,450 MHz (pulsed waves; 8 μs PW; 830 pps). Specific absorption rate (SAR) was maintained at 0.4 W/kg by increasing the input power as the animals grew in size. On day 18 of gestation the dams were removed from the waveguide cages and euthanized; the fetuses were removed and weighed. Fetal brains were excised and weighed, and brain RNA, DNA and protein were determined. Values for measured parameters of the radiated fetuses did not differ significantly from those of sham-exposed fetuses. A regression of brain weight on body weight showed no micrencephalous fetuses in the radiation group when using as a criterion a regression line based on two standard errors of the estimate of the sham-exposed group. In addition, metrics derived from brain DNA (ie, cell number and cell size) showed no significant differences when radiation was compared to sham exposure. We conclude that 2,450-MHz microwave radiation, at an SAR of 0.4 W/kg, did not produce significant alterations in brain organogenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050304
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  • 94
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    The membrane potential of Characean cells exposed to amplitude-modulated, low-power 147-MHz radiation (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 353-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: algal cells ; amplitude-modulated irradiation ; resting potential ; phase-sensitive detection ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The membrane potential of isolated cells of Chara braunii or Nitella flexilis was monitored while the cells were exposed, at nominal power densities from 2 to 1,000 W/m2, to 147-MHz radiation amplitude modulated at frequencies from 4 to 64 Hz. Phase-sensitive detection was used to seek radiation-correlated changes in the membrane potential, and none were apparent under any of the conditions used in this investigation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050308
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  • 95
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    Vacuolar hyperpolarizing offsets in Characean cells exposed to mono- and bichromatic CW and to squarewave-modulated electromagnetic radiation in the band 200-1,000 MHz (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 357-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Characean cells ; hyperpolarizing response ; thermal electromagnetic bioeffects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Single giant cells of the algae Chara braunii and Nitella flexilis were exposed to bursts of electromagnetic radiation (monochromatic CW, bichromatic CW, or squarewave-modulated) in the band 200-1,000 MHz while their vacuolar potentials were monitored using micropipettes. The slow hyperpolarizing response that was observed seemed to be linear in the power deposited in the vicinity of the cell, to be otherwise indifferent to irradiation frequency or modulation, and therefore to be thermal in origin.
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  • 96
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    SAR in rats exposed in 2,450-MHz circularly polarized waveguides (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 389-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dosimetry ; average SAR ; 2,450-MHz ; circular waveguide ; rat ; thermogram ; calorimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Average specific absorption rates (SARs) for live rats exposed in 2,450-MHz circularly polarized waveguides were estimated from the total system loss determined from measurements using five power meters, and a correction factor representing actual SAR/apparent SAR. The actual SAR was measured by twin-well calorimetry and the apparent SAR by power meters. Values were obtained for carcasses of various body masses for five orientations. The average SAR with free movement in the cages changed less than threefold as the rats grew from 200 to 700 g. The ratio of peak to average SAR in the body was less than 3. These results indicate relatively constant energy disposition in rats exposed in the circularly polarized waveguide.
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    Calorimetric measurements of the effect of 330-MHz radiofrequency radiation on human erythrocyte ghosts (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 411-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 330-MHz radiofrequency radiation ; human erythrocyte ghosts ; scanning differential microcalorimetry ; infrared spectra ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Irreversible changes in the heat capacity of human erythrocyte ghost suspensions due to the effect of 330-MHz radiofrequency radiation (at a specific absorption rate of approximately 9 mW/g) were detected by the method of scanning differential microcalorimetry. Using the data obtained from the analysis of infrared spectra of air-dried films of erythrocyte membranes, it can be postulated that the observed microcalorimetric changes are connected with the local interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the channel-forming portion of band-3 protein.
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  • 98
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    Millimeter wave absorption spectra of biological samples (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 285-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: absorption ; millimeter wave ; biological media ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A solid-state computer-controlled system has been used to make swept-frequency measurements of absorption of biological specimens from 26.5 to 90.0 GHz. A wide range of samples was used, including solutions of DNA and RNA, and suspensions of BHK-21/C13 cells, Candida albicans, C krusei, and Escherichia coli. Sharp spectra reported by other workers were not observed. The strong absorbance of water (10-30 dB/mm) caused the absorbance of all aqueous preparations that we examined to have a water-like dependence on frequency. Reduction of incident power (to below 1.0 μW), elimination of modulation, and control of temperature to assure cell viability were not found to significantly alter the water-dominated absorbance. Frozen samples of BHK-21/C13 cells tested at dry ice and liquid nitrogen temperatures were found to have average insertion loss reduced to 0.2 dB/cm but still showed no reproducible peaks that could be attributed to absorption spectra. It is concluded that the spectral resonances reported by others are likely to be in error.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010305
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    Calcium-ion efflux from brain tissue: Power-density versus internal field-intensity dependencies at 50-MHz RF radiation (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 277-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: calcium ions ; brain tissue ; radiofrequency (RF) radiation ; amplitude modulation ; power-density window ; 16-Hz modulation ; 50 MHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In previous experiments changes were found in calcium-ion efflux from chickbrain tissue that had been exposed in vitro to 147-MHz radiation across a specific range of power densities when the field was amplitude modulated at 16 Hz. In the present study, 50-MHz radiation, similarly modulated as a sinusoid, was found to produce changes in calcium-ion efflux from chick brains exposed in vitro in a Crawford cell. Exposure conditions were optimized to broaden any power-density window and to enhance the opportunity to detect changes in the calcium-ion efflux. The results of a power-density series demonstrated two effective ranges: One spanning a range from 1.44 to 1.67 mW/cm2, and the other including 3.64 mW/cm2, which were bracketed by no-effect results at 0.72, 2.17, and 4.32 mW/cm2. Peaks of positive findings are associated with near-identical rates of energy absorption: 1.4 μW/g at 147 MHz, and 1.3 μW/g at 50 MHz, which indicates that the enhanced-efflux phenomenon is more dependent on the intensity of fields in the brain than on the power density of incident radiation. In addition, the phenomenon appears to occur at multiples of some, as yet unknown, rate of radiofrequency (RF) energy absorption. Because of the extremely small increments of temperature associated with positive findings (〈 4 × 10-4°C), and the existence of more than one productive absorption rate, a solely thermal explanation appears extremely unlikely.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010304
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  • 100
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    What are non-thermal electric biological effects? (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 45-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Non-thermal biological effects ; electric fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A discussion of the general implication of the existance of non-thermal biological effects of electromagnetic fields is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030109
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