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  • Other Sources  (3,017)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (2,550)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • 1970-1974  (3,017)
Collection
Source
Keywords
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Automated analysis of video data (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: A software/hardware system designed and developed to perform automated video imagery analysis is described. Major elements included in the analysis system are: (1) sampling oscilloscope; (2) programmable trigger unit; (3) central computer; and (4) software processing library. The function of the scope and trigger unit, in conjunction with the control computer, is to digitize the selected portion of the video image and store as amplitude and time data in computer memory. Evaluation of the video data, analogus to interpretation of a visual image, is accomplished by the processing software. It is indicated that this technique of video image analysis is applicable to a wide variety of nonaerospace applications involving video data and image analysis.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 181-188
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  • 2
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    Apparatus for calibration of on-board instruments and laboratory modelling of rarefied plasma flows past models (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Problems of laboratory simulation of artificial earth satellite flight conditions in the ionosphere are examined, and a setup capable of reproducing the basic parameters of ion flows (with energies of 5-10 eV, energy spectrum width approximately 2x5 eV, and an intensity of 10 to the minus 8th power a/cm/2) past measurement instruments and satellite models is described. Possibilities for further improvement of the apparatus are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 282-291
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  • 3
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    Microbiological and experimental-histological investigations of lunar samples returned by the Lunar 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Lunar surface material was studied for its content of viable microorganisms (aerobic and anaerobic, fungi, and viruses); the effect of the lunar surface material on the growth of microorganisms and its interaction with somatic cells of mammals was also observed. No viable microorganisms were detected; the samples exhibited neither stimulant or inhibitory action on the growth of microorganisms, and also showed no cytopathogenic action on tissue cultures. A suspension of lunar surface material particles was not toxic when parenterally administered to certain laboratory animals. The particles were subjected to intense phagocytosis by connective tissue cells in vivo and in vitro.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 597-605
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  • 4
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    Study of friction properties of lunar surface material and its analogs (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A description is given of instruments for determining the friction properties of the surficial layer of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic lunar station, as well as the friction properties of its analogs: andesite-basaltic sand and basalts. The experimental method and results are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 590-596
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  • 5
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    Results of investigating the physicomechanical properties of a sample of lunar surface material in a research chamber in nitrogen (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Results are reported on an investigation of the mechanical properties of the lunar surface material sample returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. The study included determination of the specific weight of the surface material, the nature of its disintegration, and the determination of its compressibility characteristics, shear resistance, and bearing capacity. Quantitative data are presented on mechanical properties for the lunar surface material, many of which are determined for the first time. The instruments and experimental techniques are described.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 556-569
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  • 6
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    Results of investigating thermal and electrical properties of lunar surface material and its analogs (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Thermal and electrical properties are reported of lunar surface material returned to Earth by the Luna 16 automatic station and its terrestrial analogs studied in a vacuum and in a helium atmosphere. Study of the lunar surface material and its analogs showed that their specific heat capacity and electrical properties are similar in value but the coefficients of thermal conductivity differ. The results are compared with data on thermal and electrical properties of the surficial layer of the Moon obtained by indirect radiometric methods, and with results obtained for samples of lunar surface material returned to Earth by the crew of the Apollo 11 spacecraft.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 549-555
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  • 7
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    Heat-physical properties of lunar surface material returned to earth by the Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Density, specific heat capacity, and coefficient of thermal conductivity were studied on a sample of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. The study was carried out in a helium-filled chamber. The density of the surface material when freely heaped was 1.2 g/cu cm, and when shaken down -- 1.7 g/cu cm. The specific heat capacity was 0.177 + or - 0.010 cal x g/1 x deg/1. The coefficient of thermal conductivity in the material was 4.8 x 10/6 + or - 1.2 x 10/6 cal x cm/1 x sec/1 x deg/1.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F15881); p 538-548
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  • 8
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    Temperature emission spectrum of exoelectrons of lunar regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Thermostimulated exoelectronic emission of eight fragments of regolith returned by the Soviet Luna 16 automatic station was studied. The nature of the exoemission glove-curves was determined by particle type. Fragments of breccia, sinter, slag, anorthosite, glass plate, and leucocratic gabbro after the first heating disclosed a single exoemission maximum, whose temperature position is in the range 115 to 200 C. The data obtained indicate the complex and inhomogeneous energy structure of some regolith fragments. The presence of surface states capable of forming sorptive bonds can be assumed for most particles. The exoemission of anorthosite, olivine, and the glass spherule is due to the presence of formation defects at their surfaces.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 528-537
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  • 9
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    Exoelectronic emission of particles of lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A secondary electron multiplier was used to study the thermostimulated exoelectronic emission of particles of lunar surface material returned by the Soviet Luna 16 automatic station. The natural exoemission from fragments of slag, glass, anorthosite, and a metallic particle was recorded in the isochronic and isothermal thermostimulation regimes. The temperature of emission onset depended on the type of regolith fragment. For the first three particles the isothermal drop in emission is described by first-order kinetic equations. For the anorthosite fragment, exoemission at constant temperature is characterized by a symmetric curve with a maximum. These data indicate the presence of active surface defects, whose nature can be due to the prehistory of the particles.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 521-527
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  • 10
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    Magnetic properties of lunar samples returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Results of measuring the specific magnetic susceptibility of regolith are presented. The data indicate that regolith samples from the Sea of Tranquillity and the Sea of Fertility are similar in order of magnitude of the specific magnetic susceptibility. Several stony meteorites of subgroup L have a similar value of this quantity. After comparison with artificial analogs, it can be concluded that the bulk content of ferromagnetic minerals in regolith samples is 3 to 4 percent.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 502-511
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  • 11
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    Metallographic study of metallic fragment of lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A high precision investigation of a metallic fragment from the lunar material returned by the Soviet Luna 16 automatic station revealed three characteristic temperature intervals with different kinetics of solid solution decomposition. The following were found in the structure of the iron-nickel-cobalt alloy: (1) delta-phase and alpha-ferrite of diffusional, displacement origin in the grain boundary and acicular forms; and (2) martensite of isothermal and athermal nature, acicular, lamellar, massive, and dendritic. The diversity of the shapes of structural constituents is associated with the effect on their formation of elastic distortions and various mechanisms of deformation relaxation processes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 512-520
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  • 12
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    Cathodoluminescence of regolith returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Observations of local variations in the intensity and spectral composition of the cathodoluminescence of lunar regolith are described. These variations are caused by structural features, by the kind and quantity of the material, and by the admixtures. In addition, cathodoluminescent emission is also associated with a change in the temperature of the lunar surface. Periodic diurnal illumination and darkening of the moon is responsible for a temperature gradient normal to the lines of longitude. These observations made of regolith, using a scanning electron microscope with an attachment for temperature variation, simulate the indicated thermal changes of the cathodoluminescent properties of lunar material.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 496-501
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  • 13
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    Infrared transmission spectra of Sea of Fertility regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Transmission spectra in the 2-25 micrometer region were obtained for samples of lunar regolith returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. A comparison of the Luna 16, Apollo 11, and Apollo 12 samples showed that the infrared transmission spectra of regolith samples from the mare regions are similar and characteristic of basic basaltic rocks. The absorption bands show up in the vibration region of the SiO4 groups. No water and OH groups were found in the samples based on the spectrum. Spectra of regolith samples calcined at 1000C showed changes that can be interpreted as changes in the spectra of irradiated crystals (especially distinctly for the Luna 16 samples).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 486-495
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  • 14
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    Photo-polarization study of lunar samples: Negative branch (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Polarization measurements with a telescope for the degree of polarization of light reflected by planetary surfaces, and comparative measurement of terrestrial minerals, meteorites, and returned lunar samples are reported. The polarization curve plots of the dependence of the degree of polarization on the phase angle V are plotted and compared with each other to determine the optical characteristics of the planetary surfaces.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 477-485
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  • 15
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    Photometric and polarimetric analysis of samples of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Polarimetric properties were determined for the L-16-19-1-116 samples, weighing 0.087 g. The measurements were made for five wavelengths between 3540 and 5850 AU. In addition, the normal albedo was determined for each of these wavelengths. The albedo for the measured sample was slightly lower than for the typical material of the dark lunar maria and in addition, there was a well developed branch of negative polarization, which resembles the branch obtained for carbonaceous chondrites crushed into powder, and the branch obtained for the powders of several terrestrial basaltic and ultrabasic rocks.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 468-476
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  • 16
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    Light scattering indicatrices of lunar surface material returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Measurements are made of the indicatrix of scattering of lunar surface material with an indicatometer that has a spread of the illuminating beam of less than 0.5 deg and of the detected beam of about 1.5 deg. The results are compared with the indicatrices for the lunar mean obtained by terrestrial telescopic measurements. It is concluded that the main features of the reflection of light by the moon) (rapid rise in brightness with approach to the full moon) are accounted for by the microrelief caused principally by grains smaller than a millimeter.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 449-452
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  • 17
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    Infrared spectroscopy of lunar mare regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Spectra of reflection, emission, and transmission of regolith returned by the Luna 16 automatic station were investigated in the 1.8-13 micrometers region. A reflection maximum was shown to be present in the region 3 to 5 micrometer, along with a corresponding minimum in the emission coefficient. The spectra were interpreted based on a comparison of the optical properties with the chemical and structural properties of the regolith. The regolith in the entire array of properties in the infrared region differs appreciably from terrestrial objects. Spectra of diffuse reflection and the spectra at angles of incidence 0 deg and angles of reflection 15 and 30 deg with samples of the regolith returned by the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions revealed a similarity of the infrared reflection characteristics of the regolith from different lunar mare regions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 453-467
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  • 18
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    Optical characteristics of regolith from the Sea of Fertility, Sea of Tranquillity, and Ocean of Storms (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A diffuse reflection spectra analysis is reported for regolith returned by the Luna 16 automatic station and by the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 expeditions. The spectra of the specular reflection of Sea of Fertility regolith, as well as the spectra of diffuse reflection from polished sections of lunar rocks from the Sea of Tranquillity and the Ocean of Storms have no well-defined structures and are close to each other. The lowest reflectivity is exhibited by the Sea of Tranquillity regolith, and the highest -- by the Ocean of Storms regolith. A weak absorption band with a maximum near 1 nm is noted in the spectra, corresponding to the Fe-2(+) ion in the octahedral position in the lattice of regolith mineral constituents. When the indicatrix of scattering of the regolith was recorded, a specular component was detected.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 441-448
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  • 19
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    Rb-Sr age and content of potassium, rubidium strontium, barium, and rare earths in surface material from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Luna 16 automatic station returned from the Sea of Fertility a 35 cm long column of lunar surface material. 1 g of the Luna 16 lunar surface material, taken at a depth of 22 cm, consists of fine material: surface material and fine fragments of rocks from 1 to 4 mm in diameter. Analyses made on 17 mg of the fine lunar surface material are presented. The results obtained for the Luna 16 surface material are plotted on the diagram of the isotopic evolution of strontium and show that this surface material is most depleted of radiogenic Sr-87 of all the known lunar surface materials and that the point characterizing Lunar 16 lies somewhat to the right of the line corresponding to an age of 4.6 billion years.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 436-440
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  • 20
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    Absolute age of lunar regolith material from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: By averaging the absolute age of lunar regolith materials from the Sea of Fertility for the fine regolith fraction from the core zone V, an age of 4.65 10 to the 9th power + 0.4 10 to the 9th power years was obtained, employing as the primordial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio 0.69884 (ADOR). Also close to this age value is the age estimate based on the Pb-207/Pb-206 ratio. Using the value 0.69898 (BABI) as a primordial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio reduces the calculated age of the fine regolith fraction to 4.25 X 10 to the 9th power years. The fine fraction of lunar regolith from the Sea of Fertility is also characterized by a minimum addition of radiogenic Sr-87, a minimum Rb/Sr ratio, and a maximum K/Rb ratio compared with analogous lunar material from other points.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 410-435
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  • 21
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    Study of radiation damage and structure of Luna 16 sample particles using high-resolution electron microscopes (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Using an electron scanning microscope and a high voltage microscope, a study was made of the radiation damage and structure of micron sized grains and grains separated from the 200-mesh fraction of the L-16-19 surface material sample. Then the structural features were compared with those found by studying with the same techniques grains separated from 20 different samples of lunar dust taken from the Apollo 11, Apollo 12, Apollo 14, and Apollo 15 collections. The L-16-19 sample is similar to the most intensely irradiated samples returned to earth by Apollo craft.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 404-409
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  • 22
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    Study of sample of Sea of Fertility lunar surface material by the track method (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Tracks in crystals of feldspars, olivines, pyroxenes, and in several fragments of basalts from a sample of Luna 16 lunar surface material were studied. A high track density, exceeding 10 to the 8th power cm/2 was found. The tracks were produced mainly by iron group nuclei of cosmic galactic and solar rays.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 400-403
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  • 23
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    Radiation damage and structure recorded at high resolution in grains from fine fractions of Luna 16 surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Samples returned to earth by Luna 16, were studied with a high voltage electron microscope for ultramicroscopic features. The following amazing features were noted in particles of surface material returned in all the lunar trips: A very high density of tracks of nuclear particles, ultrathin amorphous shells, highly rounded forms, and amazingly good ordering of crystal lattice. These features were used along with calibration experiments in solving the following problems: (1) determining the energy spectrum and chemical abundances of the very heavy nuclei in the solar wind and in the solar cosmic rays; (2) studying the past activity of the sun; (3) obtaining data on lunar dynamic processes affecting dust particles; (4) analyzing composite effects caused by penetration of solar wind into the lunar surface material; and (5) establishing the existence of the ancient lunar atmosphere and magnetic field.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 388-399
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  • 24
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    Some results of track method of investigating Luna 16 lunar material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Preliminary data from an investigation of tracks in olivine crystals, separated from the five zones of a lunar surface material core, are reported. The gradients of track densities, their lengths, and their angular distribution were measured with an optical microscope. Throughout the core depth (35 cm) crystals bearing traces of exposure to low energy solar cosmic rays were found, indicating the occurrence of mixing processes in the surficial layer of lunar surface material. The age of the occurrence of the samples investigated on the lunar surface, calculated from the track density, is in the interval 0.7 to 16 million years.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 379-387
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  • 25
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    Gamma-spectrometric analysis of Luna 16 sample of lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Using a scintillation gamma spectrometer with shielding against anticoincidences, the content of the natural radioelements (K, U, and Th) and long-lived cosmogenic radioisotopes (Al-26, Na-22, and Mn-54) in a sample of Sea of Fertility regolith was determined. Based on the content data of natural radioelements, an attempt was made to classify this sample in the scale of petrochemical types of terrestrial rocks arranged in accordance with their silicic content and alkalinity. Within the frame of reference of calcium-uranium systematics of lunar samples, a comparison was made of the K/U ratio obtained for the Sea of Fertility sample with analogous data for other regions of the moon. Also discussed are problems on the depthwise distribution of cosmogenic radioisotopes along the regolith profile.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 311-319
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  • 26
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    Cosmogenic Al-26 and Na-22 in Luna-16 lunar regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The activities of cosmogenic isotopes Al-26 and Na-22 in two samples taken from different depths of the lunar regolith core returned by the Luna 16 automatic station were measured by scintillation gamma spectrometer. The measured activities, when recalculated to the time of sampling of the lunar surface material, are: Al-26 - 62 + or - 8 and 54 + or - 9; Na-22 - 42 + or - 8 and 48 + or - 9. Depthwise distributions of the activities of these isotopes in lunar rocks of different types indicate the presence of a considerable depth gradient of activity near the surface caused by the fall off in the fluxes of primary and secondary cosmic radiation. The absence of this gradient in the measured samples, along with data on the tracks and content of inert gases, as well as the granulometric characteristics of the regolith indicate that the surficial layer of the regolith at the sampling site underwent mixing.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 358-369
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  • 27
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    Problem of nature of inert gases in lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The origin of isotopes of inert gases in lunar surface material was investigated from the standpoint of the isotopic two-component status of inert gases in the solar system. Helium and neon represent the solar wind component, while krypton and xenon are planetary gases. Type A gases are trapped by the material of the regolith in the early stages of the existence of the solar system and were brought to the lunar surface together with dust. The material of the regolith therefore cannot be considered as the product of the erosion of the crystalline rocks of the moon and in this sense are extralunar. The regolith material containing type A gases must be identified with the high temperature minerals of the carbonaceous chondrites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 348-357
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  • 28
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    Inert gases in Sea of Fertility regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The content and isotopic composition were studied of inert gases -- He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe -- in samples of lunar regolith returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. The samples were taken from depths of about 12 and 30 cm. The high concentrations of inert gases exceed by several orders their concentrations observed in ordinary stony meteorites. The gases in lunar regolith were a complex mixture of gases of different origins: Solar, cosmogenic, radiogenic, and so on. Solar wind gases predominated, distributed in the thin surficial layer of the regolith grains. The concentrations of these gases in the surficial layer is several cubic centimeters per gram. The isotopic composition of the inert gases of solar origin approaches their composition measured in gas-rich meteorites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil From the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 334-347
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  • 29
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    Neutron activation determination of the oxygen content in the Luna 16 lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The O2 content in the No. 16/078 sample of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station was determined by activation using 14 MeV neutrons. The O2 content in the sample is 42.1 + or - 1.2 weight percent.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 330-333
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  • 30
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    Content of lithium, beryllium, boron, and titanium, and the isotopic composition of lithium, boron, and magnesium in Luna 16 regolith sample (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The abundance of the following elements in the L 16-19 No. 118 regolith sample, zone V was determined by isotopic dilution using a mass spectrometer equipped with a scattering ion source: Li -- 9.8, Be -- 1.2, Be -- 2.6, and Ti -- 1.92 percent. For comparison, these same elements were measured in samples of surface material returned by Apollo 11, Apollo 12, and Apollo 14, and in the terrestrial reference standard diabase W-1. The content of Li, Be, and B in the Luna 16 sample is nearly the same as in the Apollo 11 surface material. The surface material returned by Apollo 12 and Apollo 14 contains two to four times more of these elements. However, the abundance ratios of Li, Be, and B are remarkably similar in the surface materials from the four different lunar regions. With respect to basaltic achondrites and especially with respect to chondrites, the lunar basalts are enriched in Li, Be, and B up to 100 times.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 320-329
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  • 31
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    Isotopic composition of lithium, potassium, rubidium, and strontium in lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The isotopic composition of alkali and alkaline earth elements in the Luna 16 regolith was investigated by the method of thermionic emission, without chemical separation. The isotopic composition of the lithium in two regolith samples did not differ (within the limits 0.5 percent) from the mean of the terrestrial reference standard. At the same time, the observed difference (1 percent) in the isotopic composition of lithium between the samples requires further investigation and confirmation. The isotopic compositions of K and Rb did not differ within the limits of experimental error from the isotopic composition of the reference standard.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 306-310
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  • 32
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    Study of isotopic composition of helium in the fine fraction of Luna 16 lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The content of He isotopes is measured in two samples of the lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. Both samples consist of a fine fraction of lunar surface material and were samples from zone A (sample 3-2k) and from zone V (sample 9-1r). The value of He4/He3 and the concentration of the He isotopes are identical for both samples, within the limits of experimental error.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 311-319
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  • 33
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    Results of investigating gases from inclusions in lunar glasses (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Common gases from inclusions in glass fragments and spherules of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station were investigated by the adsorption volumometric method. Inclusions from eight particles were analyzed. A gas mixture from the inclusions had two- (CO2 and H2), three- (CO2, H2 and N2 + inert gases), and (H2S, SO2, and NH3), H2,N2 + inert gases, and four component (H2S, SO2, and NH3), CO2, H2, and N2 + inert gases, compositions. Hydrogen in all analyses was 10 to 95 volume percent. Diffusional exchange with the terrestrial atmosphere was absent. An unexpectedly high density of gases in the vacuoles was obtained. The initial volume of the bubbles when the vacuoles were breached even rose 2.5 times and decreased in the limits of 2.3 to 54.5 times. Various possibilities for the formation in the lunar surface material of glass fragments and spherules are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 293-305
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  • 34
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    Genesis of lunar regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: From comparing the mineral and chemical composition of regoliths with the compositions of primary magmatic lunar rocks, it is shown that mare regolith is enriched in aluminum and depleted in iron, titanium, and chromium. This effect cannot be accounted for only by the admixture of highland anorthositic material. The entire array of geochemical data points to the considerable role of depth-wise differentiation of the magmatic material in forming the composition of the primary lunar rocks and, naturally, the composition of the regolith. During regolith formation, processes of the effervescing of magma as it outflowed at the lunar surface were of primary importance. Impacts by micrometeorites represent another important factor.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 277-292
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  • 35
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    Determination of copper, scandium, molybdenum, tin, lead, and iron group elements in lunar surface materials (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Distribution regularities of copper, scandium, molybdenum, tin, lead, and iron group elements were investigated in basaltoid rocks of lunar and terrestrial origin. Samples of various regolith zones taken in the area of the Sea of Fertility were analyzed, along with samples of basic and ultrabasic rocks of the East African Rift for their content of the trace admixtures listed. Data obtained on the abundance of copper, scandium, molybdenum, tin, lead, cobalt, nickel, chromium, and vanadium in Luna 16 lunar surface material were compared with the abundance of these elements in samples of lunar rocks returned by Apollo 11, Apollo 12, and Apollo 14, with the exception of scandium; its content in the latter samples was considerably higher.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 260-268
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  • 36
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    Abundance of mercury in regolith of the Sea of Fertility, Sea of Tranquillity, and Ocean of Storms (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The direct determination of mercury by the atomic fluorescent method is described, involving the pulsed thermal atomization of powdered samples when the mercury is vaporized in argon at normal pressure. An increase in the mercury abundance in the regolith of the surficial layer with decrease in grain size and with variation in depth was noted, from 6 minus 1 million the surficial layer to 9 minus 1 million percent at a depth of about 30 cm. It is shown that in conditions simulating lunar day, at temperatures of 130-150 C up to 15 to 20 percent of the mercury is vaporized from a 2 mg regolith weighed sample, and thus the hypothesis is advanced that mercury is adsorbed by the surface layers of the lunar surface material during lunar night and desorbed during lunar day. The assumption is advanced that there exists a meridional mercury wind between subsolar region of the moon (heater) and the polar regions (cooler).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 253-259
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  • 37
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    Mossbauer analysis of Luna 16 lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Samples of Apollo 11 lunar surface material were studied by the Mossbauer effect. Owing to the small number of other resonant isotopes, all measurements were made with Fe-57 nuclei. The principal constituents of the material were as follows: Iron containing silicates (olivine, pyroxene, and so on), ilmenite (FeTiO3), and metallic iron.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 250-252
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  • 38
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    Mossbauer spectroscopic study of Luna 16 lunar regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Samples of bulk fractions of lunar regolith from the surface layer A and the deep layer V were measured by Mossbauer spectroscopy with the FE57 nucleus. Metallic iron, ilmenite, olivine, pyroxene (mainly augite), and glasses were found. The iron distribution by mineral phases indicates that Luna 16 regolith differs from Apollo 11 regolith by a lower ilmenite content and a greater amount of olivine, and differs from Apollo 12 regolith by somewhat more olivine. No appreciable amount of iron was found in the trivalent state.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 238-249
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  • 39
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    Electron paramagnetic resonance of several lunar rock samples (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The results are presented of investigating lunar rock samples returned by the Luna 16 automatic station, using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The EPR technique makes it possible to detect paramagnetic centers and investigate their nature, with high sensitivity. Regolith (finely dispersed material) and five particles from it, 0.3 mm in size, consisting mostly of olivine, were investigated with EPR.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 232-237
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  • 40
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    Rock-forming and rare elements in lunar surface material from the Sea of Tranquillity and the Ocean of Storms (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Methodological and analytical capabilities associated with spark mass spectrometry and X-ray spectroscopy are presented for the determination of the elemental composition of samples of lunar regolith returned to the earth by Apollo 11 and Apollo 12. Using X-ray spectroscopy, the main constituents of samples of lunar surface material were determined, and using mass spectrometry -- the main admixtures. The principal difference of Apollo 11 samples from Apollo 12 samples was found for elements contained in microconcentrations. This is especially true of rare earth elements.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 220-223
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  • 41
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    X-ray electron study of lunar regolith from the Sea of Fertility and the Sea of Tranquillity (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: X-ray electron spectra were obtained of the 2p-levels of Fe, Ti, Si, Al, and Mg, and of the 1s-level in lunar regolith from the Sea of Fertility and the Sea of Tranquillity. The spectra of the same elements were recorded for approximately 30 rock forming minerals, oceanic gabbro, meteoritic eucrite, and several iron meteorites. Analysis of the results based on line positions showed that all the elements studied have the usual degrees of oxidation, and that oxygen atoms are their nearest neighbors. The predominant coordination number of Al is 4. Analysis and comparison of the Fe2p spectra in regolith, various iron meteorites, and stainless steel leads to these conclusions: Metallic iron in lunar regolith is in a highly dispersed state and is unusually stable with respect to oxidation by the oxygen of the earth's atmosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 224-231
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  • 42
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    Determination of rare-earth elements in Luna 16 regolith sample by chemical spectral method (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An analysis was made of regolith from layer A of the Luna 16 sample for rare earth elements, by a chemical spectral method. Chemical and ion exchange concentrations were used to determine the content of 12 elements and Y at the level 0.001 to 0.0001 percent with 10 to 15 percent reproducibility of the emission determination. Results within the limits of reproducibility agree with data obtained by mass spectra, activation, and X-ray fluorescent methods.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 214-219
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  • 43
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    Nondestructive activation analysis of sample of lunar surface material returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The composition of a sample of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station from the Sea of Fertility was studied, using nondestructive activation analysis. The structure of the returned surface material is inhomogeneous; the surficial material is thin, quite homogeneous, and the granularity increases with depth. Based on grain size, the sample was separated into five zones. The activation analysis was conducted on a sample taken from the friable surficial layer, zone A. The content of Al, Mn, Na, Cr, Co, Fe, and Sc was determined by nondestructive activation analysis of the sample. In determining Cr, Co, Fe, and Sc, the sample was irradiated for 24 hours and cooled for 10 days. Gamma spectra of the samples were recorded with a semiconductor Ge(Li)-detector and a multichannel analyzer, and measurement data were processed with an electronic computer.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 209-213
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  • 44
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    Neutron activation study of the composition of lunar surface material from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The elemental composition of samples of lunar regolith returned by Luna 16 from the Sea of Fertility was determined by a radio activation method using generator and reactor neutrons, and also by gamma spectrometry with scintillation and Ge(Li) detectors.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 202-208
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  • 45
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    Chemical composition of Luna 16 lunar regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Data on the chemical composition of regolith returned by the Luna 16 automatic station and two fragments of basalts from the lower layer of the core are presented. Spark mass spectrometric, primary X-ray spectral, emission spectral, and atomic absorption methods were used in the analysis. The regolith of mare provinces were shown to be a mixture of material of various origins. The source of the material of the mare regolith was principally basalts of the corresponding lunar lava maria. The regolith is genetically related to it. This follows from a comparison of the chemical composition, mineralogical, and petrochemical features of the basesalts and the regolith from the Sea of Fertility, Sea of Tranquillity, and Ocean of Storms, respectively.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 179-201
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  • 46
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    X-ray structural study of chrome-aluminum lunar spinel from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An X-ray structural study was made of a lunar spinel sample from the Sea of Fertility. The chemical composition and distribution of cations in the structure were characterized. Interpretation of the experimental data by the least squares method yielded the oxygen parameter u = 0.261 and the isotropic temperature factor 1.09 AU squared.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 174-178
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  • 47
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    Silicate spherules in sample of regolith returned by Lunar 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The content of spherical fused particles in Sea of Fertility regolith increases with decrease in particle size and varies from 1 to 2 percent in the relatively coarse fractions to 3 to 4 percent in the fine fractions. Among the spherical formations was noted a wide diversity of shapes, and the most common are particles that are similar in shape to a regular sphere, which indicates the acquisition of shape in the liquid phase under the action of surface tension. As to color, the most common are the black and dark colored particles. No regularities of any kind were noted in the distribution of spherical particles by core zones. The considerable difference of the granulometric characteristics of the spherical particles and the regolith as a whole indicates that the formation of regolith particles and the spherules included in its composition occurred as the result of different, even though possibly simultaneous, processes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertilty (NAASA-TT-F-15881); p 166-173
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  • 48
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    Scanning electron microscopy of lunar regolith from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Scanning electron microscopy was used in studying the morphology and cathodoluminescence of lunar regolith particles. Surface and structure of two groups of particles are differentiated: (1) Crystalline with well defined facets and spalling surfaces, which are grains of minerals and rock fragments: and (2) amorphous, fused, and partially or entirely glazed particles. Local melting of particles and the round openings on their surfaces are attributed to secondary influence on the regolith of factors of lunar weathering and above all micrometeoric impacts.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 155-165
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  • 49
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    X-ray spectral microanalysis of composition of individual lunar regolith particles (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Determinations were made of the chemical compositions of selected olivine crystals, spherical particles ranging in size from 170 to 350 micrometer, spinels, and magnetic particles. The olivines contain 30 to 50 mole percent fayalite. The spherical particles of various colors are aluminosilicate glasses, significantly enriched in CaO compared with the mean composition of the regolith. The degree of coloration depends on the FeO content and also the admixtures TiO2, MnO, and Cr2O3. Compositionally, the spinel was interpreted to be chromopicotites. Magnetic particles were shown to be complex intergrowths of nickelous iron and aluminosilicates. The composition of the metallic phase of one particle (in percent) was: Fe - 86, Ni - 13.6, and Co - 0.16 in combination with plagioclase and microinclusions of ilmenite in silicate. Kamacite was determined in another intergrowth of Fe, Ni, and Co.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 145-154
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  • 50
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    X-ray diffraction identification of minerals in lunar regolith returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The methods of powder and monocrystal X-ray diffraction served in identifying the mineral composition of gross samples of regolith from different levels of the drill core and about 80 individual regolith particles returned by the Luna 16 station. It was established that the Sea of Fertility regolith includes pyroxenes of the augite-pigeonite series, anorthites, ilmenite, olivines, spinels, alpha cristobalite, iron particles, glass, and several as yet unidentified particles. Crystallographic and roentgenometric data are given for all the lunar minerals found.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 121-144
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  • 51
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    Preliminary report of mineralogical and petrographic study of the Luna 16 lunar surface material sample (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Unsorted powder and grains larger than 0.5 mm from the L-16-19-118 lunar sample consisted of eight basaltic fragments, four fragments of breccias (of which one was quite light), one white grain (maskelynite), one chondrule, and slagged dark partially glassy chunks. The mineralogical composition of all rounded particles led to the assumption that they are all of lunar origin; but their presence in the regolith indicates formation of chondrulic meteorites. The existence of several grains of pyroxene coated with a thin glassy film merits attention.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 86-93
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  • 52
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    Petrographic-mineralogical investigation of magmatic rocks from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Petrographic and mineralogical features of fragments of magmatic rock of regolith from the Sea of Fertility are examined. The textures and mineral composition vary in relation to the type of rock. More than 50 X-ray spectral analyses of minerals (olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclases, and ores) were made; their chemical composition varies even within the limits of individual rock fragments.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 94-120
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  • 53
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    Petrology of lunar rocks from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Based on a comparative analysis of the petrochemistry of an integrated sample of gabbro basalts and a fine fraction from regolith returned by Luna 16 automatic station from the Sea of Fertility, with the mean compositions of various types of mare basalts, anorthosites, and regolith from the Sea of Tranquillity and the Ocean of Storms, with reference to several data on rare elements, the nature of the fine fractions is discussed. It is shown that the integrated sample of gabbro basalt from the coarse fraction in the lower part of the core can be represented as a mixture of mare basalts of the Sea of Tranquillity and nonmare basalts of the krip type in the ratio of about 3 to 2. It is confirmed that the compositions of the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 regolith are complementary with the compositions of basalts and anorthosites of the Sea of Tranquillity and the Ocean of Storms.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil From the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 74-85
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  • 54
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    Measurement of density and porosity of lunar rocks based on samples of Luna 16 automatic lunar station (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Three fragments of holocrystalline igneous rocks of the gabbro type, weighing 30 to 50 mg each, were investigated. The density of the fragments was established with a mercury pycnometer and was found to be 3.05 to 3.12 g/cu cm, with a relative error not more than 2 percent. The porosity was found for the difference between the volumes determined with the mercury and with the gas techniques; for all three samples together it was 13 percent, and the error of determination was 70 percent owing to the small volumes. It can be anticipated that the porosity of the rock in bulk will be higher than the value obtained based on small fragments. The porosity of lunar rocks can markedly affect the isostatic distribution of rocks and must be taken into account when developing models of lunar structure.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 69-73
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  • 55
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    Granulometric characteristics of lunar surface material from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The particle size distributions in the 1-1000 micrometer range along the length of the core of lunar surface material returned by Luna 16 were recorded by electrical impulse as well as sieve methods. The measurements are represented in the form of cumulative functions of the logarithm of size versus the logarithm of particle number, and also as the logarithm of size versus particle mass on a probability scale. The former functions at all depths consist of the super-positioning of two straight lines with slopes from 2.10 to 4.05. The second functions are near linear, which together with the closeness of the calculated asymmetries of the distribution to zero and the nearness of the calculated excess of the distributions to unity indicate the closeness of the recorded distributions to the logarithmically normal law. This agrees with the assumption that regolith particles were formed in a process of intensive mechanical grinding.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 51-60
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  • 56
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    Morphometric characteristics of particles of regolith returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A study was made of the shape of regolith particles in the 0.5 to 1.0 mm fraction; two parameters were calculated for this fraction: (1) Sphericity -- the ratio of the projection area of a particle to the area of the minimum circumscribed circle; and (2) the ratio of the perimeter of the projection of the particle to the perimeter of a circle having the same width. For comparison, this technique was used in studying geometrical figures and terrestrial formations: sands, slags of present day volcanoes, and crushed basalt. It was established that regolith particles are shaped from the following groups: spherules; breccias and fragments; slags and sinters. Regolith differs sharply from ordinary homogeneous terrestrial formations in the diversity of particle shapes, associated with their polygenicity. Fragments of crushed basalt are less regular than fragments of basalt from regolith.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 61-68
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  • 57
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    Box for working with lunar samples in nitrogen atmosphere (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The design and equipment of a box specially built for working with lunar surface material is described. The box is intended for preliminary investigations, packing of samples, and carrying out a large number of operations necessary for this stage in the study of samples.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 34-39
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    Morphology and types of particles of regolith sample from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A brief description of the morphology of lunar surface material returned by Luna 16 automatic lunar station is given. Adhesiveness of the surface material and its ability to be electrified is noted. Two main genetic groups of regolith particles are differentiated: primary, represented mainly by fragments of magmatic rocks of the basalt and gabbro types, as well as mineralized grains of their constituent minerals, and secondary, particles subjected to appreciable exogenic transformation on the surface of the Moon. The second group, representing more than 70 percent of the material in coarse fractions, includes particles of breccias, sintered aggregates of complex dendritic form, and glass and vitrified particles of varied composition.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 40-50
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  • 59
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    Reception and study of lunar surface material in inert gas medium (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The reception and study of lunar material returned by the Luna 16 space station is described. The layout of a vacuum receiving chamber for working with material in a helium atmosphere is examined along with the main operations involved in extracting the material from the ampule and drill.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 27-33
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  • 60
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    Preliminary data on lunar surface material returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Results of preliminary investigations of a sample of lunar surface material returned by Luna 16 automatic station are reported. Information on the granulometric characteristics of regolith, its optical properties, types of its constituent rocks, and its mineral composition is given. The chemical composition of major and trace elements for different sections of the core and for the lunar basalt was determined. Isotopic composition of inert gases and of several elements was studied. The Rb/Sr age was determined at 4.85 to 4.25 billion years.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 1-18
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  • 61
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    Use of conventional equipment to measure the effective perceived noise level of aircraft (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A real time, computerized, measurement method for the effective perceived noise level is reported that uses comparison of two sounds differing in level and frequency to obtain the noise intensity emitted by aircraft and to calculate human psychoacoustic annoyance reactions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: the 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 1A (NASA-TT-F-15375); p 224-232
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  • 62
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    An objective method and measuring equipment for noise control and acoustic diagnostics of motorcars (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An objective method and apparatus for noise control and acoustic diagnostics of motorcar engines are reported. The method and apparatus let us know whether the noisiness of the vehicle under test exceeds the admissible threshold levels given by appropriate standards and if so what is the main source of the excessive noise. The method consists in measuring both the overall noise level and the sound pressure levels in definite frequency bands while the engine speed is controlled as well and may be fixed at prescribed values. Whenever the individually adjusted threshold level has been exceeded in any frequency band, a self-sustaining control signal is sent.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics Vol. 1A (NASA-TT-F-15375); p 198-204
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  • 63
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    Photoelectronic vibrometer with polarized light (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A seismic torsiometer is described which is based on the reception by a photosensitive transducer of a light flux modulated by a relative rotation of the optical axes of two polaroids. The torsional vibrations of the polaroid fixed to the shaft are transmitted to the other polaroid (which at the same time is the seismic mass of the apparatus) by means of elastic lamellas. The device can work as accelerometer, vibrometer or frequency meter, depending on the value of the ratio between the proper oscillation frequency of the seismic system and the measured vibration frequency.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 1A (NASA-TT-F-15375); p 68-72
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  • 64
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    Vibration and noise measuring instruments built in the RSR (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The demands placed upon vibration and noise measuring instruments are discussed. The instruments that are now being manufactured in the RSR are described, as well as those that are being made ready for manufacture, namely: the VP-3 portable vibrometer, the N2103 precision electronic vibrometer, the N2103 B sonometric preamplifier, as well as vibration transducers of the electrodynamic and piezoelectric types.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 1A (NASA-TT-F-15375); p 62-67
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  • 65
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    Contributions to the problem of piezoelectric accelerometer calibration (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: After discussing the principal calibration methods for piezoelectric accelerometers, an experimental setup for accelerometer calibration by the reciprocity method is described It is shown how the use of a lock-in voltmeter eliminates errors due to viscous damping and electrical loading.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 1A (NASA-TT-F-15375); p 55-61
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  • 66
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    Instruments for measuring radiant thermal fluxes (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An absolute two-sided radiometer, designed on the principle of replacing absorbed radiant energy with electrical energy, is described. The sensitive element of the detector is a thermoelectric transducer of thermal flux. The fabrication technology, methods of measurement, technical characteristics, and general operation of the instrument are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 95-101
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  • 67
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    Petrology of basalt and single-mineral fragments in the soil of the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Basalt and single-mineral particles, ranging from 150 to 425 microns, from the Luna-16 sample are studied by electron microanalysis, X-ray fluorescence analysis, and petrographic techniques. Three basalt species of different structure are identified. The structure and composition of the individual minerals (in particular of pyroxenes) indicate that the basalts have crystallized under conditions similar to those established for Apollo-11 samples.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 68
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    Determination of local values of gas and liquid mass flux in highly loaded two-phase flow (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A measurement system using a deceleration probe was designed for determining the local values of gas and liquid mass flux in various gas/liquid droplet sprayfields. The system was used to characterize two-phase flowfields generated by gas/liquid rocket-motor injectors. Measurements were made at static pressures up to 500 psia and injected mass flow ratios up to 20. The measurement system can also be used at higher pressures and in gas/solid flowfields.
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  • 69
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    Observations of Jupiter's satellites, 1662-1972 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A literature search has yielded nearly 26,000 observations of the satellites of Jupiter, made from 1662 through 1972. The type (photographic; micrometer; eclipse, occultation, transit) and number of observations are tabulated in 5-year increments, and a complete bibliography is cited.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 86
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  • 70
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    The Ellicott meteorite (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two medium octahedrite iron meteorites recently found near Ellicott, Colorado, are described and compared to a medium octahedrite iron meteorite discovered in 1902 at nearby Franceville, Colo. Based on the Ni, Ga, Ge, and Ir contents, the pronounced differences in shock history, and the differences in average kamacite bandwidth, it is clear that Ellicott is a new meteorite, distinct from the Franceville find.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 9; Dec. 31
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  • 71
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    Possible magnetic effects due to fine particle metal and intergrown phases in lunar samples (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The characteristics and forms of existence for alpha iron and gamma iron are considered along with experimental observations concerning the alpha to gamma iron transformation. Attention is given to iron-copper precipitation alloys, the origin of rotational hysteresis in lunar samples, questions of paleointensity, and results obtained in the study of lunar samples. It is pointed out that the presence of gamma iron as a significant component in lunar fines and breccia samples would make it necessary to include the gamma iron component in an interpretation of the magnetic susceptibility-temperature curves.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 11; Nov
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  • 72
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    The role of nickel content and the magnetic remanence in iron-nickel alloys of lunar composition (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Lunar samples are magnetic primarily due to the body centered cubic (BCC) iron and iron-nickel alloys they contain. Presented for the first time are results which demonstrate that the magnitude of the martensitic thermal remanence (MTRM) induced on quenching iron-nickel alloy in the geomagnetic field depends on the nickel content of the alloy. High magnetic stability is due to the increasing dislocation density and increasingly complex microstructures associated with increasing nickel content in the alloys. The results agree with the mechanical and structural properties of the alloys. The characteristic quench martensite microstructure observed on metallographic examination provides a recognition criterion for the MTRM mechanism. These results are important for lunar and meteoritic research intending to ascertain the paleofield responsible for the observed remanent magnetization.-
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 11; Nov
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  • 73
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    The neutral atmosphere temperature experiment (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The AEROS Neutral Atmosphere Temperature Experiment (NATE) is designed to measure the kinetic temperature of molecular nitrogen in the thermosphere. A quadrupole mass spectrometer tuned to N2 measures the N2 density variation in a small spherical antechamber having a knife-edged orifice which is exposed to the atmosphere at the outer surface of the spacecraft. The changing density of N2 due to the spinning motion of the spacecraft permits determination of the velocity distribution of the N2 from which the temperature is calculated. An alternate mode of operation of the instrument allows measurement of the other gases in the atmosphere as well as N2 permitting determination of the neutral particle composition of the atmosphere.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Zeitschrift fuer Geophysik; 40; 5, 19; 1974
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  • 74
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    Lunar magnetometry and mantle convection (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Lunar magnetometer data was used to indicate a lunar thermal boundary layer which is no more than 200 km thick and a lunar interior which is relatively isothermal. A direct comparison of temperature profiles with the experimental observations is used. It is assumed that the significant variation in lunar electrical conductivity is due to temperature alone and that it may be written in exponential form with a fixed and unknown activation energy and normalization constant. Experimental values of the lunar transfer function compared to theoretical curves generated by several temperature profiles show a significant temperature gradient only in the very outer portion of the moon. The steep curve of the variation of the transfer function with frequency implies an increase in electrical conductivity of no more than one order of magnitude with a depth between 1565 and 1000 km.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 252; Dec
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  • 75
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    Airborne laser Doppler velocimeter (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A CO2 laser Doppler detection system has been developed to measure remotely the true airspeed of an aircraft. The system uses a 50-W sealed-off CO2 laser in a homodyne detection system employing a collinear optical telescope, a HgCdTe detector, and a frequency tracking loop. The system was successfully flight-tested on a NASA Convair 990 research aircraft during December 1971 and June 1972. The results indicate that an airspeed measurement under clear weather conditions is feasible up to an altitude of 3000 m with an error of less than 0.5%.-
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Dec. 197
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  • 76
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    Argon in the Martian atmosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Heretofore undetected argon may be a significant constituent of the Martian atmosphere with a partial pressure of 1.8 mbar. The addition of argon to the 5.5 plus or minus 0.8 mbar of CO2, deduced from ground-based spectroscopy, is consistent with the values of total pressure deduced from the Mariner radio occulation measurements. The presence of argon in the Martian atmosphere contributes to the cooling of the upper thermosphere and exosphere and may explain the difference between predicted and observed temperatures. The argon concentrations predicted here may be related to the recent observation of several tens of per cent of an inert gas, deduced from Mars-6 data.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; Nov. 197
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  • 77
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    Ejecta from large craters on the moon - Comments on the geometric model of McGetchin et al (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Amendments to a quantitative scheme developed by T. R. McGetchin et al. (1973) for predicting the distribution of ejecta from lunar basins yield substantially thicker estimates of ejecta, deposited at the basin rim-crest and at varying ranges beyond, than does the original model. Estimates of the total volume of material ejected from a basin, illustrated by Imbrium, also are much greater. Because many uncertainties affect any geometric model developed primarily from terrestrial analogs of lunar craters, predictions of ejecta thickness and volume on the moon may range within at least an order of magnitude. These problems are exemplified by the variability of T, thickness of ejecta at the rim-crest of terrestrial experimental craters. The proportion of T to crater rim-height depends critically upon scaled depth-of-burst and whether the explosive is nuclear or chemical.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 23; 3, Oc; Oct. 197
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  • 78
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    Lunar mascons - Another model and its implications (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A mascon model is proposed in which the mass excess of the mare basalts in the circular maria is supported isostatically by mass deficits at depth. The model predicts the observed positive gravity anomalies surrounded by negative ring anomalies and explains the absence of gravity anomalies over the irregular maria. The model implies that mare basalts were derived by partial melting of a source region at depth due to pressure relief resulting from the excavation of the circular mare basins, and that the crystalline residuum in the source region is of lower density than the original source rock. The trace element enrichment and near cotectic character of Apollo 11 and 12 lavas reported by some investigators may be caused by extensive magma fractionation enroute from an origin in the circular maria to the final, distant emplacement sites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 11; Sept
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  • 79
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    Lunar deposits of possible pyroclastic origin (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Orange glass droplets sampled from the Apollo 17 site were found to be both chemically and texturally homogeneous. None of these droplets, which are of possible pyroclastic origin, contained shock-damaged crystals which are common in glass produced by meteorite impacts. Black droplets are apparently the partially crystallized equivalents of the orange glass. Since chemically and texturally homogeneous glass droplets are known to form in terrestrial lava fountains of basaltic melt, the orange glasses from Apollo 11 and 17 sites and the green glasses from the Apollo 15 site may have formed in lava fountains of low-viscosity lunar basaltic magmas.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 38; Nov. 197
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  • 80
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    Tides in the giant planets (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Goldreich and Soter's (1966) discussion of tidal dissipation in the Jovian planets is reexamined for planetary models which possess an appreciable internal heat source. The tidal torque produced in a fully liquid planet is calculated as a function of the average viscosity in the interior. Turbulent viscosity, which is produced by the convection of internal heat to the surface, seems to be capable of producing small (about a few per cent) changes in the orbits of the innermost satellites of Jupiter over the age of the solar system. The basic regularity of many of the giant planet satellite systems is probably due to other, perhaps primordial, causes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Sept
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  • 81
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    Aircraft observations of Venus' near-infrared reflection spectrum - Implications for cloud composition (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A comparison of aircraft-based measurement data on Venus' near-infrared (1.2- to 4.1-micron) reflection spectrum with computer generated spectra of a number of cloud candidates shows a 75-% or more concentrated water solution of sulfuric acid to give the only acceptable match to the profile of Venus' strong 3-micron absorption feature. However, the measurement data obtained also show a modest decline in reflectivity from 2.3-micron to 1.2-micron wavelength, which is inconsistent with the flat spectrum of sulfuric acid in this spectral region. It is hypothesized that this decline is due to impurities in the sulfuric acid droplets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Sept
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  • 82
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    SAS-2 observations of gamma rays from the galactic plane (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Preliminary data are given for the SAS-2 high energy galactic gamma ray observation. These data include both latitude and longitude distributions. The longitude distribution shows a high density region. The latitude distributions toward the center and the anti-center are markedly different, the former showing a two-component structure of half-widths of approximately 3 and 6 deg. The energy spectrum in the range 35 to 200 MeV is hard, consistent with cosmic ray interactions with interstellar matter, including neutral pions decay and emission from energetic electron interactions. The data is consistent with an interpretation in terms of the confinement of the cosmic rays in the spiral arms.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 201-204
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  • 83
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    Evaluation of a wedge gas-sampling probe (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The performances of a wedge-type gas-sampling probe and pitot probes are compared in applications to flowfield profile studies. The flow structure data obtained by these techniques are found to agree well in flow regions with and without significant gradients. The wedge-type probe showed a good service life and allowed a substantial reduction of the sampling time. The wedge probe design is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal; 12; Sept
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  • 84
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    Real-time correction of atmospherically degraded telescope images through image sharpening (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: We present a new technique for the correction of atmospheric distortion in telescope images. Most of this distortion arises from a random phase variation of the incoming light across the telescope aperture. This variation limits the resolving power of even large telescopes to about one arc second. If the sharpness of the images is defined in a suitable way, this sharpness is maximized only when the phase distortion of the incoming light is zero. We present computer simulations of a simple feedback system in which active optical elements, set to maximize the sharpness, correct most of the atmospheric distortion. Photon statistics set the limiting magnitude of the object for which a practical feedback system can work. Details in a sixth magnitude object smaller than 0.1 sec of arc should be resolvable. The system can be conveniently employed within existing telescopes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Society of America; vol. 64
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  • 85
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    Aplanatic two-mirror telescopes: A systematic study. I - Cassegrainian configuration (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A systematic performance analysis of aplanatic Cassegrainian telescopes has been accomplished by means of a ray trace program. The results indicate that the available field angle for a given geometric spot size is, to a very close approximation, a function of the relative back focal distance only. Image curvatures, as computed by third-order theory and by the ray trace program, were found to be in very close agreement. Image curvature is plotted as a function of the ray height ratio for a wide range of secondary magnification.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Sept
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  • 86
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    Image reproduction with interactive graphics (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Software application or development in optical image digital data processing requires a fast, good quality, yet inexpensive hard copy of processed images. To achieve this, a Cambo camera with an f 2.8/150-mm Xenotar lens in a Copal shutter having a Graflok back for 4 x 5 Polaroid type 57 pack-film has been interfaced to an existing Adage, AGT-30/Electro-Mechanical Research, EMR 6050 graphic computer system. Time-lapse photography in conjunction with a log to linear voltage transformation has resulted in an interactive system capable of producing a hard copy in 54 sec. The interactive aspect of the system lies in a Tektronix 4002 graphic computer terminal and its associated hard copy unit.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Sept
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  • 87
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    Stellar interferometer for figure sensing of orbiting astronomical telescopes (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An interferometric device designed to be located in the focal plane of a large astronomical telescope is presented. The prime application is for the forthcoming large space telescope. The device is to perform interferometry on the optical wavefront arising from a single star after it has propagated through the telescope. The concept of a focal plane figure sensor has been experimentally verified by fabricating and testing an operating laboratory breadboard figure sensor. A set of linear independent control equations are derived that define the operations for utilizing a focal plane figure sensor in the control loops for the positioning of the secondary mirror and for the active control of the primary mirror optical figure. A number of scientific experiments that could be performed with the interferometer are also briefly discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Aug. 197
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  • 88
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    Raman scattering applied to hypersonic air flow (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Raman scattering technique was applied to measure the local static temperature and gas number density over a sharp-edge flat-plate model in a Mach 5 nozzle of the Langley nozzle test chamber with air as the test gas. The angle of attack varied from -5 to 15 deg, and the stagnation temperature varied from 317 to 442 K, with stagnation pressures ranging from 170 kN to 2.8 MN/sq m. The measured values of static temperature and density ranged from 60 to 100 K and from 0.03 to 0.8 kg/cu m, respectively. A comparison with calculated values based on static pressure measurements along the model shows that the Raman scattering technique is a viable measurement method in applications to high-speed three-dimensional flows.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal; 12; Aug. 197
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  • 89
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    The response of a propeller anemometer to turbulent flow with the mean wind vector perpendicular to the axis of rotation (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Determination of the properties of the system transfer function of the vertical-velocity propeller anemometer. A treatment of this problem is presented which is based on an analysis of estimates of the system transfer function derived from estimates of spectra calculated from time histories of indicated vertical velocity and on estimates of the associated input Eulerian vertical-velocity frequency spectra based on the hypothesis that instrument degradation of the Fourier components occurs in the inertial subrange.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology; 6; May-June
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  • 90
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    Astronomical demonstration of an infrared upconverter (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An upconverter has been used to convert infrared photons from astronomical sources to higher frequency quanta that were detected with a pulse-counting photomultiplier photometer. It is pointed out that these observations represent the first successful astronomical demonstration of infrared upconversion. Upconversion is carried out in an optically nonlinear medium, which in the upconverter described is a lithium iodate crystal. A 0.6943-micrometer high peak power ruby laser pump was developed for the demonstration.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nature; 249; June 14
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  • 91
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    An autoranging scanning system and compatible methods of noise reduction (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The autoranging scanning system discussed combines in a unique way four different methods for removing noise. The system employs a narrow-band amplifier. Other noise reduction methods make use of digital summation, convolution numbers, and the coaddition of scans. The system was designed to digitize the output of an infrared spectrometer and to record it on magnetic tape. Light passes through a mechanical light chopper and the spectrometer optics, and falls on the PbS cell to produce a signal which is amplified by the first preamplifier.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 45; July 197
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  • 92
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    Mathematical operations by optical processing (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Some recent developments in coherent optical processing are described in this paper. Specifically, the use of one or more elementary gratings to perform useful processing operations and computer-generated spatial filters to obtain generalized transforms are discussed. Applications incorporating nonlinear optical elements and optical feedback into the processing system are also presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 13; May-June
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  • 93
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    Turbulence measurements in a Mach 2.9 boundary layer using laser velocimetry (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements taken in a Mach-2.9 turbulent boundary layer are shown to demonstrate the ability of a laser velocimeter to measure the turbulence transport properties of high-speed compressible flows. This demonstrated ability, combined with the nonperturbing quality and relative insensitivity to environmental conditions of the laser velocimeter, opens the way to compressible flow measurements never considered possible with more conventional measurement techniques.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal; 12; May 1974
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  • 94
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    Detection and elimination of reflections in beam-foil target chambers (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of techniques for detecting and reducing to negligible values beam-radiation reflection and scattering in high vacuum target chambers used in beam foil experiments. It is suggested that all target chambers be checked in the manner described in order to discover and reduce intensity variations that may not be obvious on the usual beam-foil decay curves.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; June 197
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  • 95
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    Multiplex imaging with multiple-pinhole cameras (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: When making photographs in X rays or gamma rays with a multiple-pinhole camera, the individual images of an extended object such as the sun may be allowed to overlap. Then the situation is in many ways analogous to that in a multiplexing device such as a Fourier spectroscope. Some advantages and problems arising with such use of the camera are discussed, and expressions are derived to describe the relative efficacy of three exposure/postprocessing schemes using multiple-pinhole cameras.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 45; Apr. 197
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  • 96
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    Pressure transducer method for measuring gas production by microorganisms (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Microbiology; 27; Jan. 197
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  • 97
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    Measurement of capsule heat transfer gaps using neutron radiography (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A technique is described for measuring heat transfer gaps from neutron radiographs. The method involves scanning the radiograph negative with a recording microdensitometer to obtain a trace of the optical density variation across the diameter of the capsule. The optical density change representing the gap is measured from the microdensitometer trace and related to the physical measurement. Heat transfer gaps from 0.061 to 0.178 cm have been determined by this technique and agree with preassembly physical measurements to plus or minus 0.005 cm.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Materials Evaluation; 32; Mar. 197
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  • 98
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    Design of an X-ray telescope system for an orbiting astronomical observatory (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The design and construction is described of a package of X-ray telescopes launched in the NASA satellite Copernicus (OAO-3), which began stellar observations in September 1972. It contains three grazing incidence reflectors covering a range of wavelengths from 0.3 to 8 nm, and having a combined collecting area of 40.9 sq cm, with angular resolutions up to 1 minute of arc. This is believed to be the first satellite application of such reflectors in stellar X-ray astronomy. A collimated detector of wavelengths 0.1-0.3 nm has a 17.8 sq cm collecting area. A visible light star tracker detects package misalignment if this should occur.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Physics; vol. 7
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  • 99
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    Multichannel forward scattering meter for oceanography (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An instrument was designed and built that measures the light scattered at several angles in the forward direction simultaneously. The instrument relies on an optical multiplexing technique for frequency encoding of the different channels suitable for detection by a single photodetector. A Mie theory computer program was used to calculate the theoretical volume scattering function for a suspension of polystyrene latex spheres. The agreement between the theoretical and experimental volume scattering functions is taken as a verification of the calibration technique used.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Mar. 197
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  • 100
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    Effect of electron beam pulse width on time-of-flight spectra (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A simple but useful formula describing the effect of electron gun pulse width on the time of flight (TOF) spectra measured in translational spectroscopy experiments is developed. An approximately monoenergetic pulsed electrostatically focused electron beam traverses a scattering cell filled with a Maxwellian gas. Inelastic electron collisions with the gas produce metastable particles, ions, scattered electrons, and photons which then pass through a collimating slit system at right angles to the electron beam. TOF techniques are used to separate the photon signal from the metastable particle signal and to measure the TOF distribution of the metastable species.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 45; Feb. 197
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