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  • Geophysics  (651)
  • 1995-1999  (651)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1999  (452)
  • 1997  (199)
  • 1
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    Developments in Petrophysics (1997)
    London : The Geological Society
    Details
    Keywords: Petrophysik ; Geophysics ; Petroleum - Geology ; Petroleum engineering ; Rocks
    Description / Table of Contents: P. D. Jackson, D. G. Gunn, R. C. Flint, D. Beamish, P. I. Meldrum, M. A. Lovell, P. K. Harvey, and A. Peyton: A non-contacting resistivity imaging method for characterizing whole round core while in its liner / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:1-10, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.01 --- D. J. Prosser, A. Hurst, and M. R. Wilson: One-man-operable probe permeameters / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:11-18, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.02 --- S. R. McDougall, A. B. Dixit, and K. S. Sorbie: Network analogues of wettability at the pore scale / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:19-35, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.03 --- S. Pugliese and N. Petford: Pore-structure visualization in microdioritic enclaves / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:37-46, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.04 --- Paul B. Basan, Ben D. Lowden, Peter R. Whattler, and John J. Attard: Pore-size data in petrophysics: a perspective on the measurement of pore geometry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:47-67, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.05 --- M. S. King, A. Shakeel, and N. A. Chaudhry: Acoustic wave propagation and permeability in sandstones with systems of aligned cracks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:69-85, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.06 --- Shiyu Xu, Just Doorenbos, Sue Raikes, and Roy White: A simple but powerful model for simulating elastic wave velocities in clastic Silicate rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:87-105, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.07 --- T. Apuani, M. S. King, C. Butenuth, and M. H. De Freitas: Measurements of the relationship between Sonic wave velocities and tensile strength in Anisotropic rock / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:107-119, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.08 --- C. McCann, J. Sothcott, and S. B. Assefa: Prediction of petrophysical properties from seismic quality factor measurements / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:121-130, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.09 --- Y. F. Sun and D. Goldberg: Estimation of aspect-ratio changes with pressure from seismic velocities / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:131-139, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.10 --- P. K. Harvey, M. A. Lovell, J. C. Lofts, P. A. Pezard, and J. F. Bristow: Petrophysical estimation from downhole Mineralogy logs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:141-157, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.11 --- Paul F. Worthington: Petrophysical estimation of permeability as a function of scale / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:159-168, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.12 --- C. A. Gonçalves, P. K. Harvey, and M. A. Lovell: Prediction of petrophysical parameter logs using a multilayer backpropagation neural network / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:169-180, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.13 --- Brian P. Moss: The partitioning of petrophysical data: a review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:181-252, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.14 --- A. Revil, P. A. Pezard, and M. Darot: Electrical conductivity, spontaneous potential and ionic diffusion in porous media / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:253-275, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.15 --- Brígida Ramati P. Da Rocha and Tarek M. Habashy: Fractal Geometry, porosity and complex resistivity: from rough pore interfaces to hand specimens / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:277-286, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.16 --- Brígida Ramati P. Da Rocha and Tarek M. Habashy: Fractal Geometry, porosity and complex resistivity: from hand specimen to field data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:287-297, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.17 --- M. Ben Clennell: Tortuosity: a guide through the maze / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:299-344, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.18 --- J. C. Lofts, J. Bedford, H. Boulton, J. A. van Doorn, and P. Jeffreys: Feature recognition and the interpretation of images acquired from horizontal wellbores / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:345-365, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.19 --- D. Goldberg and Y. F. Sun: Scattering attenuation as a function of depth in the Upper Oceanic Crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:367-375, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.20 --- N. Passas, C. Butenuth, and M. H. De Freitas: An application of the Moiré Method to a study of local strains during rock failure in tension / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:377-388, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.21
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 393 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    ISBN: 1897799810
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/122/1
    Language: English
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    Chemistry Experiments (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: The purpose of the chemistry component of the model comparison is to assess to what extent differences in the formulation of chemical processes explain the variance between model results. Observed concentrations of chemical compounds are used to estimate to what degree the various models represent realistic situations. For readability, the materials for the chemistry experiment are reported in three separate sections. This section discussed the data used to evaluate the models in their simulation of the source gases and the Nitrogen compounds (NO(y)) and Chlorine compounds (Cl(y)) species.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Models and Measurements Intercomparison 2; 190-306; NASA/TM-1999-209554
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  • 3
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    Backscatter Modeling at 2.1 Micron Wavelength for Space-Based and Airborne Lidars Using Aerosol Physico-Chemical and Lidar Datasets (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Space-based and airborne coherent Doppler lidars designed for measuring global tropospheric wind profiles in cloud-free air rely on backscatter, beta from aerosols acting as passive wind tracers. Aerosol beta distribution in the vertical can vary over as much as 5-6 orders of magnitude. Thus, the design of a wave length-specific, space-borne or airborne lidar must account for the magnitude of 8 in the region or features of interest. The SPAce Readiness Coherent Lidar Experiment under development by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and scheduled for launch on the Space Shuttle in 2001, will demonstrate wind measurements from space using a solid-state 2 micrometer coherent Doppler lidar. Consequently, there is a critical need to understand variability of aerosol beta at 2.1 micrometers, to evaluate signal detection under varying aerosol loading conditions. Although few direct measurements of beta at 2.1 micrometers exist, extensive datasets, including climatologies in widely-separated locations, do exist for other wavelengths based on CO2 and Nd:YAG lidars. Datasets also exist for the associated microphysical and chemical properties. An example of a multi-parametric dataset is that of the NASA GLObal Backscatter Experiment (GLOBE) in 1990 in which aerosol chemistry and size distributions were measured concurrently with multi-wavelength lidar backscatter observations. More recently, continuous-wave (CW) lidar backscatter measurements at mid-infrared wavelengths have been made during the Multicenter Airborne Coherent Atmospheric Wind Sensor (MACAWS) experiment in 1995. Using Lorenz-Mie theory, these datasets have been used to develop a method to convert lidar backscatter to the 2.1 micrometer wavelength. This paper presents comparison of modeled backscatter at wavelengths for which backscatter measurements exist including converted beta (sub 2.1).
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Tenth Biennial Coherent Laser Radar Technology and Applications Conference; 147-150; NASA/CP-1999-209758
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    Enhanced Fair-Weather Electric Fields Soon After Sunrise (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: The typical fair weather electric field at the ground is between -100 and -300 V/m. At the NASA Kennedy Space Center and US Air Force Cape Canaveral Air Station (KSC) the electric field at the ground sometimes reaches -400 to -1200 V/m within an hour or two after sunrise on days that otherwise seem to be fair weather. We refer to the enhanced negative electric fields as the "sunrise enhancement." To investigate the sunrise enhancement at KSC we measured the electric field (E) in the first few hundred meters above the ground before and during several sunrise enhancements. From these E soundings we can infer the presence of charge layers and determine their thickness and charge density.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: 11th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity; 583-586; NASA/CP-1999-209261
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  • 5
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    Electron density distribution in the magnetosphere (1997)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Eight months of differential potential measurements from the POLAR satellite were used to study the electron density distribution in the magnetosphere and its dependence on the level of geomagnetic activity identified by the Kp index. The differential potential measurement is directly proportional to the electron density, and this technique can be used for detecting fast electron density variation in low-density plasmas with a good accuracy. The inner magnetospheric regions are particularly investigated in this study. The cusp is found to be denser during low Km, and it moves equator-ward with increasing Km. The plasmapause is quite asymmetric, as expected. In particular, on the nightside, the plasmapause is compressed closer to the earth with increasing Kp. While the density gradients at the dayside plasmapause are usually not very steep, they can be quite large at other time sectors. A particularly pronounced sharpening of the plasmapause occurs at the dusk sector with increasing Kp. The density in the region between the dayside plasmapause and magnetopause is relatively high during all Kp levels; the average densities are several electrons per cubic meter. During disturbed periods, the density in the near-earth plasma sheet near midnight increases and becomes higher than the densities towards the flanks of the plasma sheet.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Proceedings of the 31st ESALB Symposium on Correlated Phenomena at the Sun, in the Heliosphere and in Geospace; 53-58; ESA-SP-415
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    Comparison of plasma probes in the lower ionosphere (1997)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: The instrumentation and the observations performed by four identically instrumented sounding rockets, designed to investigate the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, are reported. The four sounding rockets were launched from the Brazilian equatorial range Alcantara in August 1994. The instruments were capable of determining ion and electron densities. The results of data processing showed discrepancies hitherto unnoticed by other experiments.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: ; 381-386
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  • 7
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    Layering in halocarbons, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and water vapour over mid-latitudes (1997)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: The purpose of the balloon flights performed in March 1993 from Aire-sur-Adour (France) was to measure trace gases in the polar vortex during a dynamically active period. These balloon flights revealed coincident layering in long-lived tropospheric source gases. A layer of mid-latitude air, enriched in trace gases, was detected at sampled levels near 15 mbar. High resolution advection models, fine scale distributions of ozone, nitrous oxide, methane, and halocarbons were constructed. The calculations showed how air enriched in trace gases is sampled near 15 mbar when a filament of such air is drawn into the outer portion of the vortex.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: ; 187-192
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  • 8
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    Special Diagnostics (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: This section contains a number of special diagnostics that are designed to examine certain mechanisms. Section 1 reports on the method used to test the photochemical partitioning in the models. Sections 2 and 3 represent efforts to examine the model calculated production and removal rates for ozone and how the values are combined with transport rates in the models to produce the simulated ozone distributions. Sections 4 and 5 concentrate on polar processes including the dynamics aspect of vortex confinement and the chemical aspects of chlorine activation.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Models and Measurements Intercomparison 2; 363-448; NASA/TM-1999-209554
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  • 9
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    Transport Experiments (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: MM II defined a series of experiments to better understand and characterize model transport and to assess the realism of this transport by comparison to observations. Measurements from aircraft, balloon, and satellite, not yet available at the time of MM I [Prather and Remsberg, 1993], provide new and stringent constraints on model transport, and address the limits of our transport modeling abilities. Simulations of the idealized tracers the age spectrum, and propagating boundary conditions, and conserved HSCT-like emissions probe the relative roles of different model transport mechanisms, while simulations of SF6 and C02 make the connection to observations. Some of the tracers are related, and transport diagnostics such as the mean age can be derived from more than one of the experiments for comparison to observations. The goals of the transport experiments are: (1) To isolate the effects of transport in models from other processes; (2) To assess model transport for realistic tracers (such as SF6 and C02) for comparison to observations; (3) To use certain idealized tracers to isolate model mechanisms and relationships to atmospheric chemical perturbations; (4) To identify strengths and weaknesses of the treatment of transport processes in the models; (5) To relate evaluated shortcomings to aspects of model formulation. The following section are included:Executive Summary, Introduction, Age Spectrum, Observation, Tropical Transport in Models, Global Mean Age in Models, Source-Transport Covariance, HSCT "ANOY" Tracer Distributions, and Summary and Conclusions.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Models and Measurements Intercomparison 2; 110-189; NASA/TM-1999-209554
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    Simulation of the Universal-Time Diurnal Variation of the Global Electric Circuit Charging Rate (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: A global lightning model that includes diurnal and annual lightning variation, and total flash density versus latitude for each major land and ocean, has been used as the basis for simulating the global electric circuit charging rate. A particular objective has been to reconcile the difference in amplitude ratios [AR=(max-min)/mean] between global lightning diurnal variation (AR approx. = 0.8) and the diurnal variation of typical atmospheric potential gradient curves (AR approx. = 0.35). A constraint on the simulation is that the annual mean charging current should be about 1000 A. The global lightning model shows that negative ground flashes can contribute, at most, about 10-15% of the required current. For the purpose of the charging rate simulation, it was assumed that each ground flash contributes 5 C to the charging process. It was necessary to assume that all electrified clouds contribute to charging by means other than lightning, that the total flash rate can serve as an indirect indicator of the rate of charge transfer, and that oceanic electrified clouds contribute to charging even though they are relatively inefficient in producing lightning. It was also found necessary to add a diurnally invariant charging current component. By trial and error it was found that charging rate diurnal variation curves in Universal time (UT) could be produced with amplitude ratios and general shapes similar to those of the potential gradient diurnal variation curves measured over ocean and arctic regions during voyages of the Carnegie Institute research vessels.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: 11th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity; 634-637; NASA/CP-1999-209261
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    Gravitational Wave Search with the Clock Mission (1997)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Doppler tracking of distant spacecraft is the only method currently available to search for gravitational waves in the low-frequency (approx. 0.0001-0.1 Hz) band. In this technique the Doppler system measures the relative dimensionless velocity 2(delta)v/c = (delta)f/f(sub o) between the earth and the spacecraft as a function of time, where (delta)f is the frequency perturbation and f(sub o) is the nominal frequency of the radio link. A gravitational wave of amplitude h incident on this system causes small frequency perturbations, of order h in (delta)f/f(sub o), replicated three times in the observed record (Estabrook and Wahlquist 1975). All experiments to date and those planned for the near future involve only 'two-way' Doppler-i.e., uplink signal coherently transponded by the spacecraft with Doppler measured using a frequency standard common to the transmit and receive chains of the ground station. If, as on the proposed Clock Mission, there is an additional frequency standard on the spacecraft and a suitable earth-spacecraft radio system, some noise sources can be isolated and removed from the data (Vessot and Levine 1978). Supposing that the Clock Mission spacecraft is transferred into a suitable interplanetary orbit, I discuss here how the on-board frequency standard could be employed with an all-Ka-band radio system using the very high stability Deep Space Network station DSS 25 being instrumented for Cassini. With this configuration, the Clock Mission could search for gravitational waves at a sensitivity limited by the frequency standards, rather than plasma or tropospheric scintillation effects, whenever the sun-earth-spacecraft angle is greater than 90 degrees.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Proceedings of the Workshop on the Scientific Applications of Clocks in Space; 33-40; NASA/CR-97-112594
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    Atmospheric Multiple Scattering Effects on GLAS Altimetry (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-23
    Description: Estimates of the effect of pulse stretching on satellite laser altimetry in particular the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS), by cloud multiple scattering were made from an analytical method and from Monte Carlo calculations. The path delay of the return pulse was found to be largest for low-level clouds with particle radii (3-20 microns). The magnitude of the path delay was affected by several factors including cloud height, cloud optical depth, cloud particle size, particle shape, and receiver field of view. Polar aerosol and Rayleigh scattering usually added less than 1 cm to the overall path delay. Path delay estimates for all cloud conditions would be less if a simple Gaussian fit of the return pulse peak were used to measure the pulse's centroid. However, care must be taken in determining the centroid as factors such as pulse width, surface slope and the fitting method used will affect the estimate. A planned application for laser altimetry is high precision monitoring of the height change of polar ice sheets. In the absence of a correction algorithm, the required GLAS altimetry accuracies will not be achieved unless atmospheric channel information is used to remove profiles that are likely to be heavily contaminated by multiple scattering.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Remote Sensing
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    Quantifying the Wave Driving of the Stratosphere (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-23
    Description: The zonal mean eddy heat flux is directly proportional to the wave activity that propagates from the troposphere into the stratosphere. This quantity is a simple eddy diagnostic which is easily calculated from conventional meteorological analyses. Because this "wave driving" of the stratosphere has a strong impact on the stratospheric temperature, it is necessary to compare the impact of the flux with respect to stratospheric radiative changes caused by greenhouse gas changes. Hence, we must understand the precision and accuracy of the heat flux derived from our global meteorological analyses. Herein, we quantify the stratospheric heat flux using five different meteorological analyses, and show that there are 30% differences between these analyses during the disturbed conditions of the northern hemisphere winter. Such large differences result from the planetary differences in the stationary temperature and meridional wind fields. In contrast, planetary transient waves show excellent agreement amongst these five analyses, and this transient heat flux appears to have a long term downward trend.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Evidence of Convection as a Dominant Source of Condensation Nuclei in the Northern Midlatitude Upper Troposphere (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-23
    Description: We examine concurrent upper tropospheric measurements of CN (diameter greater than 4 nm). NO, and NO(Y) during the SONEX Experiment over the North Atlantic (Oct.-Nov., 1997). Elevated CN and NO(Y) concentrations observed in the upper troposphere are attributed largely to enhancements in convective outflows. We estimate that less than 7% of observed high-CN plumes (greater than 10000 /cc) may be attributed to aircraft emissions. Dilution of high-CN convective and aircraft plumes appears to be much more rapid than losses of NO(X) and CN by oxidation and coagulation, respectively, and accounts for much of observed CN concentrations. When taking into account of different time scales against dilution for observable aircraft and convective high-CN plumes (estimated to be 1:4), the contribution by aircraft emissions to CN concentrations is significant, about 20% of the convective source. We find no evidence that particle formation in convective plumes is limited by OH oxidation of SO2.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Dual Spacecraft Observations of Lobe Magnetic Field Perturbations Before, During and after Plasmoid Release (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-23
    Description: This study examines a unique data set returned by IMP8 and Geotail on January 29, 1995 during a substorm which resulted in the ejection of a plasmoid. The two spacecraft (s/c) were situated in the north lobe of the tail and both observed a traveling compression region (TCR). From single s/c observations only the length of the plasmoid in X and an estimate of its height in Z can be determined. However, we show that dual s/c measurements of TCRs can be used to model all three dimensions of the underlying plasmoid and to estimate of its rate of expansion or contraction. For this event plasmoid dimensions of Delta(X) approximates 18, Delta(Y) approximates 30, and Delta(Z) approximates 10 R(sub e) are inferred from the IMP8 and Geotail lobe magnetic field measurements. The earthward end of the plasmoid was inferred to be near the mean location of the near-earth neutral line, X approximates -26 R(sub e). Its center was underneath IMP 8 at X approximates -34 R(sub e) and its tailward end appeared to be near X approximates -44 R(sub e). Furthermore, a factor of approximately 2 increase in the amplitude of the TCR occurred in the 1.5 min it took to move from IMP 8 to Geotail. Modeled using conservation of the magnetic flux, this increase in lobe compression implies that the underlying plasmoid was expanding at a rate of approximately 140 km/s. Such an expansion is comparable to recently reported V(sub y) speeds in "young" plasmoids in this region of the tail. Finally, the Geotail measurements indicate that a reconfiguration of the lobe magnetic field closely followed the ejection of the plasmoid which moved magnetic flux tubes into the wake behind the plasmoid where they would convect into the near-earth neutral line and reconnect.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Simulation of the December 1998 Stratospheric Major Warming (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-23
    Description: Prior to 1991, major warmings (defined by increasing zonal mean temperatures and zonal mean easterly winds from 60degN to the pole at 10 hPa) typically occurred approximately once every two Arctic winters; a major warming in mid-Dec. 1998 was the first since Feb. 1991. The Dec. 1998 warming was also the second earliest on record. The earliest, and the only other major warming on record before the end of Dec. was in early Dec 1987; prior to that, the earliest was in late Dec./early Jan. 1984-85. The 1984-85 and 1987 warmings resulted in the warmest and weakest lower stratospheric polar vortices in the 20 years before 1998-99. Fig. 1 compares temperatures and vortex strength in 1998-99 with those in the previous 20 years, using the US National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) record; 1987-88 and 1984-85 are also highlighted. The Dec. 1998 warming had a more pronounced effect on mid-stratospheric temperatures than the Dec. 1987 warming (Fig. 1a), although smaller than that of warmings later in winter (e.g., 1984-85). 10-hPa temperatures fell well below average again in late Jan. 1999 and remained unusually low until an early final warming began in late Feb. 840 K PV gradients (Fig. 1c) set a record minimum in Jan. 1999, but were near average in Feb before the final warming. The effect of the Dec. 1998 warming on lower stratospheric temperatures was comparable to that of other major warmings; there was a brief period of record-high minimum 46-hPa temperatures in early Jan 1999 (Fig. 1b), and temperatures then fell to near average for a short period in mid-Feb. Lower stratospheric PV gradients were the weakest on record during the 1998-99 winter (Fig. 1d). The evolution of the vortex and minimum temperatures during 1998-99 was remarkably similar to that during 1987-88, the only previous year when a major warming was observed before the end of Dec.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Comparisons of Upper Tropospheric Humidity Retrievals from TOVS and METEOSAT (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Two different methods for retrieving Upper Tropospheric Humidities (UTH) from the TOVS (TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder) instruments aboard NOAA polar orbiting satellites are presented and compared. The first one, from the Environmental Technology Laboratory, computed by J. Bates and D. Jackson (hereafter BJ method), estimates UTH from a simplified radiative transfer analysis of the upper tropospheric infrared water vapor channel at wavelength measured by HIRS (6.3 micrometer). The second one results from a neural network analysis of the TOVS (HIRS and MSU) data developed at, the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique (hereafter the 3I (Improved Initialization Inversion) method). Although the two methods give very similar retrievals in temperate regions (30-60 N and S), an absolute bias up to 16% appears in the convective zone of the tropics. The two datasets have also been compared with UTH retrievals from infrared radiance measurements in the 6.3 micrometer channel from the geostationary satellite METEOSAT (hereafter MET method). The METEOSAT retrievals are systematically drier than the TOVS-based results by an absolute bias between 5 and 25%. Despite the biases, the spatial and temporal correlations are very good. The purpose of this study is to explain the deviations observed between the three datasets. The sensitivity of UTH to air temperature and humidity profiles is analysed as are the clouds effects. Overall, the comparison of the three retrievals gives an assessment of the current uncertainties in water vapor amounts in the upper troposphere as determined from NOAA and METEOSAT satellites.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Magnetism of Carbonados (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Carbonados are porous polycrystalline (with crystal sizes up to 100 micrometer) diamonds. Carbonado is found only in alluvial deposits in Bahia, Brazil and in the Central African Republic (CAR). Alluvial deposit host is 1.5 Ga while the carbonados are between 2.6 - 3.8 Ga. The process of fusing the carbonado microcrystals together is not fully understood, partly due to fact that the origin of these carbonado, is not known. Several modes of origins are proposed for carbonado. First, a crustal origin. Carbonados have a light carbon and helium isotopic signature. They contain an enrichment of the rare-earth elements (REE). Carbonados have tightly trapped atmospheric noble gases and contain an evidence of high He content despite the carbonado expected depletion of He at mantle temperatures. Carbonados have high porosity incompatible with high pressure mantle conditions. Second, a mantle origin is proposed based on similar REE pattern to kimberlites. The presence of nitrogen platelet (by IR spectra) indicates high temperature origin and syngenetic inclusions of rutile, ilmenite, and magnetite indicates high pressure and high temperature conditions consistent with mantle origin as well. Third, it is proposed that carbonado diamonds are a result of early impacts into crustal rocks. This is indicated by the rare and controversial occurrence of high pressure diamond polymorph, londsdaleite, frequently found in diamonds from meteorite impact sites, and by observation of planar deformation features, possibly indicating shock events. Finally, it is suggested that carbonados have an extraterrestrial origin, as indicated by a long term annealing based on observation of a zero-phonon line, attributed to paired nitrogen atoms in association with a vacancy.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; United States
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  • 19
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    Extremely Low Ionospheric Peak Altitudes in the Polar-Hole Region (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Vertical electron-density (N (sub e)) profiles, deduced from newly-available ISIS-II digital ionospheric topside-sounder data, are used to investigate the "polar-hole" region within the winter, nighttime polar cap ionosphere during solar minimum. The hole region is located around 0200 MLT near the poleward side of the auroral oval. Earlier investigations had revealed very low N (sub e) values in this region (down to 200/cu cm near 300 km). In the present study, such low N, values (approx. 100/cu cm) were only found near the ISIS (International Satellite for Ionospheric Study)-II altitude of 1400 km. The peak ionospheric concentration below the spacecraft remained fairly constant (approx. 10 (exp 5)/cu cm across the hole region but the altitude of the peak dropped dramatically. This peak dropped, surprisingly, to the vicinity of 100 km. These observations suggest that the earlier satellite in situ measurements, interpreted as deep holes in the ionospheric F-region concentration, could have been made during conditions of an extreme decrease in the altitude of the ionospheric N (sub e) peak. The observations, in combination with other data, indicate that the absence of an F-layer peak may be a frequent occurrence at high latitudes.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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  • 20
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    Crustal Uplift in the Southcentral Alaska Subduction Zones: A New Analysis and Interpretation of Tide Gauge Observations (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: We have examined the sea level height tide records at seven tide gauge sites in the region of southcentral Alaska that were affected by the 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake to determine the history of crustal uplift subsequent to the earthquake. There is considerable variation in the behavior depending on the location of the site relative to the 1964 rupture. At Seward, on the eastern side of the Kenai Peninsula we find a slow uplift that is consistent with elastic strain accumulation while at Seldovia and Nikiski on the western side of the Kenai we find a persistent rapid uplift of about 1 cm/yr that most likely represents a long term transient response to the earthquake, but which cannot be sustained over the expected recurrence interval for a great earthquake of several hundred years. Further to the southwest, at Kodiak, we find evidence that the rate of uplift, which is still several mm/yr, has slowed significantly over the past three and a half decades. To the east of the Kenai Peninsula we find subsidence at Cordova and an uncertain behavior at Valdez. At both of these sites there is a mathematically significant time-dependence to the uplift behavior, but the data confirming this time dependence are not as convincing as at Kodiak. At Anchorage, to the north there is little evidence of vertical motion since the earthquake. We compare these long term tide gauge records to recent GPS observations. In general there is reasonable consistency except at Anchorage and Cordova where the GPS measurement indicate somewhat more rapid uplift and subsidence, respectively.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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  • 21
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    Future Radiation Damage in Space Due to South Atlantic Anomaly (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The geographic limits of the South Atlantic Anomaly, as defined by radiation damage, are compared to contours of geomagnetic total field intensity, as defined by the 1995 IGRF, for the present and recent past. The most likely secular variation of the geomagnetic field is estimated and used to extrapolate the geomagnetic field to the year 2100. This indicates that radiation damage to spacecraft and humans in space will likely increase and to cover a much larger geographic area.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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  • 22
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    Influence of Transport on Two-Dimensional Model Simulation: 2. Stratospheric Aircraft Perturbations (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: We have adopted the transport scenarios used in Part 1 to examine the sensitivity of stratospheric aircraft perturbations to transport changes in our 2-D model. Changes to the strength of the residual circulation in the upper troposphere and stratosphere and changes to the lower stratospheric K(sub zz) had similar effects in that increasing the transport rates decreased the overall stratospheric residence time and reduced the magnitude of the negative perturbation response in total ozone. Increasing the stratospheric K(sub yy) increased the residence time and enhanced the global scale negative total ozone response. However, increasing K(sub yy) along with self-consistent increases in the corresponding planetary wave drive, which leads to a stronger residual circulation, more than compensates for the K(sub yy)-effect, and results in a significantly weaker perturbation response, relative to the base case, throughout the stratosphere. We found a relatively minor model perturbation response sensitivity to the magnitude of K(sub yy) in the tropical stratosphere, and only a very small sensitivity to the magnitude of the horizontal mixing across the tropopause and to the strength of the mesospheric gravity wave drag and diffusion. These transport simulations also revealed a generally strong correlation between passive NO(sub y) accumulation and age of air throughout the stratosphere, such that faster transport rates resulted in a younger mean age and a smaller NO(y) mass accumulation. However, specific variations in K(sub yy) and mesospheric gravity wave strength exhibited very little NO(sub y)-age correlation in the lower stratosphere, similar to 3-D model simulations performed in the recent NASA "Models and Measurements" II analysis. The base model transport, which gives the most favorable overall comparison with inert tracer observations, simulated a global/annual mean total ozone response of -0.59%, with only a slightly larger response in the northern compared to the southern hemisphere. For transport scenarios which gave tracer simulations within some agreement with measurements, the annual/globally averaged total ozone response ranged from -0.45% to -0.70%. Our previous 1995 model exhibited overly fast transport rates, resulting in a global/annually averaged perturbation total ozone response of -0.25%, which is significantly weaker compared to the 1999 model. This illustrates how transport deficiencies can bias model simulations of stratospheric aircraft.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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  • 23
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    Viscoelastic Postseismic Rebound to Strike-Slip Earthquakes in Regions of Oblique Plate Convergence (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: According to the slip partitioning concept, the trench parallel component of relative plate motion in regions of oblique convergence is accommodated by strike-slip faulting in the overriding continental lithosphere. The pattern of postseismic surface deformation due to viscoelastic flow in the lower crust and asthenosphere following a major earthquake on such a fault is modified from that predicted from the conventual elastic layer over viscoelastic halfspace model by the presence of the subducting slab. The predicted effects, such as a partial suppression of the postseismic velocities by 1 cm/yr or more immediately following a moderate to great earthquake, are potentially detectable using contemporary geodetic techniques.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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  • 24
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    A Digital Tectonic Activity Map of the Earth (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The subject of neotectonics, covering the structures and structural activity of the last 5 million years (i.e., post-Miocene) is a well-recognized field, including "active tectonics," focussed on the last 500,000 years in a 1986 National Research Council report of that title. However, there is a cartographic gap between tectonic maps, generally showing all features regardless of age, and maps of current seismic or volcanic activity. We have compiled a map intended to bridge this gap, using modern data bases and computer-aided cartographic techniques. The maps presented here are conceptually descended from an earlier map showing tectonic and volcanic activity of the last one million years. Drawn by hand with the National Geographic Society's 1975 "The Physical World" map as a base, the 1981 map in various revisions has been widely reproduced in textbooks and various technical publications. However, two decades of progress call for a completely new map that can take advantage of new knowledge and cartographic techniques. The digital tectonic activity map (DTM), presented in shaded relief (Fig. 1) and schematic (Fig. 2) versions, is the result. The DTM is intended to show tectonism and volcanism of the last one million years, a period long enough to be representative of global activity, but short enough that features such as fault scarps and volcanos are still geomorphically recognizable. Data Sources and Cartographic Methods The DTM is based on a wide range of sources, summarized in Table 1. The most important is the digital elevation model, used to construct a shaded relief map. The bathymetry is largely from satellite altimetry, specifically the marine gravity compilations by Smith and Sandwell (1996). The shaded relief map was designed to match the new National Geographic Society world physical map (1992), although drawn independently, from the digital elevation model. The Robinson Projection is used instead of the earlier Van der Grinten one. Although neither conformal nor equal-area, the Robinson Projection provides a reasonable compromise and retains useful detail at high latitudes.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Exploration of Uncertainty in Glacier Modelling (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: There are procedures and methods for verification of coding algebra and for validations of models and calculations that are in use in the aerospace computational fluid dynamics (CFD) community. These methods would be efficacious if used by the glacier dynamics modelling community. This paper is a presentation of some of those methods, and how they might be applied to uncertainty management supporting code verification and model validation for glacier dynamics. The similarities and differences between their use in CFD analysis and the proposed application of these methods to glacier modelling are discussed. After establishing sources of uncertainty and methods for code verification, the paper looks at a representative sampling of verification and validation efforts that are underway in the glacier modelling community, and establishes a context for these within overall solution quality assessment. Finally, an information architecture and interactive interface is introduced and advocated. This Integrated Cryospheric Exploration (ICE) Environment is proposed for exploring and managing sources of uncertainty in glacier modelling codes and methods, and for supporting scientific numerical exploration and verification. The details and functionality of this Environment are described based on modifications of a system already developed for CFD modelling and analysis.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Mesospheric Odd Nitrogen Enhancements During Relativistic Electron Precipitation Events (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The behavior of mesospheric odd nitrogen species during and following relativistic and diffuse auroral precipitation events is simulated, Below 75 km nitric oxide is enhanced in proportion to the ion pair production function associated with the electron precipitation and the length of the event. Nitrogen dioxide and nitric acid are also enhanced. At 65 km the percentage of odd nitrogen for N is 0.1%, HNO3 is 1.6%, NO2 is 15%, and NO is 83.3%. Between 75 and 85 km NO is depleted during particle events due to the faster destruction of NO by N relative to the production of NO by N reacting with O2. Recovery of NO depends on transport from the lower thermosphere, where NO is produced in abundant amounts during particle events.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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  • 27
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    Statistical Perspectives on Stratospheric Transport (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Long-lived tropospheric source gases, such as nitrous oxide, enter the stratosphere through the tropical tropopause, are transported throughout the stratosphere by the Brewer-Dobson circulation, and are photochemically destroyed in the upper stratosphere. These chemical constituents, or "tracers" can be used to track mixing and transport by the stratospheric winds. Much of our understanding about the stratospheric circulation is based on large scale gradients and other spatial features in tracer fields constructed from satellite measurements. The point of view presented in this paper is different, but complementary, in that transport is described in terms of tracer probability distribution functions (PDFs). The PDF is computed from the measurements, and is proportional to the area occupied by tracer values in a given range. The flavor of this paper is tutorial, and the ideas are illustrated with several examples of transport-related phenomena, annotated with remarks that summarize the main point or suggest new directions. One example shows how the multimodal shape of the PDF gives information about the different branches of the circulation. Another example shows how the statistics of fluctuations from the most probable tracer value give insight into mixing between different regions of the atmosphere. Also included is an analysis of the time-dependence of the PDF during the onset and decline of the winter circulation, and a study of how "bursts" in the circulation are reflected in transient periods of rapid evolution of the PDF. The dependence of the statistics on location and time are also shown to be important for practical problems related to statistical robustness and satellite sampling. The examples illustrate how physically-based statistical analysis can shed some light on aspects of stratospheric transport that may not be obvious or quantifiable with other types of analyses. An important motivation for the work presented here is the need for synthesis of the large and growing database of observations of the atmosphere and the vast quantities of output generated by atmospheric models.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Thermal Sensitivity of MD Hematite: Implication for Magnetic Anomalies (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Magnetic remanence of crustal rocks can reside in three common rock-forming magnetic minerals: magnetite, pyrrhotite, and hematite. Thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) of magnetite and pyrrhotite is carried mostly by single domain (SD) grains. The TRM of hematite grains, however, is carried mostly by multidomain (NM) grains. This characteristic is illustrated by TRM acquisition curves for hematite of variable grainsizes. The transition between truly NM behavior and tendency towards SD behavior his been established between hematite grainsizes of 0. 1 and 0.05 mm. Coarse grainsize of lower crustal rocks and the large sensitivity of MD hematite grains to acquire TRM indicates that hematite could be a significant contributor to long-wavelength magnetic anomalies.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Properties of QBO and SAO Generated by Gravity Waves (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: We present an extension for the 2D (zonal mean) version of our Numerical Spectral Mode (NSM) that incorporates Hines' Doppler spread parameterization (DSP) for small scale gravity waves (GW). This model is applied to describe the seasonal variations and the semi-annual and quasi-biennial oscillations (SAO and QBO). Our earlier model reproduced the salient features of the mean zonal circulation in the middle atmosphere, including the QBO extension into the upper mesosphere inferred from UARS measurements. In the present model we incorporate also tropospheric heating to reproduce the upwelling at equatorial latitudes associated with the Brewer-Dobson circulation that affects significantly the dynamics of the stratosphere as Dunkerton had pointed out. Upward vertical winds increase the period of the QBO observed from the ground. To compensate for that, one needs to increase the eddy diffusivity and the GW momentum flux, bringing the latter closer to values recommended in the DSP. The QBO period in the model is 30 months (mo), which is conducive to synchronize this oscillation with the seasonal cycle of solar forcing. Multi-year interannual oscillations are generated through wave filtering by the solar driven annual oscillation in the zonal circulation. Quadratic non-linearities generate interseasonal variations to produce a complicated pattern of variability associated with the QBO. The computed temperature amplitudes for the SAO and QBO are in substantial agreement with observations at equatorial and extratropical latitudes. At high latitudes, however, the observed QBO amplitudes are significantly larger, which may be a signature of propagating planetary waves not included in the present model. The assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium not being imposed, we find that the effects from the vertical Coriolis force associated with the equatorial oscillations are large for the vertical winds and significant for the temperature variations even outside the tropics but are relatively small for the zonal winds.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Stratospheric Temperature Changes: Observations and Model Simulations (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: This paper reviews observations of stratospheric temperatures that have been made over a period of several decades. Those observed temperatures have been used to assess variations and trends in stratospheric temperatures. A wide range of observation datasets have been used, comprising measurements by radiosonde (1940s to the present), satellite (1979 - present), lidar (1979 - present) and rocketsonde (periods varying with location, but most terminating by about the mid-1990s). In addition, trends have also been assessed from meteorological analyses, based on radiosonde and/or satellite data, and products based on assimilating observations into a general circulation model. Radiosonde and satellite data indicate a cooling trend of the annual-mean lower stratosphere since about 1980. Over the period 1979-1994, the trend is 0.6K/decade. For the period prior to 1980, the radiosonde data exhibit a substantially weaker long-term cooling trend. In the northern hemisphere, the cooling trend is about 0.75K/decade in the lower stratosphere, with a reduction in the cooling in mid-stratosphere (near 35 km), and increased cooling in the upper stratosphere (approximately 2 K per decade at 50 km). Model simulations indicate that the depletion of lower stratospheric ozone is the dominant factor in the observed lower stratospheric cooling. In the middle and upper stratosphere both the well-mixed greenhouse gases (such as CO) and ozone changes contribute in an important manner to the cooling.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Seasonal and Interannual Variabilities in Tropical Tropospheric Ozone (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: This paper presents a detailed characterization of seasonal and interannual variability in tropical tropospheric column ozone (TCO). TCO time series are derived from 20 years (1979-1998) of total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) data using the convective cloud differential (CCD) method. Our study identifies three regions in the tropics with distinctly different zonal characteristics related to seasonal and interannual variability. These three regions are the eastern Pacific, Atlantic, and western Pacific. Results show that in both the eastern and western Pacific seasonal-cycle variability of northern hemisphere (NH) TCO exhibits maximum amount during NH spring whereas largest amount in southern hemisphere (SH) TCO occurs during SH spring. In the Atlantic, maximum TCO in both hemispheres occurs in SH spring. These seasonal cycles are shown to be comparable to seasonal cycles present in ground-based ozonesonde measurements. Interannual variability in the Atlantic region indicates a quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) signal that is out of phase with the QBO present in stratospheric column ozone (SCO). This is consistent with high pollution and high concentrations of mid-to-upper tropospheric O3-producing precursors in this region. The out of phase relation suggests a UV modulation of tropospheric photochemistry caused by the QBO in stratospheric O3. During El Nino events there is anomalously low TCO in the eastern Pacific and high values in the western Pacific, indicating the effects of convectively-driven transport of low-value boundary layer O3 (reducing TCO) and O3 precursors including H2O and OH. A simplified technique is proposed to derive high-resolution maps of TCO in the tropics even in the absence of tropopause-level clouds. This promising approach requires only total ozone gridded measurements and utilizes the small variability observed in TCO near the dateline. This technique has an advantage compared to the CCD method because the latter requires high-resolution footprint measurements of both reflectivity and total ozone in the presence of tropopause-level cloud tops.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    A New NASA Data Product: Tropospheric and Stratospheric Column Ozone in the Tropics Derived from TOMS Measurements (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Tropospheric column ozone (TCO) and stratospheric column ozone (SCO) gridded data in the tropics for 1979-present are now available from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center via either direct ftp, world-NN,ide-NN,eb, or electronic mail. This note provides a brief overview of the method used to derive the data set including validation and adjustments.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Influence of Transport on Two-Dimensional Model Simulation. Tracer Sensitivity to 2-D Model Transport (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: In this study, we examine the sensitivity of long lived tracers to changes in the base transport components in our 2-D model. Changes to the strength of the residual circulation in the upper troposphere and stratosphere and changes to the lower stratospheric K(sub zz) had similar effects in that increasing the transport rates decreased the overall stratospheric mean age, and increased the rate of removal of material from the stratosphere. Increasing the stratospheric K(sub yy) increased the mean age due to the greater recycling of air parcels through the middle atmosphere, via the residual circulation, before returning to the troposphere. However, increasing K(sub yy) along with self-consistent increases in the corresponding planetary wave drive, which leads to a stronger residual circulation, more than compensates for the K(sub yy)-effect, and produces significantly younger ages throughout the stratosphere. Simulations with very small tropical stratospheric K(sub yy) decreased the globally averaged age of air by as much as 25% in the middle and upper stratosphere, and resulted in substantially weaker vertical age gradients above 20 km in the extratropics. We found only very small stratospheric tracer sensitivity to the magnitude of the horizontal mixing across the tropopause, and to the strength of the mesospheric gravity wave drag and diffusion used in the model. We also investigated the transport influence on chemically active tracers and found a strong age-tracer correlation, both in concentration and calculated lifetimes. The base model transport gives the most favorable overall comparison with a variety of inert tracer observations, and provides a significant improvement over our previous 1995 model transport. Moderate changes to the base transport were found to provide modest agreement with some of the measurements. Transport scenarios with residence times ranging from moderately shorter to slightly longer relative to the base case simulated N2O lifetimes that were within the observational estimates of Volk et al. [1997]. However, only scenarios with rather fast transport rates were comparable with the Volk et al. estimates of CFCl3 lifetimes. This is inconsistent with model-measurement comparisons of mean age in which the base model or slightly slower transport rates compared the most favorably with balloon SF6 data. For all comparisons shown, large transport changes away from the base case resulted in simulations that were outside the range of measurements, and in many cases, far outside this range.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Interrelationships Between Aerosol Characteristics and Light Scattering During Late-winter in a Eastern Mediterranean Arid Environment (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: An intensive field campaign involving measurement of various aerosol physical, chemical, and radiative properties was conducted at Sde Boker in the Negev Desert of Israel, from 18 February to 15 March 1997. Nephelometer measurements gave average background scattering coefficient values of about 25 M/m at 550 nm wavelength, but strong dust events caused the value of this parameter to rise up to about 800 M/m Backscattering fractions did not depend on aerosol loading, and generally fell in the range of 0.1 to 0.25, comparable to values reported for marine and Arctic environments. Chemical analysis of the aerosol revealed that, in the coarse size range (2 - 10 micrometer equivalent aerodynamic diameter (EAD)), calcium (Ca) was by far the most abundant element followed by silicon (Si), both of which are indicators for mineral dust. In the fine size fraction (〈 2 micrometers EAD), sulfur (S) generally was the dominant element, except during high dust episodes when Ca and Si were again the most abundant. Furthermore, fine black carbon (BC) correlates with S, suggesting that they may have originated from the same sources or source regions. An indication of the short-term effect of aerosol loading on radiative forcing was provided by measurements of global and diffuse solar radiation, which showed that during high turbidity periods (strong dust events) almost all of the solar radiation reaching the area is scattered or absorbed.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Breadth of Scientific Activities and Network Station Specifications in the IGS (1999)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: This presentation provides a brief overview of the scientific activities of the International GPS Service (IGS). This was an approved activity of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) with official start of service on 1 Jan 1994. The mission of the IGS is "To provide a service to support geodetic and geophysical research activities, through GPS data and data products." The presentation explains the concept of the IGS working group, and pilot projects, and reviews the current working groups and pilot projects.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Equatorial Dynamics Observed by Rocket, Radar, and Satellite During the CADRE/MALTED Campaign (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-23
    Description: In August 1994, the Mesospheric and Lower Thermospheric Equatorial Dynamics (MALTED) Program was conducted from the Alcantara rocket site in northeastern Brazil as part of the International Guard Rocket Campaign to study equatorial dynamics, irregularities, and instabilities in the ionosphere. This site was selected because of its proximity to the geographic (2.3 deg S) and magnetic (approx. 0.5 deg S) equators. MALTED was concerned with planetary wave modulation of the diurnal tidal amplitude, which exhibits considerable amplitude variability at equatorial and subtropical latitudes. Our goals were to study this global modulation of the tidal motions where tidal influences on the thermal structure are maximum, to study the interaction of these tidal structures with gravity waves and turbulence at mesopause altitudes, and to gain a better understanding of dynamic influences and variability on the equatorial middle atmosphere. Four (two daytime and two nighttime) identical Nike-Orion payloads designed to investigate small-scale turbulence and irregularities were coordinated with 20 meteorological falling-sphere rockets designed to measure temperature and wind fields during a 10-day period. These in situ measurements were coordinated with observations of global-scale mesospheric motions that were provided by various ground based radars and the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) through the Coupling and Dynamics of Regions Equatorial (CADRE) campaign. The ground-based observatories included the Jicamarca radar observatory near Lima, Peru, and medium frequency (MF) radars in Hawaii, Christmas Island, and Adelaide. Since all four Nike-Orion flights penetrated and overflew the electrojet with apogees near 125 km, these flights provided additional information about the electrodynamics and irregularities in the equatorial ionospheric E region and may provide information on wave coupling between the mesosphere and the electrojet. Simultaneous with these flights, the CUPRI 50-MHz radar (Cornell University) provided local sounding of the electrojet region. A description of the campaign logistics and the measurements performed with the Nike-Orion instrumentation and their implications for turbulence due to gravity waves and tidal instability in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) are presented here. From a study of electron density fluctuations measured by rocket probes, we have found evidence for equatorial mesospheric neutral-atmospheric turbulence between 85 and 90 km. Furthermore, falling-sphere data imply that gravity wave breaking was a source for this turbulence. Mean motions and the various planetary, tidal, and gravity wave structures and their coherence and variability are the subjects of a companion paper.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Laboratory for Hydrospheric Processes Research Publications; 139-140
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    Estimating Regional Deformation from a Combination of Space and Terrestrial Geodetic Data (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: We discuss an approach for efficiently combining different types of geodetic data to estimate time-dependent motions of stations in a region of active deformation.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geodesy
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    Topographic Profiles Across Wrinkle Ridges Indicate Subsurface Faults (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA; United States
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  • 39
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    Ground-based Observations of Arctic O(sub 3) Loss During Spring and Summer 1997 (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Ground-based solar absorption spectra were measured from Fairbanks, Alaska (65 degrees North, 148 degrees West) and from Ny Alesund, Spitsbergen, (79 degrees North, 12 degrees East) from March to September 1997 by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrometers.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres)
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    Variations in the Free Chlorine Content of the Stratosphere (1991-1997): Anthropogenic an Volcanic Influences (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Remote sensing of chlorine monoxide (CIO) by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) experiment aboard the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) has provided global measurements of variations in stratospheric free chlorine (for 1991 to 1997).
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research
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  • 41
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    SSMI Wind Speed Climatology of the Time of Monsoon Wind Onset in the Western Arabian Sea (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: International Union of Geology and Geophysics (IOGG); Birmingham; United Kingdom
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  • 42
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    Improving NSCAT Winds for Tropical Cyclones (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: There has been a question on whether it is possible to measure the surface wind speeds of tropical cyclones with a spaceborne Ku-band scatterometer.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research-Ocean
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  • 43
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    Monitoring Global Geophysical Fluids with Respect to Large-Scale Geodynamic Properties (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: American Geophysical Union; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 44
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    Energetic Particle Transport at Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: We examine energetic particle transport at or near Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs).
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research
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  • 45
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    Geodetic Observations of the M 5.1 January 29, 1994, Northridge Aftershock (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Geodetic observations of the January 29, 1994 M 5.1 aftershock to the Northridge earthquake are consistent with seismic solutions showing left-lateral oblique slip on a northeast-southwest striking steeply dipping fault.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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  • 46
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    Geocenter Variations Caused by Atmosphere, Ocean and Surface Groundwater (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The geocenter variations reflect the global scale mass redistribution and the interaction between the solid Earth and the mass load.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters
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  • 47
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    Turbulence in Coronal Mass Ejections (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The magnetic fields measured by the ISEE 3 spacecraft are used to study MHD turbulence within coronal mass ejections (CME's).
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal Geophysical Research
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  • 48
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    Influence of Shock-Induced Ionospheric Conductivity Enhancements on Storm Main Phase Intensities (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) '99; Birmingham; United Kingdom
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  • 49
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    Estimating the Motion of Atmospheric Water Vapor Using the Global Positioning System (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: International Symposium on GPS: Application To Earth Sciences and Interaction with Other Space Geodetic Techniques, 1999; Tsukubu, Ibaraki; Japan
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  • 50
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    Autonomous, Free-Flying Nanospacecraft for Space Physics Measurements (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: American Geophysical Union; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 51
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    Glacial Isostatic Adjustment Observed with VLBI and SLR (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: In global geodetic solutions vertical rates of site motion are usually estimated relative to the geocenter (center of figure) of the solid earth. The velocity of the geocenter is estimated assuming that the plates are rigid, that the velocities of the plates equal those in NUVEL-1A (DeMets et al. 1990, 1994) and that the uplift, subsidence, and intraplate deformation due to glacial isostatic adjustment is negligible.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research
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  • 52
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    Fluctuation of SST and CHL-a Concentration Caused by Baroclinic Inertia-Gravity Waves (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) 1999 Meeting; Birmingham; United Kingdom
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  • 53
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    Observations of Convective and Dynamical Instabilities in Tropospause Folds and their Contributions to Stratosphere-Trophosphere Exchange (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: With aircraft-mounted in-situ and remote sensing instruments for dynamical, thermal, and chemical measurements, we studied two cases of tropopause folding.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters
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  • 54
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    Martian Precession and Rotation from Viking Lander Range Data (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The spatial orientation of the Martian pole of rotation and axial rotation parameters have been determined at midpoint in the Viking epoch (January 1, 1980).
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal Geophysical Research Planets
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  • 55
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    Photochemical Modeling of HOx in the Terrestrial Mesosphere and Comparison to OH Column Measurements from the JPL Table Mountain Facility (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA; United States
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  • 56
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    Estimating the Uncertainty in Passive-Microwave Rain Retrievals (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Current passive-microwave rain-retrieval methods are largely based on databases built off-line using cloud models.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysics Research - Atmospheres
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  • 57
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    Shortening and Thickening of Metropolitan Los Angeles Measured and Inferred Using Geodesy (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Geodetic measurements using the Global Positioning System and other techniques show north-south shortening near Los Angeles to be fastest across the northern part of the metropolitan area, where an ESE-striking, 5- to 40-km-wide belt lying to the south of San Gabriel Mountains and to the north of downtown and West Los Angeles is shortening at 5 mm/yr.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geology
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  • 58
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    Calibrating Spaceborne Microwave Radiometers with GPS (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Data from terrestrial GPS receivers are being used in growing numbers of applications requiring precise tropospheric sensing. One emerging application is the calibration of water vapor measurements from spaceborne microwave radiometers.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics General Assembly; Birmingham; United Kingdom
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  • 59
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    Polar Vortex Dynamics During Spring and Fall Diagnosed Using ATMOS Trace Gas Observation (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Trace gases measured by the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) instrument during the Mar/Apr 1992(AT-1), Apr 1993(AT-2), and Nov 1994(AT-3) space-shuttle missions have been mapped into equivalent latitude/potential temperature (EqL/0) coordinates.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research
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  • 60
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    Studies of Polar Processes in the Lower Stratosphere Using UARS MLS Observations (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: International Union of Geodesy & Geophysics; Birmingham; United Kingdom
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  • 61
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    Simple Models for Late Holocene and Present-day Patagonian Glacier Fluctuation and Predictions of a Geodtically Detectable Isostatic Response (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The late Holocene glacial moraine chronology in the southernmost South American Andes includes four (sup 14)C dated Neoglacial advances and retreats.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Journal International
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  • 62
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    Impact of Aircraft Emissions on NO(sub x) in the Lowermost Stratosphere at Northern Midlatitudes (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: Airborne measurements of NO, total reactive nitrogen(NO(sub y)), O(sub 3), and condensation nuclei (CN) were made, together with other tracers such as CO and H(sub 2)O, within air traffic corridors over the U.S. and North Atlantic regions in October and November 1997.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters
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  • 63
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    Global Ionospheric TEC Perturbations Monitored by the GPS Global Network During Two Northern Hemisphere Winter Storms (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The global evolution of two major ionospheric storms, occurring on November 4, 1993 and November 26, 1994, respectively, is studied using measurements of total electron content (TEC) obtained from a worldwide network of ground-based GPS receivers.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research
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  • 64
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    Substorms, Pseudobreakups and Quiescent Events Caused by Interplanetary Shocks (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: We use WIND solar wind data and POLAR UV imaging data to study magnetospheric responses and substorm triggering mechanisms during and after interplanetary (IP) shock events.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research
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  • 65
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    The Co- and Immediate Post-seismic Geodetic Signature of the 1999 Hector Mine Earthquake (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The M7.1 Hector Mine earthquake ruptured the Lavic Lake fault near Twentynine Palms, CA at 09:46 UTC October 16, 1999.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: EOS
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  • 66
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    Deployment of Autonomous GPS Stations in Marie Byrd Land, Antartica (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: During the 1998-1999 Antarctic field season, we installed three autonomous GPS stations in Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica to measure glacio-isostatic rebound and rates of spreading across the West Antartic Rift System.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters
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  • 67
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    Secular PGR Stokes Coefficients Via Ice Model Improvements, Quarter Century-Long Data Records and High Degeree and Order Field Recovery (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: European Geophysical Society General Meeting; Nice; France
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  • 68
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    Present Constraints and Future Observations of Postglacial Rebound in Antarctica (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: European Geophysical Society General Meeting; Nice; France
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  • 69
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    K/Ar Ages From the Guerrero Transect Date Four Thermotectonic Events Affecting the North America Plate in Mexico from 301 Ma to 29 Ma (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Because of questions regarding the validity of proposed accreted terranes, the tectonostratigraphic evolution of the southern margin of North America plate in Mexico remains controversial.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: American Geophysical Union; United States
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  • 70
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    JPL Solution for the Co- and Immediate Post-Seismic Displacements of SCIGN Stations in the 1999 Hector Mine Earthquake (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA; United States
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  • 71
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    Importance of Salinity Measurements in the Heat Storage Estimation from Topex/Poseidon (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Sea surface height anomaly signals from satellite altimeter data are used to estimate heat storage. Since variability in sea surface height is mostly due to expansion and contraction of the water column it can be correlated with variations in the heat and salt content.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters
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  • 72
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    Visualization of Dynamic Volcanic Phenomena: The Advance of Lava Flows on the Kamoamoa Flow Field, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA; United States
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    Estimating the Motion of Atmospheric Water Vapor Using the Global Positioning System (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: International Symposium on GPS: Applications to Earth Sciences and Interaction with Other Space Geodetic Techniques; Tsubuka; Japan
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  • 74
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    Recent Successes and Future Visions of the International GPS Service (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: American Geophysical Society Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA; United States
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    Prediction of the Vertical Motion Induced by Present-day Glacial Isostasy and Memory of Recent and Thousand Year Time Scale Mass Changes: Antarctica Peninsular and Patagonia as Case Studies (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: International Symposium on GPS Application to Earth Science and Interaction with Other Space Geodetic Techniques; Tsukuba; Japan
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    Ozone Loss in the Arctic Stratosphere as Observed by Match (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: We present box model calculations of ozone loss rates corresponding to the results of the Match experiment 1991/92.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) 1999 General Assembly; United Kingdom
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    ATMOS Profile Structure, Filamentation, and Transport Around the 1994 Arctic Proto-Vortex (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Many long-lived trace gas profiles observed by the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) instrument around the developing polar vortex (the proto-vortex) during early November 1994 show distinctive minimum/maximum pairs (laminae).
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres
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    Observation of Secondary Proton Beams by the Ulysses SWOOPS Plasma Detector (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: American Geophysical Union; Boston, MA; United States
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    MISR Radiometric Uncertainty analyses and their Utilization within Geophysical Retrievals (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The multi-angle Imaging SpecroRadiometer (MISR) instrument is to be launched with the Earth Observing System EOS-AM1 spacecraft in 1998.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Using Quasi-Observational Approach to Estimate Regional Deformation Field (1997)
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Viscoelastic Uplift and Patagonian Glacial Demise: A Numerical Model and Potential Geodetic Observations (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    The Influence of Nontidal Oceanic Current and Density Changes on the Earth's Rotation and Polar Motion (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysics; Melbourne; Australia
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    Earth Rotation: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Earth System Science (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    The International GPS Service in 1997: 5 Years of Practical Experience; 3 years of Official IAG Service (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Riocentro; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
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    Earth Rotation Parameters from DSN VLBI: 1997 (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Technical Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Seventeen months of rainfall data (August 1987-December 1988) from nine satellite rainfall algorithms (Adler, Chang, Kummerow, Prabhakara, Huffman, Spencer, Susskind, and Wu) were analyzed to examine the uncertainty of satellite-derived rainfall estimates. The variability among algorithms, measured as the standard deviation computed from the ensemble of algorithms, shows regions of high algorithm variability tend to coincide with regions of high rain rates. Histograms of pattern correlation (PC) between algorithms suggest a bimodal distribution, with separation at a PC-value of about 0.85. Applying this threshold as a criteria for similarity, our analyses show that algorithms using the same sensor or satellite input tend to be similar, suggesting the dominance of sampling errors in these satellite estimates.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA-TM-104606-Vol-12 , NAS 1.15:104606-Vol-12 , Rept-97B00055
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    O2 Herzberg State Reaction with N2: A Possible Source of Stratospheric N2O (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The goal of this one-year investigation was to determine whether N2O is formed in atmospherically significant quantities by the reaction of vibrationally excited levels of the O2((A3 Sigma(sub u)(sup +)) state with nitrogen. O2(A3 Sigma(sub u)(sup +)) is made throughout the upper stratosphere in considerable amounts by solar photoabsorption, and only a very small reactive yield is necessary for this mechanism to be a major N2O source. By long-term 245-252 nm irradiation of O2/N2 mixtures on- and off-resonance with absorption lines in the O2(A3 Sigma(sub u)(sup +) - X3 Sigma(sub g)(sup -)) transition, followed by N2O analysis by frequency-modulated diode laser absorption spectroscopy, we determined an upper limit for the N2O yield of the candidate reaction. This limit, 3 x 10(exp -5), eliminates O2(A3 Sigma(sub u)(sup +)) + N2 as a significant channel for the generation of stratospheric N2O. In further measurements, we established that N2O is stable under our photolysis conditions, showing that the small amounts of ozone generated from the reaction of O2(A) and O2 do not indirectly lead to destruction of N2O.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA-CR-204287 , NAS 1.26:204287 , MP-97-034
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    On-orbit Calibration of the Seawinds Scatterometer Antennas (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-05
    Description: Measurements of ocean, sea-ice and terrain geophysical parameters can be remotely sensed using an active microwave sensor known as the microwave scatterometer. Satellite scatterometers are spaceborne radars that measure the absolute backscattered power from the earth's surface; and from this measurement, the normalized radar cross-section (sigma(sup 0)) of that surface is determined. Scatterometers calculate sigma(sup 0) of a measurement cell by inverting the radar equation [1]: where: R is range to the cell center, P(sub t) is transmitted power, lambda is transmitted wavelength, L is total path loss, G(sub A) is peak antenna gain, A(sub c) is cell area, and c is a pre-computed factor due to the approximation of the radar equation for extended area targets.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 2; 1036-1039; IEEE-Catalog-99CH37010-Vol-2
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    The WCRP/GEWEX Surface Radiation Budget Project Release 2: First Results at 1 Degree Resolution (1999)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-05
    Description: The earth s surface radiative budget in the solar wavelengths (i.e., shortwave) and thermal infrared wavelengths (i.e., longwave) is an important component of Earth s global energy balance and climate. As such, it was identified as a priority need by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and thus a program was instituted at NASA to estimate the radiative flux quantities at the surface from space observations. The Surface Radiation Budget (SRB) Project was created and later included as a component of the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) under the auspices of the WCRP.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation (AIR) Project Review (1999)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-05
    Description: The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) and the National Academy of Science (NAS) established that the uncertainty in the data and models associated with the high-altitude radiation environment could and should be reduced. In response, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the U.S. Department of Energy Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) created the Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation (AIR) Project under the auspices of the High Speed Research (HSR) Program Office at the Langley Research Center. NASA's HSR Program was developed to address the potential of a second-generation supersonic transport. A critical element focussed on the environmental issues, including the threat to crew and passengers posed by atmospheric radiation. Various international investigators were solicited to contribute instruments to fly on an ER-2 aircraft at altitudes similar to those proposed for the High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT). A list of participating investigators, their institutions, and instruments with quantities measured is presented. The flight series took place at solar minimum (radiation maximum) with northern, southern, and east/west flights. The investigators analyzed their data and presented preliminary results at the AIR Workshop in March, 1998. A review of these results are included.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Measurement and Analysis of Atmospheric Spectral Optical Depths with NASA Ames Airborne Sunphotometers During TARFOX and ACE-2 (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In accordance with the scope of work of this contract, the following tasks were undertaken and completed during the course of the contract: (1) Participation in the design and development of the 14-channel Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS-14), including the development and implementation of Visual Basic software for real-time data processing and display and post-acquisition data reduction and analysis. (2) Operation of the six-channel Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS-6) aboard the University of Washington C-131A during TARFOX and in-field analysis and presentation of data acquired with the AATS-6. (3) Post-mission analysis of data acquired during TARFOX with the AATS-6 and the AATS-14. (4) Pre-TARFOX calibration of the AATS-6 at Mauna Loa Observatory in May 1996, and post-TARFOX calibration of the AATS-6 and AATS- 14 at Zugspitze, Germany in October 1996, including analyses of all data sets. (5) Analysis of AATS-14 airborne calibration data acquired on 17 November 1996 during a late afternoon Pelican flight over the central California coast. (6) Operational training, instrument preparation, field coordination, and analysis of shipboard measurements of aerosol optical depth with the AATS-6 during ACE-2. (7) Coordination of data acquisition with the AATS-14 aboard the Pelican during ACE-2 and in-field preliminary data analysis and presentation. (8) Calibration of the AATS-6 and AATS-14 in April/May 1997 at Mauna Loa prior to ACE-2, and post-mission calibration of the AATS-6 at Mauna Loa in August 1997.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/CR-97-206708 , NAS 1.26:206708
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    The Link Between UV Extinction and Infrared Cirrus (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Low resolution spectra from the International Ultraviolet Explorer satellite were used to derive ultraviolet extinction curves for stars in four clusters away from the galactic plane. The extinction in three of the clusters is very similar to the general interstellar curve defined by Seaton. Stars in the fourth region, near the Rho Ophiuci dark cloud, have extinction curves that are characterized by a small "linear" term component. The star BD +36 deg 781 is unique amongst the 20 stars observed in that it shows evidence for extinction by diamond grains near 1700 angstroms. We used data from the final release of the IRAS Sky Survey Atlas (ISSA) to determine the 60 micron to 100 micron intensity ratio for the infrared cirrus. The ISSA data, which have been corrected for zodiacal light, gave intensity ratios that are more robust and self-consistent than for other data sets that we used. When the infrared and ultraviolet data are combined, we see a general trend for low values of the ultraviolet "linear term" (al) to correlate with high values of 60 micron/100 micron ratio. This implies that, in regions where the average dust temperature is hotter (high 60 micron/100 micron ratio), there is a relative absence of the small silicate grains that are responsible for the ultraviolet linear term. However, the new data do not bear out our earlier contention that the 60 micron and 100 micron emissions are poorly correlated spatially in regions where the 60 micron/100 micron ratio is low. Only NGC 1647 shows this result. It may be that the different dust types are particularly poorly mixed in this area.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA-CR-205677 , NAS 1.26:205677
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    Understanding the Latitude Structure of Nitric Oxide in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The goal of the proposed work was to understand the latitude structure of nitric oxide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The problem was portrayed by a clear difference between predictions of the nitric oxide distribution from chemical/dynamical models and data from observations made by the Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SMEE) in the early to mid eighties. The data exhibits a flat latitude structure of NO, the models tend to produce at equatorial maximum. The first task was to use the UARS-HALOE data to confirm the SME observations. The purpose of this first phase was to verify the UARS-NO structure is consistent with the SME data. The next task was to determine the cause of the discrepancy between modeled and observed nitric oxide latitude structure. The result from the final phase indicated that the latitude structure in the Photo-Electron (PE) production rate was the most important.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/CR-97-206778 , NAS 1.26:206778
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    Geophysical Characterization of Some Terranes and the Geophysical Modeling of Candidate Suture Zones (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Indian participation in this project was terminated during the last year by a sudden withdrawal of support by the Department of Science and Technology, India, to the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Bombay. As a result, significant changes in the project focus had to be undertaken. Much of the work carried out at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale during the first year of the project anticipated the Indian participation and included development of computer programs to be used on gravity and magnetic data from the Indian subcontinent and preparations for fieldwork, tutorials, and workshops in India. Despite these setbacks, which were beyond our control, a number of significant tasks have been accomplished during the project period. These include: (1) Completion of digitization of the regional Bouguer gravity anomaly map of India and the regional ground total intensity magnetic anomaly map of India at an overdetermined spacing of 0.05 degrees. (2) We investigated and assessed the limitations of the Euler method using environmental examples because detailed aeromagnetic maps of parts of India were not available for interpretation by this method. (3) We also undertook an assessment of a suture zone between the Nyaza Craton (Archean) and the Mozambique Belt (Pan African) in the Kenya Rift, Africa, using gravity anomalies and the lithospheric seismological models. (4) We studied Magsat and high-altitude (approx. 4 km) aeromagnetic data over Canada.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/CR-97-206382 , NAS 1.26:206382
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    Results of the REFLEX (Return Flux Experiment) Flight Mission (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The numerous problems occurring in this first flight of the REFLEX experiment, both in the spacecraft and with the instrument package, seriously constrained the acquisition and analysis of data and severely limited the interpretation of the data that were obtained. Of these, the ambient helium measurements appear to be the most promising. They are summarized and discussed in Appendix A. Further analyses could be attempted to establish the correct values for the energy centers as they varied during the mission. In addition, an extensive laboratory recalibration on a high-speed beam system could in principle provide corrections to be used in analyzing and interpreting the returned data set. The unknown malfunction which generated the energy drift needs to be understood and corrected before the REFLEX experiment is reflown; some hardware modification, or at least retuning, is likely to be required.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/CR-97-206328 , NAS 1.26:206328
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    Tether-Based Investigation of the Ionosphere and Lower Thermosphere Concept Definition Study Report (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Understanding the plasma and atmosphere around the Earth in the lower altitude regions of the mesosphere, lower thermosphere, and ionosphere is important in the global electric system. An upper atmosphere tether has been proposed to NASA that would collect much-needed data to further our knowledge of the regions. The mission is proposed as a shuttle experiment that would lower a tethered probe into certain regions of Earth's atmosphere, collecting data over a 6-day period. This report is a summary of the results of a concept definition study to design engineering system that will achieve the scientific objectives of this mission.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA-TM-108543 , NAS 1.15:108543
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    Spherical Harmonics Analysis of the ECMWF Global Wind Fields at the 10-Meter Height Level During 1985: A Collection of Figures Illustrating Results (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Half-daily global wind speeds in the east-west (u) and north-south (v) directions at the 10-meter height level were obtained from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) data set of global analyses. The data set covered the period 1985 January to 1995 January. A spherical harmonic expansion to degree and order 50 was used to perform harmonic analysis of the east-west (u) and north-south (v) velocity field components. The resulting wind field is displayed, as well as the residual of the fit, at a particular time. The contribution of particular coefficients is shown. The time variability of the coefficients up to degree and order 3 is presented. Corresponding power spectrum plots are given. Time series analyses were applied also to the power associated with degrees 0-10; the results are included.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA-TM-104648 , NAS 1.15:104648 , Rept-97B00064
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    Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This is the twelfth in a series of evaluated sets of rate constants and photochemical cross sections compiled by the NASA Panel for Data Evaluation. The primary application of the data is in the modeling of stratospheric processes, with special emphasis on the ozone layer and its possible perturbation by anthropogenic and natural phenomena.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/CR-97-112606 , JPL-Publ-97-4 , NAS 1.26:112606
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    Geopotential Error Analysis from Satellite Gradiometer and Global Positioning System Observables on Parallel Architecture (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The recovery of a high resolution geopotential from satellite gradiometer observations motivates the examination of high performance computational techniques. The primary subject matter addresses specifically the use of satellite gradiometer and GPS observations to form and invert the normal matrix associated with a large degree and order geopotential solution. Memory resident and out-of-core parallel linear algebra techniques along with data parallel batch algorithms form the foundation of the least squares application structure. A secondary topic includes the adoption of object oriented programming techniques to enhance modularity and reusability of code. Applications implementing the parallel and object oriented methods successfully calculate the degree variance for a degree and order 110 geopotential solution on 32 processors of the Cray T3E. The memory resident gradiometer application exhibits an overall application performance of 5.4 Gflops, and the out-of-core linear solver exhibits an overall performance of 2.4 Gflops. The combination solution derived from a sun synchronous gradiometer orbit produce average geoid height variances of 17 millimeters.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/CR-97-205884 , NAS 1.26:205884 , CSR-97-5
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    Global Modeling and Data Assimilation (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A detailed description of the development of the tangent linear model (TLM) and its adjoint model of the Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert moisture parameterization package used in the NASA GEOS-1 C-Grid GCM (Version 5.2) is presented. The notational conventions used in the TLM and its adjoint codes are described in detail.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/TM-97-104606/Vol-11 , Rept-97B00053/Vol-11 , NAS 1.15:104606/Vol-11
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